Chapter V: Part 5

Platina 23400 Nitre 1900
Fine gold 19640 Ivory 1825
Standard gold 18888 Brimstone 1810
Quicksilver 11325 Solid gunpowder 1745
Fine silver 11091 Sand 1520
Standard silver 10535 Coal 1250
Copper 9000 Boxwood 1030
Copper halfpence 8915 Sea water 1030
Gun metal 8784 Common water 1000
Cast brass 8000 Oak 925
Steel 7850 Gunpowder, close stacken 937
Iron 7645 ” in loose heap 836
Cast iron 7425 Ash 800
Tin 7320 Maple 755
Crystal glass 3150 Elm 600
Marble 2700 Fir 550
Common green glass 2600 Charcoal
Flint 2570 Cork 240
Common stone 2520 Air 1.232
Clay 2160
Brick 2000
Common earth 1984

The several sorts of wood are supposed dry.

This table also contains the weight of a cubic foot of each body in avoirdupois ounces; from whence results the following rules:

1. _To find the Magnitude of any Body from its Weight._

As the tabular specific gravity of the body
Is to its weight in avoirdupois ounces,
So is one cubic foot, or 1728 cubic inches,
To its content in feet or inches respectively.

2. _To find the Weight of a Body from its Magnitude._

As one cubic foot, or 1728 cubic inches,
Is to the content of the body,
So is the tabular specific gravity
To the weight of the body.

_GRAPE SHOT._—See the word _Shot_.

_GRANADES._—Hand granades may be thrown to the distance of 13 fathoms. For their dimensions, see the word _Shell_.

_GUNNERY._—By the assistance of good tables of practice, and the tables of amplitudes, sines, tangents, and secants, all the cases in gunnery in a nonresisting medium may be easily solved; and perhaps the solution may be sufficiently correct for practice, if the initial velocity of the projectile be not so great as to make the air’s resistance considerable.

For the tables of ranges with ordnance, see the different natures, as _Gun_, _Mortar_, &c. and for the tables of amplitudes, sines, tangents, and secants, see pages 151 and 152.

_Upon Horizontal Planes._

1. The greatest range is at 45° nearly.

2. The ranges with different elevations with the same charge, are as the double sines of the angles of elevation.

3. Any angle and its complement give the same range nearly.

4. The times of flight, are as the sines of the angles of elevation.

5. The altitude of the curve, at any elevation, is found by this proportion: as

Radius : tangent of angle of elevation :: range : altitude.
-----
4

6. The time of flight at 45° is equal the square root of the range in feet, divided by 4, or more nearly = √(quotient)² of the range in feet, divided by 16.1, or the space passed through in the first second by gravity.

Having the first graze with a given elevation and charge, to determine the charge for any other first graze and elevation, multiply the known charge and elevation into the proposed first graze; also the proposed elevation into the known first graze, and divide the first product by the last, for the charge required.

_Upon inclined Planes, at 45° Elevation._

_Case 1st. Given the charge and inclination of the plane, to find the range._

Multiply the horizontal range with this given charge, (found in the tables of ranges) by the number found opposite the angle of inclination of the plane, in the first column of multipliers, in the table of amplitudes, under the head _Ascents_, if it be inclined above the horizon; and _Descents_, if below the horizon, for the range required.

_Case 2d. Given the range and inclination of the plane, to find the charge._

Multiply the number found in the abovementioned table opposite the angle of inclination of the plane, in the second column of multipliers, under the head _Ascents_, or _Descents_, according as it is above or below the horizon, by the given range; for the range on a horizontal plane at 45°, the charge for which may be found from the tables of ranges.

_Upon Inclined Planes, at any Elevation._

There are always two elevations with which any range, (less than the greatest) may be made; and these elevations are always the complements of each other. The greatest range upon a horizontal plane is at 45°; or when the direction bisects the angle formed by the horizontal and vertical plane; also the greatest range upon any plane is made with that direction which bisects the angle between the plane and the zenith; and all other directions which make equal angles with this direction, (on each side of it) will also make equal ranges on the said plane; for the direction that bisects the angle between any plane and the zenith is the same with respect to that plane as the direction at 45° is with respect to the plane of the horizon.

_Rules._—1st. The elevation which gives the greatest range on a given ascent, is equal to half the sum of 90° added to the ascent.

2d. The elevation which give equal ranges on a given ascent, are the complements of each other added to the ascent.

3d. The elevation which gives the greatest range on a descent, is equal to half the complement of the descent.

If the range and inclination be given, the least charge that will reach the object, may be found as follows: multiply the tangent of the proper elevation into the proposed range, for the horizontal range whose charge is required.

WILLIAMS’S _Gunnery_.

_Table of Amplitudes._

+--------+-----------------+---------------+
|Degrees.| Ascents. | Descents. |
| | Multipliers. | Multipliers |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+
| |1st.cl. | 2d.cl. |1st.cl. |2d.cl.|
| 1 | .983 | 1.02 | 1.02 | .983 |
| 2 | .966 | 1.03 | 1.04 | .966 |
| 3 | .949 | 1.06 | 1.05 | .950 |
| 4 | .932 | 1.07 | 1.07 | .932 |
| 5 | .916 | 1.09 | 1.09 | .916 |
| 6 | .900 | 1.11 | 1.11 | .900 |
| 7 | .884 | 1.13 | 1.13 | .884 |
| 8 | .868 | 1.15 | 1.15 | .868 |
| 9 | .852 | 1.18 | 1.17 | .853 |
| 10 | .836 | 1.20 | 1.19 | .836 |
| 11 | .821 | 1.22 | 1.22 | .821 |
| 12 | .805 | 1.24 | 1.24 | .805 |
| 13 | .789 | 1.27 | 1.27 | .789 |
| 14 | .774 | 1.29 | 1.29 | .774 |
| 15 | .758 | 1.32 | 1.31 | .763 |
| 16 | .742 | 1.35 | 1.34 | .745 |
| 17 | .726 | 1.38 | 1.37 | .730 |
| 18 | .711 | 1.40 | 1.39 | .720 |
| 19 | .693 | 1.45 | 1.42 | .704 |
| 20 | .677 | 1.48 | 1.45 | .690 |
| 21 | .660 | 1.52 | 1.48 | .675 |
| 22 | .643 | 1.56 | 1.52 | .662 |
| 23 | .625 | 1.60 | 1.55 | .645 |
| 24 | .607 | 1.64 | 1.58 | .633 |
| 25 | .589 | 1.70 | 1.62 | .617 |
| 26 | .570 | 1.76 | 1.66 | .603 |
| 27 | .550 | 1.82 | 1.69 | .592 |
| 28 | .530 | 1.86 | 1.73 | .578 |
| 29 | .510 | 1.96 | 1.78 | .562 |
| 30 | .488 | 2.05 | 1.82 | .549 |
| 31 | .466 | 2.14 | 1.87 | .534 |
| 32 | .442 | 2.26 | 1.92 | .526 |
| 33 | .418 | 2.41 | 1.97 | .508 |
| 34 | .393 | 2.55 | 2.02 | .495 |
| 35 | .366 | 2.73 | 2.08 | .488 |
| 36 | .338 | 2.96 | 2.13 | .470 |
| 37 | .309 | 3.24 | 2.20 | .455 |
| 38 | .278 | 3.60 | 2.26 | .443 |
| 39 | .245 | 4.09 | 2.33 | .430 |
| 40 | .210 | 4.80 | 2.40 | .417 |
| 41 | .173 | 5.78 | 2.48 | .404 |
| 42 | .134 | 7.46 | 2.56 | .390 |
| 43 | .092 | 10.90 | 2.64 | .380 |
| 44 | .045 | 22.22 | 2.73 | .370 |
| 45 | .000 |infinite| 2.83 | .360 |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+------+

