Chapter XVIII: Front Matter (18)

_#_Independence: none (overseas department of France)

_#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

_#_Legal system: French legal system

_#_National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

_#_Executive branch: government commissioner

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);

Head of Government--Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988)

_#_Political parties: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Stephen BAGO; Union of the Left composed of the Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime CESAIRE; Socialist Federation of Martinique, Michael YOYO; and the Communist Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand NICOLAS; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Jean MARAN

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

General Council--last held on NA October 1988 (next to be held by March 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(44 total) number of seats by party NA;

Regional Assembly--last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held by March 1992); results--UDF/RPR coalition 49.8%, PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 41.3%, other 8.9%; seats--(41 total) PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 21, UDF/RPR coalition 20;

French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1;

French National Assembly--last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1

_#_Communists: 1,000 (est.)

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution Group (GRS), Martinique Independence Movement (MIM), Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc Pulvar; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants

_#_Member of: FZ, WCL, WFTU

_#_Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented in the US by France;

US--Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON; Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, Fort-de-France (mailing address is B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206); telephone [590] 63-13-03

_#_Flag: the flag of France is used

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry. Agriculture accounts for about 12% of GDP and the small industrial sector for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. In 1986 per capita GDP was relatively high at $6,000. During 1986 the unemployment rate was 30% and was particularly severe among younger workers.

_#_GDP: $2.0 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate NA% (1986)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: 30% (1986)

_#_Budget: revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: $196 million (f.o.b., 1988);

commodities--refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples;

partners--France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, FRG (1987)

_#_Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988);

commodities--petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods;

partners--France 65%, UK, Italy, FRG, Japan, US (1987)

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 113,000 kW capacity; 564 million kWh produced, 1,660 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism

_#_Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal crops--pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, and sugarcane for rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $9.9 billion

_#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth

_#_Ports: Fort-de-France

_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland radio relay links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; stations--1 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: French Forces, Gendarmerie

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 95,235; NA fit for military service

_#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Mauritania _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1,030,700 km2; land area: 1,030,400 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico

_#_Land boundaries: 5,074 km total; Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km

_#_Coastline: 754 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: boundary with Senegal

_#_Climate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

_#_Terrain: mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills

_#_Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate

_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and woodland 5%; other 56%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal

_*_People _#_Population: 1,995,755 (July 1991), growth rate 3.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 44 years male, 50 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 7.2 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Mauritanian(s); adjective--Mauritanian

_#_Ethnic divisions: mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%

_#_Religion: Muslim, nearly 100%

_#_Language: Hasaniya Arabic (national); French (official); Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole, Wolof

_#_Literacy: 34% (male 47%, female 21%) age 10 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980); agriculture 47%, services 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10%; 53% of population of working age (1985)

_#_Organized labor: 30,000 members claimed by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania

_#_Type: republic; military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978; a palace coup that took place on 12 December 1984 brought President Taya to power

_#_Capital: Nouakchott

_#_Administrative divisions: 12 regions (regions, singular--region); Adrar, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, El Acaba, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza; note--there may be a new capital district of Nouakchott

_#_Independence: 28 November 1960 (from France)

_#_Constitution: 20 May 1961, abrogated after coup of 10 July 1978; provisional constitution published 17 December 1980 but abandoned in 1981; new constitutional charter published 27 February 1985

_#_Legal system: based on Islamic law

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1960)

_#_Executive branch: president, Military Committee for National Salvation (CMSN), Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale), dissolved after 10 July 1978 coup; legislative power resides with the CMSN

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government--President Col. Maaouya Ould SidAhmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)

_#_Political parties and leaders: suspended

_#_Suffrage: none

_#_Elections: last presidential election August 1976; National Assembly dissolved 10 July 1978; no national elections are scheduled

_#_Communists: no Communist party, but there is a scattering of Maoist sympathizers

_#_Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdellah OULD DADDAH; Chancery at 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5700;

US--Ambassador William H. TWADDELL; Embassy at address NA, Nouakchott (mailing address is B. P. 222, Nouakchott); telephone [222] (2) 252-660 or 252-663

_#_Flag: green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

_*_Economy _#_Overview: A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore that account for almost 50% of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the conflict with Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government now has begun the second stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the IMF, and major donor countries.

