Chapter XIII: Part V: The Decline of Education (2)

[191] _Life and Letters in the Fourth Century_, p. 3.

[192] E. W. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers_, Introd., ii.

[193] _Ep._ ix. 11. 2.

[194] _Ep._ viii. 6. 9 (Seeck).

[195] ‘Romanum denique eloquium non suis regionibus invenisti, et ibi te Tulliana lectio disertum reddidit ubi quondam Gallica lingua resonavit. Ubi sunt qui litteras Latinas Romae, non etiam alibi asserunt esse discendas? ... mittit et Liguria Tullios suos’, _Variarum_, viii. 12; Migne, _Pan. Lat._ lxix, p. 745.

[196] ‘Neque enim ignoro quanto inferiora nostra sint ingeniis Romanis. Siquidem Latine et diserte loqui illis ingeneratum est ... ex illo fonte et capite imitatio nostra derivat’, _Pan. Lat._ xii. 1. 2.

[197] As we gather from his references to the Rhine defences (§ 2).

[198] According to G. Baehrens.

[199] Cf. Freeman, _Historical Essays_, Ser. III, 119: ‘The panegyrist, at all events in addressing princes, some of whom were certainly very far from fools, is not likely to venture on much in the way of mere invention. He will leave out a great deal, he will exaggerate a great deal, he will pervert his own moral sense to praise a great deal that ought to be blamed: but the main facts which he asserts are pretty sure to have happened much as he states them. He is a fairly good authority for positive facts, bad for negative ones.’ Cf. Pichon, _Études sur la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules_, i. 74.

[200] Suet. _Gram._ 3.

[201] Ritter has pointed out that Maternus was a Gaul in his 1848 edition of _Dialog._, ch. 10.

[202] Suet. _Gram._ 7.

[203] Suet. _Gram._ 11 ‘peridoneus praeceptor maxime ad poeticam tendentibus’.

[204] In the list of rhetors left by Suetonius, incorporated by Jerome in his translation of Eusebius’s _Chronicle_, which also includes Pacatus and Gabinianus who taught in the first century A.D. under Tiberius and Augustus at Massilia, Statius Ursulus of Toulouse, famous as a rhetor under Nero, and his contemporary Domitius Afer of Nîmes.

[205] _Recueil des Hist._, i, Intro., p. lxxvii.

[206] Cf. Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Paris_. i. 19.

[207] ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, _Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement_, 1893.

[208] Tac. _An._ xi. 24.

[209] Mart. _Epigr._ ix. 99. Cf. Auson. _Parent._ iii. 11; _Prof._ xix. 4; Sidon. _Carm._ vii. 437.

[210] _Epigr._ vii. 88:

Me legit omnis ibi, senior iuvenisque puerque,
et coram tetrico casta puella viro.

[211] _Agric._ 21. Cf. Juv. xv. 111 ‘Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos’.

[212] i.e. ‘The Britons had a natural capacity superior to that of the Gauls ... they only needed the same training to make them better orators’ (Furneaux, _ad loc._).

[213] _Praef. Herac._ 8.

[214] _Noct. Att._ xv. 1.

[215] ‘Quasi ex lingua prorsum eius capti prosequebamur,’ ibid. xvi. 3.

[216] _Noct. Att._ xviii. 5.

[217] Ibid. xvii. 5.

[218] Monnard, _De Gallorum Oratorio Ingenio_, 37.

[219] Monnard, _l.c._

[220] Elegantiora studia ... novas quasi receperunt vires, et insignem recuperandam linguae promiserunt dignitatem, quod in eius (Latinae linguae) cultum et optimas litteras perpoliendas propagandasque cum veteribus magistris sanctioris doctrinae praesides conspirarent’, Funccius, _De Vegeta Latinae Linguae Senectute_.

[221] ‘Rhetoribus et philosophis per omnes provincias salaria et honores detulit’, _Script. Hist. Aug._ iii. 11. 3.

[222] C. Fronto, _Reliquiae_, ed. Niebuhr, 271.

[223] _Histoire litt. de la France_, i. 309.

[224] Ibid. 314.

[225] _Script. Hist. Aug._ xxviii. 30. 31.

[226] Ibid. 44. 4. He favoured the study of law in the provinces.

[227] _Pan. Lat._ ii. 4 ‘Florentissimas quondam antiquissimasque urbes barbari possidebant. Gallorum ita celebrata nobilitas aut ferro occiderat, aut immitibus addicta dominis serviebat. Porro aliae, quas a vastitate barbarica terrarum intervalla distulerant, iudicum nomine a nefariis latronibus obtinebantur.... Nemo ab iniuria liber, nemo intactus a contumelia.’

[228] ‘Ab arcanis sacrorum penetralium ad privata Musarum adyta’, Eum. _Pro Instaurandis Scholis_, _Pan. Lat._ ix, § 6 ff.

[229] _An._ iii. 43.

[230] _Pro Inst. Schol._ 4 ‘Latrocinio Bagaudicae rebellionis obsessa (civitas)‘.

[231] The origin of the name is doubtful. Bulaeus (_Hist. Univ. Paris._ i. 25) thinks that there may have been a founder Maenius, or that it may have been near the town wall (_prope moenia_). Lavisse favours _moenianum_ in the sense of a portico on which were displayed maps of the Empire (_Hist. de France_, i. 3. 367). Lewis and Short give _Maenianum_, gallery, balcony (Cic. Suet.).

[232] Lipsius, quoted Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Paris_, i. 25 ff.

[233] Ibid.

[234] Cf. Jullian, ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, _Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement_, 1893.

[235] Ibid.

[236] _Antike Kunstprosa_, ii. 631. Cf. Dill, _Roman Society during Last Century of Western Empire_, p. 406; Guizot, _Hist. of Civilization_ (transl. Hazlitt), i. 349.

[237] The struggles of Julian, Valentinian I, and Gratian against the barbarians were confined to the North and did not affect the main centre of Gallic education—Aquitaine.

[238]

Factio me sibi non, non coniuratio iunxit:
sincero colui foedere amicitias.—_Domest._ iv. 21.

[239] _Bissula_, Praef.

[240] ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, _Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement_, 1893.

[241] _Pan. Lat._ iii. 20 ‘multi laboris et minimi usus negotium’.

[242] ‘Fuligine et aranearum telis omnia Romae templa cooperta sunt ... dii quondam nationum cum bubonibus et noctuis in solis culminibus remanserunt ... iam et Aegyptius Serapis factus est Christianus ... de India, Perside et Aethiopia monachorum cotidie turbas suscipimus; deposuit pharetras Armenius, Huni discunt psalterium, Scythia frigora fervent calore fidei ...’, Jer. _Epist._ cvii. 1, 2.

[243] Ibid.

[244] Cf. Speck, _Quaestiones Ausonianae_, pp. 3 ff.; Glover, _Life and Letters in the Fourth Century_, pp. 109 ff.; and almost every writer on Ausonius.

[245] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 11 ‘Hoc ego salarium ... expensum referre patriae meae cupio, et ad restitutionem huius operis ... destinare’.

[246] _Domes._ iv.

[247] _Parent._ iv. 17-20.

[248] _Parent._ vi.

[249] _Prof._ xi.

[250] _Parent._ iii.

[251] _Pan. de Quarto Consulatu Honorii_, 582 (ed. Koch):

Inlustri te prole Tagus, te Gallia doctis
civibus et toto stipavit Roma senatu.

[252] _Ep._ vi. 34, ed. Seeck.

[253] _Ep._ ix. 88 ‘Gallicanae facundiae haustus requiro’.

[254] _Chronicon_ (Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxvii. 687) ‘A.D. 358 Alcimus et Delphidius rhetores in Aquitania florentissime docent’, and in the same year ‘Minervius Burdigalensis rhetor Romae florentissime docet’.

[255] _Ep._ 125. 6.

[256] Ebert, _Gesch. des Mittelalters_, p. 365, ‘der offenbar mit vielem Erfolg die noch immer hervorragenden Schulen seiner Heimath besucht hatte’.

[257] _Ep._ v. 5. 1 (Oxford Trans. by O. M. Dalton).

[258] ‘Quae ille propositionibus aenigmata, sententiis schemata, versibus commata, digitis mechanemata fecit!’ _Ep._ i. 9. 1.

[259] _Ep._ i. 11. 11.

[260] _Ep._ ii. 1. 2.

[261] _Ep._ iii. 3. 2 ‘nunc etiam Camenalibus modis imbuebatur’.

[262] Cf. Fauriel, _Hist. de la Gaule_, i. 407: ‘Dans ce siècle (5ᵉ) comme aux précédents, les Gallo-Romains cultivèrent toutes les branches du savoir et du génie romains.’

[263] Mayor, _Latin Heptateuch_, p. liv.

[264] Cf. Jerome, _Ep._ 83.

[265] _Ep._ ii. 8. 2; ii. 10. 3; iii. 12. 5, &c.

[266] _Ep._ iv. 8. 4.

[267] _Ep._ ii. 10. 5.

[268] _The Monks of the West_, v. 105. He quotes Mabillon, _Traité_, i. 13, 14.

[269] Ibid., p. 108. Montalembert adds Arabic, but this would be an anachronism for our period. He quotes Bede, _Hist. Eccl._ iv. 2 (sixth cent., but true of our period also) ‘Litteris sacris simul et saecularibus abundanter ambo erant instructi ... ita ut etiam metricae artis astronomiae et arithmeticae ecclesiasticae disciplinam inter sacrorum apicum (_writings_) volumina suis auditoribus contraderent.’

[270] _Ep._ 120 and 121.

[271] _Ep._ 107.

[272] _Reg. ad Monachos_, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1100, rule xiv.

[273] e.g. Augustine on Pelagianism, and Pomerius on the nature of the soul. Kaufmann, _Rhetoren und Kloster-Schulen_, p. 56.

[274] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ l. 773.

[275] Cf. Salonius’s exposition of the Proverbs to Veranius, and the letters of Jerome.

[276] Cf. _Life of Martin_, 1.

[277] Cf. Sulpic. Sever. _Dial._ i. 23.

[278] Cf. Meyer, _Die Legende des heiligen Albanus_, p. 5, on the hagiographical literature of the early Church: ‘Die glänzenden Gedanken und die glänzende Darstellung der Cecilialegende entspricht der feinen Kultur Roms im 5. Jahrhundert.’

[279] _C. I. L._ xii. 1921 (_grammati_ probably = γραμματεῖ).

[280] _C. I. L._ xii. 2039.

[281] Boissieu, _Inscrip. de Lyon_, p. 548.

[282] _Ep._ v. 17.

[283] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxvii. 687.

[284] ‘Sed dum cogito me hominem Gallum inter Aquitanos verba facturum, vereor ne offendat vestras nimium urbanas aures sermo rusticior’, _Dial._ i. 27.

[285] _De Gub. Dei_, vii. 8 ‘Aquitanos ... medullam fere omnium Galliarum’.

[286] _Ep._ ix. 44 (ed. Seeck).

[287] _Prof._ xx.

[288] _Ep._ xi (Iculisma).

[289] _Prof._ x.

[290] _Epigr._ x.

[291] _Parent._ iii.

[292] Cf. Jullian, _Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement_, pp. 24 ff.

[293] Strabo, iv. 190.

[294] Jung, _Roman. Landschaften_, p. 231.

[295] Jullian, _Hist. de Bordeaux_, p. 42.

[296] _Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement_, 1893, pp. 25 ff.

[297] Cf. Jung, _De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata_, p. 5.

[298] _Prof._ xxv. 8.

[299] _Praef._ 2.

[300] Lavisse, _Hist. de France_, I. ii. 395.

[301] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 5. Cf. 20 ‘antiqua litterarum sede’.

[302] Cf. Lavisse, _Hist. de France_, _loc. cit._

[303] _Mosella_, 383.

[304] _Misopogon_, 342, ed. Hertlein: ἡ Κελτῶν ... ἀγροικία.

[305] _Mis._ 348 C, and compare 349 D.

[306] ὥσπερ τις κυνηγέτης ἀγρίοις ὁμιλῶν καὶ συμπλεκόμενος θηρίοις, ibid. 359 Β.

[307] Ibid. 350 D.

[308] _Epigr._ ix. 32.

[309] Mart. _Epigr._ v. 1. 10 ‘et tumidus Galla credulitate fruar’. Strabo, iv. 4. 2, speaks of the race as ἁπλοῦν (_ingenio simplici_).

[310] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxvi. 355.

[311] Jullian, _Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement_, 1893.

[312] _Orat._ iii. 124.

[313] _B. G._ vii. 22.

[314] Diodor. v. 31.

[315] _Stromatum_ lib. i; Migne, _Pat. Graeca_, viii. 776, 777.

[316] _Pan. de Quarto Consul. Honor._ 392 ‘animosa tuas ut Galli a leges audiat’.

[317] _Bell. Gall._ iv. 5. Cf. vii. 42.

[318] _Epigr._ viii ff.

[319] _Prof._ x.

[320] Jung, _De Scholis Roman._, p. 15.

[321] Cf. Tac. _Agric._ 11; Strabo, iv. 4. 2.

[322] Liban. _Orat._, ed. Reiske, iii. 255 ff., and cf. _Or._ 32 πρὸς τὰς παιδαγωγοῦ βλασφημίας.

[323]

Et te de genetrice vagientem
tinxerunt (_sc._ Musae) vitrei vado Hippocrenes,
tunc hac mersus aqua loquacis undae
pro fluctu mage litteras bibisti.

_Carm._ xxiii. 206 (vitrei. He apparently regards ‘Hippocrene’ as masc. as in _Carm._ ix. 285).

[324] Ibid. 210-14.

[325] Ibid. 439.

[326] Ibid. 490.

[327] _Ep._ iv. 12. 1.

[328] Cf. verses 89 ff. and 121 ff.

[329]

Studiumque insigne parentum
permixtis semper docta exercere peritum
blanditiis, gnaramque apto moderamine curam
insinuare mihi morum instrumenta bonorum,
ingenioque rudi celerem conferre profectum.—(_Eucharisticon_, verse 60,
ed. Brandes.)

[330] _Euchar._ 65.

[331] Probably his early teaching was in the hands of a household slave. Cf. Rocafort, _Paulin de Pella_, p. 32.

[332] Rocafort, _Paulin de Pella_, xi, thinks the reference is merely to ‘locutions inusitées’. ἀκοινονόητα is read by Brandes, though ἀκοινώνητα, except for metrical difficulties, would seem better.

[333] Verse 66.

[334] _l.c._ 79.

[335] Not eighteen, as Rocafort says.

[336] _l.c._ 117.

[337] Gilbert Murray, _Religio Grammatici_, pp. 10 ff.

[338] _Protrepticon_, 45 ff.

[339] Cf. Quintilian’s emphasis on starting with Homer (_Inst._ x. 1. 46). He is the poet _par excellence_: ‘omnibus eloquentiae partibus exemplum et ortum dedit’. Not to be able to read him is a mark of utter ignorance. Cf. viii. 5. 9; xii. 11. 21.

[340] Ibid. 46, 47.

[341] Verses 56-60.

[342] _De Idol._ 10. Cf. Aug. _Confess._ i. 14. 23.

[343] He had read Vergil ‘unum omnium maxime veterum auctorum atque haud scio an unicum’. Brandes, _Corp. Scriptt. Lat. Eccl. Paul. Pell._, p. 279.

[344] _Ep._ i. 9. 8; ii. 2. 2; iii. 13. 1; iv. 12. 1; _Carm._ xxiii. 147; xiii. 36.

[345] _Ep._ i. 11. 1; _Carm._ ix. 225; xxiii. 452.

[346] _Ep._ i. 9. 8; _Carm._ xxiii. 149.

[347] _Ep._ iv. 12. 1; _Carm._ ix. 213; xxiii. 130.

[348] _Protrep._ 61 ff.

[349] _Prof._ xxvi.

[350] Rocafort, _De Paul. Pell. Vita et Carmine,_ 33.

[351] _Prof._ xxvi, Platonicum Dogma.

[352] The traditional Roman order is here assumed. The relation of (1) and (2) in Gaul will be discussed later.

[353] _Prof._ i. 2.

[354] _Mosella_, 403.

[355] Ep. 125 (Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 1079) ‘post Quintiliani acumina’.

[356] ‘Num quid fas est adversus Quintilianum nisi pro veritate dicere?’ _Dictio_, xxi.

[357] _Carm._ ix. 314. Cf. _Carm._ ii. 191; _Ep._ v. 10. 3.

[358] _Ep._ 70 (Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 668).

[359] _Instit._ i. 1. 27.

[360] Cf. Seneca, _Ep._ 94. 54.

[361] Mart. iv. 86. 11.

[362] Juv. x. 117.

[363]

Afranio clari lib. Graphico
doctori. librario. lusori
latrunculorum etc.—_C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 444.

[364] _Das Privatleben der Römer_, p. 151.

[365] Cf. Blümner, _Röm. Privatalterthümer_, 321. He quotes Bücheler, _Carm. Epigr._ 219

Puer ... iam doctus in compendio
tot litterarum et nominum
notare currente stilo
quot lingua dicens diceret.

[366] _Ephem._ 7 ‘puer, notarum praepetum sollers minister’.

[367] Sid. _Ep._ v. 17. 10.

[368] _Instit._ i. 1. 24.

[369] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xc. 686. He does not set out to write specially for dumb people, as one might think from the title, but ‘ut cum maximam computandi facilitatem dederimus tum paratiore legentium ingenio ad investigandam ... computando seriem temporum veniamus’, Praef. Cf. Macrob. vii. 13. 10, and Quintil. _Inst._ i. 10. 35. Pliny (_N. H._ xxxiv. 7) tells of a statue of Janus ‘digitis ita figuratis ut CCCLXV dierum nota per significationem anni, temporis et aevi esse deum indicent’.

[370] Auson. _Prof._ xxii.

[371] Cf. e.g. Diocletian’s Edict, A.D. 301 (Mommsen, _Berichte der_ ... _Sächs. Gesellschaft_, iii. 56).

[372] Cf. Macrob. i. 24. 5 ‘videris enim mihi (says Symmachus to Evangelus, whom he accuses of shallowness in a Vergilian discussion) ita adhuc Vergilianos habere versus, qualiter eos pueri magistris praelegentibus canebamus’; and Suet. _Gram._ 16.

[373] Cf. Quintil. i. 8. 1.

[374] Rutherford, _History of Annotation_, p. 12, quoted Murray, _Religio Grammatici_, p. 16.

[375] Ibid.

[376]

Tu flexu et acumine vocis
innumeros numeros doctis accentibus effer
adfectusque impone legens. Distinctio sensum
auget, et ignavis dant intervalla vigorem.’—_Protrep._ 47 ff.

[377] Quint. i. 8. 13; Aug. _Confess._ i. 14. 23.

[378] Hor. _Ep._ ii. 1. 71.

[379] Ozanam, _Hist. of Civilization in Fifth Century_, i. 202.

[380] Walde, _Lat. etymol. Wörterb._, 1910, derives it from _tendo_.

[381] Cf. Murray, _Religio Grammatici_, pp. 16 ff., for Dionysius’s six departments of Grammatikê.

[382] _Aen._ i. 45.

[383] Aul. Gell. xiii. 21. 10-11, 16.

[384] _Aen._ x. 18.

[385] _Aen._ i.

[386] Cf. Keil, _Gram. Lat._ iv, Praef. xxxvi.

[387] _Hier. Chron._, _An._ 358; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxvii. 687.

[388] Keil, _Grammatici Latini_, iv. 353 ff. Cf. Quintil. i. 8. 14.

[389] Ozanam, _op. cit._, i. 203.

[390] _Ep._ v. 16. 3. He may be the same as the Argicius or Agricius of Auson. _Prof._ xvi. 6.

[391] Keil, _Gram. Lat._, Supplement, p. 187.

[392] Keil, _op. cit._, vii. 376 ff. Krumbacher speaks of its text as ‘durch den Schulgebrauch jedenfalls vielfach abgeschliffen’, _Rhein. Mus._ xxxix, p. 352.

[393] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxiii. 952 ‘Legamus Varronis de Antiquitatibus libros et Si(se)nnii Capitonis ... caeterosque eruditissimos viros’. Capito was probably a junior contemporary of Varro. See Hertz, _Sinnius Capito_, pp. 6-13.

[394] Funaioli, _Gram. Rom. Frag._ (1907), p. 457. Cf. Gell. v. 21. 6.

[395] Funaioli, _op. cit._, p. 461.

[396] _Op. cit._, p. 459; Keil, _Gram. Lat._ v. 110.

[397] Funaioli, _op. cit._

[398] _Op. cit._ 462 ‘Hoc versu Lucili significari ait Sinnius Capito’, &c.

[399] _Op. cit._ 464.

[400] _Op. cit._ 460.

[401] _Op. cit._ 465.

[402] _Op. cit._ 462.

[403] See Teuffel-Schwabe, transl. Warr, pp. 538 ff.

[404] Cf. Keil, _Gram. Lat._ vii. 49, 51, 80, 266.

[405] _Gram._ 19.

[406] _Privatalterthümer_, p. 328.

[407] _Grundriss der röm. Litt._, p. 721.

[408] _De Re Rustica_, i. 2. 1.

[409] ‘Cogor et e tabula pictos ediscere mundos’, v. 3. 37.

[410] _Nat. Hist._ ii. 75.

[411] Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Paris._ i. 19.

[412] So Agrippa made a map of the world (Plin. _N. H._ iii. 2) which was put up in the Porticus Vipsania ‘tempore Augusti’, and it is thought that he wrote geographical commentaries which became the basis of Pliny’s remarks on the subject. See Cantor, _Die röm. Agrimensoren_, p. 84.

[413] ‘Videat praeterea in illis porticibus iuventus et cotidie spectet omnes terras et cuncta maria et quidquid invictissimi principes urbium, gentium, nationum, aut restituunt aut virtute devincunt aut terrore devinciunt’, _Pan. Lat._ xi. 20.

[414] Cf. Seneca, _Ep._ i. 6.

[415] _Pan. Lat._ xi. 20. Cf. 21 ‘Orbem spectare depictum’.

[416] Ch. 2.

[417] _Voyage dans le Midi de la France_, i. 340.

[418] _Parent._ iv. 17.

[419] Sid. _Ep._ iv. 3. 5.

[420] _Carm._ xxii, Intro.

[421] ‘Cuius collegio vir praefectus non modo musicos quosque, verum etiam geometras arithmeticos et astrologos disserendi arte supervenit, si quidem nullum hoc exactius compertum habere censuerim quid sidera zodiaci obliqua, quid planetarum vaga ... praevaleant’, _Carm._ xxii, Intro.

[422] Quintil. i. 4. 4 ‘nec si rationem siderum ignoret poetas intelligat’.

[423] Jullian, _Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement_, 1893, p. 43.

[424] Cf. Auson. _Prof._ xxvi ‘poeticus stylus’, and the productions of the _Panegyrici Latini_. The _Grammatici Latini_, on the other hand, amply illustrate the prosiness of the grammarian.

[425] Cf. Denk, _Gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesen_, p. 133.

[426] _Confess._ i. 17.

[427] _Dictiones_, xxviii.

[428] Ibid. xxvi.

[429] Ennodius, _Dict._ xx.

[430] ‘Titianus et Calvus ... qui themata omnia de Vergilio elicuerunt et deformarunt ad dicendi usum, in exemplo controversiarum has duas posuerunt adlocutiones, dicentes Venerem agere statu absolutivo, cum dicit Iunoni “causa fuisti periculorum his quibus Italiam fata concesserant”; Iunonem vero niti statu relativo, per quem ostendit Troianos non sua causa laborare sed Veneris’, _Verg._ x. 18.

[431] _Artis Rhetoricae_ lib. iii.

[432] _Institutiones Oratoriae._

[433] ‘Contuli in ordinem ea quae fere de oratoria arte traduntur, secundum institutum magistrorum meorum ... ita tamen ut ex arbitrio meo aliqua praeterirem, pleraque ordine immutato referrem, non nulla ex aliis quae necessaria videbantur insererem’, Pref. (Teuffel-Schwabe, ii, § 427. 6).

[434] Cf. the _Suasoriae_ with the _Dictiones_ of Ennodius.

[435] e.g. Liban. _Ep._ 1313, ed. Reiske.

[436] Philostrat. _Via Soph._, p. 8, ed. Kayser.

[437] Seeck’s ed. of the _Letters_, p. 309.

[438] I owe the suggestion that the _Rhetores Graeci_ might serve as illustrations of the rhetorical methods of the time to Prof. J. A. Smith of Magdalen.

[439] Quintil. i. 9.

[440] Blümner, _Privatalterthümer_, 327.

[441] Quintil. i. 10. 1.

[442] Theon. _Prog._ i. Cf. Quintil, i. 9 ‘Adiciamus eorum (i.e. Grammaticorum) curae quaedam dicendi primordia, quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant’.

[443] _Ep._ 985.

[444] _De Theone Hermogene Aphthonioque Progymnasmatum Scriptoribus_, p. 14.

[445] Ibid., p. 34.

[446] Ibid., p. 24.

[447] Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Aphthonius.

[448] _Rhetores Graeci_, vol. ii, ed. Spengel.

[449] _Instit._ ii. 4.

[450] Strange. Perhaps the meaning is bright like flowers, brilliant, pointed. But more likely, as Prof. Murray has pointed out to me, the author is thinking of embroidery. The boy’s composition must be rich like a gold-embroidered cloth, but also compact like a pattern.

[451] Conringius, _De Antiquis Academiis_, i. 17; Gothofredus, _Ad Rescriptum Gratiani Anni_ 376; Ritter, _Ad Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 11.

[452] _Scriptt. Hist. Aug._ iii, ch. 11, ed. Peter.

[453] _Euchar._ 67.

[454] _Prof._ xxvi.

[455] _Prof._ xv.

[456]

Hinc etiam placidis schola consona disciplinis
dogmaticas agitat placido certamine lites,
hinc omnis certat dialectica turba sophorum.—_Eclog._ iv. 15.

[457] _Ep._ ix. 9. 15.

[458] _Carm._ xv. 41.—Cf. ii. 156 ff.

[459] _Ep._ iv. 1. 2.

[460] ‘Voluptuosissimum reputans si forte oborta quarumpiam quaestionum insolubilitate labyrinthica scientiae suae thesauri eventilarentur’, _Ep._ iv. 11.

[461] _Ep._ iv. 9. 1. Cf. iii. 6. 2 ‘Vos consectanei vestri Plotini dogmatibus inhaerentes ad profundum intempestivae quietis otium Platonicorum palaestra rapuisset’. _Carm._ xiv, Intro. ‘tibi et complatonicis tuis nota sunt’.

[462] _Ep._ ix. 9. 13.

[463] _Hist. de la France mérid._ i. 410.

[464] _Carm._ xiv, Intro.

[465] E. W. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers_, p. iv (Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers).

[466] Ibid.

[467] Tac. _Agr._ 4.

[468] Puech, _De Paulini Nolani Ausoniique Epistolarum Commercio_.

[469] _Eclog._ ii.

[470] e.g. _Prof._ xxiii. 13 ‘sensus si manibus ullus’; xxvi. 7 ‘si qua functis cura viventum placet’.

[471] _Carm._ xiv, Intro., ‘Igitur, quoniam tui amoris studio inductus, _homo Gallus_ scholae sophisticae intromisi materiam, vel te potissimum facti mei deprecatorem requiro’.

[472] ‘Lecturus es hic etiam novum verbum id est, essentiam; sed scias hoc ipsum dixisse Ciceronem’, Ibid.

[473] Jung, _De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata_, Paris, 1855, pp. 8 ff.

[474] _Sat._ vii. 147 and xv. 111.

[475] _Toxaris_, 24.

[476] _Prof._ xxvi.

[477]

Exesas tineis opicasque evolvere chartas
maior quam promptis cura tibi in studiis.—_Prof._ xxii.

[478] _Hist. de la Gaule_, i. 407. Of the state of Roman law in the fifth century and its relation to Christianity, Ozanam gives a fine but biased account, _History of Civilization in the Fifth Century_, i. 152 ff.

[479]

Quo bis sex tabulas docente iuris
ultro Claudius Appius lateret
claro obscurior in decemviratu.—_Carm._ xxiii. 447.

[480] Ibid. 465.

[481] Sidon. _Ep._ ii. 5; v. 1; viii. 1.

[482] _Ep._ viii. 69. Cf. v. 14 ‘Lectissimorum iuvenum Titiani atque Helpidi praeceptor adseruit ... esse in illis scientiam iuris idoneam nimis in omnes usus iudiciarii et forensis officii’.

[483] _Ep._ i. 6. 2.

[484] _De Reditu_, i. 77.

[485] Cf. _De Reditu_, ii. 55, 59 ‘Hic (Stilicho) immortalem, mortalem perculit ille (Nero)’.

[486] _De Reditu_, i. 134 ‘Solaque fatales non vereare colos’.

[487] Cf. i. 157 ‘Regerem cum iura Quirini’.

[488] _De Reditu_, i. 209. Cf. Aug. _Confess._ vi. 8 ‘Romam praecesserat ut ius disceret’.

[489] ‘Atque ut in eum perfectio literarum plena conflueret, post auditoria Gallicana intra urbem Romam iuris scientiam plenitudini perfectionis adiecit’, _Vita S. Germani_, _Bolland_, July, vii, p. 202. Cf. Cassiodor. _Var._ x. 7.

[490] Cf. Ritter, _Comment. on Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 1.

[491] His name is generally given as Mamertinus. He was probably a Gaul like the other panegyrists, for Gaul was the usual residence of Maximian at the time. § 9 shows that the orator is speaking in a northern province.

[492] _Pan. Lat._ xi. 9.

[493] _De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata_, p. 8.

[494] Cf. Fauriel, _op. cit._, i. 407.

[495] ‘Summa itaque ope et alacri studio has leges nostras accipite et vosmet ipsos sic eruditos ostendite ut spes vos pulcherrima foveat, toto legitimo opere perfecto, posse etiam nostram rempublicam in partibus eius vobis credendis gubernare’, _Proem. Iustin. Instit._, ed. Krueger, vol. i. Cf. _Inst._ ii. 7. 20 ff. Imperial titles reserved for advocates when they cease to practise, &c. For an account of the teaching of law see Modderman, _Handboek voor het Romeinsch Recht_ (3rd ed.), i. 42, 60.

[496] Bury-Gibbon, ii. 172.

[497] _Antecessor_, used in late Latin in the sense of ‘teacher’. Cf. Tertull. _Adv. Marcionem_, i. 20 ‘ab illo certe Paulo qui ... tunc primum cum antecessoribus apostolis conferebat’ (_Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._ xlvii, p. 315).

[498] Cf. Aul. Gell. _N. A._ xiii. 10.

[499] Justin. _Digest._ I. ii.

[500] Justinian, _Corpus Iuris Civilis_, vol. ii, ed. Krueger, ii. 7. 11.

[501] _Corp. Iur. Civ._, _l.c._, 23 ff.

[502] xxx. 4. 8 ff.

[503] Ibid.

[504] _Ep._ ii. 1. 2.

[505] _Ep._ vi. 3.

[506] _Gesch. des gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesens_, p. 78.

[507] The Schola Medicorum on the Esquiline (_C. I. L._ vi. 5. 978) is rejected by Reinach, _Dict. des Antiquités_, s.v. Medicus.

[508] _Prof._ xxvi.

[509] ‘Crinas quidam, Nerone Claudio imperatore, primus, ut creditur, medicinae scientiam atque usum in schola Massiliensi provexit: et ita in eo studio profecit ut si cum aliis eiusdem artis professoribus conferatur longe omnes superasse videatur’, Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Parisiensis_, i. 19. See also Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxix. 1. 5, where he also mentions Charmis, another Massilian. Cf. Galen, viii. 727, xiii. 855, for the Massilian oculist Demosthenes.

[510] Galen, vol. xiv, p. 177 (ed. Kühn), περὶ ἀντιδότων. Cf. περὶ συνθέσεως φαρμάκων, vol. xiii, p. 71.

[511] ‘Nec solum veteres medicinae artis auctores ... cui rei operam uterque Plinius et Apuleius ... aliique non nulli, etiam proximo tempore illustres nonoribus viri, cives ac maiores nostri Siburius, Eutropius atque Ausonius commodarunt, lectione scrutatus sum ...’, Marcellus, _De Medicamentis_, ed. Helmreich. For the power which these doctors had at the imperial court v. _Hist. litt. de la France_, ii. 49.

[512] Cf. Galen, vol. xiv, p. 459 (ed. Kühn).

[513] See Geyer on ‘Traces of Gallic Latin in Marcellus’, _Archiv für lat. Lexicographie_, viii. 4, p. 419.

[514] _Hist. litt. de la France_, ii. 52.

[515] _Parent._ vi.

[516] Daremberg-Saglio, s.v. Medicus.

[517] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 3.

[518] See p. 87, _supra_, n. 3.

[519] _Nat. Hist._ xxix. 1. 8.

[520] _Ep. ad Traian._ v, ed. Kukula.

[521] Ael. Spart. _Vita Hadr._ 25.

[522] ‘Medicinae autem ... ita studia augentur in dies ut, licet opus ipsum refellat, pro omni tamen experimento sufficiat medico ad commendandam artis auctoritatem, si Alexandriae se dixerit eruditum’, Ammian. xxii. 16. 18.

[523] Quoted Denk, _op. cit._, p. 139.

[524] Cf. Martial, v. 9, to the doctor after treatment: ‘non habui febrem, Symmache, nunc habeo’.

[525] Cantor, _Die röm. Agrimensoren_, p. 139.

[526] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 26. 1 (A.D. 330); ii. 26. 4 (A.D. 385).

[527] _Cod. Theod._ vi. 34 (A.D. 405).

[528] Mommsen, in _Die Schriften der röm. Feldmesser_, ii. 174.

[529] Ibid. i. 50. So Aggenus Urbicus, who probably lived in the fourth century.

[530] Ibid. i. 29. Gaul is frequently mentioned in the writings of these _agrimensores_, e.g. i. 29, 136, 307, 353, 368, &c.

[531] _Ecl._ x. Cf. another version, _Ecl._ xi.

[532] _Ecl._ xiii.

[533] _Ecl._ xiv.

[534] _Ecl._ xv.

[535] _Ecl._ xix.

[536] _Ecl._ xx, xxi.

[537] _Ecl._ xxv.

[538] _Ecl._ ii. 184 (ed. Peiper).

[539] _Ecl._ iii, ibid.

[540] _Ecl._ iv, ibid.

[541] _De Orat._ ii. 86.

[542] _Instit._ xi. 2. 1.

[543] _De Orat._ ii. 87.

[544] e.g. _Carm._ ix. 260 ff.

[545] Cf. Denk, _op. cit._, p. 134.

[546] _Protrep._, p. 261.

[547] _Instit._ xi. 2. 34.

[548] _Instit._ xi. 2. 21.

[549] _Instit._ xi. 2. 18 ff.

[550] _Prof._ i. 21-30.

[551] _Prof._ xvi. 13.

[552] Cf. Newman, _Idea of a University_, p. 127, ‘Memory is the first developed of the mental faculties’, and ff.

[553] _Ep._ 1119. Cf. _Orat._ iii, p. 436 (ed. Reiske). It is interesting to compare in this connexion Athenian school records of the classical period, in which there is no evidence that children were beaten, with the mime of Herondas, in which the flogging of a boy is elaborately described.

[554] _Confess._ i. 8 ff.

[555] Ch. 12.

[556] Cf. also _Confess._ i. 16, 17.

[557] Cf. _Mosella_, 85 ff.

[558]

Ergo notas scripto, tolerasti, Pergame, vultu,
et quas neglexit dextera, frons patitur.—_Epigr._ xxxvi, p. 325.

[559] _Protrep._ 5.

[560] _Protrep._ 9.

[561] This is the accepted reading, though the ‘o’ of Chiron should of course be long. There is a _varia lectio_ ‘Achillea Chiron’. Glover remarks that Ausonius was prone to metrical blunders.

[562] _Sat._ vii. 210 ‘metuens virgae iam grandis Achilles’.

[563]

Tu quoque ne metuas, quamvis schola verbere multo
increpet et truculenta senex gerat ora magister ...
... nec te clamor plagaeque sonantes
nec matutinis agitet formido sub horis.—_Protrep._ 24.

[564] _Protrep._ 33. The flogging tradition persisted in the schools of Europe more or less unaltered at least thirteen centuries after Ausonius.

[565] _Ep._ ii. 10, v. 5.

[566] _Ep._ iv. 1. 3.

[567] _Or._ i, p. 171 (Reiske).

[568] Aug. _Confess._ i. 17.

[569] Libanius complains of the conduct of his students, _Or._ i. 199. The lecture was often interrupted by cries, i. 63. Cf. _Ep._ 348 ἐγένετο θόρυβος καὶ κρότος.

[570] Sievers, _Das Leben des Libanios_, p. 36, quoting Greg. Naz. _Or._ xx.

[571] _Protrep._ 70.

[572] _Eucharisticon_, 55 ff.

[573] Auson. _Ep._ xxx. 30 ff.

[574] Ibid. 39. Cf. the rest of the poem.

[575] _Carm._ ix. 312.

[576] _Ep._ iii. 1. 1.

[577] See Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht im klass. Alterthum_, i. 28-163.

[578] _Confess._ i. 19.

[579] _Euchar._ 145.

[580] _Confess._ i. 9.

[581] _Saint Augustin_, transl., p. 39.

[582] Bertrand, _op. cit._, p. 42.

[583] _Confess_, i. 10.

[584] _Confess._ ii. 9.

[585] _Ep._ i. 2.

[586] _Ep._ ii. 9. 4.

[587] _Ep._ iii. 2. 3.

[588] _Euchar._ 122-34.

[589] _Ep._ i. 2. 5.

[590] viii. 6. 12.

[591] _Ep._ iii. 3. 2.

[592] _Ep._ ii. 2. 12; ii. 12. 1.

[593] _Carm._ xxi.

[594] _Ep._ ii. 2. 19.

[595] _Ep._ ii. 2. 15.

[596] _Ep._ ii. 9. 4.

[597] _Ep._ v. 17. 7.

[598] On the various forms of ball games, as far as they are known, see Grasberger, _op. cit._, i. 89-96.

[599] _C. I. L._ xii. 4501.

[600] Sid. _Ep._ i. 11. 10.

[601] ‘(Ex quorum usur)is omnibus annis ... (ludi) athletar(um) aut circen(ses ederen)tur’, _C. I. L._ xii. 670.

[602] _C. I. L._ xii. 1585.

[603] _C. I. L._ xii. 410.

[604] _Ep._ iv. 22.

[605] Cic. _Tusc._ iv. 33 (70).

[606] _Rep._ iv. 4. Cf. Plutarch, _Cato_, xx. 7.

[607] _Ep._ lxxxviii. 18 ‘luctatores et totam oleo ac luto constantem scientiam expello ex his studiis liberalibus’.

[608] _Instit._ i. 11. 15.

[609] Pliny, _Pan._ 13.

[610] _Gallo-fränk. ... Bildungswesen_, p. 93.

[611] _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 29.

[612] Ibid. p. 25. He says of Autun _before the Romans came_: ‘Ibi etiam nobiles adulescentes cum schola coniunctam palaestram habebant’.

[613] _Ann._ iii. 43.

[614] _Ep._ ii. 2. 6.

[615] _Ep._ viii. 7. 2.

[616] _Instit._ i. 11. 15 ff.

[617] _Ep._ i. 5. 10, i. 6. 2.

[618] _Gesch. der Erziehung_, i. 481.

[619] ‘Spectavit assidue exercentes ephebos, quorum aliqua adhuc copia ex vetere instituto Capreis erat’, Suet. _Aug._ 98.

[620] Cf. Cramer, _l.c._

[621] Eumen. _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 7. For a detailed discussion of the site see Bulaeus’s _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 33. Cf. Denk, _Gallo-fränk. Unterricht_, p. 91.

[622] Wissowa, _Röm. Mittheilungen_, v. 1890; i. p. 3.

[623] Eumen., _op. cit._, 21.

[624] Sen. _Ep._ i. 6.

[625] Blümner, _Röm. Privatalterthümer_, p. 320. Cf. Hettner, _Führer durch d. Provincialmuseum zu Trier_, p. 21.

[626] _Euchar._ 65 ff.

[627] _Ep._ v. 4.

[628] Jullian, _op. cit._, p. 30. Cf. _Cod. Theod._, _passim_.

[629] _Scriptt. Hist. Aug._ iv. 2.

[630] Prima creterra litteratoris rudimento excitat, secunda grammatici doctrina instruit, tertia rhetoris eloquentia armat. Hactenus a plerisque potatur’, _Florida_, 20 (ed. Helm).

[631] _Confess._ i. 13.

[632] verses 63 ff.

[633] _Prof._ x.

[634] Cf. _Prof._ x. 5-10.

[635] Cf. Glover, _Life and Letters in Fourth Century_, 106, who quotes Suet. _Gram._ 4; Gell. xvi. 6; Macrob. _Sat._ v. 19, 31.

[636] _Prof._ xxii. Cf. Cic. _ad Fam._ ix. 18 ‘Sella tibi erit in ludo tamquam hypodidascalo proxima’. Aug. _Confess._ viii. 6 ‘Nebridius autem amicitiae nostrae cesserat ut ... verecundo ... grammatico _subdoceret_’.

[637] _Prof._ xxii. 17.

[638] _Prof._ i.

[639] _Revue intern. de l’Enseignement_, 1893, pp. 31 ff.

[640] _Euchar._ 72.

[641] _Protrep._, _l.c._, ‘lactantibus annis’.

[642] _Euchar._ 121.

[643] MSS. have _invitus_, _impurius_. Cole (_Later Roman Education_, 1909) conjectures _imperitus_, which certainly gives much better sense.

[644] _Cod. Theod._, ed. Mommsen and Meyer, xiv. 9. 1.

[645] Ritter, _ad Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 1.

[646] _Prof._ xvii.

[647] ‘Grammaticus circa curam sermonis versatur, et, si latius evagari vult, circa historias, iam ut longissime fines suos proferat, circa carmina (i.e. metrical studies: “Versuum lex ac modificatio”)’, Sen. _Ep._ xiii. 3. 3.

[648]

Quot commissa viris Romana Albanaque fata,
quotque doces horis quotque domi resides.—_Ep._ xviii. 9. 10.

[649] ‘Jeder trieb was er wollte, wie er wollte, in vielen oder wenigen Stunden’, _op. cit._, p. 122.

[650] Sievers, _Libanios_, p. 23.

[651] ‘Antemeridianas horas discipuli occupant’, _Confess._ vi. 11.

[652] _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 1.

[653] Sidon. _Ep._ ii. 2.

[654] _Confess._ i. 16.

[655] Liban. _Ep._ 304.

[656] _Ep._ iv. 11. 1.

[657] _Protrep._ 1 ff.

[658] _Ep._ ii. 2.

[659] _Eclog._ xxiv.

[660] _De Spectac._ 7.

[661] Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 41 ff.

[662] Sid. _Ep._ viii. 6. 5.

[663] _Ep._ v. 17. 6.

[664] Daremberg-Saglio, s.v. Feriae.

[665] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 8. 1.

[666] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 8. 18.

[667] ‘Illos tantum manere feriarum dies fas erit quos geminis mensibus ad requiem laboris indulgentior annus accepit, aestivis fervoribus mitigandis aut autumnis fetibus decerpendis. Kalendarum quoque Ianuariarum consuetos dies otio mancipamus. His adicimus natalicios dies urbium maximarum Romae atque Constantinopolis....’, _Cod. Theod._ ii. 8. 19.

[668] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 18. 20. Cf. _Cod. Theod._ ii. 8. 23, 25 (A.D. 409).

[669] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 2. 21; ii. 18. 19.

[670] Cf. the Christian Calendar 448, _C. I. L._ i, p. 335. Dedicated by Polemius Silvius to Eucherius. It shows nineteen pagan festivals.

[671] Cf. Aug. _Confess._ vi. 2. Monnica still practises pagan rites.

[672] Cf. the marks ‘N’ (_nefastus_), ‘NP’ (= N. F. P., _Nefas, feriae publicae_), put opposite the festival days in the calendar.

[673] Aug. _Confess._ ix. 2. Jullian includes the Vindemia in his calendar for the fourth century. Gothofredus (_ad Cod. Theod._ ii. 8. 18) notes that these holidays were movable. ‘Statae hae feriae non fuerunt verum ex consuetudine cuiusque loci praesides provinciarum has ferias statuebant.’

[674] Martial, x. 62.

[675] Liban. _Or._ i. 199; _Ep._ 382.

[676] Liban. _Ep._ 394; Sievers, _op. cit._, pp. 26 ff.

[677] Liban. _Or._ ii. 277. It was regarded as part of the boy’s education to learn how to behave at funerals.

[678] Liban. _Or._ ii. 271.

[679] Sidon. _Ep._ i. 5. 10.

[680] _Ep._ i. 9. 1.

[681] Aul. Gell. _N. A._ i. 9. 12. Bulaeus’s reference to a law of Charondas in this connexion rests on a false interpretation of Diodor. xii. 13.

[682] _Rhetor._ 6.

[683] ‘Nullius boni sine socio iucunda possessio est ... plus ... tibi et viva vox et convictus quam oratio proderit.... Zenonem Cleanthes non expressisset si tantummodo audisset: vitae eius interfuit, secreta perspexit, observavit illum, an ex formula sua viveret’, _Ep._ i. 6. 4.

[684] Gell. _N. A._ iii. 19.

[685] ‘Sicuti nuperrime aput mensam cum legerentur utraque simul Bucolica Theocriti et Vergilii, animadvertimus reliquisse Vergilium quod Graecum quidem mire quam suave est, verti autem neque debuit neque potuit’, Gell. _ib._ ix. 9.

[686] Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 77.

[687] Suet. _Gram._ 17.

[688] _Epigr._ v. 56.

[689] Strabo, iv. 181. Cf. Jung, _De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata_, p. 20.

[690] ‘Oratoribus viginti quattuor annonarum e fisco emolumenta donentur, grammaticis Latino vel Graeco duodecim annonarum, deductior paulo numerus ex more, praestetur, ut singulis urbibus quae metropoles nuncupantur nobilium professorum electio celebretur, nec vero iudicamus liberum ut sit cuique civitati suos doctores et magistros placito sibi iuvare compendio’, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 11.

[691] Annona, a day’s ration, ἡμερήσιον. A common way of reckoning salaries. Cf. Ammian. xxii. 4 ‘Tonsor quidam interrogans quid haberet in arte compendii, vicenas diurnas respondit annonas’.

[692] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 5.

[693] These are treated together here because they always appear together in the Theodosian Code.

[694] _Ep._ i. 79, v. 35 (Seeck) ‘Romanae iuventutis magistris subsidia detracta’, Cassiodor. _Var._ ix. 21.

[695] _Op. cit._, p. 122.

[696] Cf. Cassiodor. _Var._ ix. 21 ‘Cognovimus ... aliquorum nundinatione fieri ut scholarum magistris deputata summa videatur imminui’.

[697] _Prof._ xviii.

[698] _Prof._ xix.

[699] _Prof._ xvii.

[700] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 11.

[701] _Prof._ xvii. 7.

[702] Cf. the Strenae to Ursulus, _supra_.

[703] iii. 2. 18. Referred to by Bulaeus, _op. cit._, i. 72.

[704] vii. 165.

[705] _Op. cit._, i. 72.

[706] _Prof._ xvii:

Pueros grandi mercede docendi
formasti rhetor.

[707] Liban. _Or._ ii, p. 279.

[708] Ibid. i. 199; Sievers, _Liban._, p. 26.

[709] _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 3.

[710] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 11.

[711] ‘Dagegen findet man nirgends eine Spur von einem Schuldirektor unter dessen Leitung die Lehrer ein bestimmtes Ziel in gemeinsamer Arbeit verfolgt hätten’, _op. cit._, p. 122.

[712] Caesar, _B. G._ vi. 13 ‘His autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus’.

[713] _Op. cit._, p. 43.

[714] _Prof._ x. 11.

[715] _Prof._ viii. 10.

[716] _Parent._ iii. 9, 10. Cf. verse 19 ‘postquam _primis_ placui tibi traditus _annis_’.

[717] _Parent._ iii. 15; _Prof._ xvi. 15, 17.

[718] _Prof._ i. 11, 25, 38.

[719] _Prof._ iii. 1.

[720] _Prof._ ii. 28 ‘amoris hoc crimen tui est’.

[721] _Prof._ v. 3.

[722] _Prof._ xx. 5.

[723] Except his tutor Arborius.

[724] _Prof._ vii-xiii, xviii, xxi, xxii, xxiv.

[725] _Prof._ xv.

[726] _Prof._ x. 51 ‘gloriolam exilem ... perdidit in senio’.

[727] _Op. cit._

[728] Cf. _Prof._ xxiv. 6 ‘meque dehinc facto rhetore,’ etc.

[729] _Op. cit._, p. 122.

[730] Trans. Hazlitt, i. 291.

[731] _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 30.

[732] As the _Notitia Imperii Romani_ shows.

[733] _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 48.

[734] _Prof._ i.

[735] For instances see _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 396.

[736] Guizot, _op. cit._, i. 301 ff. Cf. Denk, _op. cit._, p. 164.

[737] Cf. the frequent flight of curiales, and the laws in the _Cod. Theod._ about it. Also the harsh personal restrictions. A curial could not sell slaves or land except by permission of the governor of the province, _Cod. Theod._ xii. 3. 1. He could not bequeath his fortune to a man in another curia except by payment of a heavy duty to his original curia, _Cod. Theod._ xii. 1. 107. Emperors condemn miscreants, e.g. men who have rendered themselves unfit for military service by chopping off their thumbs, to enrolment in a curia, _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 555.

[738] _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 547; cf. p. 51, ‘Egress from inherited membership was inhibited by the Government except in rare instances’.

[739] _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 70.

[740] Cf. the description of Seronatus who descends on the pale country folk ‘ceu draco e specu’, Sidon. _Ep._ v. 13. Even the rich have officials and taxes on the brain. At the feast of St. Just it is specially mentioned as a blessing (_beatissimum_) that there was no talk ‘de potestatibus aut de tributis’, Sid. _Ep._ v. 17. 5.

[741] _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 51.

[742] _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 1.

[743] Guizot, _op. cit._, i. 315. Cf. Vinogradoff in _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 567.

[744] ‘Singulis quibusque dignitatibus certum locum meritumque praescribsit (_sic_). Si quis igitur indebitum sibi locum usurpaverit, nulla se ignoratione defendat, sitque plane sacrilegii reus, qui divina praecepta neglexerit’, _Cod. Theod._ vi. 5. 2.

[745] _Leges Visigothorum_, ed. Zeumer, e.g. v. 4. 11, 7. 10, 7. 17.

[746] Jullian, _op. cit._, pp. 33 ff.

[747] ‘Toutes les classes se retrouvaient égales quand il s’agissait d’apprendre ou d’enseigner; les rangs se nivelaient à l’école’, ibid.

[748] Denk, _Gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesen_, p. 165.

[749] _Röm. Gesch._ i. 892.

[750] _Hist. de France_, i. 3. 391.

[751] Aus. _Ep._ xiv. 95.

[752] _Protrep._ 40.

[753] _l.c._ The students at Autun are ‘frequentia _honestissimae_ iuventutis’, _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 5.

[754] ‘Libertinae condicionis homines, numquam ad honores vel palatinam adspirare militiam permittemus’, _Cod. Theod._ iv. 10. 3.

[755] e.g. _Cod. Theod._ xii. 19. 3. The heads of the classes (_ordines_) are warned not to let fugitives from the ‘curiae’ or ‘collegia’ hang about.

[756] _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 1. 1.

[757] _Cod. Theod._ iv. 6. 3, A.D. 336. For an illustration of these marriage laws in practice see the instance in Sidon. _Ep._ v. 19. The most heinous offence, of course, was the marriage between a slave and his mistress, the penalty being death (_Cod. Theod._ ix. 9. 1). Cf. the marriage laws in the Southern States of America.

[758] Special privileges are given to those who remain thirty years without a break in one place. ‘Eum, qui curiae vel collegio vel burgis ceterisque corporibus per triginta annos sine interpellatione servierit res dominica (imperial) vel intentio privata non inquietabit ... sed in curia vel corpore in quo servierit remaneat’, Justin. xi. 66. 6. _Cod. Theod._ xii. 19. 2, to the prefect of the Gauls, A.D. 400. Cf. xii. 19. 3, also to the prefect of the Gauls. For the ‘coloni’ see _Cod. Theod._ v. 17 and 18.

[759] Vinogradoff in _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 553.

[760] _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 1 ‘his dumtaxat exceptis qui corporatorum sunt oneribus adiuncti’.

[761] ‘Si quis originarius intra hos triginta annos (i.e. within a period of thirty years before the passing of the law) de possessione discessit, sive per fugam labsus seu sponte seu sollicitatione transductus, ... eum, contradictione submota, loco cui natus est cum origine (family) iubemus sine dilatione restitui’, _Cod. Theod._ v. 18. 1.

[762] ‘Ipsos etiam colonos qui fugam meditantur, in servilem condicionem ferro ligari conveniet, ut officia quae liberis congruunt merito servilis condemnationis compellantur implere’, _Cod. Theod._ v. 17. 1.

[763] _Cod. Theod._ vi. 20.

[764] Sidon. _Ep._ v. 17 ‘Cum passim varia ordinum corpora dispergerentur’.

[765] _Pro Instaur. Scholis._ 15 (_ad fin._) and 16.

[766] _Ep._ i. 6. 4.

[767] Cf. the studious Hesperius, who, from his friends, must have been a nobleman, and is contrasted with the ‘turba imperitorum’, _Ep._ ii. 10. 6.

[768] ‘Plebeiam numeros docere pulpam’, _Ep._ xiv. 95. Cf. Introd. of Griphus dedicated to Symmachus. The author omits all antiquarian treatment of his subject ‘et quidquid profanum vulgus ignorat’.

[769] _Ep._ viii. 2. 2.

[770] _Op. cit._, p. 48.

[771] Cf. the instance of the workman at Silchester who scratched the word ‘satis’ on his work at the end of the day. ‘Casual scratchings on tiles or pots, which can often be assigned to the lower classes, prove that Latin was both read and spoken easily in Silchester and Caerwent’ (fourth century). Haverfield, _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 375.

[772] Large, but hardly disproportionate. In England to-day the number of elementary teachers compared with post-elementary is about ten to one.

[773] Cf. _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 3. Eight ‘rhetores’ and twenty ‘grammatici’. This, however, was at Constantinople. At Trèves the numbers were about equal, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 11.

[774] Sievers, _Liban._, p. 39.

[775] _Italorum Epigram._ xv.

[776] _Prof._ ii. 15.

[777]

Comis convivis, nunquam inclamare clientes,
ad famulos nunquam tristia verba loqui.—_Prof._ iii. 11.

[778] _Prof._ i. 31.

[779]

Nullo felle tibi mens livida, tum sale multo
lingua dicax blandis et sine lite iocis.—_Prof._ i. 31.

Patera is ‘Salibus modestus felle nullo perlitis’, _Prof._ iv. 19.

[780]

Facete comis animo iuvenali senex
cui felle nullo, melle multo mens madens.—_Prof._ xv. 1.

[781] _Prof._ vii.

[782] _Prof._ ix.

[783] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 14 ‘gratitatem morum’.

[784] _Prof._ xxi. 7 ‘creditus olim fervere mero’.

[785] p. 198 (ed. Peiper).

[786] _Ep._ vi.

[787] _Ep._ xvi.

[788] ‘Quem locupletavit coniunx Hispana latentem’, _Prof._ xxiii. 5.

[789] Ibid.

[790] _Prof._ vi. 35 ‘connubium nobile’.

[791] _Prof._ xiii.

[792] _Cod. Theod._ vi. 21. 1 ‘si laudabilem in se probis moribus vitam esse monstraverint, si docendi peritiam ... se habere patefecerint, hi quoque cum ad viginti annos observatione iugi ac sedulo docendi labore pervenerint, iisdem ... dignitatibus perfruantur’.

[793] _Prof._ ix:

Et te, quem cathedram temere usurpasse locuntur
nomen grammatici nec meruisse putant.

[794] _Prof._ vii. 9.

[795] _Prof._ x. 35 ff., 42 ff., ‘doctrina exiguus’, ‘tenuem ... grammaticum’.

[796] _Epigram._ vi.

[797] Ibid. viii ff.

[798] Ibid. vii.

[799] _De Scholis Romanis_, p. 16.

[800] Like Glabrio, _Prof._ xxiv; Alcimus, _Prof._ ii; Delphidius, &c.

[801] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 5.

[802] Cf. Jullian, _op. cit._, p. 36.

[803] _Pro Instaur. Scholis._ 14.

[804] Cf. Tac. _Agr._ 4.

[805] Suet. _Rhet._ 1.

[806] Cf. Lucius Apuleius, _Apologia_ iv ‘accusamus apud te philosophum formosum et tam graece quam latine—pro nefas—disertissimum’.

[807] Lampridius, _Life of Alex. Sever._ xliv. 4. Cf. _Scriptt. Hist. Aug._ i. 16. 8, on Hadrian’s patronage of professors.

[808] _Pan. Lat._ ix; _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 14.

[809] Ibid. 3.

[810] Ibid. 4 ff.

[811] Ibid. 18. 3 ‘ad conspectum Romanae lucis emersit’.

[812] Ibid. 19.

[813] ‘Per omnem dioecesim commissam magnificentiae tuae, frequentissimis in civitatibus, quae pollent et eminent claritudine, praeceptorum optimi quique erudiendae praesideant iuventuti: rhetores loquimur et grammaticos Atticae Romanaeque doctrinae’, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 11.

[814] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 6.

[815] _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 1.

[816] ‘Magistros studiorum doctoresque excellere oportet moribus primum, deinde facundia. Sed quia singulis civitatibus adesse ipse non possum, iubeo, quisque docere vult, non repente nec temere prosiliat ad hoc munus, sed iudicio ordinis probatus, decretum curialium mereatur, optimorum conspirante consensu. Hoc enim decretum ad me tractandum referetur, ut altiore quodam honore nostro iudicio studiis civitatum accedant’, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 5.

[817] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 6.

[818] Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 77.

[819] Suet. _Aug._ 46. Cf. _C. I. L._ x. 50, 56.

[820] Aurel. Victor, _Ep._ 12.

[821] _C. I. L._ ix. 1455; xi. 1147.

[822] Ael. Spart. _Hadrian_, § 7. Cf. Plin. _Pan._ 26-8; _Ep._ vii. 18.

[823] Pertinax could not pay all the ‘alimenta’ standing over from the reign of Commodus, _Scriptt. Hist. Aug. Pertin._ 9. 3.

[824] _Cod. Theod._ xi. 27. 1, A.D. 315.

[825] _Cod. Theod._ xi. 27. 2.

[826] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 6. 4. ‘divina illa mens Caesaris, quae tanto studio praeceptorem huic conventui iuventutis _elegit_’.

[827] Liban. _Or._ i. 54. 120.

[828] e.g. _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 5.

[829] ‘Litterarum quoque habuere dilectum, neque aliter quam si equestri turmae vel cohorti praetoriae consulendum foret, quem fortissimum praeficerent, sui arbitrii esse duxerunt ...’, _Pro Instaur. Scholis._ 5.

[830] _Pan. Lat._ vi. 23. Cf. Symmachus, _Ep._ i. 20 ‘Iter ad capessendos magistratus saepe litteris promovetur.’

[831] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 5. 4 ‘ne ... veluti repentino nubilo ... deprehensi incerta dicendi signa sequerentur’.

[832] _Prof._ xvii. 4.

[833] _Prof._ ii. 13.

[834] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 1.

[835] ‘Ne autem litteraturae, _quae omnium virtutum maxima est_, praemia denegentur, eum qui studiis et eloquio dignus primo loco videbitur honestiore faciet nostra provisio sublimitate’, _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 1. 1. Cf. Napoleon’s scheme of education for the service of the State.

[836] Heynius. _Opusc. Acad._ vi. 91.

[837]

‘Sive panegyricis placeat contendere libris,
in Panathenaicis tu memorandus erit.’—_Prof._ i. 13.

[838] _Pan. Lat._ vi. 23.

[839] _Ep._ ix. 16; _Carm._ viii. 8.

[840] _Ep._ i. 9. 8.

[841] ‘In ius etiam vocari vel pati iniuriam prohibemus, ita ut, si quis eos vexaverit, centum milia nummorum aerario inferat, a magistratibus vel quinquennalibus exactus, ne ipsi hanc poenam sustineant: servus eis si iniuriam fecerit, flagellis debeat a suo domino verberari ...’, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 1.

[842] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 3. Cf. xiii. 3. 7.

[843] ‘Grammaticos, oratores adque philosophiae praeceptores, nec non etiam medicos, praeter haec quae retro latarum sanctionum auctoritate consecuti sunt privilegia immunitatesque, frui hac praerogativa praecipimus, ut universi qui in sacro palatio inter archiatros militarunt cum comitiva primi ordinis vel secundi, nulla municipali, nulla curialium conlatione, nulla senatoria vel glebali describtione vexentur, ... sint ab omni functione omnibusque muneribus publicis immunes, nec eorum domus ubicumque positae militem seu iudicem suscipiant hospitandum. Quae omnia filiis etiam eorum et coniugibus inlibata praecipimus custodiri, ita ut nec ad militiam liberi memoratorum trahantur inviti. Haec autem et professoribus memoratis eorumque liberis deferenda mandamus’, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 16. Confirmed by xiii. 3. 18.

[844] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 18. Cf. _Pan. Lat._ iv. 38 ‘Omnia foris placida, domi prospera annonae ubertate ... exornatae mirandum in modum ac prope de integro conditae urbes’, &c., &c.

[845] _Pan. Lat._ v. 5 ff.

[846] Ibid. § 9.

[847] Ibid. § 11.

[848] xxviii. 1.

[849] ‘At Valentinianus, magna animo concipiens et utilia, Rhenum omnem a Rhaetiarum exordio ad usque fretalem Oceanum magnis molibus communiebat, castra extollens altius et castella turresque adsiduas per habiles locos et opportunos, qua Galliarum extenditur longitudo: nonnunquam etiam ultra flumen aedificiis positis subradens barbaros fines’, ibid. 2.

[850] Ὠιήθη δεῖν καὶ τῆς εἰς τὸ μελλον ἀσφαλείας τῶν Κελτικῶν ἐθνῶν ποιήσασθαι προνοίαν, iv. 12 (ed. Mendelssohn).

[851] Ibid. vi. 3.

[852] _Pan. Lat._ xi. 19. He was probably a Gaul, § 9. Maximian, to whom the speech was addressed, frequently stayed there.

[853] Cf. Pichon, _Études sur l’Hist. de la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules_, i. 123, ‘L’Empire romain ... souffre d’une hypertrophie de l’organe central’, and ‘la cour absorbe tout sans rien distribuer’.

[854] Cf. esp. Mamertinus, _Grat. Act. Iuliano_.

[855] _Grat. Act. Iuliano_, i. ‘non minus exitialibus quam pudendis praesidentum rapinis’.

[856] Pottier in Daremberg-Saglio, _Dictionnaire des Antiquités_, s.v. Education.

[857] ‘Universos, qui usurpantes sibi nomina magistrorum in publicis magistrationibus cellulisque collectos undecumque discipulos circumferre consuerunt, ab ostentatione vulgari praecipimus amoveri, ita ut, si qui eorum post emissos divinae sanctionis adfatus, quae prohibemus adque damnamus iterum forte temptaverit, non solum eius quam meretur infamiae notam subeat, verum etiam pellendum se ex ipsa ubi versatur inlicite urbe cognoscat. Illos vero, qui intra plurimorum domus eadem exercere privatim studia consuerunt, si ipsis tantum modo discipulis vacare maluerint, quos intra parietes domesticos docent, nulla huiusmodi interminatione prohibemus. Sin autem ex eorum numero fuerint, qui videntur intra Capitolii auditorium constituti, ii omnibus modis privatorum aedium studia sibi interdicta esse cognoscant, scituri quod, si adversum caelestia statuta facientes fuerint deprehensi, nihil penitus ex illis privilegiis consequentur, quae his, qui in Capitolio tantum docere praecepti sunt, merito deferuntur’, _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 9. 3.

[858] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 5.

[859] e.g. _Pan. Lat._ xii. 19, 20, 25, 26. Cf. the scene in heaven, vi. 7. Cf. _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 6. 2. ‘caelestia verba et divina sensa principum’, &c.

[860] _Pan. Lat._ ii, _ad fin._ Cf. xi. 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, &c.

[861]

Quem pluris faciunt novem sorores
quam cunctos alios, Marone dempto.—Dedication of the _Eclogues_.

[862] _Prof._ xiv.

[863] _Pan. Lat._ iv. 5.

[864]

Non habeo ingenium: Caesar sed iussit: habebo.
...
Non tutum renuisse deo.—_Praefat._ iv. 11.

[865] _Grat. Act._ iii.

[866]

Diligo Burdigalam, Romam colo....
... cunae hic, ibi sella curulis.—_Ordo urb. nob._ xx. 39.

[867] _Euchar._ 37.

[868] Ibid. 70, 145.

[869] Ibid. 424.

[870] Ibid. 44.

[871] ‘Reddatur unusquisque patriae suae, qui habitum philosophiae indebite et insolenter usurpare cognoscitur ... turpe enim est ut patriae functiones ferre non possit, qui etiam fortunae vim se ferre profitetur’, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 7.

[872] Cf. Ammianus, xiv. 9. 5 ‘Epigonus ... amictu tenus philosophus’. Symm. _Ep._ i. 28 mentions his contemporary Barachus among those ‘qui philosophiam fastu et habitu metiuntur’.

[873] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 16. Cf. ‘Equidem ipsos patriae deos testor, tanto me civitatis istius amore flagrare, ut quocunque oculos circumtuli, ad restitutionem operum singulorum ita gaudio ferar ut spiritum identidem meum pro illorum salute devoveam, quorum iussu opibusque reparantur’. There is more than rhetoric in his words.

[874] Source book of the _Hist. of Education_, p. 395.

[875] Cf. _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 1. 1.

[876] _De Scholis Roman._, p. 13.

[877] _Epigr._ xv.

[878] Cf. Guizot, _Hist. of Civilization_, i. 320 ff.; Montalembert, _Monks of the West_, i. 187 ff.

[879] _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 4 ‘Habeat unus quisque licentiam sanctissimo catholicae (sc. _ecclesiae_) venerabilique concilio decedens bonorum quod optavit relinquere’. So in 434 Theodosius and Valentinian enacted that the intestate property of a Church official should go to his church or monastery, _Cod. Theod._ v. 3. 1.

[880] ‘Qui religiosa mente in ecclesiae gremio servulis suis meritam concesserint libertatem, eandem eodem iure donasse videantur quo civitas Romana solemnitatibus decursis dari consuevit’, _Cod. Theod._ iv. 7. 1, A.D. 321.

[881] ‘Qui divino cultui ministeria religionis impendunt ... ab omnibus omnino muneribus excusentur’, _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 2 _et passim_.

[882] _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 41.

[883] Ambrose and Augustine complain of their heavy judicial duties; cf. _Camb. Med. Hist._ i. 566.

[884] Sidon. _Ep._ vii. 7; so Lupus had successfully negotiated with Attila for Troyes; see Lavisse, _Hist. de Gaule_, ii. 1. 1, pp. 21 ff., L’Épiscopat en Gaule au IVᵉ et au Vᵉ Siècle. Cf. Rambaud, _Histoire de la civilisation française_, i. 74, and the whole of Bk. I, chap. iv (_Gaule chrétienne_) for a useful summary of the activities and relations of the Gallic Church at this time.

[885] Cf. St. Martin’s opposition to Avitianus and Valentinian. Hilary of Arles declared the prefect unworthy of the sacrament, and he had to retire.

[886] e.g. Epictetus and the Stoics, who taught the equality of mankind.

[887] _Cod. Theod._ iv. 8. 5.

[888] _Cod. Theod._ iv. 8. 6; iv. 8. 9; iv. 9. 1.

[889] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 25. 1.

[890] Cappadocia was practically the only place where slaves were still bred for export to Rome.

[891] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 5 ‘de spectaculis’, A.D. 425.

[892] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 5. 7.

[893] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 7. 4, A.D. 380.

[894] ‘Scaenici et scaenicae, qui in ultimo vitae ac necessitate cogente interitus imminentis, ad dei summi sacramenta properarunt ... nulla posthac in theatralis spectaculi conventione revocentur’, _Cod. Theod._ xv. 7. 1, A.D. 371.

[895] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 12. 1.

[896] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 12. 2, A.D. 357.

[897] _Cod. Theod._ ix. 40. 8, A.D. 365.

[898] Theodoret, _Hist. Eccles._ v. 26.

[899] Glover, _Life and Letters_, p. 161. Cf. Sym. _Ep._ iv. 12, ix. 126.

[900] Cf. Sidon. _Ep._ vi. 12. 1, 5.

[901] _Cod. Iust._ xi. 26. Cf. _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 18. 1.

[902] It is true that pagan philosophers like Epicurus had women among their intimates, but their recognition was as much of an anomaly in the ancient world as they themselves were. With Christianity the recognition claimed a more general acceptance, though the claim was subsequently disregarded and never fully admitted.

[903] Cf. _Camb. Med. Hist._ i. 168.

[904] ‘Indecens visum. Repudiatis fiscalibus, propriis cum sumptibus vivere maluerunt’, Sulpic. Sever. _Chron._ ii. 41.

[905] Sid. _Ep._ vi. 1, viii. 11, ix. 11.

[906] Sid. _Ep._ iv. 17.

[907] _Ep._ iv. 17. 3 ‘Lupus ... Auspicius quorum doctrinae abundanti eventilandae nec consultatio tua sufficit’.

[908] _Ep._ vi. 12; ii. 10. 2; iv. 25. 5.

[909] _Ep._ ix. 3.

[910] _Ep._ vii. 1; iv. 9. 6; v. 14. 2.

[911] _Ep._ vi. 8; vii. 2. 7, 11; ix. 4.

[912] _Ep._ vii. 9; iv. 18.

[913] Montalembert, _Monks of the West_ (transl.), i. 205.

[914] _Antidosis_, 231. See Hubbell, _The Influence of Isocrates on Cicero, Dionysius, and Aristides_.

[915] Ibid. 276. The subjects must be καλὰς καὶ φιλανθρώπους καὶ περὶ τῶν κοινῶν πραγμάτων.

[916] Pichon, _Études sur l’histoire de la litt. lat._ i. 42, is too severe on Isocrates’ theoretical and unpractical judgement.

[917] Gilbert Murray, _Ancient Greek Literature_, p. 344.