_Table of Natural Sines, Tangents, and Secants._

+--------+------+---------+--------+
|Degrees.|Sines.|Tangents.|Secants.|
+--------+------+---------+--------+
| 1 | .018 | .018 | 1.000 |
| 2 | .035 | .035 | 1.000 |
| 3 | .052 | .052 | 1.001 |
| 4 | .070 | .070 | 1.002 |
| 5 | .087 | .087 | 1.004 |
| 6 | .105 | .105 | 1.006 |
| 7 | .122 | .123 | 1.008 |
| 8 | .139 | .141 | 1.010 |
| 9 | .156 | .158 | 1.012 |
| 10 | .174 | .176 | 1.015 |
| 11 | .191 | .194 | 1.019 |
| 12 | .208 | .213 | 1.022 |
| 13 | .225 | .231 | 1.026 |
| 14 | .242 | .249 | 1.031 |
| 15 | .259 | .268 | 1.035 |
| 16 | .276 | .287 | 1.040 |
| 17 | .292 | .306 | 1.046 |
| 18 | .309 | .325 | 1.051 |
| 19 | .326 | .344 | 1.058 |
| 20 | .342 | .364 | 1.064 |
| 21 | .358 | .384 | 1.071 |
| 22 | .375 | .404 | 1.079 |
| 23 | .391 | .424 | 1.086 |
| 24 | .407 | .445 | 1.095 |
| 25 | .423 | .466 | 1.103 |
| 26 | .438 | .488 | 1.112 |
| 27 | .454 | .510 | 1.122 |
| 28 | .469 | .532 | 1.133 |
| 29 | .485 | .554 | 1.143 |
| 30 | .500 | .577 | 1.155 |
| 31 | .515 | .601 | 1.167 |
| 32 | .530 | .625 | 1.179 |
| 33 | .545 | .649 | 1.192 |
| 34 | .559 | .675 | 1.206 |
| 35 | .574 | .700 | 1.221 |
| 36 | .588 | .727 | 1.236 |
| 37 | .602 | .754 | 1.252 |
| 38 | .616 | .781 | 1.269 |
| 39 | .629 | .810 | 1.287 |
| 40 | .643 | .839 | 1.305 |
| 41 | .656 | .869 | 1.325 |
| 42 | .669 | .900 | 1.346 |
| 43 | .682 | .933 | 1.367 |
| 44 | .695 | .966 | 1.390 |
| 45 | .707 | 1.000 | 1.414 |
| 46 | .719 | 1.036 | 1.440 |
| 47 | .731 | 1.072 | 1.466 |
| 48 | .743 | 1.111 | 1.494 |
| 49 | .755 | 1.150 | 1.524 |
| 50 | .766 | 1.192 | 1.556 |
| 51 | .777 | 1.235 | 1.589 |
| 52 | .788 | 1.280 | 1.624 |
| 53 | .799 | 1.327 | 1.662 |
| 54 | .809 | 1.376 | 1.701 |
| 55 | .819 | 1.428 | 1.743 |
| 56 | .829 | 1.483 | 1.788 |
| 57 | .839 | 1.540 | 1.836 |
| 58 | .848 | 1.600 | 1.887 |
| 59 | .857 | 1.664 | 1.942 |
| 60 | .866 | 1.732 | 2.000 |
| 61 | .875 | 1.804 | 2.063 |
| 62 | .883 | 1.881 | 2.130 |
| 63 | .891 | 1.963 | 2.203 |
| 64 | .899 | 2.050 | 2.281 |
| 65 | .906 | 2.145 | 2.366 |
| 66 | .914 | 2.246 | 2.459 |
| 67 | .921 | 2.356 | 2.559 |
| 68 | .927 | 2.475 | 2.669 |
| 69 | .934 | 2.605 | 2.790 |
| 70 | .940 | 2.747 | 2.924 |
| 71 | .946 | 2.904 | 3.072 |
| 72 | .951 | 3.078 | 3.236 |
| 73 | .956 | 3.271 | 3.420 |
| 74 | .961 | 3.487 | 3.628 |
| 75 | .966 | 3.732 | 3.864 |
| 76 | .970 | 4.011 | 4.134 |
| 77 | .974 | 4.331 | 4.445 |
| 78 | .978 | 4.705 | 4.810 |
| 79 | .982 | 5.145 | 5.241 |
| 80 | .985 | 5.671 | 5.759 |
| 81 | .988 | 6.314 | 6.392 |
| 82 | .990 | 7.115 | 7.185 |
| 83 | .993 | 8.144 | 8.206 |
| 84 | .995 | 9.514 | 9.567 |
| 85 | .996 | 11.430 | 11.474 |
| 86 | .998 | 14.301 | 14.336 |
| 87 | .999 | 19.081 | 19.107 |
| 88 | .999 | 28.636 | 28.654 |
| 89 | .999 | 57.290 | 57.299 |
| 90 | 1.000|infinite.| ———— |
+--------+------+---------+--------+

