Chapter XLIX: Appendix: THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. Footnote: See v. 1069 seqq (4)

ge-beódan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. hêt þâ gebeódan byre Wihstânes häleða monegum, þät hie..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebeád hord and rîce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. gûðe gebeódan, _to offer battle_, 604.

beód-geneát, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. geneátas, 343, 1714.

beón, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I. gûðgeweorca ic beó gearo sôna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wâ bið þäm þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183; so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þe wilna gâd (_no wish will be denied thee_), 661; þær þe bið manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the warriors_, 1836; ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw, _is not becoming, honorable to a woman_, 1941; eft sôna bið _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. þonne bióð brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þam þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. beó (bió) þu on ôfeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748; beó wið Geátas gläd, _be gracious to the Geátas_, 1174.

beór, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. ät beóre, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr. sg. beóre druncen, 531; beóre druncne, 480.

beór-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl. beór-scealca sum (one of Hrôðgâr's followers, because they served the Geátas at meals), 1241.

beór-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in (on) beórsele, 482, 492, 1095; biórsele, 2636.

beór-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. äfter beórþege, 117; ät þære beórþege, 618.

beót, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken_: acc. sg. he beót ne âlêh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; beót eal ... gelæste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523.

ge-beótian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self_: pret. gebeótedon, 480, 536.

beót-word, st. n., same as beót: dat. pl. beót-wordum spräc, 2511.

biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dôð swâ ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þe biddan wille ânre bêne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swâ he selfa bäd, _as he himself had requested_, 29; bäd hine blîðne (supply wesan) ät þære beórþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þe lange bäd þät þu..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bäd þät ge geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum bædon þät..., 176.

on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lætað hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay the shields aside here), 397.

bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, wîg-bil.

bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.

ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þær ic fîfe geband, _where I had bound five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ôðer fand sôðe gebunden, _the king's man found_ (after many had already praised Beówulf's deed) _other words_ (also referring to Beówulf, but in connection with Sigemund) _rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmæl wrättum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel gûðwîga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed), 2112.

on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. îs-gebind.

bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite îrena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. äfter billes bite, 2061.--Comp. lâð-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran stræle, 1747; instr. pl. biteran bânum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated, furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332.

bî, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bî sæm tweónum, _in the circuit of both seas_, 1957; ârâs bî ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539; bî wealle gesät, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big stôdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_ (motion): hwearf þâ bî bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; geóng bî sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757.

bîd (see bîdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þær wearð Ongenþió on bîd wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963.

bîdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nô on wealle leng bîdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the drake), 2309; pret. in þýstrum bâd, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota stille bâd, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þäm se rîca bâd, _where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þær se snottra bâd, _where the wise man_ (Hrôðgâr) _waited_, 1314; he on searwum bâd, _he_ (Beówulf) _stood there armed_, 2569; ic on earde bâd mælgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þær bidon, _some remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bîdan woldon Grendles gûðe, _wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wîges bîdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bîdan wolde, _would await no answer_, 1495; pret. bâd beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the battle_, 710; sægenga bâd âgend-freán, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its owner_, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bâd, lâðan lîges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.

â-bîdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978.

ge-bîdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebîde ge on beorge, _wait ye on the mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þeáh þe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden häbbe Häreðes dôhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedäg mînne gebîdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne wênde ... bôte gebîdan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935; fela sceal gebîdan leófes and lâðes, _experience much good and much affliction_, 1061; ende gebîdan, 1387, 2343; pret. he þäs frôfre gebâd, _received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebâd wintra worn, _lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tô gebîdanne ôðres yrfeweardes, _to await another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tô gebîdanne þät his byre rîde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_, 2446; pret. dreám-leás gebâd þät he..., _joyless he experienced it, that he_..., 1721; þäs þe ic on aldre gebâd þät ic..., _for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that_..., 1780.

on-bîdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbâd earfoðlîce ôð þät æfen cwom, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303.

bîtan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bîtan, 1455, 1524; pret. bât bânlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bât unswîðor, _cut with less force_ (Beówulf's sword), 2579.

blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.

ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.: sund-, ýð-geblond, windblond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair, _gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.

bläc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.

blâc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blâcne leóman, _a brilliant gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblâc.

blæd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wäs hira blæd scacen (of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nu is þînes mägnes blæd âne hwîle, _now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blæd, 18; (þîn) blæd is âræred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704.

blæd-âgend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blæd-âgende, 1014.

blæd-fäst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg. blædfästne beorn (of Äschere, with reference to 1329), 1300.

bleát, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wäl-bleát.

bleáte, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825.

blîcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222

blîðe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blîðne, 618.--2) _gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blîðe, 436.--Comp. un-blîðe.

blîð-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803.

blôd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blôde, 848; äfter deórum men him langað beorn wið blôde, _the hero_ (Hrôðgâr) _longs for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blôde, 486, 935, 1595, etc.

blôd-fâg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061.

blôdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blôdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blôdig, 448; instr. sg. blôdigan gâre, 2441.

ge-blôdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part. ge-blôdegod, 2693.

blôdig-tôð, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blôdig-tôð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.

blôd-reów, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhðe greów breóst-hord blôd-reów, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling_, 1720.

be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blîð-heort bodode, _the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flân-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stân-boga.

bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231.

bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelâc's residence), 1926; (Beówulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp. fold-bold.

bold-âgend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum boldâgendra, 3113.

bolgen-môd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-bræded wearð beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_, 1241.--Comp. hleór-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, ræd-, wæg-bora.

bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebräc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wîg-bord.

bord-häbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. häbbende, 2896.

bord-hreóða, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreóðan, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560.

bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244.

botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tô botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507.

bôt (emendation, cf. bêtan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. bôte, 935; acc. sg. bôte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bôte, 158.

brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. þâ sceal brond fretan (_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne môston ... bronde forbärnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; häfde landwara lîge befangen, bæle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_, 2323.--2) in the passage, þät hine nô brond ne beadomêcas bîtan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in the passage, forgeaf þâ Beówulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrôðgâr (perhaps _son_), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brâd, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brâde rîce, 2208.--2) _broad_: nom. sg. heáh and brâd (of Beówulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brâdne mêce, 2979; (seax) brâd [and] brûnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brâd gold, 3106.

ge-bräc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebräc, 2260.

geond-brædan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part. geond-bræded, 1240.

brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bânhringas bräc, (the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þät þær ænig mon wære ne bræce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101; pret. part. þonne bióð brocene ... âð-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sædeór monig hildetuxum heresyrcan bräc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah ... streám ût brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_, 2547; lêt se hearda Higelâces þegn brâdne mêce ... brecan ofer bordweal, _caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4) figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt bräc, _curiosity tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bânhûs gebräc, _broke in pieces his body_ (Beówulf in combat with Däghrefn), 2509.

tô-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tô-brocen, 998.

þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord breósthord þurh-bräc, _the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793.

brecð, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. môdes brecða (_sorrow of heart_), 171.

â-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret. âbredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf. under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows_, 708; pret. brägd ealde lâfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brägd feorh-genîðlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git eágorstreám ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. broden (brogden) mæl, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ôðrum bregdan, _to weave a waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrägl broden, _a woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

â-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up â-bräd, _swung, raised his hand_, 2576.

ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mæl gebrägd, _swung the ringed sword_, 1565; eald sweord eácen ... þät ic þý wæpne gebrägd, _an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wällseaxe gebräd, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the sheath_: sweord ær gebräd, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444.

on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbräd þâ recedes mûðan, _had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610.

brego-rôf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength_: nom. sg. m., 1926.

brego-stôl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þûsendo, bold and brego-stôl, _seven thousand_ see under sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þær him Hygd gebeád ... brego-stôl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lêt þone bregostôl Beówulf healdan, _gave over to Beówulf the chief power_ (did not prevent Beówulf from entering upon the government), 2390.

breme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18.

brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.

