Chapter XXXIV: Conclusion (3)

_Micrastur_, ii. 347

_Micrathene_, ii. 350

_Micrhyla_, ii. 414

_Microbates_, ii. 104

_Microcebus_, ii. 176

_Microcerculus_, ii. 264

_Microchæra_, ii. 107

_Microglossus_, ii. 325

_Microhierax_, ii. 349

_Microlestes_, oldest European mammal, i. 160

_Micromeryx_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220

_Micropelama_, ii. 353

_Micropternus_, ii. 304

_Micropterus_, ii. 364

_Microscelis_, ii. 267

_Microstoma_, ii. 448

_Microsyops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Microtherium_, European Miocene, i. 120

_Midas_, ii. 176

Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, i. 219

_Midea_, ii. 478

_Miglyptes_, ii. 304

Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, i. 185

Migration of animals, i. 10
general phenomena of, i. 18
of birds, i. 19
of birds in Europe, i. 19
probable origin of, i. 22
of birds in India and China, i. 23
of birds in N. America, i. 23
changes in extent of, i. 24
of birds in S. Temperate America, i. 25
general remarks on, i. 25

_Miletus_, ii. 477

_Milvulus_, ii. 102, 291

_Milvus_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 349

_Mimeta_, ii. 268

_Mimetes_, ii. 170

_Mimocichla_, ii. 256

_Mimus_, ii. 256

_Minla_, ii. 266

Miocene fauna of the Old World, i. 114
fauna of Geece, i. 115
fauna of Greece, summary of, i. 116
fauna of Central Europe, i. 117
deposits of Siwalik Hills, i. 121
faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, i. 123

_Miohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Mionectes_, ii. 101

_Mirafra_, ii. 289

_Miro_, ii. 260

_Misgurnus_, ii. 453

_Mitra_, ii. 508

_Mitrephorus_, ii. 102

_Mitua_, ii. 343

Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, i. 86
on classification of insectivora, i. 87
on classification of amphibia, i. 101
of classification of lemurs, ii. 176

_Mixornis_, ii. 261

_Mniotilta_, ii. 279

MNIOTILTIDÆ, ii. 278

_Mochocus_, ii. 443

_Mocoa_, ii. 397

_Moho_, ii. 276

Mole-rat of W. Tartary, i. 218

Mole-rats, ii. 231

Moles, almost wholly Palæarctic, i. 181
ii. 190

_Mollienesia_, ii. 450

Mollusca, means of dispersal of, i. 30
classification of, i. 104
groups selected for study, i. 104

MOLLUSCA, distribution of, ii. 504
range of families of, in time, ii. 538

Moluccas, zoology of, i. 417
birds of, i. 419
reptiles of, i. 420
insects of, i. 420
peculiarities of fauna of, i. 421

_Molossus_, ii. 184

_Molothrus_, ii. 282

_Molva_, ii. 439

MOMOTIDÆ, ii. 313

_Momotus_, ii. 313

_Monachalcyon_, ii. 316

_Monarcha_, ii. 270

_Monasa_, ii. 311

_Monitor_, ii. 389

Monkeys on the high Himalayas, i. 12
fossil in N. American Miocene, i. 133
in E. Thibet, i. 222
abundance of in the Oriental region, i. 315

_Monoceros_, ii. 507

_Monodon_, ii. 208

MONODONTIDÆ, ii. 208

_Monoplocus_, ii. 390

_Monopterus_, ii. 455

Monotremata, classification of, i. 91
list of Australian genera of, i. 477

MONOTREMATA, ii. 253
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 254

_Monotrophis_, ii. 289

_Montacuta_, ii. 535

_Monticola_, ii. 256

_Montifringilla_, ii. 284

Mörch, Dr., on Panama shells, ii. 20

_Morelia_, ii. 381

"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, i. 442

_Morethria_, ii. 395

_Mormolyce_, ii. 490

MORMYRIDÆ, ii. 448

_Mormyrops_, ii. 448

_Mormyrus_, ii. 488

_Morococcyx_, ii. 309

_Morotherium_, N. American Pliocene, i. 140

MORPHIDÆ, ii. 472

_Morphnus_, ii. 348

_Morpho_, ii. 472

_Morunga_, ii. 204

_Moschus_, ii. 219

_Motacilla_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 290

MOTACILLIDÆ, ii. 290

_Motella_, ii. 439

Moths, ii. 481

Motmots, ii. 313

Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, i. 393

Moupin, position and zoology of, i. 221

Mouse-deer, ii. 218

_Moxostoma_, ii. 451

_Mugil_, ii. 435

MUGILLIDÆ, ii. 435

_Mulleria_, ii. 534

_Mulleripicus_, ii. 303

MULLIDÆ, ii. 426

_Mullus_, ii. 426

_Mungos_, ii. 195

_Munia_, ii. 287

MURÆNIDÆ, ii. 456

_Murænopsis_, ii. 412

_Murex_, ii. 507

MURICIDÆ, ii. 507

_Muridæ_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

MURIDÆ, ii. 229

Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, i. 60

_Mus_, ii. 229

_Muscardinus_, ii. 232

_Muscicapa_, ii. 270

MUSCICAPIDÆ, ii. 270

_Muscicapula_, ii. 270

_Muscigralla_, ii. 101

_Muscipipra_, ii. 101

_Muscisaxicola_, ii. 101, 291

_Muscitodus_, ii. 271

_Muscivora_, ii. 101

_Musophaga_, ii. 307

MUSOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 307

Mussels, ii. 533

_Mustela_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 198

_Mustelidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144

MUSTELIDÆ, ii. 198

_Mustelus_, ii. 460

MYACIDÆ, ii. 536

_Myadora_, ii. 536

_Mycalesis_, ii. 471

_Mycerobas_, ii. 284

_Mycetes_, ii. 175
ii. 178

_Mycetopus_, ii. 534

_Mydaus_, ii. 199

_Myiadestes_, ii. 260

_Myiagra_, ii. 271

_Myialestes_, ii. 271

_Myiarchus_, ii. 102, 291

_Myiobius_, ii. 101

_Myioceyx_, ii. 316

_Myiochanes_, ii. 102

_Myiodioctes_, ii. 279

_Myiodynastes_, ii. 101

_Myiophonus_, ii. 263

_Myiopithecus_, ii. 173

_Myiotheretes_, ii. 100

_Myiozetetes_, ii. 101

_Mylesinus_, ii. 445

_Myletes_, ii. 445

MYLIOBATIDÆ, ii. 463

_Myliobatis_, ii. 463

_Mylodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Mylopharadon_, ii. 452

_Mynes_, ii. 474

_Myochama_, ii. 536

_Myodes_, ii. 230

_Myogale_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 190, 191

_Myoictis_, ii. 249

_Myomorphus_, fossil in Cuba, i. 148

_Myopotamus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239

_Myospalax_, ii. 230

MYOXIDÆ, ii. 232

_Myoxus_, European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 232

_Myxomys_, ii. 230

_Myrina_, ii. 477

_Myrmeciza_, ii. 104

MYRMECOBIIDÆ, ii. 250

_Myrmecobius_, ii. 250

_Myrmecophaga_, ii. 247

MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 247

_Myrmotherula_, ii. 104

_Myron_, ii. 376

_Myrtis_, ii. 108

_Mysarachne_, European Miocene, i. 118

_Mysops_, N. American Eocene, i. 140
ii. 231

_Mystacina tuberculata_, ii. 184

_Mystacoleucus_, ii. 452

_Mystacornis_, ii. 258

_Mystromys_, ii. 230

MYTILIDÆ, ii. 533

_Mytilus_, ii. 539

MYXINIDÆ, ii. 464

_Myxophagus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130

_Myxophyes_, ii. 420

_Myxus_, ii. 435

_Myzomela_, ii. 275

_Myzornis_, ii. 266

N.

_Nænia_, ii. 365

_Naja_, ii. 383

NANDIDÆ, ii. 433

_Nandinia_, ii. 195

_Nandus_, ii. 433

_Nanina_, ii. 513

_Nannophryne_, ii. 417

_Nannophrys_, ii. 421

_Nanodes_, ii. 327

_Nanohyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215

_Nanotragus_, ii. 224

_Napeogenes_, ii. 470

_Napothera_, ii. 261

_Nardoa_, ii. 381

Narwhal, ii. 208

_Narope_, ii. 472

_Nasica_, ii. 103

_Nasiterna_, ii. 325

_Nasua_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 200

_Nathalis_, ii. 478

_Natica_, ii. 539

NATICIDÆ, ii. 508

_Nautilus_, ii. 539

NATRICINÆ, ii. 375

_Nattereria_, ii. 417

_Nauclerus_, ii. 349

_Naucrates_, ii. 429

_Naultinus_ ii. 400

NAUTILIDÆ, ii. 506

_Navicella_, ii. 510

Nearctic region, defined, i. 79
subdivisions of, i. 80
distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79
ii. 114
zoological characteristics of, ii. 115
mammalia of, ii. 115
birds of, ii. 116
reptiles of, ii. 119
amphibia of, ii. 120
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 120
summary of vertebrata of, ii. 120
insects of, ii. 122
land and fresh-water shells of, ii. 124
sub-regions of, ii. 125
concluding remarks on, ii. 138
tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 139