_GUNS.—Calibers of English and Foreign Guns, expressed in English Inches._

+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|English. | French. | Spanish | Dutch. | Russian.| Portug. |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|Pr. Inch.|Pr. Inch.|Pr. Inch.|Pr. Inch.|Pr. Inch.|Pr. Inch.|
|42 |7.018| — | — | — |— | — | — |36 |6.86 |48 |7.49 |
|32 |6.41 |36 |6.9 |36 |6.84 |32 |6.4 |30 |6.47 |36 |6.8 |
|24 |5.823|24 |6.03 |24 |6.03 |24 |5.92 |24 |6. |24 |5.93 |
|18 |5.292|16 |5.26 |18 |5.52 |18 |5.45 |18 |5.45 |18 |5.4 |
|12 |4.623|12 |4.78 |12 |4.8 |12 |4.76 |12 |4.76 |12 |4.7 |
| 9 |4.200| 8 |4.18 | 9 |4.2 | 8 |4.13 | 8 |4.17 | 9 |4.3 |
| 6 |3.668| — | — | — | — | 6 |3.78 | 6 |3.78 | 6 |3.75 |
| 4 |3.204| 4 |3.315| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 3 |3.913| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1 |2.019| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

_Length and Width of English Brass Guns._

+-----------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| Nature. | Length in | Weight. |
+-----------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| |Calib’rs.|Ft. In.|Ct. qrs. lbs.|
| 42 Pounders | 16.244 | 9 6 | 66 — — |
| 32 ” | 18.721 |10 0 | 55 2 — |
+----+------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| |Heavy | 19.574 | 9 6 | 53 0 9 |
| |Medium | 16.483 | 8 0 | 41 3 2 |
| 24 |Light | 10.302 | 5 0 | 16 3 13 |
| | ” new | 13.000 | 6 3 | 24 0 — |
+----+------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| 18 |Light ” | 13.000 | 5 9 | 18 0 — |
+----+------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| |Heavy | 24.659 | 9 0 | 31 2 8 |
| |Gen. Desagulier’s | 19.468 | 7 6 | 22 1 21 |
| 12 |Medium, old | 16.872 | 6 6 | 21 3 — |
| |Medium, new‡ | 16.872 | 6 6 | 18 — — |
| |Light | 12.978 | 5 0 | 8 3 4 |
| | ” new‡ | 13.000 | 5 0 | 12 — — |
+----+------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| |Heavy | 26.112 | 8 0 | 19 1 6 |
| |Gen. Desag. Med.‡ | 22.876 | 7 0 | 12 — 24 |
| 6 |Med. new | 18.500 | 6 0 | 8 3 27 |
| | ” reduced | 17.000 | 5 6 | 8 0 22 |
| |General Belford’s‡| 16.342 | 5 0 | 5 2 21 |
| |Light, common | 14.706 | 4 6 | 5 — 18 |
+----+------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| |Heavy | 28.836 | 7 0 | 11 3 19 |
| |Gen. Desagulier’s‡| 24.717 | 6 0 | 6 — — |
| 3 |Light, common‡ | 14.418 | 3 6 | 2 2 27 |
| |Light infantry | 12.358 | 3 0 | 1 3 16 |
| |General Pattison’s| 12.358 | 3 0 | 1 2 19 |
+----+------------------+-----------------+-------------+
| 1 | Pr. Amuzette | 29.7 | 5 0 | 2 2 12 |
| | Do. | 35.6 | 6 0 | 3 0 11 |
| | Do. | 41.5 | 7 0 | 3 1 12 |
+----+------------------+-----------------+-------------+

NOTE. The guns marked (‡) are the only ones now used on general service.

_Length and Weight of French Brass Guns, in their own Weights and Measures._

+---------------------+-----------------------+------+
| Nature. | Length in |Weight|
+---------------------+---------+-------------+------+
| |Calibers.| Ft. In. Li. | lbs. |
| 24 Prs. Siege | — | 9 11 5 | 5628 |
| 16 ” | — | 9 7 — | 4111 |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+------+
| 12 ” Garrison | — | — — — | 3184 |
| 8 ” | — | — — — | 2175 |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+------+
| 12 ” | 18.0 | 6 6 — | 1808 |
| 8 ” Field | 18. | 5 8 — | 1196 |
| 4 ” | 18. | 4 6 — | 590 |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+------+
| 1 ” | — | — — — | 266 |
+---------------------+---------+-------------+------+

_Length and Weight of English Iron Guns._

+----------+-----------------+---------+---------------+
| | | | Proportion |
| Nature. | Length in | Weight. | between shot |
| | | | and gun.[8] |
+----------+---------+-------+---------+---------------+
| |Calibers.|Ft. In.| Ct. Qr.| |
| | | | | |
| 42 Prs. | 17.098 | 10 — | 67 — | |
| | 16.244 | 9 6 | 65 — | 170 |
| | | | | |
| 32 ” | 18.721 | 10 — | 58 — | |
| | 17.725 | 9 6 | 55 — | 193 |
| | | | | |
| | 20.604 | 10 — | 52 — | |
| 24 ” | 19.574 | 9 6 | 49 2 | 231 |
| | 18.542 | 9 — | 47 2 | |
| | | | | |
| 18 ” | 21.542 | 9 6 | 42 — | |
| | 20.408 | 9 — | 40 — | 249 |
| | | | | |
| | 24.659 | 9 6 | 34 — | |
| 12 ” | 23.361 | 9 — | 32 — | |
| | 22.063 | 8 6 | 31 2 | |
| | 19.468 | 7 6 | 29 1 | 294 |
| | | | | |
| 9 ” | 21.4 | 7 6 | 24 2 | 305 |
| | 19.9 | 7 — | 23 — | |
| | | | | |
| 6 ” | 26.2 | 8 — | 22 — | |
| | 19.6 | 6 — | 16 2 | 411 |
| | | | | |
| 4 ” | 22.4 | 6 — | 22 1 | 343 |
| | 20.6 | 5 6 | 11 1 | |
| | | | | |
| 3 ” | 18.6 | 4 6 | 7 1 | 270 |
+----------+---------+-------+---------+---------------+

[8] This column expresses the number of pounds of metal in the guns, to
each pound in the shot.

