Chapter XXX: Front Matter (30)

North--accounted for 26% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm products--grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain;

South--accounted for 17% of GNP and 45% of labor force; products--grain, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock; fish and honey major exports; most food imported

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion

_#_Currency:

North Yemeni riyal (plural--riyals); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils;

South Yemeni dinar (plural--dinars); 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils

_#_Exchange rates:

North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1--9.7600 (January 1990), 9.7600 (1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987), 9.6392 (1986), 7.3633 (1985);

South Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1--0.3454 (fixed rate)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 15,500 km; 4,000 km bituminous, 11,500 km natural surface (est.)

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 424 km; refined products, 32 km

_#_Ports: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Mocha, Nishtun, Ras Kathib, Salif

_#_Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker

_#_Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 49 total, 40 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: the North has a poor but improving system with new radio relay and cable networks, while the South has a small system of open-wire, radio relay, multiconductor cable, and radio communications stations; 65,000 telephones (est.); stations--4 AM, no FM, 22 TV; satellite earth stations--2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; radio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,906,887; 1,084,122 fit for military service; 134,158 reach military age (14) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $1.06 billion, 20% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Yugoslavia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming

_#_Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km, Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania 546 km

_#_Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and Greece

_#_Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland

_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north

_#_Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel, uranium

_#_Land use: arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and woodland 36%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1%

_#_Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

_#_Note: controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits

_*_People _#_Population: 23,976,040 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav

_#_Ethnic divisions: Serb 36.3%, Croat 19.7%, Muslim 8.9%, Slovene 7.8%, Albanian 7.7%, Macedonian 5.9%, Yugoslav 5.4%, Montenegrin 2.5%, Hungarian 1.9%, other 3.9% (1981 census)

_#_Religion: Eastern Orthodox 50%, Roman Catholic 30%, Muslim 9%, Protestant 1%, other 10%

_#_Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian

_#_Literacy: 90% (male 96%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

_#_Labor force: 9,600,000; agriculture 22%, mining and manufacturing 27%; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)

_#_Organized labor: badly fractured labor movement, with no unified national labor federation; several republics have competing union federations within their borders

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; abbreviated SFRY

_#_Type: federal republic in form; four of six republics have non-Communist governments

_#_Capital: Belgrade

_#_Administrative divisions: 6 republics (republike, singular--republika); Bosna i Hercegovina (Bosnia and Hercegovina), Crna Gora (Montenegro), Hrvatska (Croatia), Makedonija (Macedonia), Slovenija (Slovenia), Srbija (Serbia); note--there are two nominally autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular--autonomna pokajina) within Srbija--Kosovo and Vojvodina

_#_Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945

_#_Constitution: 21 February 1974, amendments to the Constitution have passed the Federal Assembly and are being considered at the republic level

_#_Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; a new legal code is being formulated

_#_National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)

_#_Executive branch: president of the Presidency, vice president of the Presidency, Presidency, president of the Federal Executive Council, two vice presidents of the Federal Executive Council, Federal Executive Council

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Federal (Skupstina) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces (Vece Republika i Pokrajina) and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber

_#_Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President of the Presidency Stjepan MESIC from Hrvatska (Croatia), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; Vice President of the Presidency Branko KOSTIC from Crna Gora (Montenegro), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; note--the offices of president and vice president rotate annually among members of the Presidency with the current vice president assuming the presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the longest without filling the position (the current sequence is Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Slovenija, and Srbija);

Head of Government--President of the Federal Executive Council Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL (since 16 March 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: there are over 100 political parties operating, some only in one republic and others country-wide

_#_Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18

_#_Elections: direct federal elections may never be held because of inter-republic differences over Yugoslavia's future structure

_#_Other political or pressure groups: there are no national political groups; all significant groups are found within the republics

_#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), BIS, CCC, CERN (observer), CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OECD (special), PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC; Chancery at 2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-6566; there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco;

US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; mailing address Box 5070, Belgrade or APO New York 09213-5070; telephone [38] (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb

_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all three bands

_*_Economy _#_Overview: For 20 years Communist Yugoslavia had been trying to replace the Stalinist command economy with a decentralized semimarket system that features worker self-management councils in all large plants. This hybrid system neared collapse in late 1989 when inflation soared. The government applied shock therapy in 1990 under an IMF standby program that provides tight control over monetary expansion, a freeze on wages, the pegging of the dinar to the deutsche mark, and a partial price freeze on energy, transportation, and communal services. This program brought hyperinflation to a halt and encouraged a rise in foreign investment. Since June 1990, however, inflation has rebounded and threatens to rise further in 1991. Estimated annual inflation for 1990 is 164%. Other huge problems remain: rising unemployment, the low quality of industrial output, and striking differences in income between the poorer southern regions and the comparatively well-off northern areas. Even so, political issues far outweigh economic problems in importance.

_#_GNP: $120.1 billion, per capita $5,040; real growth rate - 6.3% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 164% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 16% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)

_#_Exports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%;

partners--EC 53%, USSR and Eastern Europe 27%, less developed countries 12.9%, US 4.8%, other 2.3%

_#_Imports: $17.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%;

partners--EC 53.5%, USSR and Eastern Europe 22.8%, less developed countries 15.4%, US 4.6%, other 3.7%

_#_External debt: $18.0 billion, medium and long term (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 10.9% (1990)

_#_Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 83,400 million kWh produced, 3,500 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles, building materials

_#_Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings and large combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals

_#_Economic aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1966-89)

_#_Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD

_#_Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--13.605 (January 1991), 11.318 (1990), 2.876 (1989), 0.252 (1988), 0.074 (1987), 0.038 (1986), 0.027 (1985); note--as of January 1991 the new dinar is linked to the German deutsche mark at the rate of 9 new dinars per 1 deustche mark

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 9,349 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge) including 931 km double track, 3,760 km electrified (1988)

_#_Highways: 122,062 km total; 73,527 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 33,663 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 14,872 km earth (1988)

_#_Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)

_#_Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products

_#_Ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade

_#_Merchant marine: 277 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,780,095 GRT/6,031,359 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 133 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 19 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 75 bulk, 11 combination bulk; note--Yugoslavia owns 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 253,400 GRT/429,613 DWT under the registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus

_#_Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 179 total, 179 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 1.6 million telephones (97% automatic); 7,500 public telephone booths; stations--85 AM, 69 FM, 103 TV; 4.65 million radios; 4.1 million TVs (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (1990)

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,176,693; 5,001,024 fit for military service; 189,886 reach military age (19) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: 70.85 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1991 est.); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results _%_ _@_Zaire _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,345,410 km2; land area: 2,267,600 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of US

_#_Land boundaries: 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km

_#_Coastline: 37 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)

_#_Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator--wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator--wet season November to March, dry season April to October

_#_Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east

_#_Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential

_#_Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 78%; other 15%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: dense tropical rainforest in central river basin and eastern highlands; periodic droughts in south

_#_Note: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean

_*_People _#_Population: 37,832,407 (July 1991), growth rate 3.3% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Zairian(s); adjective--Zairian

_#_Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes--Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%

_#_Language: French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba

_#_Literacy: 72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13% (1981); population of working age 51% (1985)

_#_Organized labor: National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking official recognition

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zaire

_#_Type: republic with a strong presidential system

_#_Capital: Kinshasa

_#_Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular--region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu

_#_Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville, then Congo/Kinshasa)

_#_Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended 1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1991

_#_Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Bernadin MUNGUL DIAKA (since 23 October 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: sole legal party until January 1991--Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI); and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L)

_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held 29 July 1984 (next to be held before December 1991); results--President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition;

Legislative Council--last held 6 September 1987 (next to be held in 1991, probably on a multiparty basis); results--MPR was the only party; seats--(210 total) MPR 210; note--MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other parties

_#_Communists: no Communist party

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691;

US--Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa (mailing address is APO New York 09662); telephone [243] (12) 21532; there is a US Consulate General in Lubumbashi

_#_Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

_*_Economy _#_Overview: In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources and one of the most developed and diversified economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, Zaire had a GDP per capita of only about $200, one of the lowest on the continent. The country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1990, with copper production down 20% to a 20-year low, inflation near 250% compared with 100% in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy, employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main potential for economic development has been the extractive industries. Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and two-thirds of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest producer of diamonds.