Nearctic and Neotropical regions, no decided boundary between, ii. 117

_Nebria_, ii. 489

_Necrornis_, European Miocene, i. 161

NECTARINIIDÆ, ii. 276

_Nectarinia_, ii. 276

_Nectarophila_, ii. 276

_Nectogale_, ii. 190

_Necydalis_, ii. 502

_Necyria_, ii. 476

_Nelicurvius_, ii. 286

_Nemachilus_, ii. 453

_Nematogenys_, ii. 444

NEMEOBIIDÆ, ii. 475

_Nemeobius_, ii. 475

NEMORHEDINÆ, ii. 224

_Nemorhedus_, ii. 224

_Nemoricola_, ii. 290

_Nemosia_, ii. 99

_Neobatrachus_, ii. 420

_Neochloe_, ii. 280

_Neocorys_, ii. 290

_Neoctantes_, ii. 104

_Neomeris_, ii. 209

_Neomorphus_, ii. 309

_Neophasia_, ii. 478

_Neophron_, ii. 346

_Neopipo_, ii. 102

_Neopus_, ii. 348

_Neorhynchus_, ii. 285

_Neosorex_, ii. 191

_Neotoma_, ii. 230

_Neotomys_, ii. 230

_Neotragus_, ii. 224

Neotropical region, defined, i. 78
subdivisions of, i. 78
relations of W. African sub-region with, i. 265
description of, ii. 1
zoological features of, ii. 5
birds of, ii. 6, 7
distinctive features of mammalia of, ii. 6
reptiles of, ii. 9
amphibia of, ii. 11
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 12
summary of vertebrates of, ii. 13
insects of, ii. 13
land-shells of, ii. 19
marine shells of, ii. 20
summary of past history of, ii. 80
tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 84

Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 21

_Neoziphius_, ii. 208

_Nephæcetes_, ii. 320

_Neptis_, ii. 474

NERITIDÆ, ii. 510

_Neritina_, ii. 510

_Nerophis_, ii. 457

_Nesoceleus_, ii. 303

_Nesocichla_, ii. 256

_Nesodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Nesomys_, ii. 230

_Nesonetta_, ii. 364

_Nesopsar_, ii. 282

_Nessia_, ii. 399

_Nestor_, ii. 329

NESTORIDÆ, ii. 329

_Nettapus_, ii. 363

_Neusterophis_, ii. 376

Newberry, Dr., on Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of N. America, ii. 155

Newton, Professor, on position of _Menuridæ_ and _Atrichiidæ_, i. 95
on birds of Iceland, i. 198
on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25
on genus _Camptolæmus_, ii. 39
on peculiar genera of Nearctic and Neotropical birds, ii. 118
on family _Panuridæ_, ii. 262

_Newtonia_, ii. 270

Newts, ii. 413

New Caledonia, birds of, i. 444

New Guinea, zoology of, i. 409
mammalia of, i. 410
birds of, i. 411
peculiarities of its ornithology, i. 413
illustration of ornithology of, i. 414
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 415
insects of, i. 416

New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, i. 62
extinct birds of, i. 164
sub region, description of, i. 449
compared with British Isles, i. 449
mammalia of, i. 451
islets of, i. 453
illustration of ornithology of, i. 455
reptiles of, i. 456
amphibia of, i. 457
fresh-water fish of, i. 457
insects of, i. 458
Longicorns of, i. 458
Myriapoda of, i. 458
land-shells of, i. 459
ancient fauna of, i. 460
origin of fauna of, i. 460
poverty of insects in, i. 462
relations of insect-fauna and flora of, i. 472

_Nicator_, ii. 272

Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, i. 332

Nightingale, migration of the, i. 21

Night-jars, ii. 319

_Nigidius_, ii. 493

_Nigrita_, ii. 286

_Nilaus_, ii. 272

_Niltava_, ii. 270

_Ninox_, ii. 350

_Nisaëtus_, ii. 348

_Nisoides_, ii. 348

_Nisoniades_, ii. 480

NOCTILIONIDÆ, ii. 184

Nocturnal tree-snakes, ii. 379

_Nonnula_, ii. 311

_Norbea_, ii. 397

Norfolk Island, birds of, i. 453

North Africa, zoological relations of, i. 202

North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene, fauna of, i. 130
Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, i. 131
extinct birds of, i. 163

Northern Hemisphere, zoological importance of, ii. 155

NOTACANTHI, ii. 437

_Notaden_, ii. 415

_Notharctos_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Nothocerus_, ii. 344

_Nothocrax_, ii. 343

_Nothoprocta_, ii. 344

_Nothura_, ii. 344

NOTIDANIDÆ, ii. 461

_Notiophilus_, ii. 489

_Notodela_, ii. 259

_Notoglanis_, ii. 443

_Notonomus_, ii. 490

NOTOPTERIDÆ, ii. 455

_Notopholis_, ii. 391

Notornis of New Zealand, i. 455

_Notornis_, ii. 352

_Nototherium_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251

_Nototrema_, ii. 418

_Noturus_, ii. 442

_Nucifraga_, ii. 273

NUCLEO-BRANCHIATA. ii. 531

_Nucras_, ii. 391

_Numenius_, ii. 353

NUMIDINÆ, ii. 340

_Numida_, ii. 340

_Nuria_, ii. 452

Nuthatches, ii. 265

_Nutria_, ii. 199

_Nyctala_, ii. 350

_Nyctalatinus_, ii. 350

_Nyctalemon_, ii. 482

_Nyctalops_, ii. 350

_Nyctea_, ii. 350

_Nyctereutes_, ii. 197

_Nycteris_, ii. 182

_Nyctibius_, ii. 319

_Nycticorax_, ii. 359

_Nyctidromius_, ii. 320

_Nyctiornis_, ii. 312

_Nyctipithecus_, ii. 175

_Nyctiprogne_, ii. 320

_Nymphalis_, ii. 474

NYMPHALIDÆ, ii. 473

_Nymphicus_, ii. 325

_Nymphidium_, ii. 476

O.

_Ochetobius_, ii. 452

_Ochotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 245

_Ochthæca_, ii. 100

_Ochthodiæta_, ii. 100

_Octodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

OCTODONTIDÆ, ii. 237

_Octodon_, ii. 238

OCTOPODIDÆ, ii. 505

_Ocyalus_, ii. 282

_Ocydromus_, ii. 352

_Ocyphaps_, ii. 333

_Odontochila_, ii. 486

_Odontolabris_, ii. 493

_Odontophorus_, ii. 339

_Odontophrynus_, ii. 420

_Oedemia_, ii. 364

_Oedicnemis_, ii. 355

_Oëdura_, ii. 399

_Oena_, ii. 332

_Ogmodon_, ii. 383

_Ogyris_, ii. 477

_Oligdon_, ii. 375

OLIGODONTIDÆ, ii. 374

_Oligosarcus_, ii. 445

_Olisthopus_, ii. 489

_Olylogon_, ii. 418

_Olyra_, ii. 442

_Omaseus_, ii. 489

_Ommatophoca_, ii. 204

_Omolepida_, ii. 397

_Omostenus_, ii. 492

_Omphalotropis_, ii. 521

_Omus_, ii. 487

ONCIDIADÆ, ii. 517

_Oncidium_, ii. 518

_Onychodactylus_, ii. 413

_Onychogale_, ii. 195

_Onychogalea_, ii. 251

_Onychognathus_, ii. 288

_Onchorhynchus_, ii. 447

_Oncostoma_, ii. 101

Ophidia, classification of, i. 99

OPHIDIA, ii. 372
remarks on the general distribution of, ii. 386
fossil, ii. 387

OPHIDIIDÆ, ii. 440

_Ophidium_, ii. 440

OPHIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 435

_Ophiodes_, ii. 397

OPHIOMORIDÆ, ii. 398

_Ophiomorus_, ii. 398

_Ophiophagus_, ii. 383

_Ophiops_, ii. 391

_Ophioscincus_, ii. 397

_Ophisaurus_, ii. 392

_Ophites_, ii. 380

_Ophonus_, ii. 489

_Ophryodera_, ii. 487

_Ophysia_, ii. 209

OPISTHO-BRANCHIATA, ii. 529

OPISTHOCOMI, ii. 345

_Opisthocomus_, Brazilian caves, i. 164
ii. 345

_Opisthodelphys_, ii. 418

_Opisthostoma_, ii. 520

_Opisthoporus_, ii. 520

_Oporornis_, ii. 279

_Opossum_, extinct in European Miocene, i. 121

Opossums, ii. 248

_Opsariichthys_, ii. 452

_Opsiphanes_, ii. 472

Orang-utan, ii. 171

_Orca_, ii. 209

_Orcaella_, ii. 209

_Orchesticus_, ii. 99

_Orchilus_, ii. 101

_Oreas_, ii. 223

_Oreicola_, ii. 260

_Oreinus_, ii. 452

_Oreocephalus_, ii. 401

_Oreocincla_, ii. 256

_Oreodeira_, ii. 401

_Oreodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Oreodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Oreoeca_, ii. 271

_Oreomanes_, ii. 278

_Oreonectes_, ii. 453

_Oreonympha_, ii. 108

_Oreoperdix_, ii. 338

OREOPHASINÆ, ii. 343

_Oreophasis_, ii. 343

_Oreophilus_, ii. 356

_Oreopyra_, ii. 107

_Oreortyx_, ii. 339

_Oreoscoptes_, ii. 256

_Oreothraupis_, ii. 99

_Oreotrochilus_, ii. 107

_Orestias_, ii. 450

Oriental region, defined, i. 75
subdivisions of, i. 75
description of, i. 314
zoological features of, i. 315
mammalia of, i. 315
birds of, i. 316
reptiles of, i. 317
amphibia of, i. 317
fresh-water fishes of, i. 318
summary of vertebrata of, i. 318
insects of, i. 318
sub-regions of, i. 321
concluding remarks on, i. 362
tables of distribution of animals of, i. 364

Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, i. 265

Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, i. 362

Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, i. 363

_Origma_, ii. 260

_Oriocalotes_, ii. 402

Orioles, ii. 268

ORIOLIDÆ, ii. 268

_Oriolus_, ii. 268

_Orites_, ii. 266

_Ornithion_, ii. 101

ORNITHORHYNCHIDÆ, ii. 253

_Ornithorhynchus_, ii. 253

_Orocætes_, ii. 256

_Orohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Ortalida_, ii. 343

_Orthagoriscus_, ii. 457

_Orthalicus_, ii. 516

ORTHIDÆ, ii. 532

ORTHOCERATIDÆ, ii. 506

_Orthodon_, ii. 452

_Orthogonius_, ii. 491

_Orthogonys_, ii. 98

_Orthonyx_, ii. 260

_Orthorhynchus_, ii. 108

_Orthotomus_, ii. 257

_Ortygometra_, ii. 352

_Ortygornis_, ii. 338

_Ortyx_, ii. 339

_Ortyxelos_, ii. 341

ORYCTEROPODIDÆ, ii. 246

_Orycteropus_, ii. 246

_Orycterus_, ii. 231

ORYGINÆ, ii. 223

_Oryx_, ii. 223

_Oryzoborus_, ii. 285

_Oryzorictes_, ii. 188

_Osmerus_, ii. 447

_Osphranter_, ii. 251

_Osteobrama_, ii. 453

_Osteochilus_, ii. 451

_Osteogeniosus_, ii. 443

OSTEOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 454

_Osteoglossum_, ii. 454

_Ostinops_, ii. 282

OSTREIDÆ, ii. 533

_Ostrich_, Miocene of N. India, i. 162

Ostriches, ii. 368

_Otaria_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 202

OTARIIDÆ, ii. 202

OTIDIDÆ, ii. 356

_Otidiphaps_, ii. 333

_Otilophus_, ii. 415, 428

_Otis_, ii. 356

_Otocorys_, ii. 289

_Otocryptis_, ii. 402

_Otogyps_, ii. 346

_Otomys_, ii. 230

_Otopoma_, ii. 521

_Ovibos_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 224, 225

Owl-parrot, ii. 329

Owls, ii. 350

Oxen, birth-place and migrations of, i. 155
Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221

OXUDERCIDÆ, ii. 431

_Oxyæna_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Oxydoras_, ii. 443

_Oxyglossus_, ii. 421

_Oxygomphus_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 186

_Oxylabes_, ii. 262

_Oxymycterus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 230, 231

_Oxynotus_, ii. 269

_Oxypogon_, ii. 108

OXYRHAMPHIDÆ, ii. 292

_Oxyrhamphus_, ii. 292

_Oxyrhopus_, ii. 379

_Oxyurus_, ii. 103

Oysters, ii. 533

P.

_Pachybatrachus_, ii. 416

_Pachycephala_, ii. 271

PACHYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 271

_Pachydactylus_, ii. 400

_Pachyæna_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Pachyglossa_, ii. 277

_Pachynolophus_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Pachyrhamphus_, ii. 102

_Pachyrhynchus_, ii. 391

_Pachyteles_, ii. 490, 492

_Pachytherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246

_Pachyura_, ii. 191

_Pæocephalus_, ii. 328

_Pæcilus_, ii. 489

_Pagellus_, ii. 427

_Pagomys_, ii. 204

_Pagophila_, ii. 364

_Pagophilus_, ii. 204

_Paguma_, ii. 195

PAICTIDÆ, ii. 298

Palæarctic region, ancient limits of, ii. 157
defined, i. 171
subdivisions of, i. 71
general features of. i. 180
zoological charcteristics of, i. 181
has few peculiar families, i. 181
mammalia of, i. 181
birds of, i. 182
high degree of speciality of, i. 184
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 186
fresh-water fish of, i. 186
summary of vertebrata of, i. 186
insects of, i. 186
coleoptera of, i. 187
number of coleoptera of, i. 189
land-shells of, i. 190
sub-regions of, i. 190
general conclusions on the fauna of, i. 231
tables of distribution of animals of, i. 233

_Palæacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Palæetus_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Palægithalus_, European Eocene, i. 162

_Palælodus_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Palæocastor_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 234

_Palæocercus_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Palæochoerus_, European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 215

_Palæocyon_, ii. 198

_Palæohierax_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Palæolagus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140

_Palæolama_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 217

_Palæomephitis_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200

_Palæomeryx_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220

_Palæomys_, European Miocene, i. 121
ii. 238

_Palæontina oolitica_, Oolitic insect, i. 167

Palæontology, i. 107
how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, i. 168
as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution,
concluding remarks on, i. 169

_Palæonyctis_, European Eocene, i. 125

_Palæoperdix_, European Miocene, i. 161

_Palæophrynus_, European Miocene, i. 166

_Palæoreas_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116

_Palæornis_, ii. 326

PALÆORNITHIDÆ, ii. 326

_Palæonyctis_, ii. 196, 206

_Palæortyx_, European Miocene, i. 161

_Palæoryx_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116

_Palæospalax_, i. 111
European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 190

_Palæosyops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Palæotheridæ_, European Eocene, i. 125

_Palæotherium_, Enropean Eocene, i. 125
S. American Eocene, i. 148

_Palæotragus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116

_Palæotringa_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164

_Palamedea_, ii. 361

PALAMEDEIDÆ, ii. 361

_Palapterygidæ_ of New Zealand, i. 164

PALAPTERYGIDÆ, ii. 370

_Palapteryx_, ii. 370

Palestine, birds of, i. 203

_Pallasia_, ii. 289

_Paloplotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
European Eocene, i. 125

_Paludicola_, ii. 416

_Paludina_, Eocene, i. 169
European Secondary, i. 169
ii. 510

PALUDINIDÆ, ii. 510

Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, i. 146

_Pamphila_, ii. 480

Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, i. 222
Himalayan, figure of, i. 331
ii. 201

_Pandion_, ii. 349

PANDIONIDÆ, ii. 349

_Pangasius_, ii. 442

_Pangolin_, ii. 245

_Panolax_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140

_Panopoea_, ii. 536

_Panoplites_, ii. 107

_Panterpe_, ii. 109

_Panthalops_, ii. 223

PANURIDÆ, ii. 262

_Panurus_, ii. 262

_Panychlora_, ii. 109

_Panyptila_, ii. 320

Paper-Nautilus, ii. 505

_Paphia_, ii. 474

_Papilio_, ii. 479

PAPILIONIDÆ, ii. 479

Papuan Islands, zoology of, i. 409

_Paracanthobrama_, ii. 452

_Paradigalla_, ii. 275

_Paradiplomystax_, ii. 443

_Paradisea_, ii. 274

Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, i. 414

Paradise-birds, ii. 274

PARADISEIDÆ, ii. 274

PARADISEINÆ, ii. 274

_Paradoxornis_, ii. 262

_Paradoxurus_, ii. 195

_Parahippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

_Paralabraz_, ii. 425

_Paramys_, N. American Eocene, i. 140
ii. 236

_Parandra_, ii. 501

_Paraphoxinus_, ii. 452

_Pardalotus_, ii. 277

_Pareas_, ii. 380

_Parodon_, ii. 445

_Pareudiastes_, ii. 352

PARIDÆ, ii. 265

_Pariodon_, ii. 444

_Parisoma_, ii. 266

_Parmacella_, ii. 517

_Parmarion_, ii. 517

_Parmophorus_, ii. 511

_Parnassius_, ii. 479

_Paroaria_, ii. 284

_Parotia_, ii. 274

_Parra_, ii. 355

PARRIDÆ, ii. 354

Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, i. 415

Parrots, classification of, i. 96
ii. 324, 329

Partridges, ii. 338

_Partula_, ii. 515

_Parula_, ii. 279

_Parus_, ii. 265

_Pasimachus_, ii. 490

_Passerculus_, ii. 284

_Passerella_, ii. 284

Passeres, arrangement of, i. 94
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306
range of Oriental genera of, i. 375
range of Australian genera of, i. 478

PASSERES, ii. 255
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 299

_Passerita_, ii. 379

_Pastor_, ii. 287

_Patagona_, ii. 108

_Patella_, ii. 539

PATELLIDÆ, ii. 511

_Patriofelis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Patrobus_, ii. 489

_Pauxi_, ii. 343

_Pavo_, ii. 340

PAVONINÆ, ii. 340

_Paxillus_, ii. 520

Pearl-oysters, ii. 533

Pease, Mr. Harper, on Polynesian region of Land-shells, ii. 528

Peccaries, ii. 215

_Pectinator_, ii. 238

Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, ii. 184

_Pedetes_, ii. 232

PEDICULATI, ii. 431

_Pediocætes_, ii. 339

_Pedionomus_, ii. 356

PEGASIDÆ, ii. 456

_Pelagius_, ii. 204

_Pelagornis_, European Miocene, i. 162

_Pelamis_, ii. 384

_Pelargopsis_, ii. 316

_Pelea_, ii. 224

PELECANIDÆ, ii. 365

_Pelecanoides_, ii. 365

_Pelecanus_, ii. 365

_Pelecium_, ii. 490

_Pelecus_, ii. 453

Pelicans, ii. 365

_Peliperdix_, ii. 338

_Pellorneum_, ii. 261

_Pelobates_, ii. 417

PELODRYADÆ, ii. 418

_Pelodryas_, ii. 418

_Pelodytes_, ii. 421

_Pelomedusa_, ii. 409

_Pelomys_, ii. 230

_Pelonax_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Peloperdix_, ii. 338

_Pelotrophus_, ii. 453

_Peltaphryne_, ii. 415

_Peltocephalus_, ii. 408

_Peltopelor_, ii. 385

_Peltops_, ii. 270

_Penelope_, ii. 343

_Penelopides_, ii. 317

_Penelopina_, ii. 343

PENELOPINÆ, ii. 343

_Penetes_, ii. 472

Penguins, ii. 366

_Pentadactylus_, ii. 399

_Pentila_, ii. 477

_Peragalea_, ii. 250

_Perameles_, ii. 250

PERAMELIDÆ, ii. 250

_Peratherium_, European Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 249

_Perca_, ii. 425

_Percarina_, i. 425

_Perchoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215

_Percilia_, ii. 425

_Percichthys_, ii. 425

PERCIDÆ, ii. 425

_Percnostola_, ii. 104

PERCOPSIDÆ, ii. 448

_Percus_, ii. 489

_Perdix_, ii. 338

_Pericallus_, ii. 490

_Pericrocotus_, ii. 268

_Peridexia_, ii. 487

Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, i. 122
probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, i. 362
character of fossils of, ii. 157

_Periopthalmus_, ii. 430

_Perisoreus_, ii. 273

_Perissodactyla_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Perissoglossa_, ii. 279