_French Iron Guns, in English Weights, &c._

+---------------+-------------------+------------+
| Nature. | Length in | Weight. |
+---------------+----------+--------+------------+
| |Calibers. |Ft. In. |Ct. Qr. lbs.|
| | | | |
| 36 Pounders | 16.18 | 9 8 | 74 3 — |
+---------------+----------+--------+------------+
| 24 ” | 18.18 | 9 1½ | 51 — — |
+---------------+----------+--------+------------+
| | 21.01 | 9 7 | 42 — — |
| 16 ” | 18.45 | 8 4 | 43 2 — |
| | 16.92 | 7 8½ | 35 — — |
+---------------+----------+--------+------------+
| | 21.54 | 8 7 | 31 2 — |
| 12 ” | 20.5 | 8 2 | 20 3 — |
| | 17.14 | 6 10 | 28 — — |
+---------------+----------+--------+------------+
| 8 ” | 24.64 | 8 7 | 24 1 — |
| | 17.22 | 6 — | 16 — — |
+---------------+----------+--------+------------+
| 4 ” | 17.19 | 4 9 | — — — |
+---------------+----------+--------+------------+

_Ranges of Brass Guns, with one Shot. 1793._

+----------------------+--------+-------------------------------+
| | Charge |To the first graze of the Shot.|
| Nature. | +-----+----+----+----+----+-----+
| | |P. B.| 1° | 2° | 3° | 4° | 5° |
+----------------------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+
| | lb.oz. | Yds.|Yds.|Yds.|Yds.|Yds.|Yds. |
+----------------------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+
| Heavy | 8 0 | 473| 781|1032|1405|1585|1710 |
|24 Medium | 8 0 | 488| 757|1103|1425|1557|1745 |
| Light | 3 0 | 162| 364| 606| 722| |1390 |
+----------------------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+
| Heavy | | | | | | | |
|12 Medium | 4 0 | | 705| 973|1189| | |
| Light | 3 0 | | 601| 816|1063| | |
+----------------------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+
| Desagulier’s | 2 0 | | 646| 966|1325| | |
| 6 Feet | 2 0 | | 683| 948|1327| | |
| 6 5 : 6 Medi. | 2 0 | | 775|1003|1444| | |
| 5 : 6 Red’d. | 2 0 | | 642| 976|1150| | |
| 5 Feet | 1 8 | | 587| 825| 950| | |
| 4 : 6 Feet | 1 8 | | 628| 804| 991| | |
+----------------------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+
| 3 Desagulier’s | 1 0 | | 679| 883| 918| | |
| Ammuzette of 5 feet| 0 8 | | 604| 800| | | |
| ” of 7 feet| 0 8 | | 656| 830|1000| | |
+----------------------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+

_Ranges from Brass Guns, with Two Shot. 1793._

+-------------------+--------+----------+--------------------+
| Nature. |Charge. |Elevation.| Medium first Graze.|
+-------------------+--------+----------+----------+---------+
| |lbs. oz.| 1° 30′ | 1st Shot.| 2d Shot.|
| | | | | |
|12 Pounder, Medium | 4 — | 1 30 | 607 | 706 |
| 6 : Desagulier’s | 2 — | 1 30 | 621 | 739 |
| 6 : of 5 feet | 1 8 | 1 30 | 586 | 732 |
| 3 : Desagulier’s | 1 — | 1 30 | 523 | 638 |
+-------------------+--------+----------+----------+---------+

_Ranges from Brass Field Guns, with small Charges. 1798._

+-------+------+----------------------------------+------------------+
| | | First Graze with | |
|Nature.|Charge| different Elevations. | Extreme Range. |
+-------+------+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+------------------+
| | | 1°| 2°| 3°| 4°| 5°| 6° | 7° | 8° | |
+-------+------+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+------------------+
|12 Pr. |10 oz.|199|290|390|385|597| 716| 695| 788|From 800 to 1000.|
| | 1 lb.|280|416|729|777|966|1090|1054|1295|From 1200 to 1500.|
+-------+------+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+------------------+
| 6 Pr. | 5 oz.|111|222|376|432|618| 625| 650| 788|From 800 to 1000.|
| | 8 oz.|277|401|754|826|925| 980|1103|1100|From 1000 to 1300.|
+-------+------+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+------------------+

=N. B.= The above was a 12 Pr. Medium, and a 6 Pr. Desagulier’s. The Distances are given in Yards.

_Effects of Case Shot from a Battalion Gun.—Light 6 Pr. Length 5 feet—Weight 5 cwt. 3 qrs. 21 lbs. against a Target 8 feet high, and 90 feet long._

+--------+-----------------+----------+------------+------------+
|Distance| | |Nᵒ. put |Nᵒ. put |
| of | | |into the |into the |
| Target.|Nature of Charge.|Elevation.|height of 6 |height of 8 |
| | | |feet, or the|feet, or the|
| | | |height of |height of |
| | | |_Infantry_. |_Cavalry_. |
+--------+-----------------+----------+------------+------------+
| Yards. | | Deg. | | |
| |12 Balls, 8 oz. | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| 500 | each, 3 in a | 1½ | 3 | 4 |
| | tier, 1¼ lb. | | | |
| | powder. | 2 | 3 | 4 |
+--------+-----------------+----------+------------+------------+
| | | 1 | 6 | 6 |
| 400 |Same Charge. | 1½ | 4 | 5 |
| | | 2 | 4 | 5 |
+--------+-----------------+----------+------------+------------+
| | | ½ | 6 | 7 |
| 300 |Same Charge. | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| | | 1½ | 4 | 6 |
+--------+-----------------+----------+------------+------------+
| |34 Balls, 3 oz. | P. B. | 10 | 12 |
| 400 | each, 7 in a | ½ | 9 | 10 |
| | tier, 1¼ lb. | 1 | 6 | 8 |
| | powder. | | | |
+--------+-----------------+----------+------------+------------+
| | | P. B. | 11 | 13 |
| 300 |Same Charge. | ½ | 12 | 15 |
| | | 1 | 7 | 9 |
+--------+-----------------+----------+------------+------------+

=N. B.= There were three rounds fired at each change, but they were all so nearly alike that it has been thought necessary to put down only one of them.—1802.