_#_GDP: $942 million, per capita $500; real growth rate 3.5% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.2% (1989 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 21% (1989 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: $519 million (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum, unrecorded but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal;

partners--EC 57%, Japan 39%, Ivory Coast 2%

_#_Imports: $567 million (c.i.f., 1989);

commodities--foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods;

partners--EC 79%, Africa 5%, US 4%, Japan 2%

_#_External debt: $2.3 billion (December 1989)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 189,000 kW capacity; 136 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: fishing, fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 29% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops--dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large food deficit in years of drought

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277 million

_#_Currency: ouguiya (plural--ouguiya); 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums

_#_Exchange rates: ouguiya (UM) per US$1--77.450 (January 1991), 80.609 (1990), 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988), 73.878 (1987), 74.375 (1986), 77.085 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 670 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track, owned and operated by government mining company

_#_Highways: 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks

_#_Inland waterways: mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River

_#_Ports: Nouadhibou, Nouakchott

_#_Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT

_#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 30 total, 29 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor radio relay links, and radio communications stations; 5,200 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 ARABSAT, with a third planned

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National Police, Presidential Guard, Nomad Security Guard

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 423,501; 206,733 fit for military service; conscription law not implemented

_#_Defense expenditures: $37 million, 4.2% of GDP (1987) _%_ _@_Mauritius _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1,860 km2; land area: 1,850 km2; includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 177 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claims Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims French-administered Tromelin Island

_#_Climate: tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

_#_Terrain: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau

_#_Natural resources: arable land, fish

_#_Land use: arable land 54%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9%

_#_Environment: subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs

_#_Note: located 900 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean

_*_People _#_Population: 1,081,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.8% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 74 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Mauritian(s); adjective--Mauritian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%

_#_Religion: Hindu 52%, Christian (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%) 28.3%, Muslim 16.6%, other 3.1%

_#_Language: English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori

_#_Literacy: 61% (male 72%, female 50%) age 13 and over can read and write (1962)

_#_Labor force: 335,000; government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing 22%, other 22%; 43% of population of working age (1985)

_#_Organized labor: 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: parliamentary democracy

_#_Capital: Port Louis

_#_Administrative divisions: 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne

_#_Independence: 12 March 1968 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 12 March 1968

_#_Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March (1968)

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January 1986);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders:

government coalition--Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH; Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO;

opposition--Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN; Socialist Workers Front, Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. DUVAL

_#_Suffrage universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

Legislative Assembly--last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996); results--MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats--(70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); opposition 3

_#_Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Communist organizations; Mauritius Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist League, Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association, Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society

_#_Other political or pressure groups: various labor unions

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING; Chancery at Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-1491 or 1492;

US--Ambassador Penne Percy KORTH; Embassy at 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis; telephone [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767

_#_Flag: four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 32% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification, and tourism. Economic performance in 1989 was impressive, with 5.0% real growth and low unemployment.

_#_GDP: $2.1 billion, per capita $2,000; real growth rate 5.5% (FY89)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.7% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: 2.7% (1989 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $477 million; expenditures $540 million, including capital expenditures of $112 million (FY89)

_#_Exports: $993 million (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10%;

partners--EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15%

_#_Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum products 8%, chemicals 7%;

partners--EC, US, South Africa, Japan

_#_External debt: $670 million (December 1989)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (FY87); accounts for 25% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 233,000 kW capacity; 420 million kWh produced, 375 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, tourism

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other products--tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net food importer, especially rice and fish

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US) countries (1970-88), $628 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54 million

_#_Currency: Mauritian rupee (plural--rupees); 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1--14.295 (January 1991), 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988), 12.878 (1987), 13.466 (1986), 15.442 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth

_#_Ports: Port Louis

_#_Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 94,619 GRT/140,345 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 2 bulk

