Chapter XV

THE CAROLINA FRONTIER. How South Carolina was a frontier against the Spaniards 270 How North Carolina was a wilderness frontier 271 The grant of Carolina to eight lords proprietors 272 John Locke and Lord Shaftesbury 272, 273 "Fundamental Constitutions" of Carolina 274xii The Carolina palatinate different from that of Maryland 275 Titles of nobility 276 Albemarle colony 276 New Englanders at Cape Fear 277 Sir John Yeamans and Clarendon colony 277 The Ashley River colony and the founding of Charleston 278 First legislation in Albemarle 279 Troubles caused by the Navigation Act 280 The trade between Massachusetts and North Carolina 281 Eastchurch and Miller 282 Culpeper's usurpation 283 How Culpeper fared in London 284 How Charleston was moved from Albemarle Point to Oyster Point 285 Seth Sothel's tyranny in Albemarle and his banishment 286, 287 Troubles in Ashley River colony 287 The Scotch at Port Royal 288 A state without laws 289 Reappearance of Sothel, this time as the people's friend 289 His downfall and death 290 Clarendon colony abandoned 290 Philip Ludwell's administration 290, 291 Joseph Archdale and his beneficent rule 291 Sir Nathaniel Johnson and the dissenters 292 Unsuccessful attempt of a French and Spanish fleet upon Charleston 293 Thomas Carey 294 Porter's mission to England 295 Edward Hyde comes to govern North Carolina 296 Carey's rebellion 296, 297 Expansion of the northern colony; arrival of Baron Graffenried with Germans and Swiss; founding of New Berne 297 Accusations against Carey and Porter of inciting the Indians against the colony 297 These accusations are highly improbable and not well supported 298 Survey of Carolina Indians 298-300 Algonquin tribes 298 Sioux tribes; Iroquois tribes 299 Muscogi tribes 300 Algonquin-Iroquois conspiracy against the North Carolina settlements 300xiii Capture of Lawson and Graffenried by the Tuscaroras; Lawson's horrible death 301 The massacre of September, 1711 302 Aid from Virginia and South Carolina 302, 303 Barnwell defeats the Tuscaroras 303 Crushing defeat of the Tuscaroras by James Moore; their migration to New York 304 Administration of Charles Eden 304, 305 Spanish intrigues with the Yamassees 305 Alliance of Indian tribes against the South Carolinians and nine months' warfare 306 Administration of Robert Johnson 306 The revolution of 1719 in South Carolina; end of the proprietary government in both colonies 308 Contrast between the two colonies 308, 309 Interior of North Carolina contrasted with the coast 310, 311 Unkempt life 311 A genre picture by Colonel Byrd 312, 313 Industries of North Carolina 313 Absence of towns 314, 315 A frontier democracy 315 Segregation and dispersal of Virginia poor whites 316 Spotswood's account of the matter 317 New peopling of North Carolina after 1720; the German immigration 318 Scotch Highlanders and Scotch-Irish 318, 319 Further dispersal of poor whites 319, 320 Barbarizing effects of isolation 321 The settlers of South Carolina, churchmen and dissenters 323 The open vestries 323 South Carolina parish, purely English in its origin, not French like the parishes of Louisiana 324 Free schools 325 Rice and indigo 326 Some characteristics of South Carolina slavery 327, 329 Negro insurrection of 1740 329 Cruelties connected with slavery 330 Social life in Charleston 331 Contrast between the two Carolinas 332, 333 The Spanish frontier and the founding of Georgia 333 James Oglethorpe and his philanthropic schemes 334 Beginnings of Georgia 335, 336 Summary; Cavaliers and Puritans once more 337xiv