_Ranges with Sea Service Iron Guns. 1796._

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nature of Guns 32, 24, and 18 Pounders. |
+----------+----------+------------------------------------+-------+
|Elevation.|Proportion| Nature of Shot. | Range.|
| |of powder.| | |
+----------+----------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Deg. | | |Yards. |
| 2 | ⅓ |With single Shot to the first graze.| 1200 |
| 2 | ¼ | Do. Do. | 1000 |
| 2 | ¼ |2 Shot, ranged close together, to | 500 |
| 4 | ⅓ |Single Shot | 1600 |
| 4 | ¼ | Do. | 1500 |
| 7 | ⅓ | Do. | 2150 |
| 7 | ¼ | Do. | 2020 |
+----------+----------+------------------------------------+-------+
| | |One round shot, and 1 round | |
| 2 | ¼ | of grape, will range with | 600 |
| | | effect together, to | |
+----------+----------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 4 | ¼ |One round of grape shot, alone, to | 1000 |
+----------+----------+------------------------------------+-------+
| | |One double headed, or bar shot, | |
| 2 | ¼ | will range to the first graze | 800 |
+----------+----------+------------------------------------+-------+

_Ranges with 5½ Inch Shells, from a 24 Pounder Iron Gun, Length of Gun 9½ Feet—Weight 49 ct. 26 lbs._

+----------+-----------------------++-----------------------+
| | 2 Pounds. || 2 lbs. 8 oz. |
| +-------+---------------++-------+---------------+
| | | Range to || | Range to |
|Elevation.|Flight.+------+--------+|Flight.+------+--------+
| | |First |Extreme.|| |First |Extreme.|
| | |Graze.| || |Graze.| |
+----------+-------+------+--------++-------+------+--------+
| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.| Yards. || Sec. |Yards.| Yards. |
| 1 | 1 | 213 | 1139 || 2¾ | 562 | 1456 |
| 2 | 1¾ | 384 | 1267 || 1½ | 442 | 1413 |
| 3 | 2¾ | 565 | 1413 || 2½ | 647 | 1553 |
| 4 | 2¼ | 750 | 1479 || 3¾ | 896 | 1639 |
| 5 | 3¾ | 836 | 1670 || 4 | 915 | 1510 |
| 6 | 4 | 896 | 1495 || 5 | 1140 | 1657 |
| 7 | 6½ | 1180 | 1492 || 6 | 1205 | 1481 |
| 8 | 6¾ | 1305 | 1526 || 6½ | 1259 | 1544 |
| 9 | 7½ | 1329 | 1527 || 7 | 1341 | 1561 |
| 9½ | 6¾ | 1229 | 1453 || — | —— | —— |
+----------+-------+------+--------++-------+------+--------+
| | 3 Pounds. |
| +-------+---------------+
| |Flight.| Range to |
|Elevation.| +------+--------+
| | |First |Extreme.|
| | |Graze.| |
+----------+-------+------+--------+
| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.| Yards. |
| 1 | 1 | 277 | 1424 |
| 2 | 1¾ | 526 | 1464 |
| 3 | 2¼ | 740 | 1600 |
| 4 | 3½ | 880 | 1679 |
| 5 | 5 | 1182 | 1733 |
| 6 | 6¼ | 1384 | 1787 |
| 7 | 6¼ | 1410 | 1749 |
| 8 | 7 | 1520 | 1744 |
| 9 | 7¾ | 1722 | 1938 |
| 9½ | 8½ | 1748 | 1881 |
+----------+-------+------+--------+

_Ranges with 4⅖ Shells from a 12 Pounder, Medium._

+----------+-----------------------++-----------------------+
| | 8 Ounces. || 12 Ounces. |
| +-------+---------------++-------+---------------+
|Elevation.|Flight.|First |Extreme ||Flight.|First |Extreme |
| | |Graze.| Range. || |Graze.| Range. |
+----------+-------+------+--------++-------+------+--------+
| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.| Yards. || Sec. |Yards.| Yards. |
| 1 | 1½ | 156 | || | | |
| 2 | 2 | 293 | || 2½ | 350 | |
| 3 | 2½ | 363 | From || 3½ | 355 | From |
| 4 | 3½ | 462 | 800 || 4 | 679 | 1100 |
| 5 | 4 | 587 | to || 3½ | 641 | to |
| 6 | 4 | 621 | 1200 || 5 | 941 | 1300 |
| 7 | 4½ | 898 | || 6 | 1020 | |
| 8 | 5 | 781 | || | | |
+----------+-------+------+--------++-------+------+--------+
| | 1 lb. 8 oz. |
| +-------+---------------+
|Elevation.|Flight.|First |Extreme |
| | |Graze.| Range. |
+----------+-------+------+--------+
| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.| Yards. |
| 1 | | | |
| 2 | | 707 | |
| 3 | | 758 | From |
| 4 | | 849 | 1400 |
| 5 | | 1075 | to |
| 6 | | 1150 | 1600 |
| 7 | | 1300 | |
| 8 | | | |
+----------+-------+------+--------+

_Ranges with French Brass Field Guns, with Round Shot._

+-------+----------+-----------------------+-------+
| | | Elevation. | |
| | +-------------+---------+ Range |
|Nature.| Charge. | Lines of | | in |
| | |Tangt. Scale.|Deg. Min.|Toises.|
+-------+----------+-------------+---------+-------+
| | | L. M. | — 58 | 300 |
| | | 2 | 1 3 | 350 |
| 12 Pr.| 4 lbs. | 10 | 1 39 | 400 |
| | | 14 | 1 49 | 450 |
| | | 16 | 1 56 | 480 |
+-------+----------+-------------+---------+-------+
| | | L. M. | — 58 | 300 |
| | | 6 | 1 24 | 350 |
| 8 Pr. | 2½ lbs. | 12 | 1 51 | 400 |
| | | 16 | 2 8 | 450 |
| | | 20 | 2 24 | 480 |
+-------+----------+-------------+---------+-------+
| | | L. M. | — 58 | 250 |
| | | 4 | 1 20 | 300 |
| | | 8 | 1 40 | 350 |
| 4 Pr. | 1½ lbs. | 12 | 2 — | 400 |
| | | 16 | 2 20 | 450 |
| | | 18 | 2 40 | 480 |
+-------+----------+-------------+---------+-------+

The above are in French weights and measures.

_GUNPOWDER.—Proportions of the different Ingredients for making Gunpowder, by different Powers in Europe_:

+---------+------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| | Eng. | France.| Swed.| Poland.| Italy. | Russia.|
+---------+------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+
|Saltpetre| 75 | 75 | 75 | 80 | 76½ | 70 |
|Sulphur | 10 | 9½ | 9 | 8 | 12½ | 11½ |
|Charcoal | 15 | 15½ | 16 | 12 | 12½ | 18½ |
+---------+------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+
| Pounds | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
+---------+------+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+

_Proofs of Powder._—The first examination of powder in the king’s mills, is by rubbing it in the hands to find whether it contains any irregular hard lumps. The second is by blasting 2 drams of each sort on a copper plate, and in this comparing it with an approved powder; in this proof it should not emit any sparks, nor leave any beads or foulness on the copper. It is then compared with an approved powder, in projecting an iron ball of 64 lbs. from an 8 inch mortar, with a charge of 2 ounces. The best cylinder powder generally gives about 180 feet range, and pit 150; but the weakest powder, or powder that has been redried, &c. only from 107 to 117 feet.