_Peristera_, ii. 333

_Peristethus_, ii. 428

Periwinkle, ii. 510

_Pernis_, ii. 349

_Perodicticus_, ii. 176

_Perognathus_, ii. 233

_Peropus_, ii. 399

Persia, birds of, i. 204

_Petasophora_, ii. 108

_Petaurista_, ii. 252

_Petenia_, ii. 438

_Petrochelidon_, ii. 281

_Petrodromus_, ii. 186

Petrels, ii. 365

_Petroeca_, ii. 260

_Petrogale_, ii. 251

_Petromys_, ii. 239

_Petrophassa_, ii. 333

_Petrorhynchus_, ii. 208

_Petroscirtes_, ii. 431

_Peucæa_, ii. 284

_Pezophaps_, ii. 334

_Pezoporus_, ii. 325

_Pfeifferia_, ii. 516

_Phacellodomus_, ii. 103

_Phacochoerus_, ii. 215

_Phænicophaës_, ii. 309

_Phænicophilus_, ii. 99

_Phænicothraupis_, ii. 98

_Phænopepla_, ii. 280

_Phæochroa_, ii. 107

_Phæolæma_, ii. 107

_Phæoptila_, ii. 109

_Phaëthornis_, ii. 107

_Phaeton_, ii. 365

_Phalacrocorax_, ii. 365

Phalangers, ii. 251

_Phalangista_, ii. 252

Phalangistidæ, ii. 251

_Phalaropus_, ii. 353

_Phapitreron_, ii. 333

_Phaps_, ii. 333

_Pharomacrus_, ii. 314

_Phascogale_, ii. 249

_Phascolarctos_, ii. 252

PHASCOLOMYIDÆ, ii. 252

_Phascolomys_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157

PHASIANIDÆ, ii. 339

PHASIANINÆ, ii. 340

_Phasianus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Post-Pliocene, i. 161
ii. 340

_Phasidus_, ii. 340

_Phatagin_, ii. 245

Pheasants, in European Miocene, i. 161
golden, of N. China, i. 226
eared, of Mongolia, i. 226
ii. 339

_Phedina_, ii. 281

_Phelsuma_, ii. 400

_Phenacodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138

_Pheropsophus_, ii. 489

_Pheucticus_, ii. 285

_Phibalura_, ii. 102

_Philagetes_, ii. 502

_Philemon_, ii. 276

_Philentoma_, ii. 271

_Philepitta_, ii. 298

_Philetærus_, ii. 286

_Philodryas_, ii. 376

Philippine Islands, mammals of, i. 345
birds of, i. 346
origin of peculiar fauna of, i. 448

_Philohela_, ii. 353

_Philomycus_, ii. 517

_Philydor_, ii. 103

PHILYDORINÆ, ii. 295

_Phlæomys_, ii. 230

_Phlæocryptes_, ii. 103

_Phlogoenas_, ii. 333

_Phlogophilus_, ii. 108

_Phlogopsis_, ii. 104

_Phlogothraupis_, ii. 98, 283

_Phoca_, ii. 204

_Phocæna_, ii. 209

_Phocidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140

PHOCIDÆ, ii. 203

_Phodilus_, ii. 350

_Phoenicocercus_, ii. 102, 293

_Phoenicophaës_, ii. 309

PHOENICOPTERIDÆ, ii. 361

_Phoenicopterus_, ii. 361

PHOLADIDÆ, ii. 537

_Pholadomya_, ii. 536

_Pholeoptynx_, ii. 350

_Pholidotus_, ii. 245

_Pholidotus_, ii. 493

_Phonipara_, ii. 284

_Phorus_, ii. 510

_Phos_, ii. 507

_Phractocephalus_, ii. 442

_Phrygilus_, ii. 284

PHRYNISCIDÆ, ii. 414

_Phryniscus_, ii. 414

_Phrynobatrachus_, ii. 421

_Phrynocephalus_, ii. 402

_Phrynoglossus_, ii. 421

_Phrynorhombus_, ii. 441

_Phrynosoma_, ii. 401

_Phycis_, ii. 439

_Phyllastrephus_, ii. 267

PHYLLIDIADÆ, ii. 530

_Phyllobates_, ii. 419

_Phyllodactylus_, ii. 399

_Phyllomedusa_, ii. 418

_Phyllomyias_, ii. 101

_Phyllomys_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239

_Phyllornis_, ii. 267

PHYLLORNITHIDÆ, ii. 267

_Phylloscartes_, ii. 101

PHYLLOSCOPINÆ, ii. 257

_Phylloscopus_, ii. 258

_Phyllostomidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144

PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 181

_Phyllurus_, ii. 400

PHYLLYRHOIDÆ, ii. 530

_Phymaturus_, ii. 401

_Physa_, ii. 518

_Physalus_, ii. 207

_Physeter_, European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 208

Physical changes affecting distribution, i. 7

_Physignathus_, ii. 402

PHYSOSTOMI, ii. 441

_Phytala_, ii. 477

_Phytotoma_, ii. 294

PHYTOTOMIDÆ, ii. 294

_Phyton_, ii. 502

_Piabuca_, ii. 445

_Piabucina_, ii. 445

_Piaya_, ii. 309

_Pica_, ii. 273

Picariæ, arrangement of, i. 95
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 247
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 309
range of Oriental genera of, i. 381
range of Australian genera of, i. 482

PICARIÆ, ii. 302
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 322

_Picathartes_, ii. 274

_Picicorvus_, ii. 273

PICIDÆ, ii. 302

_Picoides_, ii. 303

_Picolaptes_, ii. 103

_Picumnus_, ii. 303

_Picus_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 303

PIERIDÆ, ii. 478

_Pieris_, ii. 478

_Piezia_, ii. 491

Pigeons, classification of, i. 96
remarkable development of, in the Australian region, i. 395
crested, of Australia, figure of, i. 441
ii. 331
abundant in islands, ii. 335

Pigs, power of swimming, i. 13

Pikas, ii. 242

Pike, ii. 449

Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, i. 115

Pilchard, ii. 454

_Pileoma_, ii. 425

_Pimelodus_, ii. 443

_Pimephales_, ii. 452

_Pinacodera_, ii. 490

_Pinicola_, ii. 285

_Pinulia_, ii. 191

_Pionus_, ii. 328

_Pipa_, ii. 422

PIPIDÆ, ii. 421

_Pipile_, i. 343

_Pipilo_, ii. 284

Piping crows, ii. 273

_Pipra_, ii. 102, 292

_Pipreola_, ii. 102

PIPRIDÆ, ii. 102

_Pipridea_, ii. 98

_Piprisoma_, ii. 277

_Piprites_, ii. 102, 292

_Piramutana_, ii. 442

_Piratinga_, ii. 443

_Pirinampus_, ii. 443

_Pitangus_, ii. 101

_Pithecia_, ii. 175

_Pithecopsis_, ii. 420

_Pithys_, ii. 104

_Pitta_, ii. 298

Pittas, ii. 297

_Pittasoma_, ii. 104

Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, i. 355

PITTIDÆ, ii. 297

_Pituophis_, ii. 375

Pit-vipers, ii. 384

_Pitylus_, ii. 99

_Pityriasis_, ii. 273

_Plagiodontia_, ii. 238

_Plagiolophus_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Plagiotelium_, ii. 492

PLAGIOSTOMATA, ii. 460

_Planetes_, ii. 490

_Planorbis_, European Secondary, i. 169
Eocene, i. 169
ii. 518

Plantain-eaters, ii. 307

Plant-cutters, ii. 294

Plants, distribution of, probably the same fundamentally as that of
animals, ii. 162

_Platacanthomys_, ii. 230

_Platalea_, ii. 360

PLATALEIDÆ, ii. 360

_Platanista_, ii. 209

_Platemys_, ii. 408

_Platurus_, ii. 384

_Platycercidæ_, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, i. 394

PLATYCERCIDÆ, ii. 325

_Platycercus_, ii. 325

_Platychile_, ii. 487

_Platygonus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 215

_Platylophus_, ii. 273

_Platymantis_, ii. 419

_Platynematichthys_, ii. 442

_Platynus_, ii. 489

_Platypoecilus_, ii. 450

PLATYRHYNCHINÆ, ii. 291

_Platyrhynchus_, ii. 101

_Platysaurus_, ii. 392

_Platysoma_, ii. 489

_Platystira_, ii. 271

_Platystoma_, ii. 442

_Platystomatichthys_, ii. 442

_Plecoglossus_, ii. 447

_Plecostomus_, ii. 444

_Plecotus_, ii. 183

PLECTOGNATHI, ii. 457

PLECTROMANTIDÆ, ii. 417

_Plectromantis_, ii. 417

_Plectrophanes_, ii. 286

_Plectropterus_, ii. 363

_Plectrotrema_, ii. 519

_Plecturus_, ii. 374

_Plesiarctomys_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 236

_Plesiomeryx_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Plesiosorex_, European Miocene, i. 118

_Plestiodon_, ii. 397

_Plethodon_, ii. 413

PLEUROBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 530

_Pleurodeles_, ii. 413

_Pleurodema_, ii. 420

_Pleuronectes_, ii. 441

PLEURONECTIDÆ, ii. 440

_Pleurostrichus_, ii. 392

_Pleurotoma_, ii. 508

_Pleurotomaria_, ii. 539

Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, i. 112

Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas of Europe, general conclusions from, i.
113
of N. America, i. 132
of S. America, i. 146
of Australia, i. 157

_Pliohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Pliolophus_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 216