â-breátan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. âbreót brimwîsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See breótan.

breóst, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. þät mîne breóst wereð, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrägl broden on breóstum läg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom_: nom. sg. breóst innan weóll þeóstrum geþoncum, _his breast heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lêt þâ of breóstum word ût faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551.

breóst-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.

breóst-gewædu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.

breóst-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.

breóst-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg. breóst-net broden, 1549.

breóst-weorðung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg. breóst-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Beówulf receives from Wealhþeów (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelâc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frätwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breóst-weorðung.

breóst-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc. sg, 1878.

breótan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. breát beódgeneátas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714.

â-breótan, same as above: pret. þone þe heó on räste âbreát, _whom she killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. þâ þät monige gewearð, þät hine seó brimwylf âbroten häfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hî hyne ... âbroten häfdon, _had killed him_ (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tô brimes faroðe, _to the sea_, 28; ät brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, _the waves subsided_, 570.

brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu, 222.

brim-lâd, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þâra þe mid Beówulfe brimlâde teáh, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052.

brim-lîðend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -lîðende, 568.

brim-streám, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer brim-streámas, 1911.

brim-wîsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwîsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. seó brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495.

bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heáðu bringan lâc and luftâcen, _shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. we þâs sælâc ... brôhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's head), 1654.

ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat we þone gebringan ... on âdfäre, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs. sg. III. herepâd ... brosnað äfter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261.

brôðor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brêðer, 1263; gen. sg. his brôðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brôðrum, 588, 1075.

ge-brôðru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sät be þæm gebrôðrum twæm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192.

brôga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa brôgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brôga.

brûcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. se þe longe her worolde brûceð, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brûc manigra mêda, _make use of many rewards, give good rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þät he beáhhordes brûcan môste, _could enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. breác lîfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: breác þonne môste, 1488; imp. brûc þisses beáges, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brûcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hêt hine wel brûcan, 1046; hêt hine brûcan well, 2813; imp. brûc ealles well, 2163.

brûn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sió ecg brûn, 2579.

brûn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brâd [and] brûnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547.

brûn-fâg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brûnfâgne helm, 2616.

bryne-leóma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg., 2314.

bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. breótan), w. v., _to bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. beága bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_, 1727.

brýd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brýd, 2931; brýde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongenþeów (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáware, 2032.

brýd-bûr, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of brýdbûre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922.

bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_: nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: freó, freoðo-, heá-, hleó-, hord-, leód-, mæg-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelâc's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden he burh-welan brûcan môste, 3101.

burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þære burnan wälm, _the bubbling of the spring_, 2547.

bûan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif he weard onfunde bûan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_, 2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld bûan, _to inhabit the mead-house_, 3066.

ge-bûan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. heán hûses, hû hit Hring Dene äfter beórþege gebûn häfdon, _how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), 117.--With the pres. part. bûend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bûend.

bûgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III. bon-gâr bûgeð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, _that the armed hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. beáh eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tô bence, _turned to the bench_, 327, 1014; hy on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599.

â-bûgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle âbeág medubenc monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776.

be-bûgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swâ (_which_) wäter bebûgeð, 93; efne swâ sîde swâ sæ bebûgeð windige weallas, _as far as the sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.

ge-bûgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: heó on flet gebeáh, _sank on the floor_, 1541; þâ gebeáh cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þâ se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_), 2568; gewât þâ gebogen scrîðan tô, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake), 2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebeáh, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebeág, 1242.

bûr, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. bûre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. bûrum, 140.--Comp. brýd-bûr.

bûtan, bûton (from be and ûtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: bûtan his lîc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: bûton hit wäs mâre þonne ænig mon ôðer tô beadulâce ätberan meahte, _but it_ (the sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þâra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston bûton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom he mâðm-æhta mâ bûton þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: bûton folcscare, 73; bûton þe, 658; ealle bûton ânum, 706.

bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wäs þät gewrixle til þät hie on bâ healfa bicgan scoldon freónda feorum, _that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay with the lives of their friends_, 1306.

be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte frôde feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800.

ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nô þær ænige ... frôfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes feore beágas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swâ he Fresena cyn on beórsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron gâre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrûd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg., 2661.

byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bædde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mägen-byrðen.

byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. leód-gebyrgea.

byrht. See _beorht_.

byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sîde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hâre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, _with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gûð-, here-, heaðo-, îren-, îsern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wîga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds lîf-bysig, syn-bysig.

býme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. býman gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944.

býwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258.

C

camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Beówulf's with Däghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.--Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. äðele cempa, 1313; Geáta cempa, 1552; rêðe cempa, 1586; mære cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hûga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fêðe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þäm eafera wäs äfter cenned, _to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal one's self_: imp. cen þec mid cräfte, _prove yourself by your strength_, 1220.

â-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nô hie fäder cunnon, hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cênðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cênðu, 2697.

cêne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cênra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cênoste, 206.--Comp.: dæd-, gâr-cêne.

ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde streámas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsîðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs. sg. III. nâ ymb his lîf cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537.

cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-sîð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsîðum (of Beówulf's expeditions against Eádgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gûð-, mæl-, môd-cearu.

cear-wälm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat. pl. äfter cear-wälmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þâ cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-bûend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-bûendum, of those established in Hrôðgâr's castle, 769.

ceáp, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. näs þät ýðe ceáp, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þeáh þe ôðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ceápe, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase_, 2483.

ge-ceápian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrîme grimme geceápod, _gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Beówulf's life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þâ heáfde becearf, _cut off his head_, 1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrêðel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþeów, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202, 416, 1592.

ceól, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. ceól, 38, 238; gen. sg. ceóles, 1807.

ceósan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedôm ciósan wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ær he bæl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819.

ge-ceósan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tô geceósenne cyning ænigne (sêlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þe þät sêlre ge-ceós, _choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonîð and êce rædas), 1759; pret. he ûsic on herge geceás tô þyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking_, 2639; geceás êcne ræd, _chose the everlasting gain_, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes leóht geceás, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. häfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þäs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_, 2971.

â-cîgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. âcîgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Geáta clifu, 1912.--Comp.: brim-, êg-, holm-, stân-clif.

ge-cnâwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þu, mîn wine, mêce gecnâwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048.

on-cnâwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncniów mannes reorde, _distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555.

cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_ (Hrôðgâr's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine cûðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þät gecwædon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed_ (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Beówulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wîglâf, 2786.

corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þâ wäs ... Fin slägen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_ (of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_, 3122.

costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) he mîn costode, _tried me_, 2085.

côfa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bân-côfa.

côl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas côlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wîflufan ... côlran weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067.

cräft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical strength_: nom. sg. mägða cräft, 1284; acc. sg. mägenes cräft, 418; þurh ânes cräft, 700; cräft and cênðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cräfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cräfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cräfte, 2291; þeófes cräfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. deófles cräftum, _by devil's art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cräft, 2223.--Comp.: leoðo-, mägen-, nearo-, wîg-cräft.

cräftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cräftig, 1467; nîða cräftig, 1963. Comp. wîg-cräftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp. lagu-cräftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. eácen-cräftig.

cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wäl crunge, _would sink into death, would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wäle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, _fell under his shield_, 1210; ät wîge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; heó on flet gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single combat_, 2506.

cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þu on weg cymest, _if thou comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne we ût cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwôme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, 711; com sîðian, 721; com in gân, 1645; cwom gân, 1163; com scacan, 1803; cwômon lædan, 239; cwômon sêcean, 268; cwôman scrîðan, 651, etc. [pret. côm, etc.]

be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becom, _after the night had come_, 115; þe on þâ leóde becom, _that had come over the people_, 192; þâ he tô hâm becom, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becom ... hlynnan under hârne stân, 2553; lyt eft becwom ... hâmes niósan, 2366; ôð þät ende becwom, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þâ hyne sió þrag becwom, _when this time of battle came over him_, 2884.

ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þý he þone feónd ofercwom, _thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hie feónd heora ... ofercômon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nîða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp. hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mînne can glädne Hrôðulf þät he ... wile, _I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. he þät wyrse ne con, _knows no worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrûnan scrîðað, _men do not know whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cûðe, _knew him_, 372; cûðe he duguð þeáw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cûðe þurh hwät..., _he himself did not know through what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cûðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nô hie fäder cunnon (scil. nô hie cunnon) hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, 1356.--2) with inf. following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg. cûðe reccan, 90; beorgan cûðe, 1446; pret. pl. hêrian ne cûðon, _could not praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cûðe, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, _tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

cûð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cûð, 150, 410; wîde cûð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cûðe folme, 1304; cûðe stræte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cûðe, 1146; acc. pl. cûðe nässas, 1913.--2) _renowned_: nom. sg. gûðum cûð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cûðe, 868.--3) also, _friendly, dear, good_ (see un-cûð).--Comp.: un-, wîd-cûð.

cûð-lîce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon lind-häbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_ (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. deáð-cwalu.

cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret. cwehte mägen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235.

cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið ät beóre, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word äfter cwäð, 315; feá worda cwäð, 2247, 2663.--c) with þät following: pret. sg. cwäð, 92, 2159; pl. cwædon, 3182.--d) with þät omitted: pret. cwäð he gûð-cyning sêcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.

â-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þät word âcwyð, _speaks the word_, 2047; pret. þät word âcwäð, 655.

ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swâ þu gecwæde, 2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecwäð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit þät gecwædon, 535.--c) w. þät following: pret. gecwäð, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þu Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

â-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (he) wyrm âcwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ær mâne âcwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn âcwealde, 2122.

cwên, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwên, 62; (Hrôðgâr's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. beághroden cwên (Wealhþeów), 624; mæru cwên, 2017; fremu folces cwên (Þryðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwên (Wealhþeów), 666.-Comp. folc-cwên.

cwên-lîc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw (_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewräc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mændon mondryhtnes cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, deáð-, gâr-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. âht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico wäs þâ gena, _was still alive_, 3094.

cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleó-, ðor- [non-existant form--KTH], word-cwide.

cwîðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe cwîðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwîðan, _lament their cares_, 3173.

cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan eówre cyme syndon, _whence your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme.

cymlîce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cymlîcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; eówrum (of those who desert Beówulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mæran cynnes, 1730; lâðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ûsses cynnes Wægmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dôm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, heáh-, leód-, sæ-, sôð-, þeód-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þâ cyning ... þegen betstan, _kissed the best thane_ (Beówulf), 1871.

cyst (_choosing_, see ceósan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. îrenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803, 1698; wæpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. îrena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cûðe, _known through excellent qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecýðed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

cýð. See on-cýð.

cýðan (see cûð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg. mägen-ellen cýð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cýðan, 1941; ellen cýðan, 2696.

ge-cýðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_: inf. andsware gecýðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tô gecýðanne hwanan eówre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sôð is gecýðed þät ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelâce wäs sîð Beówulfes snûde gecýðed, _the arrival of B. was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in pret. part.: wäs mîn fäder folcum gecýðed (_my father was known to warriors_), 262; wäs his môdsefa manegum gecýðed, 349; cystum gecýðed, 924.

cýððu (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f., _home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cýððu. [should be cýð, feor-cýð--KTH]

ge-cýpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. näs him ænig þearf þät he ... þurfe wyrsan wîgfrecan weorðe gecýpan, _had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior_, 2497.

D

daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lâcan (_to fight_), 2849.

ge-dâl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedâl, _his separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, lîf-gedâl.

däg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. däg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. däg, 2400; andlangne däg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne däg (_the whole morning_), 2895; ôð dômes däg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þäm däge þysses lîfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. däges, 1601, 2321; hwîl däges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; däges and nihtes, _day and night_, 2270; däges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, _in ten days_, 3161.--Comp. ær-, deáð-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geâr-, læn-, lîf-, swylt-, win-däg, an-däges.

däg-hwîl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þät he däghwîla gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_ (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.)

däg-rîm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dôgera dägrîm (_number of the days of his life_), 824.