The merchants’ powder, before it is received into the king’s service, is tried against powder of the same kind made at the king’s mills; and it is received if it gives a range of ¹/₂₀ less than the king’s powder with which it is compared. In this comparison both sorts are tried on the same day, and at the same time, and under exactly the same circumstances.

The proof of fine grained, or musquet powder, is with a charge of 4 drams from a musquet barrel, to perforate with a steel ball a certain number of ½ inch wet elm boards, placed ¾ inch asunder, and the first 39 feet 10 inches from the barrel: the king’s powder generally passes through 15 or 16, and restoved powder from 9 to 12. The last trial of powder is by exposing about 1 pound of each sort, accurately weighed, to the atmosphere for 17 or 18 days; during which time, if the materials are pure, it will not increase anything material in weight, by attracting moisture from the atmosphere.

In this exposure 100 lbs. of good gunpowder should not absorb more than 12 oz. or somewhat less than one per cent.

_Powder Marks._—The different sorts of powder are distinguished by the following marks on the heads of the barrels.

--------+-------------+-----------------------
Nᵒ. ½ | |
L G | Cylinder |
--------+-------------+
Nᵒ. 2 | |
S G | Cylinder | Marked in Red.
--------+-------------+
Nᵒ. 3 | |
F G | Cylinder |
--------+-------------+-----------------------
S A—The dust from Nᵒ. 3, and F G cylinder.
R A—For rifle arms.
----------------------------------------------
⁴/₇ Cylinder mixed—Marked white L G.
³/₇ Restoved

L G or F G in blue, is powder made of pitcoal.

RS Nᵒ. ½ L G Marked in yellow,
Nᵒ. 3 F G is restoved.

The _red_ L G, F G, or S G, denotes powder entirely made of the cylinder charcoal, and is that which is now always used on service. The white L G being a mixed powder, is not so uniform as the other, and is therefore generally used in filling shells, or for such other purposes as do not require much accuracy. All powder for service is mixed in proportions according to its strength, so as to bring it as much as possible to a mean and uniform force.

_French Gunpower._—The French proof ball is of brass, and weighs 60 lbs. French: the diameter of the mortar 7 inches 9 points, or ¾ of a line, and has one line of windage. The chamber holds exactly 3 ounces; and their best powder must give a range of 90 toises, and their restoved powder a range of 80 toises, to be received into the service. But the powder they now make, when new, will give a range of 100 and 120 toises; and Mr. Lombard calculates all his tables from experiments made with powder giving 125 toises with the eprovette.—The above dimensions and weights are all of French standard.

_GUN METAL_—is composed of 8 or 10 lbs. of tin to 100 lbs of copper.—The largest proportion of tin is used for mortars.

_HAIRCLOTH._—Weight 30 lbs.—length 15 feet—breadth 11 feet.

_HAND BARROW._—Weight 13 lbs.—length 5 feet 4 inches.

_HANDSPIKES._—Common, weight 11 lbs. length 6 feet.

_HARNESS._—For men, one set, 26 lbs. length, 12 feet.—Wheel harness for a pair of horses, such as is used in the service of artillery, about 1 cwt.

_HORSES._—An allowance of 3 feet is generally made for the breadth of each horse standing at picket; and about 9 feet for the length of a horse.

A light dragoon horse, mounted and accoutered complete, carries about 2 cwt. 1 qr. and 14 lbs. without forage.

Horses in the service of artillery should not be made to draw above 3 cwt. each, besides the weight of the carriage.

Horses for this service should never be lower than 14¾ hands. The contractor is obliged to furnish them of this height for government.—A horse is generally supposed equal to five men.

Military horses _walk_ about 400 yards in 4½ minutes.

_Trot_ the same distance in 2 minutes 3 seconds, and _gallop_ it in about 1 minute.

With great burthens, less weight must be allowed for each horse to draw, than with medium burthens; as it cannot be supposed that, of a team of 8 horses, the leaders can draw so much as the horses nearer the carriage; and this disadvantage must increase as the team lengthens. A team of

4 horses may draw 6 cwt. each—Total 24 cwt. } including
6 ” ” ” 5 ” ” ” 30 ” } the
8 ” ” ” 4½ ” ” ” 36 ” } carriages.
12 ” ” ” 4 ” ” ” 48 ” }
See also the word _Load_.

It is usual in heavy carriages to reckon all their weight exceeding 12 cwt. as part of the load.

_Horses allowed for drawing Field Artillery Carriages._

All the horse artillery carriages are drawn by 4 horses each, except 12 prs. which have 6 each. _Park Carriages_—12 pr. medium, and 6 pr. heavy, 6 horses each—6 pr. light, and 5½ howitzer, upon the new construction, are allowed each 4 horses, but upon the old only 3 each.

Ammunition waggon, common pattern, 3 horses.
” ” Flanders pattern, 4 ”
Forge cart, 2 ”
Ammunition cart, 2 ”

_HOWITZERS._—_Dimensions and Weight of Brass Howitzers._

---------+-------+-----------+------+-------------------------------
| | | | Chamber.
| | |Length+------+-------------+---------
Nature. |Length.| Weight. | of | | Diameter. | Powder
| | | Bore.|Length+------+------+contained
| | | | |at top|bottom| in
---------+-------+-----------+------|------+------+------+---------
Inch. |Ft Inch|cwt qrs lbs|Inches|Inches|Inches|Inches|lbs oz
diam. | | | | | | |
10 |3 11½ | 25 3 14 | 29.9 | 12.6 | 5.776| 4.12 | 7 0
8 |3 1 | 12 3 12 | 24.7 | 8.61| 4.6 | 3.40 | 3 8
5½ Heavy| | 10 0 0 | | | | | 3 0
5½ Light|2 2¾ | 4 0 2 | 18.47| 6.02| 3.2 | 2.45 | 1 0
4⅖ |1 10 | 3 0 13 | 15.21| 4.52| 2.73 | 2.24 | 0 8
---------+-------+-----------+------+------+------+------+---------

_French Howitzers, in their own Weights and Measures._

Ft. In. lbs. lbs. oz.
8 Inches | | 1110 | 1 12 charge.
6 Inches diameter. | 2 3 length. | 670 weight.| 1 12 full.