_Pliopithecus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 178

PLOCEIDÆ, ii. 286

_Plocepasser_, ii. 286

_Ploceus_, ii. 286

_Plotosus_, ii. 441

_Plotus_, ii. 365

Plovers, ii. 355

_Pluvianellus_, ii. 356

_Pluvianus_, ii. 355

PLYCTOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 324

_Pnoepyga_, ii. 263

_Podabrus_, ii. 249

_Podager_, ii. 320

PODARGIDÆ, ii. 318

_Podargus_, ii. 318

_Podica_, ii. 352

_Podiceps_, ii. 367

PODICIPIDÆ, ii. 366

_Podilymbus_, ii. 367

_Podocnemis_, ii. 408

_Poebrotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217

_Poecilia_, ii. 450

_Poecilophis_, ii. 383

_Poecilothraupis_, ii. 98

_Poephagus_, ii. 222

_Poephila_, ii. 287

_Pogonocichla_, ii. 271

POGONORHYNCHINÆ, ii. 306

_Pogonorhynchus_, ii. 306

_Pogonornis_, ii. 275

_Pogonostoma_, ii. 487

_Pogonotriccus_, ii. 101

_Pohlia_, ii. 418

_Poiana_, ii. 195

_Polemistria_, ii. 107

_Polioaëtus_, ii. 349

_Poliococcyx_, ii. 309

_Poliohierax_, ii. 349

_Poliopsitta_, ii. 328

_Polioptila_, ii. 258

_Pollanisus_, ii. 481

POLYBORINÆ, ii. 347

_Polyboroides_, ii. 347

_Polyborus_, ii. 347

_Polybothris_, ii. 497

POLYCENTRIDÆ, ii. 434

_Polycesta_, ii. 479

POLYDONTIDÆ, ii. 459

_Polyhirma_, ii. 491

POLYNEMIDÆ, ii. 429

_Polyommatus_, ii. 477

Polynesian sub-region, description of, i. 442
birds of, i. 443
reptiles of, i. 447

_Polypedates_, ii. 419

POLYPEDATIDÆ, ii. 419

_Polypi_, ii. 505

_Polyplectron_, ii. 340

_Polyprion_, ii. 425

POLYPTERIDÆ, ii. 458

_Polypterus_, ii. 458

_Polytelis_, ii. 325

_Pomacanthus_, ii. 427

POMACENTRIDÆ, ii. 437

_Pomacentrus_, ii. 437

_Pomatias_, ii. 521

_Pomatorhinus_, ii. 261

_Pomotis_, ii. 425

_Pompholyx_, ii. 518

_Pontia_, ii. 478

_Pontoporia_, ii. 209

_Pooecetes_, ii. 284

_Poodytes_, ii. 258

_Poospiza_, ii. 284

Porcupines, ii. 240

_Poritia_, ii. 477

_Porphyrio_, ii. 352

Porpoises, ii. 208

_Portax_, ii. 223

_Porzana_, ii. 352

Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, i. 110
remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, i. 111
fauna of N. America, i. 129
fauna of N. America, remarks on, i. 130

_Potamides_, ii. 509

_Potamochoerus_, ii. 215

_Potamodus_, ii. 258

Potamogale of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264

_Potamogale_, ii. 189

POTAMOGALIDÆ, ii. 189

_Potamotherium_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200

Potto of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
ii. 176

Pouched Rats, ii. 233

_Praotherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130

_Pratincola_, ii. 260

Pratincoles, ii. 355

_Presbytes_, ii. 171

_Prepona_, ii. 474

Primates, classification of, i. 86
probable birthplace of, i. 153
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
range of Oriental genera of, i. 371
range of Australian genera of, i. 475

_Primates_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 117
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 124
N. American Tertiary, i. 132
of Brazilian caves, i. 144

PRIMATES, distribution of, ii. 170-180
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 179
summary and conclusion, ii. 540

Prince's Island, birds of, i. 206

_Prinia_, ii. 257

_Prion_, ii. 365

_Prioneris_, ii. 478

PRIONIDÆ, ii. 498

_Prionidium_, Oolitic insects, i. 167

_Prionirhynchus_, ii. 313

_Prioniturus_, ii. 326

_Prionochilus_, ii. 277

_Prionodontes_, ii. 246

_Prionops_, ii. 272

_Prionoteles_, ii. 314

PRISTIDÆ, ii. 462

_Pristimantis_, ii. 419

PRISTIOPHORIDÆ, ii. 462

_Pristiphoca_, in European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 204

PRISTIPOMATIDÆ, ii. 426

_Pristiurus_, ii. 461

_Pristonychus_, ii. 489

_Proboscidea_, classification of, i. 90
range of Ethiopian genus, i. 303
range of Oriental genus, i. 374

_Proboscidea_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
Indian Miocene, i. 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary i. 138
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147

PROBOSCIDEA, ii. 227
summary and conclusion, ii. 542

_Procamelus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217

_Procapra_, ii. 223

_Procarduelis_, ii. 283

_Procellaria_, ii. 365

PROCELLARIIDÆ, ii. 365

_Procerus_, ii. 488
ii. 489

_Prochilodus_, ii. 445

_Prochilus_, ii. 202

_Procnias_, ii. 98

_Procris_, ii. 481

_Procrustes_, ii. 488
ii. 489

_Proctotretus_, ii. 401

_Procyon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 200

_Procyonidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144

PROCYONIDÆ, ii. 200

PRODUCTIDÆ, ii. 532

_Progne_, ii. 281

_Promecoderus_, ii. 490

_Promephitis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200

Promerops of East Africa, figure of, i. 261

_Promerops_, ii. 276

_Pronophilia_, ii. 471

_Propalæotherium_, European Eocene, i. 126

_Proparus_, ii. 266

_Propyrrhula_, ii. 285

_Prorastomus_, ii. 211

_Proserpina_, ii. 527

PROSOBRANCHIATA, ii. 507

_Prosthemadera_, ii. 275

PROTEIDÆ, ii. 412

_Proteles_, ii. 196

PROTELIDÆ, ii. 196

_Protemnodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251

_Proteus_, ii. 412

_Prothoe_, ii. 474

_Protohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Protomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217

_Protonopsis_, ii. 412

_Protonotaria_, ii. 279

_Protopithecus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 178

_Protopterus_, ii. 458

_Protornis_, European Eocene, i. 162

_Prototomus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Prototroctes_, ii. 446

_Psalidoprogne_, ii. 281

_Psaltria_, ii. 266

_Psaltriparus_, ii. 266

_Psammodromus_, ii. 391

_Psammodynastes_, ii. 377

_Psammomys_, ii. 230

PSAMMOPHIDÆ, ii. 377

_Psammophis_, ii. 377

_Psammosaurus_, ii. 389

_Psarisomus_, ii. 295

_Psephotus_, ii. 325

_Pseudacris_, ii. 418

_Pseudælurus_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 194

_Pseudalopex_, ii. 197

_Pseudecheneis_, ii. 444

_Pseudechis_, ii. 383

_Pseudeutropius_, ii. 442

_Pseudis_, ii. 420

_Pseudobagrus_, ii. 442

_Pseudobias_, ii. 270

_Pseudobufo_, ii. 415

_Pseudochalceus_, ii. 445

_Pseudochelidon_, ii. 312

_Pseudocolaptes_, ii. 103

_Pseudocordylus_, ii. 392

_Pseudocyon_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 198

_Pseudodipsas_, ii. 477

_Pseudogobio_, ii. 452

_Pseudogryphis_, ii. 346

_Pseudogyps_, ii. 346

_Pseudohage_, ii. 383

_Pseudolabuca_, ii. 453

_Pseudoleistes_, ii. 282

_Pseudomorpha_, ii. 490

_Pseudomys_, ii. 230

_Pseudonaje_, ii. 383

_Pseudoperilampus_, ii. 452

PSEUDOPHIDIA, ii. 411

_Pseudophryne_, ii. 414

_Pseudopontia_, ii. 478

_Pseudopus_, ii. 392

_Pseudorasbora_, ii. 452

_Pseudorca_, ii. 209

_Pseudoscops_, ii. 350

_Pseudoxiphophorus_, ii. 450

_Psilopogon_, ii. 306

_Psiloptera_, ii. 497

_Psilorhamphus_, ii. 104

_Psilorhinus_, ii. 273

_Psilorhynchus_, ii. 453

Psittaci, classification of, i. 96
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311
range of Oriental genera of, i. 383
range of Australian genera of, i. 484

PSITTACI, ii. 324
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 329

PSITTACIDÆ, ii. 328

_Psittacula_, ii. 328

_Psittacus_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 328

_Psittinus_, ii. 326

_Psittirostra_, ii. 277

_Psittospiza_, ii. 99

_Psophia_, ii. 358

PSOPHIIDÆ, ii. 358

_Psophodes_, ii. 262

PSYCHROLUTIDÆ, ii. 436

_Pterocles_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 337

PTEROCLIDÆ, ii. 337

_Pterocyclos_, ii. 520

_Pterodon_, European Miocene, i. 125

_Pteroglossus_, ii. 307

_Pteromys_, ii. 235

_Pteromyzon_, ii. 463

PTEROMYZONTIDÆ, ii. 463

_Pteronura_, ii. 199

_Pterophanes_, ii. 108

_Pterophyllum_, ii. 439

PTEROPIDÆ, ii. 181

PTEROPODA, ii. 531

_Pteropodocys_, ii. 269

PTEROPTOCHIDÆ, ii. 297

_Pteroptochus_, ii. 297

_Pterorhinus_, ii. 261

_Pterosarion_, ii. 452

_Pterostichus_, ii. 489

_Pteruthius_, ii. 266

_Pterygophlichthys_, ii. 444

_Ptilocerus_, ii. 186

_Ptilochloris_, ii. 102, 293

_Ptilogonys_, ii. 280

_Ptilonorhynchus_, ii. 275

_Ptilopachus_, ii. 338

_Ptilopus_, ii. 332

_Ptilorhis_, ii. 275

_Ptilostomus_, ii. 273

_Ptilotis_, ii. 275

_Ptosima_, ii. 497

_Ptyas_, ii. 375

_Ptychobarbus_, ii. 452

_Ptyonotus_, ii. 428

_Pucrasia_, ii. 340

Puff-birds, ii. 310

Puffins, ii. 367

_Puffinus_, ii. 365

PULMONIFERA, ii. 512

_Pulsatrix_, ii. 350

_Puncturella_, ii. 511

_Pupa_, Eocene, i. 169

_Pupa vetusta_, Palæozoic, i. 169

_Pupa_, ii. 514

_Pupina_, ii. 520

_Pupinella_, ii. 520

_Putorius_, ii. 198

PYCNONOTIDÆ, ii. 267

_Pycnonotus_, ii. 267

_Pycnophrys_, ii. 270

_Pyctorhis_, ii. 261

_Pygarrhicus_, ii. 103

_Pygmornis_, ii. 107

_Pygomeles_, ii. 397

PYGOPODIDÆ, ii. 395

_Pygoptila_, ii. 104

_Pygopus_, ii. 395

PYRAMIDELLIDÆ, ii. 509

_Pyrameis_, ii. 474

_Pyranga_, ii. 98

_Pyrenestes_, ii. 286

_Pyrgisoma_, ii. 284

_Pyrgita_, ii. 284

_Pyriglena_, ii. 104

_Pyrocephalus_, ii. 101, 291

_Pyroderus_, ii. 103

_Pyromelana_, ii. 286

_Pyrophthalma_, ii. 259

_Pyrrhocoma_, ii. 99

_Pyrrhospiza_, ii. 285

_Pyrrhula_, ii. 285

_Pyrrhulauda_, ii. 289

_Pyrrhulina_, ii. 445

_Pyrrhulopsis_, ii. 325

_Pyrrhuloxia_, ii. 285

_Pyrrhura_, ii. 328

_Pytelia_, ii. 287

_Python_, ii. 381

_Pythonidæ_, European Miocene, i. 165

PYTHONIDÆ, ii. 381

_Pythonodipsas_, ii. 379

_Pythonopsis_, ii. 376

Pythons, ii. 381

_Pyxicephalus_, ii. 420

_Pyxis_, ii. 408

Q.