_#_Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: small system with good service; new microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries; 48,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: paramilitary Special Mobile Force, Special Support Units, National Police Force, National Coast Guard

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 302,588; 155,176 fit for military service

_#_Defense expenditures: $4 million, 0.2% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Mayotte (territorial collectivity of France) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 375 km2; land area: 375 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 185.2 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claimed by Comoros

_#_Climate: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)

_#_Terrain: generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA%

_#_Environment: subject to cyclones during rainy season

_#_Note: part of Comoro Archipelago; located in the Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and Madagascar

_*_People _#_Population: 75,027 (July 1991), growth rate 3.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 59 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Mahorais (sing., pl.); adjective--Mahoran

_#_Religion: Muslim 99%; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic

_#_Language: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte

_#_Type: territorial collectivity of France

_#_Capital: Dzaoudzi

_#_Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)

_#_Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)

_#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

_#_Legal system: French law

_#_National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

_#_Executive branch: government commissioner

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council (Conseil General)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);

Head of Government--Prefect, Representative of the French Government Daniel LIMODIN (since NA 1990); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC)

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

General Council--last held NA June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(17 total) MPM 9, RPR 6, other 2;

French Senate--last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(1 total) MPM 1;

French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(1 total) UDC 1

_#_Communists: probably none

_#_Member of: FZ

_#_Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented in the US by France

_#_Flag: the flag of France is used

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development of the island is heavily dependent on French financial assistance.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1985)

_#_Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984);

commodities--ylang-ylang, vanilla;

partners--France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%

_#_Imports: $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984);

commodities--building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour;

partners--France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8%

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita

_#_Industries: newly created lobster and shrimp industry

_#_Agriculture: most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops--vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $323.8 million

_#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 42 km total; 18 km bituminous

_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Ports: Dzaoudzi

_#_Telecommunications: small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio communications for links with Comoros and international communications; 450 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Mexico _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1,972,550 km2; land area: 1,923,040 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

_#_Land boundaries: 4,538 km total; Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km

_#_Coastline: 9,330 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 24 nm;

Continental shelf: natural prolongation of continental margin or 200 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claims Clipperton Island (French possession)

_#_Climate: varies from tropical to desert

_#_Terrain: high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

_#_Land use: arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and woodland 24%; other 24%; includes irrigated 3%

_#_Environment: subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border

_#_Note: strategic location on southern border of US

_*_People _#_Population: 90,007,304 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 29 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Mexican(s); adjective--Mexican

_#_Ethnic divisions: mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white or predominantly white 9%, other 1%

_#_Religion: nominally Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant 3%

_#_Language: Spanish

_#_Literacy: 87% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.)

_#_Labor force: 26,100,000 (1988); services 31.4%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 26%, commerce 13.9%, manufacturing 12.8%, construction 9.5%, transportation 4.8%, mining and quarrying 1.3%, electricity 0.3% (1986)

_#_Organized labor: 35% of labor force

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: United Mexican States

_#_Type: federal republic operating under a centralized government

_#_Capital: Mexico

_#_Administrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular--estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

_#_Independence: 16 September 1810 (from Spain)

_#_Constitution: 5 February 1917

_#_Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

_#_Executive branch: president, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Suprema Corte de Justicia)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988)

_#_Political parties and leaders: (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Luis Donaldo COLOSIO Murrieta; National Action Party (PAN), Luis ALVAREZ; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano; Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas

_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory (but not enforced) at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results--Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note--several of the smaller parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National Democratic Front (FDN);

Senate--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held mid-year 1991); results--PRI 94%, FDN (now PRD) 6%; seats--(64 total) number of seats by party NA;

Chamber of Deputies--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held mid-year 1991); results--PRI 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats--(500 total) number of seats by party NA

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant Confederation (CNC), UNE (no expansion), Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX), National Chamber of Transformation Industries (CANACINTRA), Business Coordination Council (CCE)