_Table containing the Natures of Howitzers used by different Powers in Europe._

+----------+------------+--------+
| Nations. | Natures. | Shells.|
+----------+------------+--------+
| | | Wt. |
| | | (lbs.) |
| | 25 Pr.[9] | 62 |
| Prussian | 10 — | 27 |
| | 7 — | 14 |
+----------+------------+--------+
| Danish | 18 — | 36 |
| | 10 — | 20 |
+----------+------------+--------+
| Saxon | 16 — | 32 |
| | 8 — | 16 |
+----------+------------+--------+
| Hanover | 30 — | 61 |
| | 16 — | 33 |
+----------+------------+--------+
| | 4⅖ Inch | 8 |
| | or 4 Pr. | |
| +------------+--------+
| English | 5½ Inch | 16 |
| | or 8 Pr. | |
| +------------+--------+
| | 8 Inch | 46 |
| | or 23 Pr. | |
+----------+------------+--------+
| | 6 Inch | 23 |
| | or 12 Pr. | |
| French +------------+--------+
| | 8 Inch | 43 |
| | or 22 Pr. | |
+----------+------------+--------+

[9] See the word _Shell_ for the principle on which the Germans class them in pounders.

_Ranges with a light 5½ inch Howitzer. 1798._

+----------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| | 4 Ounces. | 8 Ounces. |
| +--------+------+-------+--------+------+-------+
|Elevation.| Flight.|Range |Extreme| Flight.|Range |Extreme|
| | | to |Range. | | to |Range. |
| | |first | | |first | |
| | |graze.| | |graze.| |
+----------+--------+------+-------+--------+------+-------+
| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.| | Sec. |Yards.| |
| P. B. | | | | 1 | 96 | |
| 1 | 1 | 66 | | 1½ | 143 | |
| 2 | 1 | 85 | From | 1½ | 184 | From |
| 3 | 1½ | 100 | 400 | 2 | 258 | 700 |
| 4 | 1½ | 110 | to | 2½ | 307 | to |
| 5 | 2 | 115 | 600 | 2½ | 376 | 1000 |
| 6 | 2 | 168 | yards.| 3 | 408 | yards.|
| 7 | 2 | 194 | | 3½ | 529 | |
| 8 | 2½ | 226 | | 4½ | 630 | |
| 9 | 2½ | 282 | | 5 | 645 | |
| 10 | 2½ | 279 | | 5 | 642 | |
| 11 | 2½ | 260 | | 5½ | 697 | |
| 12 | 3 | 315 | | 5½ | 715 | |
+----------+--------+------+-------+--------+------+-------+
| | 12 Ounces. | 1 Pound. |
| +--------+------+-------+--------+------+-------+
|Elevation.| Flight.|Range |Extreme| Flight.|Range |Extreme|
| | | to |Range. | | to |Range. |
| | |first | | |first | |
| | |graze.| | |graze.| |
+----------+--------+------+-------+--------+------+-------+
| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.| | Sec. |Yards.| |
| P. B. | 1½ | 140 | | 1 | 159 | |
| 1 | 2 | 334 | | 1½ | 325 | |
| 2 | 2 | 351 | From | 2 | 490 | From |
| 3 | 2½ | 506 | 1000 | 3 | 668 | 1100 |
| 4 | 3 | 500 | to | 4 | 728 | to |
| 5 | 3 | 509 | 1350 | 5½ | 918 | 1400 |
| 6 | 3½ | 581 | yards.| 5 | 823 | yards.|
| 7 | 5 | 872 | | 6 | 975 | |
| 8 | 6½ | 975 | | 7 | 1044 | |
| 9 | 7 | 911 | | 8 | 1049 | |
| 10 | 7 | 1021 | | 8 | 1104 | |
| 11 | 7½ | 1177 | | 8 | 1173 | |
+----------+--------+------+-------+--------+------+-------+

_Ranges with a heavy 5½ inch Howitzer. 1793._

+----------+----------------------+----------------------+
| | 2 Pounds. | 3 Pounds. |
| +-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------+
|Elevation.|Flight.|First |Extreme|Flight.|First |Extreme|
| | |Graze.|Range. | |Graze.|Range. |
+----------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------+
| Deg. | Sec. |Yards.|Yards. | Sec. |Yards.|Yards. |
| | | | | | | |
| 1 | 2 | 453 | | 3 | 479 | |
| 2 | 4 | 595 | | 5 | 722 | |
| 3 | 4 | 666 | | 5 | 921 | |
| 4 | 5 | 847 | | 5 | 1000 | |
| 5 | 5 | 957 | From | 7 | 1325 | From |
| 6 | 7 | 1173 | 1400 | 8 | 1530 | 1400 |
| 7 | 9 | 1449 | to | 9 | 1577 | to |
| 8 | 8 | 1355 | 1900 | 9 | 1721 | 2000 |
| 9 | 8 | 1585 | | 9 | 1801 | |
| 10 | 10 | 1853 | | 9 | 1791 | |
| 11 | 9 | 1793 | | 12 | 1013 | |
| 12 | 10 | 1686 | | | | |
+----------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+-------+

_LEVELLING.—Table shewing the Difference between the True and Apparent Level._

+---------+----------+---------+-----------+
|Distance.|Difference|Distance.| Difference|
| | of level.| | of level.|
+---------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Yds. | Inches. | Mls. | Ft. In. |
| | | | |
| 100 | 0.026 | ¼ | 0 0½ |
| 200 | 0.103 | ½ | 0 2 |
| 300 | 0.231 | ¾ | 0 4½ |
| 400 | 0.411 | 1 | 0 8 |
| 500 | 0.643 | 2 | 2 8 |
| 600 | 0.925 | 3 | 6 0 |
| 700 | 1.260 | 4 | 10 7 |
| 800 | 1.645 | 5 | 16 7 |
| 900 | 2.081 | 6 | 23 11 |
| 1000 | 2.570 | 7 | 32 6 |
| 1100 | 3.110 | 8 | 42 6 |
| 1200 | 3.701 | 9 | 53 9 |
| 1300 | 4.344 | 10 | 66 4 |
| 1400 | 5.038 | 11 | 80 3 |
| 1500 | 5.784 | 12 | 95 2 |
| 1600 | 6.580 | 13 | 112 2 |
| 1700 | 7.425 | 14 | 130 1 |
| | | 15 | 150 |
| | | 16 | 175 |
+---------+----------+---------+-----------+

This table will answer several useful purposes.

FIRST.—_To find the height of the apparent level above the true, at any distance._—If the given distance be contained in the table, the correction of level is found in the same line with it; but if the exact distance be not found in the table, then multiply the square of the distance in yards, by 2.57, and divide by 1,000,000, or cut off 6 places on the right, for decimals; the rest are inches: or multiply the square of the distance in miles, by 66 feet 4 inches, and divide by 100.

