Chapter XXII: Front Matter (22)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Peruvian(s); adjective--Peruvian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%; white 15%; black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

_#_Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic

_#_Language: Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara

_#_Literacy: 85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)

_#_Organized labor: about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Peru

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Lima

_#_Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos, singular--departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali; note--the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions (regiones, singular--region) intended to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments--Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions have yet to assume their reponsibilities and at the moment co-exist with the departmental structure

_#_Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)

_#_Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect the following year); reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature

_#_Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

_#_Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); Vice President Maximo SAN ROMAN (since 28 July 1990); Vice President Carlos GARCIA (since 28 July 1990);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Carlos TORRES Y TORRES Lara (since 15 February 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Democratic Front (FREDEMO), a loosely organized three-party coalition--Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando BELAUNDE Terry; and Liberty Movement; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Luis ALVA Castro; National Front of Workers and Peasants (FRENATRACA), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), run by committee; Socialist Left (IS), Enrique BERNALES

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results--Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%;

Senate--last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(60 total) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FRENATRACA 1;

Chamber of Deputies--last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU 16, IS 4, FRENATRACA 3, other 10

_#_Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet, 2,000; other minor Communist parties

_#_Other political or pressure groups:

leftist guerrilla groups--Shining Path, leader Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor CERPA and Victor POLLAY

_#_Member of: AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roberto G. MACLEAN; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);

US--Ambassador Anthony C.E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box 1995, Lima 100, or APO Miami 34031); telephone [51] (14) 338-000

_#_Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The Peruvian economy is basically capitalistic, with a large dose of government welfare programs and government management of credit. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the Fujimori government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but was able to generate a small recovery in the last quarter. After a burst of inflation as the program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level for the first time since mid-1988. Lima has restarted current payments to multilateral lenders and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its external debt, is working toward an accommodation with its creditors.

_#_GDP: $19.3 billion, per capita $898; real growth rate - 3.9% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7,650% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 20.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)

_#_Budget: revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $3.01 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts;

partners--EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Latin America 8%, USSR 4%

_#_Imports: $2.78 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;

partners--US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%, Switzerland 3%

_#_External debt: $20.0 billion (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 21% (1989); accounts for almost 25% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced, 710 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force; commercial crops--coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops--rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products--poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 4.6 million metric tons (1987), world's fifth-largest

_#_Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $3.95 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million

_#_Currency: inti (plural--intis); 1 inti (I/) = 1,000 soles

_#_Exchange rates: intis (I/) per US$1--530,000 (January 1991), 187,886 (1990), 2,666 (1989), 128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986), 10.97 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,884 km total; 1,584 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge

_#_Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth

_#_Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km

_#_Ports: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara

_#_Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 321,541 GRT/516,859 DWT; includes 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 bulk; note--in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used commercially

_#_Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 222 total, 205 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide radio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations--273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12 domestic antennas

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), Peruvian National Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,704,684; 3,859,123 fit for military service; 241,792 reach military age (20) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991) _%_ _@_Philippines _*_Geography _#_Total area: 300,000 km2; land area: 298,170 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 36,289 km

_#_Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);

Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth

_#_Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of Sabah

_#_Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)

_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands

_#_Natural resources: timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper

_#_Land use: arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5%

_#_Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

_*_People _#_Population: 65,758,788 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Filipino(s); adjective--Philippine

_#_Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%

_#_Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official

_#_Literacy: 90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)

_#_Organized labor: 3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of the Philippines

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Manila

_#_Administrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur

_#_Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)

_#_Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

_#_Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government--President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986)

_#_Political parties and leaders: PDP-Laban, Aquilino PIMENTEL; Struggle of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES; Nacionalista Party, Salvador LAUREL, Juan Ponce ENRILE; Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 15

_#_Elections:

President--last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be held May 1992); results--Corazon C. AQUINO elected, precipitating the fall of the MARCOS regime;

Senate--last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992); results--pro-Aquino LDP 63%, liberal LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%, opposition Nationalista Party 4%, independent 8%; seats--(24 total) pro-Aquino LDP 15, liberal LDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, opposition Nationalista Party 1, independent 2;

House of Representatives--last held on 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992); results--pro-Aquino LDP 73%, liberal LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 10%, opposition Nationalista Party 17%; seats--(250 total, 180 elected) number of seats by party NA

_#_Communists: the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 18,000-23,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status

_#_Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle;

US--Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone [63] (32) 211-101 through 3; there is a US Consulate in Cebu

_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy continues to recover from the political turmoil following the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup attempts. After two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and 1985), the economy has since 1986 had positive growth, although in 1990 the economy slowed considerably from 1989. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 25% of GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles.