_#_Member of: AG (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gustavo PETRICIOLI Iturbide; Chancery at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 728-1600; there are Mexican Consulates General in Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Antonio, San Diego, and Consulates in Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Douglas (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Kansas City (Missouri), Laredo, McAllen (Texas), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard (California), Philadelphia, Phoenix, Presidio (Texas), Sacramento, St. Louis, St. Paul (Minneapolis), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Seattle;

US--Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.; Embassy at Paseo de la Reforma 305, 06500 Mexico, D.F. (mailing address is P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087); telephone [52] (5) 211-0042; there are US Consulates General in Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Tijuana, and Consulates in Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, and Nuevo Laredo

_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake is its beak) is centered in the white band

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants (notably oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and traditional agriculture. In the 1980s Mexico experienced severe economic difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. Growth in national output, however, appears to be recovering, rising from 1.4% in 1988 to 3.9% in 1990. The US is Mexico's major trading partner, accounting for two-thirds of its exports and imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster growth. In 1991 the government also plans to begin negotiations with the US and Canada on a free trade agreement.

_#_GDP: $236 billion, per capita $2,680; real growth rate 3.9% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 15-18% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $44.3 billion; expenditures $55.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.8 billion (1989)

_#_Exports: $26.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities--crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, cotton;

partners--US 66%, EC 16%, Japan 11%

_#_Imports: $29.8 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities--grain, metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment;

partners--US 62%, EC 18%, Japan 10%

_#_External debt: $96.0 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.3% (1989); accounts for 27% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 27,600,000 kW capacity; 108,976 million kWh produced, 1,240 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small farms at subsistence level; major food crops--corn, wheat, rice, beans; cash crops--cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons among top 20 nations (1987)

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of government eradication efforts; major link in chain of countries used to smuggle cocaine from South American dealers to US markets

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million

_#_Currency: Mexican peso (plural--pesos); 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos

_#_Exchange rates: market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1--2,940.9 (January 1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987), 611.8 (1986), 256.9 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 20,680 km total; 19,950 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 730 km 0.914-meter narrow gauge

_#_Highways: 210,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, 60,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 km unimproved earth roads

_#_Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 28,200 km; refined products, 10,150 km; natural gas, 13,254 km; petrochemical, 1,400 km

_#_Ports: Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz

_#_Merchant marine: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 999,423 GRT/1,509,939 DWT; includes 4 short-sea passenger, 9 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 31 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 bulk, 3 combination bulk

_#_Civil air: 174 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 1,815 total, 1,537 usable; 195 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 276 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: highly developed system with extensive radio relay links; connection into Central American Microwave System; 6.41 million telephones; stations--679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations--4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: National Defense (includes Army and Air Force), Navy (includes Marines)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 22,340,628; 16,360,596 fit for military service; 1,107,163 reach military age (18) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $1 billion, 0.6% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Micronesia, Federated States of _*_Geography _#_Total area: 702 km2; land area: 702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap, and Kosrae

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 6,112 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage

_#_Terrain: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk

_#_Natural resources: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals

_#_Land use: arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA%

_#_Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling 607 islands

_#_Note: located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia

_*_People _#_Population: 107,662 (July 1991), growth rate 2.5% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Micronesian(s); adjective--Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese

_#_Ethnic divisions: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups

_#_Religion: predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist, Latter Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith

_#_Language: English is the official and common language; most indigenous languages fall within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the Polynesian languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, and Kosrean

_#_Literacy: 90% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

_#_Labor force: NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name)

_#_Type: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986

_#_Capital: Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note--a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley

_#_Administrative divisions: 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap

_#_Independence: 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship; formerly the Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)

_#_Constitution: 10 May 1979

_#_Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

_#_National holiday: Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Congress

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government--President Bailey OLTER (since 11 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since 11 May 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: no formal parties

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results--Vice President Bailey OLTER elected president;

Congress--last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results--percent of vote NA; seats--(14 total)

_#_Communists: none

_#_Member of: ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU; Embassy at 706 G Street SE, Washington DC 20003; telephone (202) 544-2640;

US--Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL; Embassy at address NA, Kolonia (mailing address is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941); telephone 691-320-2187

_#_Flag: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the 1990s; also in December 1990 the US authorized the use of disaster relief funds for Micronesia because of damage from Typhoon Russ. In addition Micronesia earns about $4 million a year in fees from foreign commercial fishing concerns. Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development.

_#_GNP: $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.); note--GNP numbers reflect US spending

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: 80% (1988)

_#_Budget: revenues $110.8 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA (1987 est.)

_#_Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983);

commodities--copra;

partners--NA

_#_Imports: $48.9 million (c.i.f., 1983);

commodities--NA;

partners--NA

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: tourism, craft items from shell, wood, and pearl

_#_Agriculture: mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens

_#_Economic aid: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001

_#_Currency: US currency is used

_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used

_#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 39 km of paved macadam and concrete roads on major islands, otherwise 187 km stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads

_#_Ports: Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae)

_#_Airports: 11 total, 10 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439

_#_Telecommunications: 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); telephone network--960 telephone lines at both Kolonia and Truk; islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); stations--5 AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Midway Islands (territory of the US) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 5.2 km2; land area: 5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island and Sand Island

_#_Comparative area: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 15 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds

_#_Terrain: low, nearly level

_#_Natural resources: fish and wildlife

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: coral atoll

_#_Note: located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of Hawaiian Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo; closed to the public

_*_People _#_Population: 453 US military personnel (1991)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)

_#_Flag: the US flag is used

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.

_#_Electricity: supplied by US Military

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 32 km total

_#_Pipelines: 7.8 km

_#_Ports: Sand Island

_#_Airports: 3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Monaco _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1.9 km2; land area: 1.9 km2

_#_Comparative area: about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundary: 4.4 km with France

_#_Coastline: 4.1 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

_#_Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: almost entirely urban

_#_Note: second-smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City)

_*_People _#_Population: 29,712 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 7 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 9 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 80 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective--Monacan or Monegasque

_#_Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95%

_#_Language: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA

_#_Organized labor: 4,000 members in 35 unions

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Principality of Monaco

_#_Type: constitutional monarchy

_#_Capital: Monaco

_#_Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular--quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo

_#_Independence: 1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi

_#_Constitution: 17 December 1962

_#_Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: National Day, 19 November

_#_Executive branch: prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: National Council (Conseil National)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958);

Head of Government Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 10 September 1985)

_#_Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)

_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age 25

_#_Elections:

National Council--last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(18 total) UND 18

_#_Member of: ACCT, CSCE, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Monaco maintains honorary consulates general in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and honorary consulates in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington;

US--no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate General at 12 Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing address APO NY 09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200

_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan suburbs.

_#_GDP: $324 million, per capita $11,000; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: full employment (1989)

_#_Budget: revenues $386 million; expenditures $426, including capital expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)

_#_Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with France

_#_Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with France

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 10,000 kW standby capacity (1988); power supplied by France

_#_Industries: tourism, pharmaceuticals, precision instruments, glassmaking, printing, finance

_#_Agriculture: NA

_#_Economic aid: NA

_#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge

_#_Highways: none; city streets

_#_Ports: Monaco

_#_Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT

_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways

_#_Telecommunications: served by the French communications system; automatic telephone system; 38,200 telephones; stations--3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no communication satellite stations

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Mongolia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1,565,000 km2; land area: 1,565,000 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska

_#_Land boundaries: 8,114 km total; China 4,673 km, USSR 3,441 km

_#_Coastline: none--landlocked

_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked

_#_Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

_#_Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast

_#_Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold

_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 79%; forest and woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: harsh and rugged

_#_Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Soviet Union

_*_People _#_Population: 2,247,068 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 67 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Mongolian(s); adjective--Mongolian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%

_#_Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%), limited religious activity because of Communist regime

_#_Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese

_#_Literacy: 90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.)