Quadrumana, fossil, ii. 178

Quail-snipes, ii. 354

_Querquedula_, ii. 363

_Querula_, ii. 102

_Quiscalus_, ii. 282

R.

_Rachis_, ii. 524

Racoon-dog of N. China, i. 226

Racoons, ii. 200

_Raia_, ii. 462

RAIIDÆ, ii. 462

Rails, ii. 351

RALLIDÆ, ii. 351

_Rallina_, ii. 352

_Rallus_, ii. 352

_Rana_, European Miocene, i. 166
ii. 420

_Raniceps_, ii. 439

RANIDÆ, ii. 420

_Ranodon_, ii. 413

_Rappia_, ii. 419

_Rasbora_, ii. 452

_Rasborichthys_, ii. 453

Rattle-snakes, ii. 384

Rays, ii. 462

_Realia_, ii. 521

_Rectes_, ii. 272

_Recurvirostra_, ii. 353

_Regalecus_, ii. 432

Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, i. 68
Arctic, why not adopted, i. 69
Palæarctic, defined, i. 71
Palæarctic, subdivisions of, i. 71
Ethiopian, defined, i. 73
Ethiopian, subdivisions of, i. 73
Oriental, defined, i. 75
Oriental, subdivisions of, i. 75
Australian, defined, i. 77
Australian, subdivisions of, i. 77
Neotropical, defined, i. 78
Neotropical, subdivisions of, i. 78
Nearctic, defined, i. 79
Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79
Nearctic, subdivisions of, i. 80

Regions, zoological, i. 50
zoological, how they should be formed, i. 53
zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, i. 54
zoological, by what class of animals best determined, i. 56
for each class of animals, not advisable, i. 58
zoological, proposed since 1857, i. 58
zoological, Mr. Sclater's, i. 59
zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, i. 61
zoological, proportionate richness of, i. 64
temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, i. 65
and zones, table of, i. 66
comparative richness of, i. 81
and sub-regions, table of, i. 81
order of succession of the, i. 173

_Registoma_, ii. 521

_Reguloides_, ii. 258

_Regulus_, ii. 258

_Reinwardtænas_, ii. 333

_Reinwardtipicus_, ii. 303

_Reithrodon_, ii. 230

Representative species, i. 4

Reptiles, means of dispersal of, i. 28
classification of, i. 98
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
of Indian Miocene deposits, i. 123
extinct Tertiary, i. 165
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186
of Central Europe, i. 195
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 204
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 236
of the Ethiopian region, i. 254
of the E. African sub-region, i. 260
of W. Africa, i. 264
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 279
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 297
of the Oriental region, i. 317
of the Indian sub-region, i. 326
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340
table of Oriental families of, i. 368
of the Australian region, i. 396
of New Guinea, i. 415
of the Moluccas, i. 420
of the Polynesian sub-region, i. 447
of New Zealand, i. 456
table of Australian families of, i. 472
Neotropical, ii. 9
of S. Temperate America, ii. 40
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54
of the Antilles, ii. 72
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 88
of the Nearctic region, ii. 119
of California, ii. 128
of Central N. America, ii. 131
of Eastern United States, ii. 133
of Canada, ii. 137
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 142
summary and conclusion, ii. 547

REPTILIA, ii. 372

_Retropinna_, ii. 447

Revillagigedo Islands, zoology of, ii. 60

_Rhabdornis_, ii. 265

_Rhabdosoma_, ii. 374

RACHIODONTIDÆ, ii. 377

_Rhacophorus_, ii. 419

_Rhamnophis_, ii. 376

RHAMPHASTIDÆ, ii. 306

_Rhamphastos_, ii. 307

_Rhamphichthys_, ii. 455

_Rhamphocænus_, ii. 104

_Rhamphococcyx_, ii. 309

_Rhamphocinclus_, ii. 256

_Rhamphocoelus_, ii. 98

_Rhamphomicron_, ii. 108

_Rhaphaulus_, ii. 520

_Rhea_, in Brazilian caves, i. 164
ii. 368

_Rhinaster_, ii. 213

_Rhinatrema_, ii. 411

_Rhinechis_, ii. 376

_Rhinelepis_, ii. 444

_Rhinichthys_, ii. 452

RHINIDÆ, ii. 462

RHINOBATIDÆ, ii. 462

_Rhinoceros_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 122
fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, i. 122
fossil in N. China, i. 123
N. American Tertiary, i. 136
ii. 213

Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, i. 339

_Rhinocerotidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136

RHINOCEROTIDÆ, ii. 213

RHINOCHETIDÆ, ii. 359

_Rhinochetus_, ii. 359

_Rhinococcyx_, ii. 309

_Rhinocrypta_, ii. 297

_Rhinoderma_, ii. 416

RHINODONTIDÆ, ii. 461

_Rhinodoras_, ii. 443

_Rhinogale_, ii. 195

_Rhinoglanis_, ii. 443

RHINOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 182

_Rhinolophus_, ii. 183

_Rhinophis_, ii. 374

RHINOPHRYNIDÆ, ii. 414

_Rhinophrynus_, ii. 414

_Rhinoplax_, ii. 317

_Rhinopoma_, ii. 183

_Rhinortha_, ii. 309

_Rhipidura_, ii. 271

_Rhizomys_, ii. 231

_Rhodeus_, ii. 452

_Rhodinocincla_, ii. 256

_Rhodona_, ii. 397

_Rhodopis_, ii. 108

_Rhodosttehia_, ii. 364

_Rhombomys_, ii. 230

_Rhombus_, ii. 441

_Rhopodytes_, ii. 309

_Rhopoterpe_, ii. 104

_Rhynchæa_, ii. 353

RHYNCHOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 405

RHYNCHOCEPHALINA, ii. 405

_Rhynchocyon_, ii. 186

_Rhynchocyclus_, ii. 101

_Rhynchonella_, ii. 539

RHYNCHONELLIDÆ, ii. 532

_Rhynchops_, ii. 365

_Rhynchopsitta_, ii. 328

_Rhynchotus_, ii. 344

_Rhytina_, ii. 210, 211

_Rhytiodus_, ii. 445

_Ricinula_, ii. 507

_Rimator_, ii. 263

_Rimula_, ii. 511

_Rissa_, ii. 364

_Rissoa_, ii. 510

_Rita_, ii. 442

River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, i. 264
of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278

Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, i. 12
limiting the range of birds, i. 17

River-scene in West Africa, i. 264

River-snails, ii. 510

_Rivulus_, ii. 450

Rock-snakes, ii. 381

Rocky mountain sub-region, ii. 129
mammalia of, ii. 129
birds of, ii. 130
reptiles, amphibia, and fishes of, ii. 130

Rodentia, classification of, i. 90
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 242
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 304
range of Oriental genera of, i. 374
range of Australian genera of, i. 476

_Rodentia_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 139
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
of S. American Eocene, i. 148

RODENTIA, ii. 229

Rodentia, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 243

_Rodentia_, summary and conclusion, ii. 543

_Rohteichthys_, ii. 452

Rollers, ii. 311

_Rollulus_, ii. 339

_Romaleosoma_, ii. 474

Rose-chafers, ii. 494

_Rostrhamus_, ii. 349

Rough-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 374

Ruff, figure of, i. 195

_Rupicapra_, ii. 224, 225

RUPICAPRINÆ, ii. 224

_Rupicola_, ii. 102, 293

RUPICOLINÆ, ii. 293

_Ruticilla_, ii. 259

RUTICILLINÆ, ii. 257

S.