_#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $180; real growth rate - 2% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 242% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990)

_#_Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);

commodities--copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil;

partners--US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa

_#_Imports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);

commodities--consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels;

partners--South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK

_#_External debt: $7.9 billion (December 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 3.1%; accounts for 30% of GDP (1988)

_#_Electricity: 2,575,000 kW capacity; 5,550 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds

_#_Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops--cassava, bananas, root crops, corn

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $6.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million

_#_Currency: zaire (plural--zaire); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta

_#_Exchange rates: zaire (Z) per US$1--2,113.55 (January 1991), 718.58 (1990), 381.445 (1989), 187.070 (1988), 112.403 (1987), 59.625 (1986), 49.873 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge

_#_Highways: 146,500 km total; 2,550 km bituminous, 46,450 km gravel and improved earth; remainder unimproved earth

_#_Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes

_#_Pipelines: refined products 390 km

_#_Ports: Matadi, Boma, Banana

_#_Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,802 GRT/60,496 DWT; includes 1 passenger cargo, 3 cargo

_#_Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 308 total, 255 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio relay service; 31,200 telephones; stations--10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, paramilitary Civil Guard

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 8,240,412; 4,192,991 fit for military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Zambia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 752,610 km2; land area: 740,720 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas

_#_Land boundaries: 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

_#_Coastline: none--landlocked

_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked

_#_Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled

_#_Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)

_#_Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains

_#_Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential

_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

_#_Note: landlocked

_*_People _#_Population: 8,445,724 (July 1991), growth rate 3.5% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 79 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 55 years male, 58 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Zambian(s); adjective--Zambian

_#_Ethnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

_#_Religion: Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs 1%

_#_Language: English (official); about 70 indigenous languages

_#_Literacy: 73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture; 6% mining, manufacturing, and construction; 9% transport and services

_#_Organized labor: about 238,000 wage earners are unionized

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zambia

_#_Type: multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty system in Zambia and ending 17 years of one-party rule

_#_Capital: Lusaka

_#_Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western

_#_Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia)

_#_Constitution: 25 August 1973

_#_Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA (since 24 October 1964);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Gen. Malimba MASHEKE (since 15 March 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth KAUNDA; Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; National Democratic Alliance (NADA), leader NA; Democratic Party, leader NA; note--the first Extraordinary Congress of UNIP began on 6 August 1991

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held 26 October 1988 (next to be held mid-1991); results--President Kenneth KAUNDA was reelected without opposition;

National Assembly--last held 26 October 1988 (next to be held mid-1991); results--UNIP was the only party; seats--(136 total, 125 elected) UNIP 125

_#_Communists: no Communist party

_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Paul J. F. LUSAKA; Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721;

US--Ambassador Gordon L. STREET; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka); telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-596, 228-598, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603, 251-419

_#_Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1990 real GDP stood only slightly higher than that of 10 years before, while an annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 25% during the same period. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years.

_#_GDP: $4.7 billion, per capita $580; real growth rate - 2% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)

_#_Exports: $1.1 million (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities--copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco;

partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US

_#_Imports: $1.1 million (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities--machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures;

partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US

_#_External debt: $7.2 billion (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 2.9% (1990); accounts for one-third of GDP

_#_Electricity: 1,900,000 kW capacity; 8,245 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops--corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs; marginally self-sufficient in corn

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $484 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 million

_#_Currency: Zambian kwacha (plural--kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee

_#_Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1--43.2900 (January 1991), 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987), 7.3046 (1986), 2.7137 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track