dæd, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, 585; dômleásan dæd, 2891; frêcne dæde, 890; dæd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dæda, 195; gen. pl. dæda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dædum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dæd.

dæd-cêne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dæd-cêne mon, 1646.

dæd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dæd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275.

dædla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mân-for-dædla.

dæl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dæl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dælas, 1733.--Often dæl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, ôð þät him on innan oferhygda dæl weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Biówulfe wearð dryhtmâðma dæl deáðe, forgolden, _to Beówulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dælan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. mâdmas dæleð, 1757; pres. subj. þät he wið aglæcean eofoðo dæle, _that he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the drake), 2535; inf. hringas dælan, 1971; pret. beágas dælde, 80; sceattas dælde, 1687.

be-dælan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. part. dreámum (dreáme) bedæled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dælan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_); bær on innan eall gedælan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, _distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2) _to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedælan lîf wið lîce, _separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þät he gedælde ... ânra gehwylces lîf wið lîce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þäs wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewât dennes niósian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swâ hit gedêfe wäs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good, kind, friendly_; nom sg. beó þu suna mînum dædum gedêfe, _be friendly to my son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dêfelîce.

dêman (see dôm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mærðo dême, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dêmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_, 3176.

dêmend, _judge_: dæda dêmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þryðum dealle, 494.

deád, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. deádne, 1310.

deáð, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, deáð, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. deáð, 2169; dat. sg. deáðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. deáðes wylm, 2270; deáðes nýd, 2455.--Comp. gûð-, wäl-, wundor-deáð.

deáð-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. deáð-bedde fäst, 2902.

deáð-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tô deáð-cwalum, 1713.

deáð-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671.

deáð-däg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. äfter deáð-däge (_after his death_), 187, 886.

deáð-fæge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) deáð-fæge deóg, _had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851.

deáð-scûa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa (of Grendel), 160.

deáð-wêrig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. deáð-wêrigne, 2126. See wêrig.

deáð-wîc, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewât deáðwîc seón (_had died_), 1276.

deágan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) deóg, 851.--Leo.

deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa, 160.

deófol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. deófles, 2089; gen. pl. deófla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

deógol, dýgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown_: nom. sg. deógol dædhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dýgel lond, _inaccessible land_, 1358.

deóp, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550.

deóp, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. deóp wäter, 509, 1905.

diópe, adj., _deep_: hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære, _the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it_, 3070.

deór, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sæ-deór.

deór, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. diór dæd-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nænig ... deór, 1934.--Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-deór.

deóre, dýre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dýre îren, 2051; drincfät dýre (deóre), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. deóran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. deórum mâðme, 1529; nom. pl. dýre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. deóre (dýre) mâðmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., äðelum dióre, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. äfter deórum men, 1880; gen. sg. deórre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone deórestan, 1310.

deór-lîc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, 585. See deór.

disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dîgan. See ge-dýgan.

dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-lîc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mæst ... dæda dollîcra, 2647.

dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.

dôgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ântîd ôðres dôgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-leóht ôðres dôgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þys dôgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þý dôgore, 1798; forman dôgore, 2574; gen. pl. dôgora gehwâm, 88; dôgra gehwylce, 1091; dôgera dägrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life), 824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, _in later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dôgor.

dôgor-gerîm, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wäs eall sceacen dôgor-gerîmes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729.

dôhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dôhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc.

dôm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-, wis-dôm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dôme, _according to the judgment of the Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: äfter dôme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3) _court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dômes, 979; ôð dômes däg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_, hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sînne sylfes dôm, _according to his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dôme, 896, 2777. 5) _might, power_: nom. sg. dôm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ânne dôm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dôme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dôm], 955; dôm unlytel, _not a little glory_, 886; þät wäs forma sîð deórum mâðme þät his dôm âläg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting) _that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic me dôm gewyrce, _make renown for myself_, 1492; þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, _that thou let not honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þær he dôme forleás, _here he lost his reputation_, 1471; dôme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce se þe môte dômes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_, 1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sôð-fästra dôm, _the glory of the saints_, 2821.

dôm-leás, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dômleásan dæd, 2891.