_Saccobranchus_, ii. 441

_Saccodon_, ii. 445

SACCOMYIDÆ, ii. 233

_Saccomys_, ii. 233

_Saccostomus_, ii. 230

_Sagda_, ii. 516

Sahara, a debatable land, i. 251

Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, i. 218

_Saiga_, ii. 223

_Saimiris_, ii. 175

Sakis, ii. 175

_Salamandra_, ii. 413

SALAMANDRIDÆ, ii. 413

_Salamandrina_, ii. 413

_Salarix_, ii. 448

_Salminus_, ii. 445

_Salmo_, ii. 447

SALMONIDÆ, ii. 447

_Salpinctes_, ii. 264

_Salpornis_, ii. 264

_Saltator_, ii. 99

Salvin, Mr., on birds of Galapagos, ii. 30

_Sambus_, ii. 496

Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443

Sand-grouse, Pallas', of Mongolia, i. 226
ii. 337

Sand-lizards, ii. 398

Sandpipers, ii. 353

Sandwich Islands, birds of, i. 445
probable past history of, i. 446
mountain plants of, i. 446
depth of ocean around, i. 447

_Sanzinia_, ii. 381

_Saperda_, ii. 501

_Sapphironia_, ii. 109

_Sarcodaces_, ii. 445

_Sarcophilus_, ii. 249

SARCORHAMPHINÆ, ii. 346

_Sarcorhamphus_, ii. 346

_Sargus_, ii. 427

_Sarkidiornis_, ii. 363

_Saroglossa_, ii. 288

_Sarotherodon_, ii. 438

_Sasia_, ii. 303

_Satanoperca_, ii. 439

SATYRIDÆ, ii. 471

_Satyrites Reynesii_, European Cretaceous insect, i. 167

_Satyrus_, ii. 471

_Saucerottia_, ii. 109

Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, i. 229

_Saurocetes_, ii. 210

_Saurophis_, ii. 392

_Saurothera_, ii. 309

_Saxicola_, ii. 260

_Saxicolinæ_, ii. 257

_Sayornis_, ii. 100, 291

Scallops, ii. 533

_Scalops_, ii. 190

_Scapanus_, ii. 190

_Scaphiopus_, ii. 417

_Scaphirhynchus_, ii. 459

_Scaptochirus_, ii. 190

_Scaptonyx_, ii. 190

_Scaraphites_, ii. 490

_Scardafella_, ii. 333

_Scarites_, ii. 489

_Scelidotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 245

_Scelodontis_, ii. 490

_Sceloporus_, ii. 401

_Scelotes_, ii. 398

_Schacra_, ii. 452

_Schasicheila_, ii. 522

_Schiffornis_, ii. 102

_Schilbe_, ii. 442

_Schilbichthys_, ii. 442

_Schismaderma_, ii. 415

_Schistes_, ii. 108

_Schistopleurum_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Schizodon_, ii. 238

_Schizogenius_, ii. 490

_Schizopygopsis_, ii. 452

_Schizorhina_, ii. 494

_Schizorhis_, ii. 307

_Schizothorax_, ii. 452

_Schoenionta_, ii. 502

Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, i. 252
on limits of W. African sub-region, i. 262 (_note_)

_Sciades_, ii. 443

_Sciæna_, ii. 428

SCIÆNIDÆ, ii. 428

SCINCIDÆ, ii. 396

_Scincus_, ii. 397

Scinks, ii. 396

_Scissirostrum_, ii. 288

_Scissor_, ii. 445

_Sciuravus_, N. American Eocene, i. 140

_Sciuravus_, ii. 236

SCIURIDÆ, ii. 234

_Sciuropterus_, ii. 235

_Sciurus_, European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 235, 236

Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 59
why his six regions are adopted, i. 63
on birds of Sandwich Islands, i. 445
on systematic position of _Certhidea_, ii. 31

Sclater and Salvin, Messrs., on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25

SCLERODERMI, ii. 457

_Sclerognathus_, ii. 451

SCLERURINÆ, ii. 295

_Sclerurus_, ii. 103

_Scolecophagus_, ii. 282

SCOLOPACIDÆ, ii. 353

_Scolopax_, ii. 353

_Scomber_, ii. 429

SCOMBRESOCIDÆ, ii. 449

_Scombresox_, ii. 449

SCOMBRIDÆ, ii. 429

SCOPELIDÆ, ii. 446

_Scops_, ii. 350

_Scopus_, ii. 360

_Scortornis_, ii. 320

_Scotopelia_, ii. 350

_Scotophilus_, ii. 183

_Scrapteira_, ii. 391

Screamers, ii. 361

Scrub-birds, ii. 299

SCYLLIDÆ, ii. 461

_Scyllium_, ii. 461

_Scytale_, ii. 379

SCYTALIDÆ, ii. 379

_Scytalopus_, ii. 297

_Scythrops_, ii. 310

Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, i. 13

Sea-devils, ii. 463

Seals, fossil in European Miocene, i. 118
of Lake Baikal, i. 218
ii. 203

Sea-pens, ii. 505

Sea-snails, ii. 508

Sea-snakes, ii. 384

_Sebastes_, ii. 428

Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, i. 169

Secretary bird, of Africa, figure of, i. 261
ii. 346

Seemann, Dr., on protective resemblance of sloths, ii. 24

_Seisura_, ii. 270

_Selache_, ii. 460

_Selasphorus_, ii. 108

_Selenidera_, ii. 307

_Selenophorus_, ii. 490

_Seleucides_, ii. 275

_Semioptera_, ii. 275

_Semiplotus_, ii. 452

SEMNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 171

_Semnopithecus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 117
Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 171
ii. 178

Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, i. 345

_Senira_, ii. 397

SEPIADÆ, ii. 505

SEPIDÆ, ii. 398

_Seps_, ii. 398

_Sepsina_, ii. 398

_Sericinus_, ii. 479

_Sericornis_, ii. 258

_Sericulus_, ii. 275

_Serilophus_, ii. 295

SERPENTARIIDÆ, ii. 346

_Serpentarius_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 346

_Serphophaga_, ii. 101

_Serranus_, ii. 425

_Serrasalmo_, ii. 445

_Sesia_, ii. 482

_Setophaga_, ii. 279

_Setornis_, ii. 267

Seychelle Islands, zoology of, i. 281
amphibia of, i. 281

Shad, ii. 454

Sharks, ii. 460

Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, i. 229

Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, i. 97
on birds of Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
on classification of Cuckoos, ii. 309

Sheath-bills, ii. 354

Sheep, Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221

Short-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 373

Shrikes, ii. 272

_Sialia_, ii. 260

_Siamanga_, ii. 171

_Siaphos_, ii. 397

Siberia, climate of, i. 217

Siberian sub-region, description of, i. 216
mammalia of, i. 217
birds of, i. 219
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 220
insects of, i. 220

_Sibia_, ii. 262

_Siderone_, ii. 474

_Sieboldia_, ii. 412

_Sigmodon_, ii. 230

_Silondia_, ii. 442

_Silphomorpha_, ii. 490

_Silubosaurus_, ii. 397

_Siluranodon_, ii. 442

_Silurichthys_, ii. 441

SILURIDÆ, ii. 441

_Silurus_, ii. 441

_Silybura_, ii. 374

_Simenia_, ii. 197

_Simia_, ii. 171

SIMIIDÆ, ii. 170

_Simocephalus_, ii. 380

_Simocyon_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
ii. 198

_Simorhynchus_, ii. 367

_Simotes_, ii. 375

_Simpulopsis_, ii. 516

_Sinopa_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Siphia_, ii. 270

_Siphneus_, ii. 230

_Siphonopsis_, ii. 411

_Siphonorhis_, ii. 320

_Siphonostoma_, ii. 457

_Siren_, ii. 411

Sirenia, classification of, i. 89
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303
range of Oriental genus, i. 374
range of Australian genus of, i. 476

_Sirenia_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 119

SIRENIA, ii. 210

SIRENIDÆ, ii. 411

SIRENOIDEI, ii. 458

_Sirystes_, ii. 101

_Sisor_, ii. 444

_Sitana_, ii. 402

_Sitta_, ii. 265

_Sittasomus_, ii. 103

_Sittella_, ii. 265

SITTIDÆ, ii. 265

_Siurus_, ii. 279

_Siva_, ii. 266

_Sivatherium_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 226

Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, i. 121

_Skenea_, ii. 510

Sloths, ii. 244

Slugs, ii. 517

_Smaragdochrysis_, ii. 109

_Smerinthus_, ii. 483

_Smiliogaster_, ii. 453

_Sminthus_, ii. 230

Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, i. 230

_Smithornis_, ii. 270

_Smutsia_, ii. 245

Snails, ii. 512

Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, i. 220

Snakes, classification of, i. 99
Eocene, i. 165
large proportion of venomous species in Australia, i. 396
of New Zealand, i. 457
distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547

Snipes, ii. 353

Society Islands, birds of, i. 443

Socorro, zoology of, ii. 60

Soft-tortoises, ii. 409

_Solarium_, ii. 510

_Solea_, ii. 441

SOLENIDÆ, ii. 536

_Solenodon_, ii. 188

SOLENOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 456

Solitaire, ii. 334

_Somateria_, ii. 364

_Soricictis_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 196

_Soricidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118

SORICIDÆ, ii. 191

_Soridia_, ii. 397

_Sorubim_, ii. 442

_Sotalia_, ii. 209

South African sub-region, description of, i. 266
mammalia of, i. 267
birds of, i. 267
reptiles of, i. 268
amphibia of, i. 268
fresh-water fish of, i. 268
butterflies of, i. 268
coleoptera of, i. 268
summary of its zoology, i. 269

South America, fossil fauna of, i. 143
Pliocene deposits of, i. 146
supposed land connection with Australia, i. 398

South America and Africa, parallelism of their past zoological history,
ii. 83

South Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441

SPALACIDÆ, ii. 231

_Spalacomys_, ii. 230

_Spalacopus_, ii. 238

_Spalax_, ii. 231

_Sparganura_, ii. 108

SPARIDÆ, ii. 426

_Spatula_, ii. 364

Species, representative, i. 4

_Spelerpes_, ii. 413

_Speothos_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145

_Spermestes_, ii. 287

_Spermophila_, ii. 285

_Spermophilus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 235, 236

_Spermospiza_, ii. 286

Sperm Whales, ii. 207

_Sphærocephalus_, ii. 209

_Sphærodactylus_, ii. 400

_Sphæroderus_, ii. 490

_Sphallomorpha_, ii. 490

_Sphecotheres_, ii. 268

_Sphenæacus_, ii. 258

SPHENISCIDÆ, ii. 366

_Spheniscus_, ii. 366

_Sphenocephalus_, ii. 398

_Sphenodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 115
ii. 245

_Sphenognathus_, ii. 493

_Sphenoproctus_, ii. 107

_Sphenops_, ii. 398

_Sphenostoma_, ii. 266

_Sphenura_, ii. 258

SPHINGIDÆ, ii. 482

Sphingidea, distribution of, ii. 483

SPHINGINA, ii. 481

_Sphingnotus_, ii. 501

_Sphinx_, in European Oolite, i. 167
ii. 482

Sphinx Moths, ii. 482

_Sphyrapicus_, ii. 303

SPHYRENIDÆ, ii. 429

Spider monkeys, ii. 174

_Spilornis_, ii. 348

_Spilotes_, ii. 376

SPINACIDÆ, ii. 461

_Spindalis_, ii. 98, 284

_Spiraxis_, ii. 515

SPIRIFERIDÆ, ii. 532

SPIRULIDÆ, ii. 505

_Spizaëtus_, ii. 348

_Spizella_, ii. 284

_Spiziapteryx_, ii. 349

_Spiziastur_, ii. 348

_Spodiornis_, ii. 285

_Sponsor_, ii. 497

Spoonbills, ii. 360

_Sporadinus_, ii. 109

_Sporopipes_, ii. 286

Sprat, ii. 454

_Spreo_, ii. 288

_Squalodon_, ii. 210

_Squaliobarbus_, ii. 452

SQUAMIPENNES, ii. 427

_Squatarola_, ii. 356

Squirrel monkeys, ii. 175

Squirrels, ii. 234

St. Helena, zoological features of, i. 269
coleoptera of, i. 270
landshells of, i. 271