_#_Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth

_#_Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika

_#_Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil

_#_Ports: Mpulungu (lake port)

_#_Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 121 total, 106 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 71,700 telephones; stations--11 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,755,585; 920,878 fit for military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Zimbabwe _*_Geography _#_Total area: 390,580 km2; land area: 386,670 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Montana

_#_Land boundaries: 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km

_#_Coastline: none--landlocked

_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked

_#_Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement

_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

_#_Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east

_#_Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution

_#_Note: landlocked

_*_People _#_Population: 10,720,459 (July 1991), growth rate 2.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 5.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Zimbabwean(s); adjective--Zimbabwean

_#_Ethnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%

_#_Religion: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim

_#_Language: English (official); Shona, Sindebele

_#_Literacy: 67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987)

_#_Organized labor: 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zimbabwe

_#_Type: parliamentary democracy

_#_Capital: Harare

_#_Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands

_#_Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia)

_#_Constitution: 21 December 1979

_#_Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

_#_Executive branch: executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government--Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

Executive President--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results--Robert MUGABE 78.3%; Edgar TEKERE 21.7%;

Parliament--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(150 total, 120 elected) ZANU 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1

_#_Communists: no Communist party

_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 2852 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-7100;

US--Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) 794-521

_#_Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average matched the 3% annual increase in population.

_#_GDP: $5.6 billion, per capita $540; real growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: at least 20% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $330 million (FY91)

_#_Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%;

partners--Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 10%), Africa 20% (South Africa 10%, other 10%), US 5%

_#_Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989);

commodities--machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15%;

partners--EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4%

_#_External debt: $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1988 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 2,036,000 kW capacity; 5,460 million kWh produced, 540 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products

_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops--corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 million

_#_Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--2.6724 (January 1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987), 1.6650 (1986), 1.6119 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified

_#_Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth

_#_Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication

_#_Pipelines: 8 km, refined products

_#_Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 499 total, 415 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police, People's Militia

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,263,724; 1,399,354 fit for military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $412.4 million, NA% of GDP (FY91 est.) _%_ _@_Taiwan _*_Geography _#_Total area: 35,980 km2; land area: 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 1,448 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan

_#_Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

_#_Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west

_#_Natural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

_#_Land use: arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14%

_#_Environment: subject to earthquakes and typhoons

_*_People _#_Population: 20,658,702 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (19901

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective--Chinese

_#_Ethnic divisions: Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%

_#_Religion: mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%

_#_Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used

_#_Literacy: 91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

_#_Labor force: 7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil administration 7% (1989)

_#_Organized labor: 1,300,000 or about 18.4% (government controlled) (1983)

_*_Administration _#_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: one-party presidential regime; opposition political parties legalized in March, 1989

_#_Capital: Taipei

_#_Administrative divisions: the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural)--Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province--16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note--Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization

_#_Constitution: 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision

_#_Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan

_#_Judicial branch: Judicial Yuan

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990);

Head of Government--Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA July 1988)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20

_#_Elections:

President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--President LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly;

Vice President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--LI Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly;

Legislative Yuan--last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results--KMT 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats--(304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP 21, independents 3;

National Assembly:--originally elected in November 1947 (last supplementary election in December 1986; Assembly will be completely reelected in December 1991)

_#_Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC

_#_Diplomatic representation: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and telephone numbers NA;

US--unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7 Lane 134, telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550

_#_Flag: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries.

_#_GNP: $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth rate 5.2% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)

_#_Exports: $67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities--textiles 15.6%, electrical machinery 18.2%, general machinery and equipment 14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and wood products 1.6% (1989);

partners--US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989)

_#_Imports: $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities--machinery and equipment 15.3%, crude oil 5%, chemical and chemical products 11.1%, basic metals 13.0%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989);

partners--Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989)

_#_External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1990 est.)

