Chapter XV: Part V: The Decline of Education (4)

_M._

Maeniana, meaning of, 38.
school at Autun, 38, 41, 100, 102.

Magic, in medicine, 88.

Manumissions, in Church, 152.

Maps, 66, 67.
imperial use of, 66, 215, 216.

Martyrum, Acta, 9, 185, 210.

Masses, ignorance of, 130, 131, 175, 190.

Massilia, art of, 5.
coins of, 4.
culture of, 6.
Christian place of refuge, 10, 177, 178, 200 note.
doctors of, 87.
educational centre, 6, 7.
lawyers of, 82.
languages of, 8, 9.
part placed by, 9.
friendship with Rome, 5.
teachers of, 8.
contrasted with surrounding tribes, 7.
effect on surrounding tribes, 7, 8.
St. Victor, monastery of, at, 10, 177, 178.

Mathematics, of primary school, 60.
came to Rome from Egypt, 89.

Medicine, studied by Ausonius’s aunt, 41.
influence of Massilia on, 87.
a lucrative profession, 89.
prominence of provincials in, 89.
no separate school of, 87.
superstition in, 88.

Memory, place of, in ancient education, 91, 92.

Mendicancy, law against, 155.

_Merces_ (fees), 115.

Mercury, worshipped in early Gaul, 11 ff.

Metres, modern, developed by Christian hymns, 239.

Military power, decreases in later Empire, 119.

_Minerval_ (fees), 115.

Mnemonics, 90.

Monasticism, rise of, in Gaul, 177.
widespread educational influence of, 178.
not yet organized by St. Benedict, 166, 181.

Monks, trained in Arts of Capella, 188.
appreciation of their work, 197.
harsh discipline of, 193, 194.
efficiency of, as teachers, 196.
educated chiefly at Lérins and Marseilles in fifth century, 179.
manual labour of, 193, 194.
attitude of, to Rhetoric, 162 ff.

Music, work of Augustine on, 237.
ecclesiastical, 237.
among the Goths, 23.
mentioned in school exercises, 73.
frivolous nature of, at Rome, 237.

_N._

Narration, διήγημα (rhetoric), 73.

Nationalism in Roman Empire, 18, 19, 219.

Neoplatonism, 192.

Newspapers, professors used instead of, 140.

Notarii, (pagan), 59;
(Christian), 185.

Number of pupils at Bordeaux, 105.

_O._

_Oblati_, 181.

Organization, of pagan schools, 102;
of Christian schools, 182.

Oxford, compared with Bordeaux University, 135.

_P._

Paedagogus, 52.
protects child from evil influences, 53.

Paganism, artificiality of, 160, 251-4.

Paganism, attitude of Christians towards, 42 ff., 169 ff.
bitterness of, 170 ff.
neglects elementary education, 175.
neglects education of lower classes, 124 ff.
persists in holidays, 110.
persists in rhetorical tradition, 162 ff.
how Christianity supplemented, 175, 191, 195.

Palladia, name for Toulouse, 34.

Panegyric, archaism of, 254.
one of teacher’s duties, 141.
historical value of, 33 note.
imperial use of, 146.
merits of, 251.
servility of, 146 ff.

Panegyrists, genuinely grateful to Emperor, 142.
hysterically loud in his praise, 146 ff.
Greek learning of, 221.

Patriotism, inculcated by history, 218.

Pelagianism, 192.

Philology, 62, 189.

Philosophy, of Ausonius, 81.
Christian, 191 ff.
of Claudianus Mamertus, 192, 193.
of history, 217.
in grammarian’s school, 79, 203.
among _litterati_ of Gaul, 79 ff.
connected with natural sciences, 80.
neglect of, 81.
Jung’s theory to account for neglect of, 81, 82.
influence of Pythagoras on, 193.

Physicians, State-paid, 88.

Πιθανότης (rhetoric), 73.

Plato, how regarded by Christians, 80, 193.

Platonic club, 80, 112.

Play, 97 ff.

Poetry, in pagan schools, 56, 57, 68, 69.
in Christian schools, 169, 188, 206.

Poor scholars, support of, 138.

Pottery, 31.

Praefectus Galliarum, Ausonius becomes, 119.

Praise, ἐγκώμιον (rhetoric), 76.

Prescriptions, book of, by Marcellus Empiricus, 88.

Primus magister (_litterator_), 104, 105.

_Progymnasmata_, 72 ff.

_Proscholus_, 105.

Provinces, exposed to attacks of barbarians, 47, 48, 244.
divisions of society in, 121.
advantages of imperial protection of, 122, 141 ff.
disadvantages of imperial protection of, 123, 144 ff., 215.
government of, 18, 24, 29, 31, 119 ff., 249.
status of, 32, 240.
Salvian on misgovernment of, 249 note.

_Q._

Qualifications of teacher, 137 (Julian’s decree); 138 (decree of
Valentinian and Valens).

_Querolus_, fourth-century comedy, 171, 200.

_R._

Reader, Church, _see_ Lector.

Reading, in Christian schools, 183.
in pagan schools, 59.
clearness and intonation aimed at, 61.
Quintilian on, 59, 61 n., 183.