St. Thomas's Island, birds of, i. 266

_Stachyris_, ii. 261

_Stactolæma_, ii. 306

Stag-beetles, ii. 492

_Stalagmosoma_, ii. 495

Starlings, ii. 287

_Starnoenas_, ii. 33

Stations, definition of, i. 4

_Staurotypus_, ii. 408

_Steatomys_, ii. 230

_Steatornis_, ii. 319

STEATORNITHIDÆ, ii. 319

_Steganura_, ii. 108

_Stegnolæma_, ii. 343

_Stegophilus_, ii. 444

_Stelgidopteryx_, ii. 281

_Stellio_, ii. 402

_Stellula_, ii. 108

_Steneofiber_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 234

_Steno_, ii. 209

_Stenodactylus_, ii. 400

_Stenogyra_, ii. 515

_Stenopsis_, ii. 320

_Stenopus_, ii. 516

_Stenorhina_, ii. 375

_Stenorhynchus_, ii. 204
ii. 421

_Stephanophorus_, ii. 98

_Stercorarius_, ii. 304

_Sterna_, ii. 364

_Sternarchus_, ii. 455

_Sternocera_, ii. 496

_Sternoclyta_, ii. 107

STERNOPTYCHIDÆ, ii. 446

_Sternopygus_, ii. 455

_Sternotheres_, ii. 408

_Steropus_, ii. 489

_Stesilea_, ii. 501

_Stethodesma_, ii. 495

_Sthenurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251

_Stichæus_, ii. 431

Sticklebacks, ii. 424

_Stigmatura_, ii. 101

_Stigmodera_, ii. 496

STOMIATIDÆ, ii. 447

Storks, ii. 360

_Stabomantis_, ii. 419

Straits of Magellan, mammalia of, ii. 37
birds of, ii. 39

_Strepera_, ii. 273

_Strepsilas_, ii. 356

_Streptaulus_, ii. 520

_Streptaxis_, ii. 515

_Streptocerus_, ii. 493

_Streptocitta_, ii. 274

_Streptophorus_, ii. 374

STRIGIDÆ, ii. 350

_Stringops_, ii. 329

STRINGOPIDÆ, ii. 329

_Strix_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 350

STROMBIDÆ, ii. 507

_Struthio_, ii. 368

Struthiones, arrangement of, i. 98
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 313
range of Australian genera of, i. 485

STRUTHIONES, ii. 368
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 370

STRUTHIONIDÆ, ii. 368

Struthious birds, probable origin of, i. 287

Sturgeons, ii. 459

_Sturnella_, ii. 282

_Sturnia_, ii. 287

STURNIDÆ, ii. 287

_Sturnopastor_, ii. 287

_Sturnus_, ii. 287

STYGIIDÆ, ii. 482

_Stygogenes_, ii. 444

_Stylinodontia_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Stylinodontidæ_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Styporhynchus_, ii. 376

_Sublegatus_, ii. 101

Sub-regions, on what principle formed, i. 180
Palæarctic, i. 191
Ethiopian, i. 258
Oriental, i. 321
Australian, i. 408
Neotropical, ii. 21
Nearctic, ii. 125

_Succinea_, ii. 515

Sugar-birds, ii. 278

_Suidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119

SUIDÆ, ii. 214

Sula Islands, fauna of, i. 433

_Sula_, ii. 365

Summary of relations of regions, ii. 155

Sun-birds, ii. 276

Sun-bitterns, ii. 358

_Suricata_, ii. 195

_Surnia_, ii. 350

_Surniculus_, ii. 310

_Sus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 215

_Suthora_, ii. 262

_Suya_, ii. 258

Swallows, ii. 281

Swallow-shrikes, ii. 288

Swifts, ii. 320

Swine, ii. 214

Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, i. 332

_Sycalis_, ii. 284

_Sylvia_, ii. 259

_Sylvietta_, ii. 264

SYLVIIDÆ, ii. 256

SYLVIINÆ, ii. 257

_Sylviorthorhynchus_, ii. 103

_Sylviparus_, ii. 266

_Syma_, ii. 316

_Symborodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

SYMBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 455

_Symbranchus_, ii. 455

_Symmachia_, ii. 476

_Symmorphus_, ii. 269

_Symphædra_, ii. 474

_Symphysodon_, ii. 439

_Symplectes_, ii. 286

SYNALLAXINÆ, ii. 295

_Synallaxis_, ii. 103

_Synaphodus_, European Miocene, i. 119

_Synaptura_, ii. 441

_Synchloe_, ii. 474

_Syndesus_, ii. 493

_Synemon_, ii. 481

_Syngnathus_, ii. 457

SYNGNATHIDÆ, ii. 457

_Synodontis_, ii. 443

_Synoplotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Syntomis_, ii. 481

_Syrnium_, ii. 350

_Syrrhaptes_, ii. 337

_Sysopygis_, ii. 101

T.

Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, i. 177

_Taccocoua_, ii. 309

_Tachydromus_, ii. 391

_Tachyphonus_, ii. 99

_Tachyris_, ii. 478

_Tachytriorchis_, ii. 348

_Tadorna_, ii. 363

_Tæniogale_, ii. 195

_Tænioptera_, ii. 100, 291

TÆNIOPTERINÆ, ii. 291

_Tæniura_, ii. 463

_Talegallus_, ii. 342

_Talpa_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 190

TALPIDÆ, ii. 190

_Tamandua_, ii. 247

_Tamias_, ii. 235, 236

_Tanæcia_, ii. 474

Tanagers, ii. 283

_Tanagra_, ii. 98

_Tanagrella_, ii. 98

TANAGRIDÆ, ii. 283

_Tantalus_, ii. 361

_Tanygnathus_, ii. 326

_Tanysiptera_, ii. 316

_Taoniscus_, ii. 344

_Taphozous_, ii. 183

_Tapir_, fossil in N. China, i. 123

Tapir, Malayan figure of, i. 337

_Tapiridæ_, European Eocene, i. 125

TAPIRIDÆ, ii. 212

Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, i. 154
ii. 212

_Tapirus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Indian Miocene, i. 122
in Brazilian caves, i. 144

_Tarandus_, ii. 219

_Tarentola_, ii. 400

Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, i. 337

_Tarsiger_, ii. 259

TARSIIDÆ, ii. 177

_Tarsipes_, ii. 252

_Tarsius_, ii. 177

Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, i. 441

_Tatare_, ii. 258

_Tatusia_, ii. 246

_Taxidea_, ii. 199

_Taxila_, ii. 475

_Taxodon_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200

_Taygetis_, ii. 471

_Tchitrea_, ii. 271

TECTONARCHINÆ, ii. 275

Teguexius, ii. 390

TEIDÆ, ii. 390

_Teinopalpus_, ii. 479

_Teira_, ii. 391

_Teius_, ii. 390

_Teleopis_, ii. 375

TELEOSTEI, ii. 424

_Telephonus_, ii. 272

_Tellia_, ii. 450

TELLINIDÆ, ii. 506

_Telmatobius_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
ii. 417

_Telmatolestes_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Temnotrogon_, ii. 314

_Temnurus_, ii. 273

_Tephrocorys_, ii. 289

_Tephrodornis_, ii. 272

_Teracolus_, ii. 478

_Terebratula_, ii. 539

TEREBRATULIDÆ, ii. 532

_Terekia_, ii. 353

_Terenura_, ii. 104

_Teretristis_, ii. 279

_Terias_, ii. 478

_Terinos_, ii. 474

Terns, ii. 364

_Terrapene_, ii. 408

Terrestrial Molluscs, ii. 512

Terrestrial Mollusca, summary and conclusion, ii. 551
lines of migration of, ii. 552

_Tesia_, ii. 263

_Testacella_, ii. 516
ii. 517

TESTUDINIDÆ, ii. 407

_Testudo_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 123
great antiquity of the genus, i. 289

_Testudo_, ii. 408

_Tethionea_, ii. 501

TETRABRANCHIATA, ii. 506

_Tetracha_, ii. 486, 487

_Tetrachus_, European Miocene, i. 117

_Tetraceros_, ii. 224

_Tetracus_, ii. 188

_Tetradactylus_, ii. 397

_Tetragonoderus_, ii. 490

_Tetragonops_, ii. 306

_Tetragonopterus_, ii. 445

_Tetragonosoma, ii. 380_

_Tetranematichthys_, ii. 443

_Tetrao albus_, in Italian caverns, i. 161

_Tetrao_, ii. 339

_Tetraogallus_, ii. 339

TETRAONIDÆ, ii. 338

_Tetraophasis_, ii. 340

_Tetrodon_, ii. 457

TEUTHIDÆ, ii. 505

TEUTHIDIDÆ, ii. 433

_Textor_, ii. 286

_Thais_, ii. 479

_Thalassarctos_, ii. 201

_Thalassictis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 195
ii. 197

_Thalassornis_, ii. 364

_Thaleichthys_, ii. 447

_Thalurania_, ii. 107

_Thamnistes_, ii. 104

_Thamnobia_, ii. 260

_Thamnodyastes_, ii. 379

_Thamnomanes_, ii. 104

THAMNOPHILINÆ, ii. 297

_Thamnophilus_, ii. 104

_Thaumalea_, ii. 340

_Thaumantis_, ii. 472

_Thaumastura_, ii. 108