Chapter XVII

FROM TIDEWATER TO THE MOUNTAINS. Family and early career of Alexander Spotswood 370 He brings the privilege of habeas corpus to Virginia, but wrangles much with his burgesses 371 His energy and public spirit 372 How the Post-Office Act was resisted by the people 373, 375 Disputes as to power of appointing parsons 376 Beginnings of continental politics in America 376 Beginning of the seventy years' struggle with France 377 How the continental situation in America was affected by the war of the Spanish succession 378, 379 Different views of Spotswood and the assembly with regard to sending aid to Carolina 379, 380 How the royal governors became convinced that the thing most needed in English America was a continental government that could impose taxes 381 Franklin's plan for a federal union 381, 383 It was the failure of the colonies to adopt Franklin's plan that led soon afterwards to the Stamp Act 382, 383 How Spotswood regarded the unknown West 383 Attempts to cross the Blue Ridge 384 How the Blue Ridge was crossed by Spotswood 385xvi Knights of the Golden Horseshoe 386 Spotswood's plan for communicating between Virginia and Lake Erie 387, 388 Condition of the postal service in the English colonies under Spotswood's administration 389 Brief mention of Governors Gooch and Dinwiddie 390 Importance of the Scotch-Irish migration to America 390, 391 In 1611 James I. began colonizing Ulster with settlers from Scotland and England 391 In Ulster they established flourishing manufactures of woollens and linens 392 Which excited the jealousy of rival manufacturers in England 393 Legislation against the Ulster manufacturers 393 Civil disabilities inflicted upon Presbyterians in Ulster 393 These circumstances caused such a migration to America that by 1770 it amounted to more than half a million souls 394 Many Scotch-Irish settled in the Shenandoah Valley, and were closely followed by Germans 395 This Shenandoah population exerted a most powerful democratizing influence upon the colony 396 Jefferson found in them his most powerful supporters 396 Lord Fairfax's home at Greenway Court; Fairfax's affection for Washington 397 How the surveying of Fairfax's frontier estates led Washington on to his public career 398 The advance of Virginians from tidewater to the mountains brought on the final struggle with France 398, 399 Advance of the French from Lake Erie 399 Washington goes to warn them from encroaching upon English territory 399 MAPS. Westward Growth of Old Virginia, from a sketch by the author Frontispiece North Carolina Precincts in 1729, after a map in Hawks's History of North Carolina 276 A Map of ye most Improved Part of Carolina, from Winsor's America, vol. v. p. 351 306

THE IDEA OF GOD AS AFFECTED BY MODERN KNOWLEDGE By John Fiske CONTENTS I. Difficulty of expressing the Idea of God so that it can be readily understood 35 II. The Rapid Growth of Modern Knowledge 46 III. Sources of the Theistic Idea 62 IV. Development of Monotheism 72 V. The Idea of God as immanent in the World 81 VI. The Idea of God as remote from the World 87 VII. Conflict between the Two Ideas, commonly misunderstood as a Conflict between Religion and Science 97 VIII. Anthropomorphic Conceptions of God 111 IX. The Argument from Design 118 X. Simile of the Watch replaced by Simile of the Flower 128 XI. The Craving for a Final Cause 134 XII. Symbolic Conceptions 140 XIII. The Eternal Source of Phenomena 144 XIV. The Power that makes for Righteousness 158