SECOND.—_To find the extent of the visible horizon, or how far can be seen from any given height, on a horizontal plane, as at sea_, &c.—The height of the observer’s eye above the horizon being known, the extent of his visible horizon is found in the column opposite, under the word _Distances_.

THIRD.—_To find the distance of any object when it first comes in sight, its height being, known._—For the distance of any object will be the extent of the visible horizon of the observer, added to the visible horizon of the point he observes. It is necessary in this case for the observer to know only the height of that part of the object which is kept from his view, by the curvilinear figure of the globe.—Knowing the distance of an object, its height may be found in the same manner.

If the height or distance exceed the limits in the table; then, first, if the distance be given, divide it by 2, 3 or 4, till the quotient comes within the distances in the table; then take out the height answering to the quotient, and multiply it by the square of the divisor for the height required. But when the height is given, divide it by one of these square numbers, 4, 9, 16, 25, &c. till the quotient come within the limits of the table, and multiply the quotient by the square root of the divisor.

_LOAD._—Artillery carriages, or waggons, are frequently loaded with 14 cwt. for 3 horses, and 20 cwt. for 4 horses. This, however it may answer on an English road, is a great deal too much for general service. No doubt a carriage of one construction will travel easier than of another, with the same weight; and where the mechanical advantage thus gained is greatest, the heaviest weight may be put, with the same number of horses; but in the carriages usually made for the service of artillery, 4 cwt. _per_ horse, beside the weight of the carriage, is the utmost they ought to be allowed to draw.

The French ammunition waggons, which are drawn by 4 horses, are always charged with 1200 pounds only.

The regulations for home service in 1798 state the load for a bread waggon at 2400 lbs. and for a cart of entrenching tools at 400 lbs. Men used to bear loads, such as porters, will carry from 150 to 250 pounds.

A horse will carry about 300 lbs. and a mule about 250 lbs.—See also the word _Horses_.

_MAGAZINES._—The present practice is not to make large powder magazines for batteries, but to disperse the barrels of powder, or cartridges _here_ and _there_ in small magazines, about 6 or 7 fathoms, in the rear of the battery; as it appears better to loose a small quantity from time to time, than to run the risk of the whole being destroyed, by a single shell falling into the magazine. These small magazines or entrenchments, will hold about one or two tons of powder; and are about 8 or 9 feet square. They ought to be well covered from the fire of the place, and always in the rear of one of the merlons. When they cannot be sunk in the ground, they should be secured by sand bags or gabions. They should be made with attention, as should the communication from them to the battery. Two magazines of this kind will be required for a battery of six pieces.

_Permanent Powder Magazines._—According to Vauban’s plan, powder magazines are commonly made 10 fathoms long, and 25 feet wide, in the clear. The foundation of the longest sides, is 9 or 10 feet thick, and 6 feet or more deep, according to the nature of the ground. The side walls raised upon these are 8 or nine feet thick; and if there is not to be an upper story, 8 feet will be sufficient height above the foundation. By this means the flooring maybe raised above the ground, free from damp, and there will remain 6 feet from the floor to the spring of the arch. The arch is formed of layers of bricks, arched one over the other, and ought to be 3 feet thick at the top. The exterior surface of the arch terminates with, an angle at top, like a roof; which angle must be of such magnitude as to make a thickness of 8 feet over the key stone of the arch. The foundation at the gable ends is 5 feet thick, and the same depth as the sides; these ends are built up 4 feet thick, from the foundation to the top of the roof. The long sides are supported by counterforts, 6 feet thick and 4 feet long; and placed 12 feet asunder. The ventilators are placed, one in the centre of each space between the counterforts, and are made with a die across them of 1½ feet. These ventilators are also closed with plates of iron. The magazine is lighted by a window in each end, high up, which are opened and shut by means of a ladder. These windows are secured, each by two shutters, made of plank 2 or 3 inches thick; and the outer one covered with sheet iron, and both fastened with strong bolts. The entrance to the is closed by two doors, one of which opens inwards, and the other outwards; the outward one is covered with sheet iron. The entrance of the magazine should, if possible, be placed towards the south. A wall of 1½ feet thick, and 10 feet high, is built round the magazine, at 12 feet distance. A magazine of the above dimensions will contain about 94,800 lbs. of powder, in piles of 3 barrels each; for a greater number piled above each other destroys the barrels, damages the powder, and occasions accidents.

_MATCH._—The slow match used by the English is made by contract: one yard of it will burn about 8 hours. The French slow match is usually made by soaking light twisted white rope for three days in a strong lye. It burns about 3 feet in 6 hours.

Slow match was made at Gibraltar, during the last siege, in the following manner: eight ounces of saltpetre were put into a gallon of water, and just made to boil over a slow fire; strong blue paper was then wetted with the liquor, and hung to dry. When dry, each sheet was rolled up tight, and the outward edge pasted down, to prevent its opening; half a sheet, thus prepared, will burn 3 hours.

_Quick Match._

_Compositions._

_Worsted Match._
Worsted 10 oz.
Mealed powder 10 lbs.
Spirits of wine 3 pints.
Water 3 ”
Isinglass ½ pint.

_Cotton Match._
Cotton 1 lb 12 oz.
Saltpetre 1 8
Mealed powder 10 —
Spirits of wine 2 quarts.
Water 3 pints.

The worsted or cotton must be laid evenly in an earthen or other pan, and the different ingredients poured over it, and about half the powder: being left a short time to soak, it is afterwards wound smoothly on a reel, and laid to dry, remaining half of the powder is then sifted over it; and it is ready for use when dry.

=Note.= The French have lately made their slow match by soaking the rope in a solution of sugar of lead and rain water: in the proportion of ¾ of an ounce of sugar of lead to one pint of water; and this, they esteem as preferable to the old sort.

_MARCHING._—_The Quick step_, 108 paces _per_ minute, each of 30 inches; making 270 feet _per_ minute.

_Wheeling Step_, 120 _per_ minute, of 30 inches each; making 300 feet _per_ minute.

_Side Step._—12 inches—75 _per_ minute.

_Ordinary Step._—75 _per_ minute, 30 inches each.

DUNDAS.

The usual rate of marching for cavalry is 17 miles in 6 hours; but this may be extended to 21, or even 28 miles in that time.

D’ANTONI.

_Rates to be paid for Carriages on the March._