_#_GNP: $45.2 billion, per capita $700; real growth rate 2.5% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.7% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 9.3% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: $7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion, including capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities--electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4%;

partners--US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%

_#_Imports: $12.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities--raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%;

partners--US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10%

_#_External debt: $28.4 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1990 est.); accounts for 30-35% of GNP

_#_Electricity: 6,755,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing

_#_Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops--rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products--pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication efforts

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $6.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 million

_#_Currency: Philippine peso (plural--pesos); 1 Philippine peso (1) = 100 centavos

_#_Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (1) per US$1--28.055 (January 1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987), 20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)

_#_Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth

_#_Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels

_#_Pipelines: refined products, 357 km

_#_Ports: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay

_#_Merchant marine: 569 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,429,829 GRT/15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 17 passenger-cargo, 163 cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 24 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 41 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 252 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note--many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are principally in Japan and Germany

_#_Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 280 total, 235 usable; 71 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; stations--267 AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 domestic

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Coast Guard), Marine Corps, Air Force, Constabulary

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,254,775; 11,491,155 fit for military service; 715,462 reach military age (20) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $1.1 billion, 2% of GNP (1990) _%_ _@_Pitcairn Islands (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 47 km2; land area: 47 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 51 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)

_#_Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs

_#_Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish

_#_Land use: arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA%

_#_Environment: subject to typhoons (especially November to March)

_#_Note: located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New Zealand

_*_People _#_Population: 56 (July 1991), growth rate 0.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective--Pitcairn Islander

_#_Ethnic divisions: descendants of Bounty mutineers

_#_Religion: Seventh-Day Adventist 100%

_#_Language: English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands

_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK

_#_Capital: Adamstown

_#_Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964

_#_Legal system: local island by-laws

_#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, island magistrate

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council

_#_Judicial branch: Island Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990);

Head of Government--Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA 1985)

_#_Political parties and leaders: NA

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 with three years residency

_#_Elections:

Island Council--last held NA (next to be held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA

_#_Communists: none

_#_Other political or pressure groups: NA

_#_Member of: SPC

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY87 est.)

_#_Exports: $NA;

commodities--fruits, vegetables, curios;

partners--NA

_#_Imports: $NA;

commodities--fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs;

partners--NA

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: postage stamp sales, handicrafts

_#_Agriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and vegetables grown; must import grain products

_#_Economic aid: none

_#_Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: none

_#_Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads

_#_Ports: Bounty Bay

_#_Airports: none

_#_Telecommunications: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity

_*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Poland _*_Geography _#_Total area: 312,680 km2; land area: 304,510 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Mexico

_#_Land boundaries: 2,980 km total; Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km, USSR 1,215 km

_#_Coastline: 491 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

_#_Terrain: mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border

_#_Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt

_#_Land use: arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: plain crossed by a few north-flowing, meandering streams; severe air and water pollution in south

_#_Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain

_*_People _#_Population: 37,799,638 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 77 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Pole(s); adjective--Polish

_#_Ethnic divisions: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 0.5% (1990 est.)

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other 5%

_#_Language: Polish

_#_Literacy: 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)

_#_Labor force: 17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade, transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989)

_#_Organized labor: trade union pluralism

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Poland

_#_Type: democratic state

_#_Capital: Warsaw

_#_Administrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular--wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora

_#_Independence: 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed

_#_Constitution: the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952 will probably be replaced by a democratic Constitution in 1992

_#_Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Jan Krzysztof BIELECKI (since 4 January 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: center-right agrarian parties--Polish Peasant Party (PSL), Roman BARTOSZCZE, chairman; Polish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Gabriel JANOWSKI, chairman;

other center-right parties--Center Alliance, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Christian National Union, Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI, chairman; Christian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw SILA-NOWICKI, chairman; Democratic Party, Jerzy JOZWIAK, chairman;

center-left parties--Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef LIPSKI, chairman; Democratic Union, Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI, chairman; ROAD, Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK and Zbigniew BUJAK, chairmen;

left-wing parties--Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution, Piotr IKONOWICZ;

other--Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the Communist party or Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI, chairman; Union of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway faction of the PZPR), Tadeusz FISZBACH, chairman

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results--second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%;

Senate--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held late 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(100 total) Solidarity 99, independent 1;

Diet--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held late 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(460 total) Communists 173, Solidarity 161, Polish Peasant Party 76, Democratic Party 27, Christian National Union 23; note--rules governing the election limited Solidarity's share of the vote to 35% of the seats; future elections, which will probably be held before late 1991, are to be freely contested

_#_Communists: 70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990)

_#_Other political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs); Freedom and Peace (WiP), a pacifist group; Independent Student Union (NZS)

_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CERN (observer, but scheduled to become a member l July 1991), CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York;

US--Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw (mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, c/o American Consulate General (WAW) or APO New York 09213-5010); telephone [48] (22) 283041 through 283049; there is a US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan

_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red--a crowned eagle is to be added; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

_*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy, except for the agricultural sector, had followed the Soviet model of state ownership and control of productive assets. About 75% of agricultural production had come from the private sector and the rest from state farms. The economy has presented a picture of moderate but slowing growth against a background of underlying weaknesses in technology and worker motivation. GNP dropped by 2.0% in 1989 and by a further 8.9% in 1990. The inflation rate, after falling sharply from the 1982 peak of 100% to 22% in 1986, rose to a galloping rate of 640% in 1989 and dropped back to 250% in 1990. Shortages of consumer goods and some food items worsened in 1988-89. Agricultural products and coal are among the biggest hard currency earners, but manufactures are increasing in importance. Poland, with its hard currency debt of $48.5 billion, is severely limited in its ability to import much-needed hard currency goods. The sweeping political changes of 1989 disrupted normal economic channels and exacerbated shortages. In January 1990, the new Solidarity-led government adopted a cold turkey program for transforming Poland to a market economy. The government moved to eliminate subsidies, free prices, make the zloty convertible, and, in general, halt the hyperinflation. These financial measures were accompanied by plans to privatize the economy in stages. While inflation fell to an annual rate of 77.5% by November of 1990, the rise in unemployment and the drop in living standards have led to growing popular discontent and to a change of government in January 1991. The new government is continuing the previous government's economic program, while trying to speed privatization and to better cushion the populace from the dislocations associated with reform. Substantial outside aid will be needed if Poland is to make a successful transition in the 1990s.

_#_GNP: $158.5 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate - 8.9% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 250% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 6.1% (end-December 1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $20.9 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.8 billion (1989)

_#_Exports: $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--machinery and equipment 38%; fuels, minerals, and metals 21%; manufactured consumer goods 15%; agricultural and forestry products 4% (1989);

partners--USSR 25%, FRG 14%, UK 6.5%, Czechoslovakia 5.5% (1989)

_#_Imports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities--machinery and equipment 37%; fuels, minerals, and metals 31%; manufactured consumer goods 17%; agricultural and forestry products 5% (1989);

partners--USSR 18%, FRG 16%, Austria 6%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1989)

_#_External debt: $48.5 billion (January 1991)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 23% (State sector 1990 est.)

_#_Electricity: 31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally self-sufficient in food

_#_Economic aid: donor--bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 billion (1954-89)

_#_Currency: zloty (plural--zlotych); 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy

_#_Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1--11,100.00 (May 1991), 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987), 175.29 (1986), 147.14 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter broad gauge, 2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified; government owned (1989)

_#_Highways: 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)

_#_Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989)

_#_Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986 km for crude oil; 360 km for refined products (1987)

_#_Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on Kanal Gliwice, Wroclaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula

_#_Merchant marine: 235 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,957,600 GRT/4,163,820 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 92 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 107 bulk; Poland owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry

_#_Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); stations--29 AM, 29 FM, 37 (5 Soviet relays) TV; 9.6 million TVs

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: External Front Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Internal Defense Forces (WOW), Territorial Defense Forces (JOT), Border Guards (WOP), Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense (OC)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 9,571,708; 7,543,565 fit for military service; 302,000 reach military age (19) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: 22.3 trillion zlotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results _%_ _@_Portugal _*_Geography _#_Total area: 92,080 km2; land area: 91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana

_#_Land boundary: 1,214 km with Spain

_#_Coastline: 1,793 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia

_#_Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

_#_Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south

_#_Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble

_#_Land use: arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7%

_#_Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakes

_#_Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

_*_People _#_Population: 10,387,617 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Portuguese

_#_Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%

_#_Language: Portuguese

_#_Literacy: 85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)

_#_Organized labor: about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers--Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents less than half of unionized labor

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Portuguese Republic

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Lisbon

_#_Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular--distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular--regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu

_#_Dependent area: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1999)

_#_Independence: 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910

_#_Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989

_#_Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June

_#_Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986);

Head of Government--Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio MARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, Manuel SERGIO

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President--last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results--Dr. Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos MARQUES 3%;

Assembly of the Republic--last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held October 1995); results--Social Democrats 50.4%, Socialists 29.3%, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 8.8%, Christian Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party 1.7%, Democratic Renewal 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats--(230 total) Social Democrats 132, Socialists 70, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 17, Christian Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1; after absentee ballots counted five seats to be allocated

_#_Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983)

_#_Member of: AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island);

US--Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon (mailing address is APO New York 09678-0002); telephone [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; there is a US Consulate in Ponta Delgada (Azores)

_#_Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line

_*_Economy _#_Overview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained recovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 14% during the 1987-89 period, largely because of strong domestic consumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the third consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times the European Community average. The government is pushing economic restructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992 European Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe.

_#_GDP: $57.8 billion, per capita $5,580; real growth rate 3.5% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.4% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 5.5% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $21.6 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.9 billion (1990)

_#_Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities--cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances;

partners--EC 72%, other developed countries 13%, US 5%

_#_Imports: $24.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities--petroleum, cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals;

partners--EC 69%, other developed countries 11%, less developed countries 13%, US 4%

_#_External debt: $18.4 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1989); accounts for 40% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops--grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector--sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy products

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.13 billion

_#_Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural--escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos

_#_Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1--134.46 (January 1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately owned

_#_Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)

_#_Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km

_#_Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, Sines

_#_Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,350 GRT/1,190,454 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years

_#_Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 69 total, 63 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,690,000 telephones; stations--57 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine cables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and Azores)

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,621,116; 2,131,628 fit for military service; 88,718 reach military age (20) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $1.6 billion, 3% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Puerto Rico (commonwealth associated with the US) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 501 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation

_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast

_#_Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil

_#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and woodland 20%; other 22%

_#_Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north

_#_Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands group along the Mona Passage--a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean

_*_People _#_Population: 3,294,997 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Puerto Rican(s); adjective--Puerto Rican

_#_Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%

_#_Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood

_#_Literacy: 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

_#_Labor force: 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, other 40% (1990)

_#_Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

_#_Type: commonwealth associated with the US

_#_Capital: San Juan

_#_Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US)

_#_Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)

_#_Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952

_#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)

_#_Legal system: based on Spanish civil code

_#_Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);

Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections

_#_Elections:

Governor--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%, Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5%;

Senate--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1;

House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2;

US House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative

_#_Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist activities--Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular Resistance

_#_Member of: ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate)

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US)

_#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income for the island. The economy is slowly recovering from the disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism infrastructure was especially hard hit.

_#_GNP: $20.1 billion, per capita $6,100; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.3% (October 1989-90)

_#_Unemployment rate: 14.9% (October 1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $5.5 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (FY89)

_#_Exports: $16.4 billion (f.o.b., FY89);

commodities--pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments;

partners--US 87%

_#_Imports: $14.0 billion (c.i.f., FY89);

commodities--chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products;

partners--US 60%

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (FY89)

_#_Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 3% of labor force; crops--sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock--cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs

_#_Economic aid: none

_#_Currency: US currency is used

_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*_Communications _#_Railroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger railroads

_#_Highways: 13,762 km paved

_#_Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo

_#_Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 900,000 or 99% of total households with TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); stations--50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990)

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service

_#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Qatar _*_Geography _#_Total area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut

_#_Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km

_#_Coastline: 563 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: not specific;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands

_#_Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer

_#_Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish

_#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 0%; other 95%

_#_Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

_#_Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources

_*_People _#_Population: 518,478 (July 1991), growth rate 5.3% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 35 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Qatari(s); adjective--Qatari

_#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

_#_Religion: Muslim 95%

_#_Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language

_#_Literacy: 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986)

_#_Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)

_#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal

_*_Government _#_Long-form name: State of Qatar

_#_Type: traditional monarchy

_#_Capital: Doha

_#_Administrative divisions: none

_#_Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970

_#_Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)

_#_Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government--Amir and Prime Minister Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)

_#_Political parties and leaders: none

_#_Suffrage: none

_#_Elections:

Advisory Council--constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; seats--(30 total)

_#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111;

US--Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399, Doha); telephone [0974] 864701 through 864703

_#_Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side

_*_Economy _#_Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $12,500, among the highest in the world outside the OECD countries.

_#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $12,500 (1989 est.); real growth rate 5.0% (1988)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.9% (1988 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $400 million (FY89 est.)

_#_Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);

commodities--petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers;

partners--Japan, Italy, Thailand, Singapore

_#_Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.), excluding military equipment;

commodities--foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and equipment;

partners--Japan, UK, US, Italy

_#_External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil

_#_Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced, 8,540 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, cement

_#_Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported

_#_Economic aid: donor--pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)

_#_Currency: Qatari riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams

_#_Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1--3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*_Communications _#_Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km

_#_Ports: Doha, Umm Said, Halul Island

_#_Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 465,371 GRT/707,089 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker

_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT

_*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 235,516; 125,591 fit for military service; 4,243 reach military age (18) annually

_#_Defense expenditures: $500 million, 8% of GDP (1989) _%_ _@_Reunion (overseas department of France) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 201 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April

_#_Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast

_#_Natural resources: fish, arable land

_#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2%

_#_Environment: periodic devastating cyclones

_#_Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean

_*_People _#_Population: 607,086 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun--Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Reunionese