Refutation, ἀνασκευή (rhetoric), 74.
perverse method of, 75.

Research, attitude towards, 212, 213.

Restrictions, local, due to imperial protection, 127.

_Rhetores Graeci_, 71.

Rhetoric, advantages of, 249-51.
disadvantages of, 251-6.
natural to Gauls, 11, 12, 16.
persistence of, 157 ff.
power of, 160.
how regarded by Ennodius, 163.
of Hilary of Arles, 165.
of Hilary of Poitiers, 164, 167.
ideal of Isocrates in, 158, 159.
ideal of Cicero in, 159.
ideal of Panegyrists in, 160.
increasing futility of, 158.
why a failure, 256.
predominant in schools, 162.
prominent in Gaul, 11, 39, 50, 51, 160, 161.
general scope of, in schools, 68.
stages of, in schools, 69.
universality of, 70.

Roads, influence of, on education, 29, 30, 248.

Romanization, 26 ff.
causes of, in Gaul, 31.
not quite complete, 27, 29.
proved by archaeological remains, 30.

Rusticitas, 166 ff.

_S._

Salaries of teachers, amount of, 114.
enactments of Vespasian and Gratian concerning, 113.
gifts of Emperor supplement, 115.
paid at one time by parents, 115.
paid sometimes by individual towns, 114.
paid by State first in Gaul, 112.
unequal, 112.

Schola, meaning of, in fourth century, 103.

Schoolboy, picture of, in Libanius, 52.

Schoolroom, nature of, (pagan), 102;
(Christian), 182.

Schools (_see_ Education), grades of, 103 ff.
private adventure, discouraged, 113.

Sculpture (_see_ Art).

Semi-Pelagianism, 192.

Sententia, γνώμη (rhetoric), 74.

Shorthand, (pagan), 59;
(Christian), 185, 186.

Slaves, education of, 128, 129.
new attitude to, 153.
decrease of, reasons for, 154.

Social life of Bordeaux teacher, 132 ff.

Stage, action of Church against, 154.
unhealthy state of Gallic, 199.

State, relation of, to Church, 151 ff.
overshadowed by Church, 152, 153.
flouted by Church, 156.
as the champion of the Church, 156.
passes on its law and organization to Church, 153.
pays teaching doctors, 88.
pays teaching lawyers, 85.
pays school-teachers, 112 ff.
protects education materially and spiritually, 135 ff.

Stationes (of lecturing lawyers), 85.

Strenae, gifts of Emperor, 115 and note.

Studies, decline of, 243.
primary, (pagan), 58 ff.;
(Christian), 175 ff.
secondary, (pagan), 68 ff.;
(Christian), 191.

Subdoctor (_proscholus_), 105.

συνηγορία (rhetoric), 78.

Superstition, in Astronomy, 67, 68.
in Medicine, 88.

_T._

Teachers, appointed by Emperor, 136, 139.
to be approved of by Emperors, 113, 137, 138.
at Antioch, 72 ff.
benefits bestowed by Emperor, 136 ff.
conviviality of, at Bordeaux, 133 ff.
encouraged by Julian, 2, 40, 113, 137.
Gratitude of, to Emperor, 142.
Greek, at Rome, 135, 136.
harshness of, (pagan), 53, 93 ff.;
(Christian), 193 ff.
intellect of, (pagan), 134;
(Christian), 193.
methods of, (pagan), 52 ff., 90 ff., 93 ff.;
(Christian), 180 ff., 193 ff.
of morals, 203.
number appointed at Bordeaux, 115, 116.
public, gradually recognized at Rome, 136.
remuneration of, 112 ff.
social status of, 134, 135.
State, forbidden to teach privately, 145.
unhappiness of, 132.
whether they followed pupils from class to class, 116 ff.

Teaching, private, (pagan), 55, 103, 145;
(Christian), 182.
public (_see_ Education).

Text-books, 63, 189, 193.
of Donatus, 63.
of Sinnius Capito, 64 ff.
epitomes of Varro, 65.
Vergil, in pagan schools, 55, 56, 62, 69 _et passim_;
in Christian schools, 162, 169, 174, 187, 197.

Theatres, Gallic, Salvian’s condemnation of, 199.

Theodosian Code, 82, 88, 90, 129, 133, 137, 152 n., 153, 200, 201 _et
passim_.

Thesis (rhetoric), 78.

Trèves, eclipses Autun in importance, 48.
buildings of, 30.
imperial capital, 30, 34, 48.
predominantly military, 48.

_U._

Universalism of Christianity, 217.

University, residential, germ of, 111.

_V._

Vates (οὐάτεις) among Celts, 12.

Victor St., monastery of, 10, 177, 178.

_W._

Women, attitude of Christians towards, 155, 205 ff.
education of, influenced by Christianity, 205, 207;
at Rome, 206;
objected to by Claudius Victor, 206;
in Sidonius, 207;
small on the whole, 209.
friends of Jerome, 208.
intellect of, praised by Sedulius, 208;
by Ennodius, 209.

Writing, in Christian schools, 184.
in pagan schools, 58.
among Druids, 13.
Quintilian on, 58, 184.

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