_#_Electricity: 17,000,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 3,310 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops--vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; livestock--hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988)

_#_Economic aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $445 million

_#_Currency: New Taiwan dollar (plural--dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: New Taiwan dollars per US$1--27.2 (January 1991), 27.243 (November 1990), 26.407 (1989), 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987), 37.838 (1986), 39.849 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection is under construction; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises

_#_Highways: 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete, 2,371 km crushed stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth

_#_Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas

_#_Ports: Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung

_#_Merchant marine: 226 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,557,167 GRT/9,153,646 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 52 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 75 container, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 62 bulk

_#_Airports: 38 total, 37 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; stations--91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 relays); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); earth stations--1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan Garrison Command, Ministry of National Defense

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,874,345; 4,577,294 fit for military service; about 187,807 currently reach military age (19) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $9.10 billion, 4.5% of GDP (FY91) _%_

Appendix A: The United Nations System

The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate
agencies and bodies as follows:

1) Secretariat

2) General Assembly:
UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East
UNSF United Nations Special Fund
UNU United Nations University
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program

3) Security Council:
UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group
UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and
Pakistan
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
Specialized agencies
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA International Development Association
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
ILO International Labor Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UPU Universal Postal Union
WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
Related organizations
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Regional commissions
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Functional commissions
Commission on Human Rights
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
Commission for Social Development
Commission on the Status of Women
Population Commission
Statistical Commission

5) Trusteeship Council

6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)

=========================================================================

Appendix B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups

ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa ACC Arab Cooperation Council ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries AfDB African Development Bank AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AG Andean Group AL Arab League ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) AMF Arab Monetary Fund AMU Arab Maghreb Union ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation AsDB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB) BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Benelux Benelux Economic Union BID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) BIS Bank for International Settlements BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB)

C Commonwealth CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CCC Customs Cooperation Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO) CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) CG Contadora Group CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 CP Colombo Plan CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

DC developed country

EADB East African Development Bank EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank Entente Council of the Entente ESA European Space Agency ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FLS Front Line States FZ Franc Zone

G-2 Group of 2 G-3 Group of 3 G-5 Group of 5 G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) G-7 Group of 7 G-8 Group of 8 G-9 Group of 9 G-10 Group of 10 G-11 Group of 11 G-19 Group of 19 G-24 Group of 24 G-30 Group of 30 G-33 Group of 33 G-77 Group of 77 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation Council

Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)

IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IIB International Investment Bank ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOC International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union

LAES Latin American Economic System LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) LDC less developed country LLDC least developed country LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

NAM Nonaligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council NEA Nuclear Energy Agency NIB Nordic Investment Bank NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE) NIE newly industrializing economy

OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration

RG Rio Group

SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES) SPC South Pacific Commission SPF South Pacific Forum

UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) UN United Nations UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (also known as Habitat) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA) UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; see United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UPU Universal Postal Union USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe

WADB West African Development Bank WCL World Confederation of Labor WEU Western European Union WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) WTO World Tourism Organization

note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations

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Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups

------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_advanced developing countries--another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)

established--1 April 1976;

aim--members have a preferential economic and aid relationship with the EC;

members--(66) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD);

established--4 August 1963;

aim--to promote economic and social development;

regional members--(50) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe;

nonregional members--(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)--see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)--acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique;

established--21 March 1970;

aim--to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries;

members--(30) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire;

associate members--(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia;

participating governments--(2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)--acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL);

established--14 February 1967;

aim--to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons;

members--(25) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela;

_@_observer--(1) Cuba ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Andean Group (AG)

established--26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969;

aim--to promote harmonious development through economic integration;

members--(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela;

associate member--(1) Panama;

observers--(26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA), also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA);

established--18 February 1974, effective 16 September 1974;

aim--to promote economic development;

members--(17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note--these are all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)

established--16 February 1989;

aim--to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market;

members--(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)

established--16 May 1968;

aim--to promote economic and social development;

members--(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab League (AL), also known as League of Arab States (LAS);

established--22 March 1945;

aim--to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation;

members--(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)

established--17 February 1989;

aim--to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa;