Chapter XIV: Part V: The Decline of Education (3)

[918] Ὅσῳ περ ἄν τις ἐρρωμενεστέρως ἐπιθνμῇ πείθειν τοὺς ἀκούοντας, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἀσκήσει καλὸς κἀγαθὸς εἶναι, καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πολίταις εὐδοκιμεῖν, _Antidosis_, 278 (ed. Blass).

[919] _Antidosis_, 253.

[920] ‘Illa vis autem eloquentiae tanta est, ut omnium rerum virtutum officiorum omnisque naturae quae mores hominum, quae animos quae vitam continet, originem vim mutationesque teneat, eadem mores leges iura describat, rem publicam regat, omniaque ad quamcumque rem pertineant ornate copioseque dicat’, _De Oratore_, iii. 20. 76.

[921] Ibid. iii. 15. 57. In Homeric days ‘neque diiuncti doctores, sed idem erant vivendi praeceptores atque dicendi’. Cf. 59 ‘ancipitem _quae non potest esse seiuncta_, faciendi dicendique sapientiam’.

[922] Ibid. i. 6. 20.

[923] Ibid. iii. 23. 87, 89.

[924] Boissier, in blaming Quintilian for this change in rhetoric, seems somewhat unfair (_La fin du paganisme_, i. 219 ff.). He says Quintilian regarded the grammarian as an intruder, but Quintilian is merely protesting against the assumption of the rhetor’s duties by the grammarian (ii. 1. 2-6) and is quite willing to give him his due (ii. 1. 13). However, he does seem to attach an exaggerated importance to rhetoric (e.g. ii. 20) as opposed to general knowledge.

[925] § 3 ἕλκει ἐκ τῶν ὤτων ἄπαντας δεδεμένους.

[926] ‘Neque ego unquam facundiam exercui, et populus Romanus virtutem armis adfirmavit: sed quoniam apud vos verba plurimum valent....’, Tac. _Hist._ iv. 73. Cf. the commentator Pithoeus, _In Quintil. Declam._, p. 415, ‘etiam infelicissimis temporibus superfuisse Galliae oratores suos, cum urbi ipsi deessent’.

[927] Comment. on _Ep. to Galatians_, ii; Migne, xxvi. 355.

[928] _C. I. L._ xii. 1941. Cf. ibid. 1949, 2039, 2058; xiii. 1. 1. 128 (a fifth-century stone with twenty-four lines of poetry); xiii. 1. 1. 2395, 2397.

[929] Jerome, _Ep._ 125. 6; Migne, xxii. 1075 ‘ubertatem Gallici nitoremque sermonis’.

[930] _Ep._ 372 (ed. J. C. Wolf, Amsterdam, 1738).

[931] Ibid.

[932] _Ep._ iv. 17. 1.

[933] ‘Heiden von hervorragender Stellung werden seit 450 in Gallien nicht mehr erwähnt, und unter den Christen gewann die strenge Mönchspartei einen immer grössern Einfluss und verdammte die Studien der Rhetoren’, _Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen_, p. 31.

[934] _De Idol._ x.

[935] _Ep._ 21; Migne, xxii. 386.

[936] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ vi. 406) ‘ante scipiones et trabeas est pomposa recitatio’.

[937] Ibid.; _Euchar._, p. 395.

[938] ‘Ego illa quae vel commuto si sunt facta vel facio: quantisvis actionum tenebris involuto lux sufficit, quam legendo contulero. Ego sum per quam expectant homines reatum de turbida et innocentiam de serena ... ad meum compendium ubicumque est Romanus invigilat: fasces divitias honores si non ornamus, abiecta sunt: nos regna regimus’, ibid. ‘Ambrosio et Beato’, p. 407.

[939] _Antidosis_, 253.

[940] Ibid. 255 τοὺς κακοὺς ἐξελέγχομεν καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἐγκωμιάζομεν.

[941] _De Orat._ ii. 9. 35 ‘vituperare improbos ... laudare bonos’.

[942] ‘Quid quod declamationum nostrarum oblectatio vincit universa quae sapiunt, et opinionem quam conciliamus (perhaps a Vergilian reminiscence of _urbem quam statuo_) aeterna est?... De virorum fortium factis quod volumus creditur; actum nemo aestimat quod silemus. Poetica, iuris peritia, dialectica, arithmetica, cum me utantur quasi genetrice, me tamen adserente sunt pretio’, Ennod. _l.c._ Cf. Dictio XII. Rhetoric is the mainspring of literature.

[943] ‘Istae (virtutes) tamen prae foribus quasi nutricem ceterarum anteponunt Grammaticen, quae adulescentium mentes sapore artificis et planae locutionis inliciat, et ad Tullianum calorem scintillis praefigurati vaporis adducat’, ibid., p. 405.

[944] Ibid., p. 401.

[945] Ibid., p. 305.

[946] _Euchar._, p. 395. Cf. p. 396 ‘Sic dum me concinnationis superfluae in rhetoricis et poeticis campis lepos agitaret, a vera sapientia mentitam secutus abscesseram, nihil cupiens nisi auris vanae laudationis adsurgere’.

[947] Migne, x. 577.

[948] Cf. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers_, Intro. xxviii (Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers).

[949] Cf. Constant. 11 ‘At nunc fructus operum tuorum, lupe rapax, audi ... Levius te putas, sceleste, Iudaeorum impietate peccasse?’ § 25 ‘O tu sceleste, qui ludibrium de Ecclesia facis’, &c.

[950] Cf. e.g. § 12 _de Seleuciae Synodo_.

[951] _Vita Hilarii_ (by Honoratus), Migne, _Pat. Lat._ l. 1231.

[952] Ibid. ‘non doctrinam, non eloquentiam, sed nescio quid super homines consecutum’.

[953] _Chronologia Lerinensis_, i. 33.

[954] Hom. I.

[955] Hom. XX.

[956] Hom. XIII.

[957] Hom. XIII.

[958] Hom. XIV.

[959] _de Idol._ x.

[960] Matt. xii. 34-7; Mark xiii. 11. Cf. Glover, _The Jesus of History_, p. 83.

[961] 1 Cor. i. 17.

[962] Cf. Salvian, _De Gubern. Dei, praef._ 3 ‘rerum magis quam verborum amatores’. Cassian, _Instit., praef._ 3 ‘me quoque elinguem et pauperem sermone et scientia ... quamvis imperito digeram stilo’. _Vita Caesar._, _praef._ 2 ‘quod stylus noster videtur pompa verborum et cautela artis grammaticae destitutus’.

[963] _Ep._ vii. 2. 1.

[964] _Ep._ viii. 16. 3.

[965] Cf. Sym. _Ep._ vii. 9 ‘ingeniorum varietas in familiaribus scriptis neglegentiam quandam debet imitari’.

[966] _Institut. Divin._ i. 1. 10.

[967] e.g. _Ep._ ii. 8; vii. 17. Cf. Le Blant, _Nouveau recueil_, No. 311 (fifth cent.) and 441.

[968] Le Blant, _Inscrip. chrét. de la Gaule_, No. 215. Cf. No. 256.

[969] ‘Sanctus Hilarius Gallico cothurno attollitur et quum Graeciae floribus adornetur longis interdum periodis involvitur, et lectione simplicium fratrum procul est’, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 585; _Ep._ 58. Cf. ibid. 395 ‘Nulla est in hoc libello adulatio ... nulla erit rhetorici pompa sermonis’; and ibid. 459 ‘Sint alii diserti ... mihi sufficit sic loqui ut intelligar’.

[970] _De vita contempl._ xxiii.

[971] _Ep._ 52. 8; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 534.

[972] _Dialog._ i. 27.

[973] Appendix, Augustine, _Serm._ 10; Migne, xxxix. Cf. Aug. _in Psalm._ 36. _Serm._ 3. 6 ‘melius in barbarismo nostro vos intellegitis quam in nostra disertitudine vos diserti estis’.

[974] Cf. Sid. _Ep._ iv. 16; v. 15; _Carm._ xi.

[975] Ruric. i. 4.

[976] ii. 18.

[977] ii. 38.

[978] Jerome, _Ep._ xxii (Migne, _Pat. Lat._ xxii. 416) ‘Si quando ... prophetas legere coepissem, sermo horrebat incultus’.

[979] _Vita Martini_, i.

[980] Ibid.

[981] Cf. Ozanam, _Hist. of Civilization_, i. 88 ff.

[982] _Ep._ 22, § 30 ‘Quae enim communicatio lucis ad tenebras? Quid facit cum psalterio Horatius? Cum Evangeliis Maro? Cum Apostolis Cicero?’ His struggles with his passionate love for pagan letters, and the story of the angel in his dream who told him he was a Ciceronian and not a Christian (Migne, xxii. 416) are well known.

[983] Hilar. Pict., Migne, ix. 502.

[984] Aug. _Confess._ i. 16; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxxiii. 685.

[985]

Non vitium nostrum est? Paulo et Salamone relicto
quod Maro cantatur Phoenissae et Naso Corinnae,
quod plausum accipiunt lyra Flacci aut scena Terenti?
nos horum, nos causa sumus: nos turpiter istis
nutrimenta damus flammis.—Migne, lxi. 970.

[986]

Nunc alia mentem vis agit, maior deus
...
vacare vanis, otio aut negotio,
et fabulosis litteris
vetat....—_Ep._ xxxi. 29 ff.

[987] Ibid. 37 ff.

[988] See Ozanam, _op. cit._, i. 87 ff.

[989] Pacatus, _Pan. on Theod._, § 42, A.D. 389.

[990] Cf. vii. 13; vi. 3, 9; v. 13; ix. 10, 16, 20, &c.

[991] _Pro Saltatoribus_, 18, Libanius, ed. Foerster.

[992] Cf. Keil, _Gram. Lat._, _passim_. The authority, not the truth, of a dogma is the main point to the grammarian.

[993] e.g. Macrobius’s _Saturnalia_ is an example of what a youth’s education should be. All kinds of subjects are treated, but Christianity is not once mentioned. Symmachus and Capella, both representative of culture in their day, are silent about Christianity. There was always the suspicion, even between two contending Christians, that the other might not have had the rhetorical or philosophical training necessary for argument. Cf. Jerome to Vigilantius: ‘Scilicet et gloriari cupis ... me non potuisse respondere eloquentiae tuae et acumen in te Chrysippi formidasse’ (Migne, xxii. 604).

[994] _De Reditu_, i. 440.

[995] Ibid. 443.

[996] Ibid. 521.

[997] _Ep._ lxi. 3; _Ep._ 1. 2.

[998] _Ep._ lii. 9. Cf. _Ep._ lvii. 12 ‘qui sermone se dicit imitari apostolos, prius imitetur in vita’.

[999] ‘Sancta rusticitas solum sibi prodest et, quantum aedificat ex vitae merito ecclesiam Christi, tantum nocet si destruentibus non resistat’, _Ep._ liii. 3.

[1000] Rocafort, _De Paul. Pell. vita et carm._, p. 75. Cf. Ozanam, _Hist. of Civilization in Fifth Cent._, i. 233.

[1001] Sedul. _Carm. Pasch._, Dedicatio, Migne, xix. 538.

[1002] Socrates, _Hist. Eccles._ iii. 16; Migne, _Pat. Graeca_, lxvii. 418; Sozomen, v. 18; Migne, _Pat. Graeca_, lxvii. 1270.

[1003] _De Gallorum oratorio ingenio_, 93.

[1004] _Ep._ xxxi. 22 ff.

[1005] ‘Cumque in primis partibus vincas alios, in penultimis te ipsum superas ... et cum Tulliana luceat (_sc._ genus eloquii) puritate, crebrum est in sententiis’, _Ep._ lviii, Migne xxii. 584.

[1006] e.g. Jerome made his monks copy Cicero.

[1007] Ozanam, _op. cit._, i. 27. Cf. his plea for using the pagan writings, _Ep._ lxx, Migne xxii. 665 ‘Quis enim ignorat et in Moyse et in Prophetarum voluminibus quaedam assumpta de Gentilium libris’.

[1008] Cf. the fifth-century compilation ‘collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum’.

[1009] _Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen_, p. 54.

[1010] _Maxima Bibliotheca Patrum_, vol. viii, p. 840. _Homiliae_, 20 ‘negociatores, qui cum litteras non noverint, requirunt sibi mercenarios litteratos’.

[1011] Sid. _Ep._ iv. 25.

[1012] _Ep._ vii. 9.

[1013] _Ep._ vi. 12.

[1014] Euseb. _Hist. Eccl._ v. 10. (Migne, _Pat. Gr._ xx. 456.)

[1015] Acts xix. 9. The school of Tyrannus.

[1016] Theodoret, _Hist. Eccl._ i. 3.

[1017] Suidas, _s.v._ Λουκιανὸς ὁ μάρτυς.

[1018] Cf. Ozanam, _op. cit._, i. 30, ‘Gaul—the peculiar land for the cenobitic life’.

[1019] Gennad. _Vir. ill._ xix.

[1020] _Ep._ vii. 16.

[1021] e.g. Jerome against Vigilantius.

[1022] Sulpic. _Sev. Dial._ i. 23. Cf. Jerome’s constant answers to inquirers on theological questions (the women of Gaul, _Ep._ 120, 121) and Eucherius’s answers to his son.

[1023] _Vita Hilarii_, Migne, li. 1229.

[1024] _Vita Caes._ i. 5, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1020 ‘In disserendis autem Scripturis’, &c.

[1025] _Vita Caes._, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1004.

[1026] Cf. Ennod. _Ep._ ii. 6.

[1027] _Hist. litt. de la France_, ii. 245.

[1028] Cf. Paulin. Pell. _Euchar._ 521.

[1029] Cassian, _Instit._ ix. 18.

[1030] Gennad. _de Script. Eccles._ 65.

[1031] Cf. Sidon. _Ep._ ix. 9.

[1032] Sid. _Ep._ vi. 1.

[1033] _Hist. mérid. de la Gaule_, i. 403.

[1034] ‘(Deus) per orbem uberes palmites ampliavit, multiplicatisque eius tentoriis, fecit suos funiculos prae caeteris monasteriis longiores’, i. 22.

[1035] _Carm._ xvi. 109 ff. ‘quantos illa insula plana miserit in caelum montes’. Cf. _Ep._ vii. 7. 3; viii. 14. 2; ix. 3. 4.

[1036] Guizot, _Histoire de la civilisation en France_, i. 93.

[1037] ii. 130.

[1038] Salvian, _Ep._ i.

[1039] Bolland, _Acta Sanctorum_, Jan. 6, i. 328, § 2. Cf. Kaufmann, _Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen_, 75.

[1040] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1109 ‘Omnes litteras discant: omni tempore duabus horis lectioni vacent’. A brother of Sidonius was educated by Faustus (_Carm._ xvi. 72), but whether at Lérins or afterwards at Riez is doubtful.

[1041] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ l. 773 _eloquentia_ and _sapientia_ are mentioned among the subjects.

[1042] _Chron. Ler._ i. 321.

[1043] Denk, _op. cit._, p. 187.

[1044] For a full treatment see Seidl, _Die Gottverlobung der Kinder oder de pueris oblatis_.

[1045] Ennodius, _Vita Epiphan., Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._, p. 332.

[1046] _Ep._ iv. 25.

[1047] Caesarius, _Regula ad Virgines_, Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxvii. 1107.

[1048] Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 82.

[1049] ‘Quicunque in clero puberes aut adulescentes existunt _omnes in uno conclavi atrii_ commorentur ut ... in disciplinis ecclesiasticis agant, deputati probatissimo seniori, quem et magistrum doctrinae et testem vitae habeant’, Hefele, _Conciliengesch._ iii. 82.

[1050] Remig. _Ep._ 4; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxv. 969.

[1051] Cf. _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1, 2385.

[1052] Theodoret, _Hist. Eccl._ iv. 15; Migne, _Pat. Gr._ lxxxii. 1157.

[1053] ‘Fiant ei litterae vel buxeae vel eburneae et suis nominibus appellentur: ludat in eis, ut et lusus eius eruditio est’, _Ep._ cvii. 4.

[1054] _Inst._ i. 1-26.

[1055] _Ep._ i. 6.

[1056] Cf. Eumen. _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 20, § 3.

[1057] _Ep._ cxxviii. 1.

[1058] _Inst._ i. 1. 30. He protests against a hurried introduction of reading or writing.

[1059] ‘Qui autem ad huiusmodi provehitur gradum, iste erit doctrina et libris imbutus, sensuumque ac verborum scientia perornatus’, _De Eccl. Offic._ ii. 11. 2; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxxiii. 791.

[1060] ‘Lector cum ordinatur, faciat de illo verbum episcopus ad plebem, indicans eius fidem ac vitam atque ingenium. Post haec, spectante plebe, tradat ei codicem de quo lecturus est, dicens ad eum: Accipe, et esto verbi Dei relator, habiturus, si fideliter et utiliter impleveris officium, partem cum eis qui verbum Dei ministraverunt’, Migne, _op. cit._ lxxxiv. 201.

[1061] _De Felice_, iv. 108.

[1062] Boissieu, _Inscrip. de Lyon_, p. 584.

[1063] _Instit._ i. 1. 27.

[1064] _Ep._ cvii. 4.

[1065] Denk, _op. cit._, quotes Mabillon, _An._ i. 352.

[1066] _Life of Martin_, x.

[1067] Ibid.

[1068] _Regula ad Virgines_, Migne, lxvii. 1109.

[1069] Bolland, _Acta Sanctorum, August._ 11, p. 657.

[1070] These _acta_ were originally _acta proconsularia_, i.e. the official record of proceedings at the trials of Christian martyrs. Sometimes the Christians themselves would make notes on the trial, sometimes they would purchase from the clerks copies of the official report. Having obtained an account in either of these ways they usually embroidered the facts with mystic and visionary embellishments. For two examples of the original official protocols see Hardy, _Studies in Roman History_, p. 151.

[1071] Cf. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers_, Intro. xl. Origen is a case in point.

[1072] Adopting the emendation of Salinas.

[1073] _Vita Hilarii_, Migne, l. 1232.

[1074] ‘Apposito notario, cogebat (_sc._ me Ausonius) loqui quae velociter edita velox consequeretur manus ...’, _Ep._ cxviii.

[1075] _Ep._ cxviii.

[1076] _Peristeph. Hymn._ ix. 21-4; Migne, lx. 434.

[1077] _Ep._ v. 15.

[1078] _Ep._ ix. 7. 1.

[1079] Cassian, _Inst._ iv. 17; Caesarius, _ad Monachos_ 49, _ad Virgines_ 16.

[1080] ‘De loquela per gestum digitorum et temporum ratione’. Cf. p. 59.

[1081] _De artibus Donati_, 4.

[1082] Cantor, _Ueber die Gesch. der Mathematik_, i. 450.

[1083] Alcuin, _Ep._ 103, _De comparatione numerorum Veteris et Novi Testamenti_; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ c. 476. An example of the strained way in which the comparison was worked out is the following: ‘Quatuor eunt elementa quibus mundi ornatus maxime constat. Quatuor sunt virtutes quibus minor mundus, id est, homo ornari debet.’

[1084] Cf., besides the case already quoted, ii. 135, ‘viguit in Grammaticae artis disciplinis rationalibus ac dialecticorum praedicamentorum argumentis exilibus et Aristotelicis definitionibus, nec non Rhetoricorum protelationibus’, and ii. 328. Aygulpus is instructed at Blesium in ‘Grammatica, Rhetorica, Dialectica omniumque scientiarum genere’.

[1085] Le Blant, _Épigraphie chrétienne en Gaule_, p. 73.

[1086] Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil_, No. 331.

[1087] Aus. _Epist._ xxxi.

[1088] _Ep._ cxviii _ad fin._ (Migne, xxii. 966).

[1089] For a discussion of his date see Pauly-Wissowa, _s.v._

[1090] They were prescribed by the statutes of all the leading mediaeval schools in England, and among their numerous editors were Brinsley (1612) and Hoole (1659). They dealt with Stoic morals, enmity and friendship, adversity and prosperity, avarice and adulation, &c., and were obviously unsuited to young children. Watson, _English Grammar Schools to 1660_, p. 122, quotes the following as a favourable specimen:

Cum te quis laudet, iudex tuus esse memento;
plus aliis de te, quam tu tibi, credere noli.
officium alterius multis narrare memento;
atqui aliis cum tu benefeceris, ipse sileto.

[1091] _Ep._ x. 3 ‘Eius scripta summam quandam litterarum Gallicarum eo saeculo continent’. He may be the same as the Agricius or Argicius of Ausonius, _Prof._ xvi. 6.

[1092] e.g. in Cassian’s _Instituta divin. et secular. litterarum_ and Isidore of Seville’s _Etymologiae_.

[1093] Migne, lxxi. 572.

[1094] ‘Die Zeitgenossen sprechen von dem Kloster als einer _schola_; von den Mönchen als den _discipuli_; sie bezeichnen damit die religiös-sittliche Erziehung’, _op. cit._, p. 62.

[1095] Migne, _Liber Instructionum_, l. 728.

[1096] Cf. Migne, _l.c._, l. 775 ff. and 730 ff.

[1097] Migne, l. 775 ff.

[1098] ‘Properantes ad se de disciplinis saecularibus salutis opifex non refutat, sed ire ad illas quemquam de suo nitore non patitur. Iam si eum mundo subtraxeras, mundi in eo schemata non requiras: erubesco ecclesiastica profitentem ornamentis saecularibus expolire’, _Ep._ ix. 9. (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._ vi. 234.)

[1099] _Ad Salonium Prolog._ Migne, l. 773.

[1100] Le Blant, _Épigraphie chrétienne_, p. 70.

[1101] Harnack says that it was introduced into the West under the cloak of church-doctrine and through the medium of Augustine, _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 568.

[1102] _Cod. Theod._ ix. 16. 7 (A.D. 364); 16. 8 ‘cesset mathematicorum tractatus’. Learning and teaching the subject are forbidden on pain of death (370). As late as 409 we find such a law (16. 12).

[1103] _Praef. Formulae._

[1104] _Ep._ xiv. l. 17.

[1105] _Hist. of Civilization_, i. 402.

[1106] Cf. ‘quin hoc idem senserint scriptoque prodiderint Arcippus ... et omnes Pythagorae posteri, quorum videlicet nominum ne dicam sententiarum multitudine, si eadem prodita velim, volumen efficerem’. He had evidently made a special study of the Pythagoreans.

[1107] Fauriel, _Hist. de la Gaule_, i. 412.

[1108] ‘Anima inditur corpori per numerum et immortalem eandemque incorporalem convenientiam’, _De Statu animae_, ii. 7.

[1109] _Ep._ iv. 11.

[1110] _Ep._ ix. 9. 13.

[1111] Cf. _Ep._ iv. 1. 3 ‘inter Aristotelicas categorias’; and _Ep._ iv. 3. 6; ix. 9. 14; _Carm._ ii. 174.

[1112]

Cum pusillis et iocamur inter ipsa dogmata
nam iubet rigor magister ne per omne terreas,

‘Ambrosio et Beato’, p. 406, _Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ vi.

[1113] _Ep._ iv. The authorship of this letter has been questioned.

[1114] _Ep._ xxxii. 33 ‘Ergo frustra tanto tempore studuimus et saepe manum ferulae subduximus’. Cf. _c._ _Rufin._ iii. 6 ‘Nec tibi, ut dicis, ferulas adhibeo neque athenogeronta (_Senem discipulum_) meum scutica et plagis litteras docere contendo’.

[1115] Sidon. _Ep._ vi. 1.

[1116] ‘Bene in omnibus causis timor obtemperat disciplinae: qui pro hoc ipso, quod imminentes periculorum causas aut iras iudicum cavere novit, potestatem conservandae salutis obtinuit.... Omnia sub metu disciplinae vitia iacent’, Hom. I, La Bigne, _Patrologia Patrum_, vol. viii.

[1117] _Acta SS. Ordin. Benedict._, Praef., lix. ff.

[1118] Isidor. _Regula_, 6; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxxiii. 874.

[1119] _Vita Caesarii_, i. 9; Migne, lxvii. 1003.

[1120] _Instit._ x. 14.

[1121] Ibid. 17, 18; Ephesians iv. 28.

[1122] Cassian, _Instit._ 21; Proverbs xxviii. 19.

[1123] Cassian, _Instit._ 22.

[1124] Ibid. 24.

[1125] Migne, l. 718.

[1126] _De Statu animae_, ii. 9. Erasmus praised the purity of his style in his dedicatory letter to the works of Eucherius (1531).

[1127] _Gen._, ch. 70, ed. Herdingius.

[1128] Ch. 65. Cf. Ebert, _Gesch. der christ. lat. Literatur_, iii. 18.

[1129] _Op. cit._, p. 85.

[1130] ‘Alpina corpora umente caelo educata habent quiddam simile nivibus suis’, Florus, _Epitome de Tito Livio_, i. 20, ed. Halm; Caesar, _B. G._ iii. 19. Cf. Dio Cass. _Excerpta_, τῆς Γαλατίας τὸ κοῦφον καὶ τὸ δειλὸν καὶ τὸ θρασύ, and Livy vii. 12. 11.

[1131] ‘Ad militandum omnis aetas aptissima, et pari pectoris robore senex ad procinctum ducitur et adultus, gelu duratis artubus et labore assiduo multa contemptura et formidanda’, xv. 12.

[1132] xv. 11. 5.

[1133] _De Gub. Dei_, vii. 12.

[1134] Ibid. vi. 3.

[1135] Ibid.

[1136] _Histoire de la Gaule_, i. 438.

[1137] The laws against rape are many and severe. A man who abused a girl was delivered over to her as a slave with all his goods after receiving two hundred blows, _Cod. Vis._ iii. 3. 1. If a woman marries her paramour both are put to death, iii. 3. 2. An instance of their sense of honesty is the Goth who sent Paulinus, living in poverty and banishment at Marseilles, the price for his captured property, _Euchar._ 570 ff.

[1138] _Cod. Theod._ ix. 7. 1 (A.D. 326).

[1139] ‘Deportatione plectatur adque universae eius facultates fisci viribus vindicentur’, _Cod. Theod._ ix. 8. 1.

[1140] Ibid. ix. 9. 1.

[1141] ‘Denegata audientia patibulo adfigatur’, ibid. ix. 5 (A.D. 314).

[1142] Ibid. ix. 6. 3 (A.D. 397).

[1143] ‘Iudices qui se furtis et sceleribus fuerint maculasse convicti, ablatis codicillorum insignibus et honore exuti inter pessimos quosque et plebeios habeantur’, ix. 27. 1.

[1144] Cf. ix. 19. 1. A Curial is to lose his social status as a punishment.

[1145] _Euchar._ 87.

[1146] _Hist. de France_, i. 3. 421.

[1147] _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1, 1862, 2200, 2205; xii. 2039, &c.

[1148] Cf. those of Sidonius and Ausonius.

[1149] _Ep._ 88.

[1150] _Ep._ 88 ‘Quid mihi prodest scire agellum dividere ... simus hoc titulo rusticiore contenti: O virum bonum’.

[1151] Cf. the modern controversy about religious education, and the criticism that the dry facts are brought out in scriptural teaching rather than the spirit of the Bible.

[1152] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 14.

[1153] ‘Credo igitur, tali Caesar ... instinctu, tanto studium litterarum favore prosequitur, ut non minus ad providentiam numinis sui existimet pertinere bene dicendi quam recte faciendi disciplinas, et pro divina illa intelligentia mentis aeternae, sentiat litteras omnium fundamenta esse virtutum, utpote continentiae, modestiae, vigilantiae, patientiae magistras’, _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 8. Cicero’s actual words in _de Orat._ iii. 15. 57 ‘illa doctrina ... et recte faciendi et bene dicendi magistra’.

[1154] Cf. Horace, _Ars Poet._ 310 ff.

[1155] _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1. 393.

[1156] ‘Fabricatum Martius Campus militem suscipit, quem simulacrum mentitae dimicationis animavit nec pedem retorquet a classicis cui bucinarum clangor et ministeria belli inter pacis blandimenta crepuerunt. Usu enim virtus nutrita grandescit et de institutione nascitur periculorum tolerantia’, Ennodius, ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._ vi. 405).

[1157] _Confess._ i. 16.

[1158] Ibid. i. 18.

[1159] _Ep._ 88, § 20.

[1160] _Ep._ ii. 2. 6.

[1161] _Ep._ iii. 13. 1.

[1162] _Op. cit._, p. 35.

[1163] Liv. iii. 44.

[1164] _Epigr._ viii. 3.

[1165] _Trist._ ii. 369.

[1166] _Protrep._ 33.

[1167] _Parent._ vi.

[1168] _De nuptiis Honor._ 232.

[1169] Victor, rhetorician at Marseilles towards the end of the fifth century. _De perversis aetatis moribus ad Salmonem epistola_, Migne, lxi. 970.

[1170] So he says, _Carm._ xxiv. 95.

[1171] _Ep._ ii. 10. 5.

[1172] _Ep._ ii. 2. 9 ‘frons triclinii matronalis’. _Carm._ xv. 144 ‘Hoc opus (of a work of embroidery) virgineae posuere manus’.

[1173] Sidonius mentions the place set apart for the women in the library, _Ep._ ii. 9. 4.

[1174] _Ep._ 127.

[1175] _Mon. Germ. Hist._ vi. 2, p. 173, Canon 36.

[1176] Ibid., p. 182.

[1177] Aug. _de Mor. Eccles. Cath._ i. 70.

[1178] e.g. in the second Preface to his translation of the Psalms, Migne, xxix. 118.

[1179] Daniel, the twelve Minor Prophets, Isaiah, Psalms, Esther, Samuel and Kings, and to Eustochium alone (after Paula’s death) Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.

[1180] Ozanam, _Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century_, i. 246. Cf. for Jerome’s connexion with Gaul, _Ep._ v. 2; _Ep._ 117, 120, 121. _Adv. Iovianum_, ii. 7 (acquaintance with Hilary). For Augustine, Holmes, _Christian Church in Gaul_, pp. 383 ff. For Ambrose, E. W. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers,_ p. xi.

[1181] Migne, xix. 542.

[1182] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ vi. 409).

[1183] _De Ord._ i. 11; Migne. xxxii. 992.

[1184] _Ars Amat._ ii. 281.

[1185] Wilamowitz, _On Greek Historical Writing_ (trans. G. Murray), p. 16, ‘The Greeks and Romans had no education in history’; p. 18, ‘No man in antiquity ever gave lectures on history’. Chassang remarks that there was no separate ‘chair’ for history, _Le Roman dans l’antiquité_, p. 98. Glover, _Life and Letters_, p. 106.

[1186] _Röm. Privatalt._, p. 328, note 3.

[1187] Aus. _Prof._ xxvi. 3:

_Historia_ si quos vel poeticus stylus,
Forumve fecit nobiles.

This seems to indicate that history was conceived of as a separate subject.

[1188] _Protrep._ 61.

[1189] _Prof._ xx. 8 ‘Historiam callens Livii et Herodoti’.

[1190] Aus. _Ep._ x. 32. 22.

[1191] _Tech._ x.

[1192] _Instit._ x. l. 31 ‘Historia est proxima poetis et quodam modo carmen solutum’. Cf. Wilamowitz’ Oxford lecture on Greek historical writing (trans. G. Murray, p. 4). ‘The ancients were even further from a genuine science of history than from a genuine science of nature.... The method of historical research which we regard as an imperative duty is scarcely a century old.... And yet ... the first thing is to recognise that all our historical writing rests on foundations laid by the Greeks, as absolutely as does all our natural science.’

[1193] _Ep._ xx. (title).

[1194] _Prof._ xvi. 11.

[1195] _Carm._ ix. 240 ff.

[1196] _Prof._ xx. 9.

[1197]

Memor, celer, ignoratis
adsidue in libris, nec nisi operta legens,
exesas tineisque opicasque evolvere chartas
maior quam promptis cura tibi in studiis.—_Prof._ xxii. 1.

[1198] _Prof._ xxii. 14.

[1199] Ibid. 3, 4.

[1200] _De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine_, p. 33.

[1201] Cf. Dill, _Rom. Soc._, p. 424.

[1202] _De Ordine_, ii. 12; Migne, xxxii. 1012 ‘huic disciplinae (Grammaticae) accessit historia ... non tam ipsis historicis quam grammaticis laboriosa’.

[1203] _Pan. Lat._ viii. 1.

[1204] _Libri de Fastis_, iii. 3 (p. 194, Peiper’s ed.).

[1205] Ibid. i. 8.

[1206] Ibid. iv. 3.

[1207] Puech. _De Paulini ... Ausoniique epistolarum commercio_, p. 11.

[1208] _Antike Kunstprosa_, p. 81.

[1209] ‘Concessum est rhetoribus ementiri in historiis, ut aliquid dicere possint argutius’, _Brut._ 42.

[1210] _De leg._ i. 5 (quoted Norden).

[1211] _Inst._ x. 2. 21.

[1212] e.g. _Pan. Lat._ xi. 10.

[1213] Ibid. xii. 5.

[1214] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 10.

[1215] ‘Ibi (in the school), fortissimorum imperatorum pulcherrimae res gestae per diversa regionum argumenta, recolantur, dum calentibus semperque venientibus victoriarum nuntiis, revisuntur gemina Persidos flumina et Libyae arva sitientia, et convexa Rheni cornua et Nili ora multifida, dumque sibi ad haec singula intuentium animus adfingit, aut sub tua, Diocletiane Auguste, clementia, Aegyptum, furore posito, quiescentem, aut te Maximiane invicte, perculsa Maurorum agmina fulminantem.... Nunc enim, nunc demum, iuvat orbem spectare depictum, cum in illo nihil videmus alienum’, Ibid. 21.

[1216] _Ep._ iv. 22. 5.

[1217] Ibid.

[1218] Symm. _Ep._ iv. 32. Cf. iv. 18; Symmachus refuses the request that he should write a history.

[1219] _Ep._ viii. 15. 1.

[1220] _De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata_, p. 29.

[1221] See Woodward, _Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire_, p. 5. Cf. the saying of Donatus ‘quid est imperatori cum ecclesia?’

[1222] Cf. Woodward, _Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire_ (1916).

[1223] Ibid., p. 5.

[1224] Orosius, v. 2. 1 (quoted Dill, _op. cit._, p. 315).

[1225] Strabo, iv. 4.

[1226] See p. 9. Lucian in the second century found a Gallic philosopher, ἀκριβῶς Ἑλλάδα φωνὴν ἀφιείς, Herak. iv.

[1227] Cf. Fauriel, _Hist. de la Gaule_, i. 432.

[1228] Jullian, _Revue internat. de l’Enseignement_, p. 37 (1893). Cf. Jullian, _Histoire de Bordeaux_, pp. 27, 28.

[1229] Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil_, No. 150. Cf. No. 326 (Narbonne) νιψάμενος προσεύχου and the Christian signs; the labarum, with α and ω.

[1230] Ibid., No. 374.

[1231] Cf. Jerome, _Ep._ 130 ‘negotiatoribus et avidissimis mortalium Syris’, and Eumen. _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 12 ‘Syrus mercator’.

[1232] Le Blant, _Épigraphie chrétienne_, p. 43.

[1233] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 7.

[1234] ‘Genitor ille deorum oceanus’ = _Iliad_ Ξ 201 of which 178 appears in ‘Iovi et Iunoni recubantibus novos flores terra submisit’. Cf. Brandt, _Eumenios von Augustodunum_, 20.

[1235]

Cecropiae commune decus Latiaeque camenae
_solus_ qui Chium miscet et Ammineum.—_Ep._ xxxi. 31.

[1236] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 11.

[1237] e.g. _Misopogon_, 342 (see Hertlein). One of the boasts of Favorinus of Arles (second century) was that, though a Gaul, he could write and speak Greek, Philostratus, _Vita Soph._ i. 206 (ed. Kayser).

[1238] _Pro Instaur. Schol._ 17.

[1239] _Domest._ iv. 9.

[1240] _Prof._ viii:

Obstitit nostrae, quia, credo, mentis
tardior sensus, neque disciplinis
adpulit Graecis puerilis aevi
noxius error.

The _credo_ seems to be ironical, and more a criticism of the masters than of himself.

[1241] Stahl, _De Ausonianis studiis poetarum Graecorum_, ad init.

[1242] e.g. _Ep._ viii ‘πολύ cantica τέκνα’, etc.; ‘nunquam ipse torquet αὔλακα’ _Ep._ vi. 10.

[1243] e.g.

οἱ πλεῖστοι κακοί
quod est Latinum: plures hominum sunt mali.

[1244]

Sedulum cunctis studium docendi,
fructus exilis tenuisque sermo.—_Prof._ viii. 5.

[1245]

Esset Aristarchi tibi gloria Zenodotique
Graiorum, _antiquus si sequeretur honos_.—_Prof._ xiii. 3.

[1246] Bolland, i, Jan., p. 50, _vita Eugendi_ ‘Lectioni namque se in tantum die noctuque ... dedit et intendit ut praeter Latinis voluminibus etiam Graeca facundia redderetur instructus’.

[1247] i. 13. Cf. _Contra Petilianum_, i. 91 ‘Graecae linguae perperam assecutus sum et proprie nihil’.

[1248] _Confess._, _l.c._

[1249] Ibid. 14.

[1250] _De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine_, p. 34.

[1251] Ibid. 35.

[1252] _Euchar._ 77.

[1253] Cf. Auson. to Drepanius, _Eclog._ i. 11:

Quem pluris faciunt novem sorores,
quam cunctos alios Marone dempto.

[1254] _Saint Augustin_, p. 57 (transl.).

[1255]

Quae doctrina duplex (i.e. the study of the two languages) sicut est
potioribus apta ingeniis, geminoque ornat splendore peritos,
sic sterilis nimium nostri, ut modo sentio, cordis
exilem facile exhausit divisio (of the languages) venam.—_Euchar._ 81.

Cf. 117 ‘Argolico pariter Latioque instante magistro’.

[1256] _Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ xvi. 1. 277.

[1257] _Euchar._ 119-21.

[1258] Ibid. 115-18.

[1259] _Confess._ i. 14.

[1260] Cf. Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, 186 ff., also 149, 191, 220.

[1261] Cf. Giles, _Roman Civilization_, p. 11.

[1262] _Aemil. Paul._ 6, 7. Cf. Ussing, _Erziehung bei den Griechen und Römern_, p. 123.

[1263] _De Fin._ i. 3, ‘hoc tam insolens domesticarum rerum fastidium’. Cf. _Tusc._ ii. 15; iii. 5, 8, 10; _Pro Caecina_, 18; Sen. _Ep._ 58. Cicero’s repeated and emphatic protests show how strong the hellenizing tendency was in his day.

[1264] Plin. _Ep._ iv. 18.

[1265] Seneca, _Ep._ lvii. 1.

[1266] e.g. _De Fin._ i. 6.

[1267] _De Rhet._, § 2.

[1268] Glover, _Life and Letters in the Fourth Century_, p. 188.

[1269] ‘Sic in foro pueros a centumviralibus causis auspicari ut ab Homero in scholis’, _Ep._ ii. 14.

[1270] ‘Initium quoque eius (Grammaticae) mediocre exstitit, siquidem antiquissimi doctorum qui iidem et poetae et semigraeci erant ... _nihil amplius quam Graecos interpretabantur_ aut si quid ipsi Latine composuissent praelegebant’, _De Grammaticis_, § 1.

[1271] _Scriptt. Hist. Aug._ xix. 27 (2).

[1272] _Satyr._ 5.

[1273] _Instit._ x. 1. 46.

[1274] _Prof._ xxi; Jung, _De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata_, p. 25.

[1275] _Euchar._ 72.

[1276] _Protrep._ 45.

[1277] _Ep._ cvii. 9.

[1278] _Revue internat. de l’Enseignement_, 1893, p. 38.

[1279] _Op. cit._, p. 24.

[1280] _B. G._ lv. 5.

[1281] _Epigr._ lxvii and the eight following epigrams.

[1282] _Epigr._ lxxi. It must be remembered, however, that such enthusiasm was very often conventional. The work was very famous in literature (cf. Pliny, _N. H._ xxxiv. 57 ‘Myronem ... bucula maxime nobilitavit celebratis versibus laudata’) and Ausonius’s appreciation may be worth little more than that of the thirty-six epigrams on Myron’s heifer preserved in the Greek Anthology. That the appreciation of an epigram, however, need not necessarily be artificial is proved, e.g. by iv. 54 of the Anthology of Planudes.

[1283] p. 433, Peiper’s ed. Cf. Petron. 88 ‘Myron, qui paene hominum animas ferarumque aere comprehenderat’.

[1284]

Habet sepulcrum non id intus mortuum,
habet nec ipse mortuus bustum super;
sibi sed est ipse hic sepulcrum et mortuus.

(_Carmina a Thaddaeo Ugoleto Ausoni Epigrammaton libro inserta._)

[1285] _Ep._ viii. 6. 10 ‘cultor aliquis e primis architectusque’. Cf. _Ep._ vi. 12. 3.

[1286] _Claudianus und Sidonius_; Dalton, Introd. to Sidonius, p. 101.

[1287] _Carm._ xxii.

[1288] _Ep._ ix. 14.

[1289] _Ep._ ii. 10.

[1290] _Ep._ iv. 18.

[1291] Ibid.

[1292] Dehio, _Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes_, i. 21; Dalton, ii. 233.

[1293] See for example Reinach’s collection of sculptures.

[1294] Cf., however, p. 31, note. The excellence of the Gauls in pottery has been referred to, ibid.

[1295] _Histoire de France_, i. 3. 407.

[1296] e.g. _Pan. Lat._ vi. 21.

[1297] _Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century_, i. 70 ff.

[1298] _Variarum_ lib. vii. 15 ‘Formula ad praefectum urbis de architecto publicorum’.

[1299] _Vita S. Martini_, 10.

[1300] ‘Ut et facta veterum, exclusis defectibus, innovemus et nova vetustatis gloria vestiamus’, _Var._ vii. 15.

[1301] _Ep._ xxxii. 24.

[1302] Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil_, No. 87.

[1303] Cf. _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 604 ff.

[1304] _Ep._ xxxii. 2 (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat._ xxix. 257 ff.).

[1305] Ibid., § 10:

Pleno coruscat Trinitas mysterio;
stat Christus agno, vox patris caelo tonat
et per columbam Spiritus Sanctus fluit.

[1306] Ibid., § 17 ff.

[1307] ‘Totum vero extra concham basilicae spatium alto et lacunato culmine geminis utrimque porticibus dilatatur, quibus duplex per singulos arcus columnarum ordo dirigitur. Cubicula intra porticus quaterna longis basilicae lateribus inserta, secretis orantium ... accommodatos ad pacis aeternae requiem locos praebent. Omne cubiculum binis per liminium frontibus versibus praenotatur ..., ibid., § 12.

[1308] Ibid., § 17.

[1309] _C. I. L._ xii. 1923.

[1310] _C. I. L._ xii. 3344.

[1311] _Ep._ i. 2. 9.

[1312] _Confess._ ix. 6.

[1313] ‘In mari rubro transisse iustos, et Pharaonem cum suo exercitu demersum, etiam in scholis cantant parvuli’, Migne, xxiii; _Adv. Iovianum_, ii. 22.

[1314] Sid. _Ep._ iv. 11. 6.

[1315] ‘Alternante mulcedine monachi clericique psalmicines’, _Ep._ v. 17. 3.

[1316] _Regula_, Migne, lxxx. 213.

[1317] _Comm. in Ep. ad Galat._ ii, praef.

[1318] _Vir. Illust._, ch. 100. The common reference to this passage to prove that Hilary was the _first_ to introduce hymns into Gaul is therefore not quite correct.

[1319] Vide Dreves, _Lat. Hymnendichter des Mittelalters_, p. 3.

[1320] Hilary, _Homily on Psalms_, 65, § 1; cf. Watson, _Hilary of Poitiers_, p. xlvi.

[1321] _Hist. Univ. Par._ i. 64. He was a teacher of boys. ‘Studebat ut omnes pueros ... statim litteras doceret ac psalmis imbueret’, Greg. Tur. _Vitae Patrum_, 8. 2; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ lxxi, 1042.

[1322] April 2, p. 95.

[1323] _Ep._ v. 17. 3.

[1324] _Prof._ xvii. 10.

[1325] _Prof._ i. 4.

[1326] _Prof._ xvi. 14 ff.

[1327] _Prof._ xix. 11.

[1328] _Prof._ xxii. 19.

[1329] _Prof._ xxiii. 6.

[1330] _Prof._ xiii.

[1331] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 9. 1.

[1332] Ritter, _Comment. on Cod. Theod._ xiii. 9. 1.

[1333] xiv. 6: xxviii. 4.

[1334] Cf. _Confess._ v. 8 (14) ‘Apud Carthaginem foeda est et intemperans licentia scholasticorum: inrumpunt inpudenter et prope furiosa fronte perturbant ordinem, quem quisque discipulis ad proficiendum instituerit. Multai niuriosa faciunt mira hebetudine et punienda legibus....’ He complains that Carthage is much worse than Rome. The tradition of colonial rowdiness seems to have lasted to our own time.

[1335] _C. I. L._ xiii. 1. 1. 2040.

[1336] I owe this suggestion to the late Mr. H. J. Cunningham of Worcester College.

[1337] ‘Paucae domus studiorum seriis cultibus antea celebratae, nunc ludibriis ignaviae torpentis exundant, vocali sonu, perflabili tinnitu fidium resultantes. Denique pro philosopho cantor, et in locum oratoris doctor artium ludicrarum accitur’, xiv. 6. 18.

[1338] _Ep._ ii. 10; iv. 18; viii. 2.

[1339]

Quarum iamdudum nullus vigeat licet usus
disciplinarum, vitiato scilicet aevo.—_Euchar._ 68.

[1340] _Epist. posterior doctissimo viro Sapaudo_ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._ x. 203).

[1341] ‘Video enim os Romanum non modo neglegentiae sed pudori esse Romanis’, ibid.

[1342] Cf. the criticisms of education in Juvenal and Seneca (_Ep. Mor._ xv. 3. 23; _Ep._ lxxvi. 4; _Ep._ cviii. 6). To rant about education has been a temptation in all ages.

[1343] _Cambridge Mediaeval History_, i. 296.

[1344] Ibid. 392.

[1345] _De Reditu_, i. 21.

[1346] Ibid. i. 29 ff.

[1347] _Carmen de Providentia Dei_, 13; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ li. 618.

[1348] Ibid. 27.

[1349] Migne, li. 611, vs. 25.

[1350] Ibid., vs. 37 ff.

[1351] _Commonitorii_ ii. 165 (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._ xvi. 234).

[1352] e.g. by Maximin towards the end of the third century, _Pan. Lat._ iii. 5.

[1353] Ammianus, xxviii. 2, 10.

[1354] Zosimus, vi. 2.

[1355] Salvian, _De Gub._ v. 6, 24.

[1356] _Ep._ vi. 4. 1, A.D. 472.

[1357] _Ep._ vi. 6. 1, A.D. 472. Cf. _Ep._ vii. 10. 2, A.D. 474 ‘Si commeandi libertas pace revocetur’, and _Ep._ vii. 11. 1.

[1358] _Ep._ vi. 10. 1, A.D. 473.

[1359] _Ep._ ix. 3. 2. Cf. _Ep._ ix. 5. 1.

[1360] _Ep._ vii. 1.

[1361] ‘Nam idcirco tantum incommodis calamitatum circumecribendis potius quam sanandis pax quaedam videtur adludere, ut mentes fallaci securitate laxatas, instaurato gravius metu succiduus gemitus adficiat’, _Ep. ad Diversos_, xxxvii, ed. Peiper.

[1362] _Hist. of Europe in the Fifth Century_, p. 27.

[1363] _Ad Uxorem_, 7; Migne, li. 611.

[1364] _De Prov. Dei_, Migne, li. 618.

[1365] Ibid.

[1366] Guizot, _Hist. of Civilization_ (trans. Hazlitt), i. 439.

[1367] _De Reditu_, ii. 49.

[1368] Salvian, _De Gub._ v. 24 ‘De Bagaudis nunc mihi sermo est qui per malos iudices et cruentos spoliati afflicti necati, postquam ius Romanae libertatis omiserant, etiam honorem Romani nominis perdiderunt ... vocamus rebelles, vocamus perditos quos esse compulimus criminosos’. Salvian was a preacher and loved vividness. But, as Hodgkin remarks (I. i. 2, pp. 920 ff.), he was a truthful man, and had an enthusiasm for justice, and as such he saw that there was much to be said on the anti-Roman side. Cf. ‘... inciperent esse quasi barbari, quia non permittebantur esse Romani’.

[1369] Pichon, _Études sur la Litt. lat._ i. 55.

[1370] Sidon. _Ep._ ii. 10. 1; iv. 17. 2.

[1371] Letter to Philip, 5, 10; Murray, _Religio Grammatici_, p. 18.

[1372] ‘Der Endzweck der Wissenschaften ist Wahrheit. Wahrheit ist der Seele nothwendig, und es wird Tyrannei, ihr in Befriedigung dieses wesentlichen Bedürfnisses den geringsten Zwang anzuthun.’

[1373] ‘Et ideo ego adolescentulos existimo in scholis stultissimos fieri, quia nihil ex iis quae in usu habemus aut audiunt aut vident’, _Satyr._ i. 1 and 2.

[1374] Aphthon. _Progym._ 4. 10.

[1375] Ibid. 7.

[1376] Ibid. 12.

[1377] _Ep._ xxii.

[1378] _Ep._ xiii. 6 ff.

[1379] _Ep._ xv. 24 ff. Cf. his trifling with Greek words, _Ep._ viii.

[1380] _Ep._ viii. 11. 5.

[1381] _Ep._ ix. 14. 4.

[1382] _Ep._ ix. 7. 2.

[1383] Professores, Epitaphia, Ludus, Caesares, Periochae, &c.

[1384] Eclogae, Cupido, Technopaegnion, Griphus, Cento, &c.

[1385] Cf. Sid. _Ep._ iv. 22. 2 ‘et ego Plinio discipulus assurgo’.

[1386] _Ep._ i. 1. 2.

[1387] Cf. Baret’s ed., p. 115.

[1388] _Ep._ iv. 3. 3.

[1389] _Ep._ iv. 22. 6.

[1390] ‘Quisquis enim recentiorum aliquid dignum memoria scriptitavit, non et ipse novitios legit. Illi ergo reventilandi memoriaeque mandandi sunt de quibus isti potuere proficere quos miramur’, _Ep. Posterior_ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._, vol. x, p. 206).

[1391] See especially Brandt, _Eumenius von Augustodunum_, pp. 18, 19. Cf. Pichon, _Études sur la Litt. lat._ i. 36 ff.

[1392] It must be remembered, however, that the ‘litterati’ of the day very often posed as familiar with authors whom they only knew from extracts or anthologies. The rarer authors here prescribed were known, probably, only in this superficial way.

[1393] Cf. Wackernagel in _Kultur der Gegenwart_, i. 8. 389.

[1394] Jer. _Ep._ 125. 6.

[1395] Sidonius gives as the special mark of the grammarian his love of rule (_regulare_), _Ep._ iv. 1. 2.

[1396] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (_Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._, vol. vi, p. 408).

[1397] Cf. Aulus Gellius, N. A. i. 6. 4 ‘Rhetori concessum est sententiis uti falsis, audacibus, versutis, subdolis, captiosis, si veri modo similes sint....’

[1398] Ozanam, _Hist. of Civil. in the Fifth Century_, i. 3.

[1399] Cf. Rocafort, _Paulin de Pella_, p. xl; Ebert, _Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters_, p. 409.

[1400] Praef. § 1 ‘me scilicet _totam_ vitam meam deo debere’; _Euchar._ 590 ff. ‘hoc unum ipse bonum statuens, hoc esse tenendum conscius, hoc toto cupiens adquirere corde.... Te praefando loqui, Te meminisse silendo’.

[1401] _De Prov._ 935; Migne, li. 618.

[1402] Ibid. 941.

[1403] Ibid. 958.

[1404] Migne, li. 611.

[1405] _Ep._ vii. 13.

[1406] _Ep._ 60; Migne, xxii. 600 ‘Orbis Romanus ruit et tamen cervix nostra erecta non flectitur’.

[1407] _De Doctrina._

[1408] Ibid. iv. 2.

[1409] _Confess._ iii. 6.

[1410] ‘Ne ulterius pueri meditantes ... insanias mendaces et bella forensia mercarentur ex ore meo arma furori suo’, ibid. ix. 2.

[1411] _Prin. Rhet._ i.; Migne, xxxii. 1439 ‘Oratoris officium est ... primum ipsam (quaestionem) intellegere’. Cf. _De Ordine_, ii. 17, talking of barbarisms and solecisms of which he confesses he himself may be guilty, he says to his mother: ‘sed tu, contemptis istis vel puerilibus rebus vel ad te non pertinentibus, ita grammaticae divinam fere vim naturamque cognoscis _ut eius animam tenuisse, corpus reliquisse disertis videaris_’.

[1412] Ibid., ch. 2. Cf. Isidore of Seville, _Etymol._ ii. 1 ‘Rhetorica est scientia ... ad persuadenda iusta et bona’. Migne, lxxxii. 125.

[1413] ‘Hic est ordo studiorum sapientiae per quem fit quisque idoneus ad intelligendum ordinem rerum, id est, ad dignoscendos duos mundos et ipsum parentem Universitatis’, _De Ord._ ii. 18. Cf. i. 9; ii. 16.

[1414] _De Schol. Rom._, p. 43.

[1415] _Chron. Ler._ ii. 57; Migne, l. 718.

[1416] _Phaedo_, 66 C.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. ORIGINAL AUTHORITIES.

(_a_) Pagan.

(Teubner Series, unless otherwise stated.)

Ammianus.

Aulus Gellius.

Ausonius (for a full bibliography to Ausonius see _Prolegomena to an
edition of the works of D. M. Ausonius_, Sister M. J. Byrne, 1916).

Caesar.

Cicero (esp. _De Oratore_ and _Brutus_).

Claudius Claudianus.

_Codex Theodosianus_, ed. Mommsen and Meyer, with the old but
valuable commentaries of Gothofredus and Ritter.

Diodorus (Dübner).

Galen, ed. Kühn.

_Grammatici Latini_, ed. Keil (esp. Servius).

_Grammaticae Romanae Fragmenta_ (1907).

Horace.

Isocrates.

Justinus, ed. Benecke.

Juvenal, with Mayor’s _Commentary_.

_Leges Visigothorum_ (_Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_).

Libanius, _Orations_, ed. Reiske.

Libanius, _Letters_, ed. Seeck.

Lucian.

Macrobius.

Martial.

_Panegyrici Latini_ (1911).

Petronius, ed. Littré.

Pliny, _Naturalis Historia_.

Pliny, _Panegyric_, _Letters_.

Plutarch, _Lives_.

Quintilian.

Rhetores Graeci.

Rutilius Namatianus.

_Die Schriften der römischen Feldmesser_, ed. Mommsen.

_Scriptores Historiae Augustae._

Seneca, _Suasoriae et Controversiae_.

Seneca (the philosopher), _Epistulae_.

Sidonius, with Dalton’s Introduction to his translation of the
_Letters_.

Strabo (Dübner).

Suetonius, _De Grammaticis_, _De Rhetoribus_.

Symmachus, ed. Seeck.

Tacitus.

(_b_) Christian.

(Migne’s Series, unless otherwise stated.)

_Ad Uxorem._

Augustine, _Confessions_, ed. Knöll; and esp. _De Ordine_, _De
Doctrina_, _Principia Rhetorices_.

Avitus, _Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_.

Caesarius.

Cassian.

Cassiodorus, _Variae_.

Claudianus Mamertus (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).

_De Providentia Dei._

Ennodius (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).

Eucherius.

Gennadius, _De viris illustribus_.

Hilary of Arles.

Hilary of Poitiers.

Isidore of Seville.

Jerome, esp. _Letters_.

Paulinus of Nola (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).

Paulinus of Pella (_Corpus Scriptt. Eccles. Lat._).

Prudentius.

Remigius.

Salvian.

Sedulius.

Socrates.

Sozomen.

Tertullian.

Theodoret.

Victor of Marseilles.

(_c_) Inscriptions.

Boissieu, _Inscriptions de Lyon_.

_Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum._

Le Blant, _Nouveau Recueil de l’Épigraphie chrétienne_.

Pirson, _La Langue des Inscriptions latines de la Gaule_.

II. MODERN AUTHORITIES.

(_a_) Works of Reference.

_Archiv für lateinische Lexicographie_, ed. Wölfflin.

Blümner, _Römische Privatalterthümer_.

Boquet, _Recueil des Historiens_, tom. 1.

Cramer, _Geschichte der Erziehung_.

Daremberg-Saglio, _Dictionnaire des Antiquités_.

Desjardins, _Géographie historique de la Gaule_.

Dreves, _Lateinische Hymnendichter des Mittelalters_.

Ebert, _Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters_.

Espérandieu, _Les bas-reliefs de la Gaule Romaine_.

Grasberger, _Erziehung u. Unterricht im klassischen Alterthum_.

Gröber, _Grundriss der romanischen Philologie_.

Head, _Historia Numorum_ (1911).

Hefele, _Conciliengeschichte_.

_Histoire littéraire de la France._

Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_.

Paul, _Grundriss der germanischen Philologie_.

Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopädie_.

Schanz, _Geschichte der römischen Litteratur_.

Teuffel-Schwabe, _History of Roman Literature_ (transl. Warr).

(_b_) Other Works.

_Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Benedictini_ (Bolland).

Barralis, _Chronologia Sanctorum et aliorum virorum illustrium atque
abbatum sacrae insulae Lerinensis_ (1613).

Bertrand, _Saint Augustin_ (transl.).

Boissier, _La Fin du Paganisme_; _Tacite_.

Bulaeus, _Historia Universitatis Parisiensis_.

Bury, _Roman Empire_.

_Cambridge Mediaeval History_.

Cantor, _Die römischen Agrimensoren_.

Denk, _Geschichte des gallo-fränkischen Unterrichts- u.
Bildungswesens_.

Fauriel, _Histoire de la Gaule méridionale_.

Frank, _Roman Imperialism_.

Freeman, _Historical Essays_.

Freeman, _Methods of Historical Study_.

Freeman, _Western Europe during the Fifth Century_.

Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, ed. Bury.

Glover, _Life and Letters in the Fourth Century_.

Guizot, _History of Civilization_ (tr. Hazlitt).

Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_.

Holmes, _Christian Church in Gaul_.

Jullian, _Histoire de Bordeaux_.

Jullian, _Histoire de la Gaule_.

Jullian, _Les Premières Universités françaises_ (_Rev. internat. de
l’Enseignement_, 1893).

Jung, _De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata_.

Kaufmann, _Rhetoren- u. Klosterschulen in Gallien während des 5. und
6. Jahrhunderts_.

Lavisse, _Histoire de France_.

Monnard, _De Gallorum oratorio ingenio_.

Montalembert, _The Monks of the West_ (transl.)

Norden, _Die antike Kunstprosa_ (2nd ed.).

Ozanam, _History of Civilization in the Fifth Century_ (transl.).

Pichon, _Études sur l’Histoire de la littérature latine dans les
Gaules_.

Puech, _De Paulini Nolani Ausoniique epistolarum commercio_.

Rocafort, _Paulin de Pella_.

Speck, _Quaestiones Ausonianae_.

Watson, E. W., _Hilary of Poitiers_ (_Nicene and Post-Nicene
Fathers_).

Woodward, _Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire_
(1916).

INDEX

(_For names of persons see subjects connected with them._)

_A._

Abacus (for arithmetic), 60.

Actors, 127, 154.

Administration, imperial, 119 ff.

Aesop, fables of, 73.

Afrikaans in South African schools, 255.

Age for beginning school, (pagan), 106;
(Christian), 181.

_Agrimensores_, 89.

Agroecius, text-book of, 64.

Alexandria, Christian schools at, 176.
doctors of, 89.

Alimenta, 138.

Ambrose, hymns of, 237, 238.

Analogists, 62.

Annonae, 113.

Anomalists, 62.

_Antecessores_, 85.

ἀντιθέσεις (rhetorical), 78.

Antioch, school-life at, 52.
Sophists of, 72.
school-exercises at, 72 ff.

Antiquities, 64, 65.

ἄπαξ εὶρημένα and provincialisms, preserved by Marcellus, 88.

Appointment of teachers, 113, 149.

Aquitaine, connexion with Greece of, 220.
distinction of, 46 ff.
first to be Romanized, 27.
morals of, 199.
peacefulness of, 39.

Archaism, prevalent in our period, 254.
effect on education, 255.

_Archiatri_, 88.

Architecture at Trèves and Autun, 102, 234.
Christian, 234.

Arena, 154.

Arithmetic, in Christian schools, 186.
in pagan schools, 59.

Art, in Catacombs, 235.
natural to Gauls, 231.
how modified in Gaul, 31, 232.
Martin and Cassiodorus on, 234, 235.
naturalistic in choice of subject, 31.
possible school of, at Martres, 233.
paintings, 236.
produced by foreigners, 233.
references in Ausonius, 231, 232.
remains of in Gaul, 30.
tendency to artificiality of, 232, 233.
vases, ivories, &c., 235, 236.

Artificiality, 160, 251-4.

Astronomy, needed for poetry, 41, 67, 68.

Authority, educational, of Quintilian, 57 ff., 183, 184.

Autun (Augustodunum, Flavia Aeduorum), 28, 37, 38 ff., 102 ff., 136.
eclipsed by Trèves, 48.
soon Romanized, 38.

_B._

Bagaudae, 37, 246, 249 and n.

Barbarians, imperial attitude towards, 25, 26, 32.
imperial policy towards, 31.
invasions of, 142, 143, 243 ff.

Bards among the Celts, 12.

Bede on finger-computation, 59.

Bible as text-book, 189, 229.
influence on history, 218.

Bishops, growth of power of, 153.

Book-copying, (pagan), 58;
(Christian), 186.

Bordeaux, educational importance of, 46 ff.
fortunes of, 47.
Greek teachers of, 222.
intellectual capital of Gaul, 46.

Breves (reports on work of students), 107.

Buildings, Roman, in Gaul, 30.
at Autun, 102, 234.

_C._

Capella, Martianus, seven acts of, 60.
in Christian schools, 188.

Cassiodorus, conception of art of, 235.

Catacombs, art in, 235.

Catechumen schools, 176, 178.

Cathedra, 103.

Celtic, survival of, 10 ff., 161.
plant-names in, 88.

Celts, boorishness of, 49 ff.
character of, 12 ff., 199.
worship Mercury, 11, 12.
oratorical gift of, 12.
priests of, 13.
exclusive educational system of, 13, 14.

Censure, ψόγος (rhetoric), 77.

Centralization, effect of, on education, 144, 145.

Charities, 155.

Chreia (rhetoric), 73.
kinds of, 74.

Chronography, 210, 217.

Church, adornment of, 232, 234, 235.
contains aristocrats and intellectuals of the time, 156, 157.
art in, described by Paulinus of Nola, 236.
enthusiasm for education of, 40, 42, 54, 177 ff., 197.
government of, 175.
does not create new education, 162.
gains individuality, 155.
influence of, 153, 256.
music in, 237.
political significance of, 152 ff.
reaction in, against paganism, 195.
does not transform Roman Empire, 157.
sincerity of, 257, 258.

Church schools, rise of, 175 ff.
scattered and indefinite, 181.
not exclusively moral, 188.
methods of, 193 ff.

Citizenship, 128, 148, 218.

Civil power, growth of, 119.

Class distinction in society, 124 ff.
Jullian’s statement concerning, 125 ff.
Mommsen’s, 128.
effect on education, 131.

Class-rooms, 102, 182.

Collegia, 127 ff.

Coloni, 129.

Comparison, σίγκρισις (rhetoric), 77.

Confirmation, κατασκευή (rhetoric) 76.

Conplatonicorum collegium, 80.

Controversia de loco (surveying), 89.

Controversiae, 69.

Contubernium, 111, 112.

Convictus, 111.

Corporati, 127 ff.

Cosmographia, of Aethicus Hister, 66.

Courses, length of, 106.

Courts, ecclesiastical, 152.

Criticism, literary, 62.

Curiales, 121, 126, 131.

_D._

Description, ἔκφρασις (rhetoric), 78.

Dictionaries, 65.

_Dictiones Ethicae_, 69.
of Ennodius, 69, 163 n.

Discipline, (pagan), 53, 93 ff.;
(Christian), 241.
Quintilian on, 96.

_Disticha Catonis_, 188.

Doctors, exempt from military service, 88.
State-paid, 88.
teachers of their profession, 88, 89.
chiefly provincials, 89.
wealthy, 89.

Donatus = grammar of Donatus, 63.

Dress, academic, 107.

Druids, philosophy of, 12, 82.
Caesar’s account of, 13.
learning of, derived from Britain, 13.
use of writing among, 13.
Cicero on science of, 13.
exclusive nature of learning of, 13, 14.
political influence of, 14.
imperial policy towards, 15.
persistence of, 15, 16.
female, 15, 16.

_E._

Education, abroad, of Gallic students, 240 ff.
affected by art, 234, 237.
authorities on, Quintilian supreme, 57 ff., 183, 184.
effect of centralization on, 144.
effect of class distinction on, 124 ff.
Christian, in Gaul, 175 ff.
control of, 93.
decline of, 243.
earlier Roman, 33 ff.
elasticity in, advocated by Christians, 168.
elementary, (pagan), 58;
support given by Emperors to, 138, 139;
(Christian), 175.
epitome of, (pagan), 53.
extent of, (pagan), 34 ff., 41 ff., 131 ff.;
(Christian), 175, 178, 181, 190.
female, 205.
practised by Gallic Celts, 11 ff.
general scope of, (pagan), 55, 56, 57.
given by grammaticus, 60 ff.
higher, (pagan), 68 ff.;
(Christian), 191.
history in, 205.
ideals in, 249 ff.;
of Isocrates and Cicero in, 158, 159;
of Panegyrici Latini in, 160.
imperial protection of, 36, 84, 85, 113, 135 ff.
invaders’ influence on, 37, 47, 243 ff.
Julian’s encouragement of, 2, 40, 113, 137.
language question in, 223 ff.
upheld by Massilia, 7 ff.
place of memory in ancient, 90.
monopolized by emperors, 113, 144, 145.
moral, 198.
organization of, (pagan), 102;
(Christian), 182 ff.
practice of, (pagan), 52 ff.;
(Christian), 180 ff.;
in Rhetores Graeci, 172 ff.
private, 55, 103, 145, 182.
prosperity of, in Gaul, 39 ff.
public, growth of, 135.
remuneration of, 112 ff.
given by rhetor, 68 ff.
based on rhetoric, 71 ff., 157 ff., 249.
affected by roads, 29, 30, 248.
stages of, 53, 55, 56, 103 ff.

Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία, 71.

Ἑλληνισμός (purity of style), 73.

Elocution, 61, 250, 251.

Ἠθοποιία, characterization (rhetoric), 77.

Eversores, 242.

Examinations, 107.

Exposition (_enarratio_), 61.

_F._

Fables, in schools at Antioch, 72 ff., 187.
forced interpretation of, 73.

Fathers, Church, interest in education of, 178 ff.
fondness for Rhetoric, 162 ff.
reaction of, against rhetoric, 166 ff. (_rusticitas_).
attitude to art, 234, 235, 237.
harsh methods of, 194.
manual labour of, 195.
enthusiasm of, 40, 41, 177 ff.
aim at simplicity, 166.
nature of work of, 197.
attitude to women, 206 ff.

Fees, 115.

Finger-computation, 59, 186.

Flaccus, M. Verrius (_see_ Dictionaries).

Flavia Aeduorum (Autun), 28 ff.

Flavius Caper (_see_ Text-books).

Floralia at Toulouse, 108.

Florus (_see_ Gauls, character of).

Formula, magic, for medicine, 88.

_G._

Gallic Latin, 21.

Games, 97 ff.
in home of Gallic aristocrat, 54.
gladiatorial, 154, 155.

Gaul, imperial status of, 42, 240.
prosperity of schools of, 39 ff.
Romanization of, 26 ff.
students of, abroad, 240 ff.;
how treated at Rome, 241, 242.

Gauls, capacity for art, 231.
supposed boorishness of, 49 ff., 221.
character of, 11, 12, 199.
capacity for eloquence, 11, 12, 141, 160.
lively spirit of, 231.
cultivate the panegyric, 141.

Geography, supposed weakness of Romans in, 66.
writers on, 66.
in Ausonius, 67.
function of, 66, 67, 215.

Germans, forbidden to intermarry, 21.
influence of, on Gaul, 20 ff.
influence of, on Latin, 20, 21.
influence of, on Romans, 19, 20.

Gladiators, action concerning, 154, 155.

Gnomê, γνώμη (rhetoric), 74.

Goths, attitude of aristocrats towards, 25, 26.
code of laws of, 24, 200.
entertainments of, 23, 237.
intellect of, 23.
moral influence of, 199.
not unpopular in Roman Gaul, 54.

Grammar (modern sense), 64.

Grammatikê, first treatise on, by Dionysius Thrax, 61.
how regarded by Ennodius, 163.
function of, 61.
compared with Rhetoric, 68.
criticized as non-ethical, 202.
regarded as incentive to virtue, 203, 204.
general scope of, 56.

Greek, neglected by Ausonius, 222.
in Church, 9, 44, 222, 223.
decline of, 221 ff.
in Gaul (second century), 35.
influences gymnastics, 101.
inscriptions in, 221.
influence of Massilia in favour of, 4 ff., 161, 220.
identified with paganism, 220.
Quintilian on, 229.
found difficult by schoolboys, 55, 222, 223, 224.
why found difficult, 225 ff.

Guilds, 127 ff.

Gymnastics, regarded with disfavour by Romans, 99.
due to Greek influence, 101.
Quintilian on place of, 100.

_H._

Head masters, 116, 182, 184.

Heiresses, married by Bordeaux teachers, 133.

History, 57, 209 ff.
Constitutional, 65.
ancient conception of, 211 ff.
Christian influence on, 217.
directed by imperial policy, 66, 210, 215, 216.
logical and psychological value of, 219.
moral value of, 219.
ruled by rhetoric, 214, 215.
treated as side issue, 210, 211.
haphazard study of, 213.

Holidays, increase of Christian, 109.
attitude of Church to pagan, 110.
Floralia at Toulouse, 108.
easily produced, 110, 111.
less splendid in provinces than at Rome, 108.

Home, literary atmosphere of, 54.
education, 103, 145, 182.

Hours, school, 107.

Hymns, antiphonal, 238.
influence of Augustine, 237.
contribution of Gaul, 239.
importance of, for modern metres, 239.
origin of, 237, 238.
used in schools, 237, 238.

_I._

Ideals, Pagan and Christian, 249 ff.
of Isocrates and Cicero, 158, 159.
of Panegyrici Latini, 160.

Imperial interest in schools, 36, 84, 85, 113, 135 ff., 146.

Inscriptions, 4, 15, 45, 46, 99, 161, 182, 203, 221, 242.

Intermarriage, between Roman and barbarian, 21 (ff. 248, 249)
between different classes in society, 127.

Invasions, 37, 47, 243 ff.
affect education through slaughter of children, 248.

_J._

Jurisdiction, civil, passes over to Church, 152.

_K._

Κατηγορία (rhetoric), 78.

Knowledge, low general standard of, 124 ff., 175, 181, 190.
widespread among Christians, 40, 42, 43, 54, 177, 178, 179, 196.
made a matter of class by Celts, 13, 14.
affected by imperial protection, advantageously, 135 ff.;
disadvantageously, 144 ff.

Κοινόβιοι, original idea of monastery, 177.

Κοινὸς τόπος (rhetoric), 76.

_L._

Labour, manual, 155, 195.

La Tène Civilization, 14.

Law, Arles a centre of, 83.
connexion with imperial policy, 84.
increased interest in, during fifth century, 82.
Justinian on teaching of, 84, 85.
Civil magistrates drawn from profession of, 85.
Roman, passes into Church, 153.
students of, go to Rome, 83, 84, 241.
few teachers of, 82.

Lawyers, as lecturers (_antecessores_), of Massilia, 82.
bad reputation of, 86, 87.

Lector, 181, 183.
ordination and qualifications of, 184.

Lérins, education at, 177, 179, 180, 187, 190, 195.

Lesson, method of conducting in pagan schools, 60.

Literature, enthusiasm for, 43, 131, 140.
pagan, banned by Christians, 169 ff., 206, 260;
reason for exclusive attitude toward, 170, 171;
partially accepted by wiser Christians, 172, 173, 188;
form of, used by Christians, 189.

Litterae formatae, 223.

_Litterator_ (elementary teacher), 105.

_Locus communis_, κοινὸς τόπος, 76.
_Vergilianus_, 69.

Ludi Florales, 108.

λύσεις (rhetoric), 78.