_#_Labor force: NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor

_#_Organized labor: 425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU) controlled by the government (1984)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Mongolian People's Republic; abbreviated MPR

_#_Type: in transition from Communist state to republic

_#_Capital: Ulaanbaatar

_#_Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular--aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular--hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

_#_Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)

_#_Constitution: 6 July 1960

_#_Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

_#_Executive branch: chairman and deputy chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural, premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: People's Great Hural, People's Small Hural

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990);

Head of Government--Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990);

_#_Political parties and leaders:

ruling party--Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, general secretary;

opposition--Social Democratic Party (SDP), Batbayar; Mongolian Democratic Association, Sanjasuren DZORIG, chief coordinator; Mongolian Party of National Progress, Ganbold;

other--Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Batuul; Free Labor Party, Maam; note--opposition parties were legalized in May 1990

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held July 1994); results--Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural;

People's Great Hural--last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held July 1994); results--MPRP 84.6, MDP 3.8%, PNP 1.4%, SDP 1%, independents 9.2%; seats--(430 total) MPRP 343;

People's Small Hural--last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held July 1994); results--MPRP 62.3%, MDP 24.5%, SDP 7.5%, PNP 5.7%; seats--(50 total) MPRP 33

_#_Communists: MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.)

_#_Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IIB, ILO, IMF, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gendengiyn NYAMDOO; Chancery, Tel. (202) 983-1962;

US--Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Michael J. SENKO; Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; Tel. 29095 and 29639

_#_Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is a five-pointed star above the national emblem (soyombo--a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representations for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock--Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. In early 1991 the Mongolian leadership was struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to chaotic economic conditions in the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. For example, the government doubled most prices in January 1991, and industrial production dropped 10% in the first quarter of 1991. Moscow almost certainly will be cutting aid in 1991.

_#_GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $1,000 (1990 est.); real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: 10% (February 1991)

_#_Budget: deficit of $240 million (1991 est.)

_#_Exports: $784 million (f.o.b., 1988);

commodities--livestock, animal products, wool, hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals;

partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with USSR)

_#_Imports: $1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1988);

commodities--machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea;

partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with USSR)

_#_External debt: $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 657,000 kW capacity; 2,950 million kWh produced, 1,380 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)

_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (sheep, goats, horses); crops--wheat, barley, potatoes, forage

_#_Economic aid: about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990)

_#_Currency: tughrik (plural--tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos

_#_Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1--7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)

_#_Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)

_#_Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)

_#_Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: stations--12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial relays); relay of Soviet TV; 120,000 TVs; 186,000 radios; at least 1 earth station

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards), Air Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 535,376; 349,548 fit for military service; 25,275 reach military age (18) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Montserrat (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 100 km2; land area: 100 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 40 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

_#_Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and woodland 40%; other 30%

_#_Environment: subject to severe hurricanes from June to November

_#_Note: located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea

_*_People _#_Population: 12,504 (July 1991), growth rate 1.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 80 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Montserratian(s); adjective--Montserratian

_#_Ethnic divisions: mostly black with a few Europeans

_#_Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

_#_Labor force: 5,100; community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)

_#_Organized labor: 30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500 members (1984 est.)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK

_#_Capital: Plymouth

_#_Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter

_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Constitution: 1 January 1960

_#_Legal system: English common law and statute law

_#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)

_#_Executive branch: monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David TAYLOR (since NA 1990);

Head of Government--Chief Minister John A. OSBORNE (since NA 1978)

_#_Political parties and leaders: People's Liberation Movement (PLM), John OSBORNE; Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Howell BRAMBLE; United National Front (UNF), Dr. George IRISH; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

Legislative Council--last held on 25 August 1987 (next to be held NA 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(11 total, 7 elected) PLM 4, NDP 2, PDP 1

_#_Communists: probably none

_#_Member of: CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounted for 20% of GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.

_#_GDP: $54.2 million, per capita $4,500; real growth rate 12% (1988 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1988)

_#_Unemployment rate: 3.0% (1987)

_#_Budget: revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1988)

_#_Exports: $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);

commodities--electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle;

partners--NA

_#_Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.);

commodities--machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials;

partners--NA

_#_External debt: $2.05 million (1987)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 5,270 kW capacity; 12.2 million kWh produced, 980 kWh per capita (1990)