Chapter LV: Appendix: The Attack in Finnsburg (10)

nō (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; nō ... nō (_neither ... nor_), 541-543; so, nō ... ne, 168. See ne.

nōðer (from nā-hwæðer), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125.

ge-nōh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fǣhðo genōge, 2490; acc. pl. genōge ... bēagas, 3105.

nōn, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], _ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Scrēadunga, 24 _2_: wē hātað ǣnne dæg fram sunnan upgange oð ǣfen): nom. sg. nōn, 1601.

nū, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nū gȳt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nū gēn (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nū þū lungre geong ... nū se wyrm ligeð (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so, 2248; þæt þū mē ne forwyrne ... nū ic þus feorran cōm (_that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (_as I now..., so do ye_), 2800; so, 3021.

nymðe, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659.

nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. þegn nytte behēold (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.

nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.

ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. hæfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047.

nȳd, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. þurh dēaðes nȳd, 2455; instr. sg. nȳde, 1006. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, consanguineus, in AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._--Comp. þrēa-nȳd.

ge-nȳdan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. nīðe ge-nȳded (_forced by hostile power_), 2681.--2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nȳde genȳdde ... gearwe stōwe (_the inevitable place prepared for each_, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.

nȳd-bād, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl. nȳd-bāde, 599.

nȳd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom. pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883.

nȳd-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977.

nȳd-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg., 193.

nȳhst. See nēah.

O

oððe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.--2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007.

of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (_shineth from heaven_), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (_from the cliff's projection_), 1893; of þām lēoma stōd (_from which light streamed_), 2770; þǣr wæs māðma fela of feorwegum ... gelǣded (_from distant lands_), 37; þā cōm of mōre (_from the moor_), 711, 922.--2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þā ic of searwum cōm (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419; þā him Hrōðgār gewāt ... ūt of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (_black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lēt þā of brēostum ... word ūt faran (_from his breast_), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous vessels_), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flāne geswencte (_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_), 672.

ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest, locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (_over the earth, among mankind_), 900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rāde (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowǣge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.--2) w. acc. of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer ȳðe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rāde (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wǣgholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer hēahne hrōf (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984; ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc (_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þā niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: hē ofer benne spræc, 2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mīn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence, _against, contrary to_: hē ofer willan gīong (_went against his will_), 2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wīg ofer wǣpen (_war sans, dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin (_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782.

ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hȳda, 1761.

ofer-māðum, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-māðmum, 2994.

ofer-mægen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid ofer-mægene, 2918.

ofer-þearf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], 2227.

oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [nō] seldan, 2030; oft nalles ǣne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664.

om-, on-. see am-, an-.

ombiht. See ambiht.

oncer. See ancer.

ond. See and.

onsȳn. See ansȳn.

on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on hēah-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (_in my native place_), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þām holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence (_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on ræste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at, near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wāge (_on the wall_), 1663; on þǣm wæl-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scān (_on him shone the corselet_), 405; on ōre (_at the front_), 1042; on corðre (_at the head of, among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; þæt hē on heoðe ge-stōd (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on fæder stǣle (_in a father's place_), 1480; on ȳðum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on ēg-strēamum, 577; on segl-rāde, 1438, etc.; on flōde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frēslondum on, 2358.--b) _in, inside of_ (of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963; on wīg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (_in which the mighty one abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (_in my mind_), 473; on mōde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) _among, amid_: on searwum (_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on þām lēod-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule (_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with, touched by, possessing something_: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (_then was the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrēon mōde, 1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (_she was in haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þā wæs on blōde brim weallende (_there was the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (_too powerful in speed_), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg ... on gylpsprǣce (_there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of, representing, something_: on weres wæstmum (_in man's form_), 1353.--d) _attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hȳrde on Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610; þæt hē ne mētte ... on elran men mund-gripe māran, 753;--hence, with verbs of taking: on ræste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.--e) _with_: swā hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (_as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) _by_: mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) _to_, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.

With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on, upon, in_: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (_who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on fēonda geweald sīðian, 809; þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on lufan lǣteð hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?_), 1729; him on mōd bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to him_), 67; rǣsde on þone rōfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwōm) on worðig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards, on_: gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to, for the object, for, as, in, on_: on þearfe (_in his need, in his strait_), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrāðum on andan (_as a terror to the foe_), 709; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (_said to him in reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (_on the pyre ready_), 1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wearð on bīd wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in conformity with_: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (_swore no oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spēd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750; on sīnne selfes dōm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold wendeð on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying, _for, in exchange for_: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege (_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.--f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelāce wāt, Gēata dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (_that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; þā hīe ge-truwedon on twā healfa (_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft ... on þā healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.--g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = _among_: næs ... sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs sinc-māðma sēlest) on sweordes hād (_there was no better jewel in sword's shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sē wæs Hrōðgāre hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (_dearest of men as, in the character of, follower_, etc.), 1298.

II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time, within the time appointed_), 76; on ūhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne (_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (_in youth_), 409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_), 1327; hū lomp ēow on lāde (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards, about_: on undern-mǣl (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (_toward the end, at last_), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (_far oftener than once_), 1580.

III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its case: þē ic hēr on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; þē gē þǣr on standað (_that ye there stand in_), 2867.

on-cȳð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain, suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, 831.

on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.

ōnettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_), w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. ōnetton, 306, 1804.

on-līcnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352.

on-mēdla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-mēdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.

on-sǣge, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg. þā wæs Hondscīo (dat.) hild on-sǣge, 2077; Hæðcynne wearð ... gūð on-sǣge, 2484.

on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bēga ge-hwæðres ... onweald ge-tēah (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044.

open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272.

openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.

orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.

orcnē, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcnēas, 112.

ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg. oð þæt wordes ord brēost-hord þurh-bræc (_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_), 2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.

ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263.

ōret-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl. ōret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. ōret-mecgas, 332.

ōretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.

or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408.

or-leg-hwīl, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwīl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, 2428.

or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887.

or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479, st. m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiðes or-þancum, 406.

or-wēna, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wēna (_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566.

or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128.

oruð, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreðe, 2840.

Ō

oð (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only temporal: oð þone ānne dæg, 2400; oð dōmes dæg, 3070; ō woruld-ende, 3084.--2) oð þæt, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.

ōðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ōðer, 2062; ōðer(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelāc), 2482; ōðer ... ōðer (_the one ... the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.: ōðer ... mihtig mān-sceaða (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to 1350, 1339; se ōðer ... hæle, 1816; fem. niht ōðer, 2118; neut. ōðer geār (_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. ōðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986; neut. ōðer swylc(_another such, an equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. ōðre sīðe (_for the second time, again_), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ōðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ōðres dōgores, 219, 606; neut. ōðres, 1875.--2) _another, a different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ōðer, 1756; ōðer nǣnig (_no other_), 860. Adj.: ǣnig ōðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ōðer in (_a different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. ōðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ōðres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan (_ale drinkers said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ōðer, 871.

ōfer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on ōfre, 1372.

ofost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. ofost is sēlest tō gecȳðanne (_haste is best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. bēo þū on ofeste (ofoste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on ofoste, 2784, 3091.

ofost-līce, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131.

ō-hwǣr, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871.

ōmig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. ōmige, 3050.

ōr, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on ōre, 1042.

ō-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. ō-wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433.

P

pād, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-pād.

pæð, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. ān-pæð.

plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074.

R

raðe, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hrāðe.

rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bī ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sīd-rand.

rand-hæbbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_: gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, 862.

rand-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-wigan, 1794.

rād, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rād.

ge-rād, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-rāde, 874.

rāp, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. wæl-rāp.

rāsian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part. þā wæs hord rāsod, 2284.

ræst. See rest.

rǣcan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748.

ge-rǣcan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne ... wǣpne ge-rǣhte (_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556.

rǣd, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg. nū is rǣd gelong eft æt þē ānum (_now is help to be found with thee alone_), 1377; acc. sg. rǣd, 172, 278, 3081.--2) _advantage, gain, use_: acc. sg. þæt rǣd talað (_counts that a gain_), 2028; ēcne rǣd (_the eternal gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, 1761.--Comp.: folc-rǣd, and adj., ān-, fæst-rǣd.

rǣdan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera rǣdend (_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-rǣdend.

rǣd-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326.

rǣden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-rǣden(?).

ā-rǣran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his mǣg ... ricone ā-rǣrdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part. blǣd is ā-rǣred (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704.

rǣs, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. gūðe rǣs (_the storm of battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. gūðe rǣsum, 2357.--Comp.: gūð-, hand-, heaðo-, mægen-, wæl-rǣs.

(ge-)rǣsan, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. rǣsde on þone rōfan, 2691, 2840.

rǣswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda rǣswan, 60.

reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91; gerund, tō lang is tō reccenne, hū ic ... (_too long to tell how I_...), 2094; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107.

reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.

regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.

regnian, rēnian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. dēað rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169.

ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778.

regn-, rēn-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. rēn-weardas (of Bēowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.

rest, ræst, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. ræste, 139; dat. sg. on ræste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; tō ræste (_to bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-ræst, sele-rest, wæl-rest.--2) _repose, rest_; in comp. ǣfen-ræst.

ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste.

restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine þā rūm-heort, 1800.--2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858.

rēc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rēce, 3157.--Comp.: wæl-, wudu-rēc.

rēcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be anxious_: pres. sg. III. wǣpna ne rēceð (_recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him_), 434.

rēðe, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rēðe, 771. Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. rēðes and-hāttres (_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524.

rēaf, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wæl-rēaf.

rēafian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord rēafian, 2774; pret. sg. þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne, 2986; wæl rēafode, 3028; pret. pl. wæl rēafedon, 1213.

be-rēafian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-rēafod, 2747; golde be-rēafod, 3019.

reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cnīow mannes reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556.

reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026.

ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part. þā wæs eft swā ǣr ... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained_), 1789

rēot, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. rēote, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes rēote as dat. from rēot (_rest, repose_).

rēoc, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122.

be-rēofan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. rēote berofene, 2458.

rēon. See rōwan.

rēotan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl. oð þæt ... roderas rēotað, 1377.

rēow, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. blōd-, gūð-, wæl-rēow. See hrēow.

ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984.

riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on ryht (_according to right_), 1556; sōð and riht (_truth and right_), 1701; dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; æfter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050; syllīc spell rehte æfter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331; --Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.

riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht.

rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See æt-rihte.

rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hrōðgār, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, gūð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sǣ-rinc.

ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654.

rīce, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. rīce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rīces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swīo-rīce.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft gesæt rīce tō rūne, 172.

rīce, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of Hrōðgār), 1238; (of Hygelāc), 1210; (of Æsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rīca (Hrōðgār), 310; (Bēowulf), 399; (Hygelāc), 1976.--Comp. gimme-rīce.

rīcsian, rīxian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. rīcsian, 2212; pret. sg. rīxode, 144.

rīdan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, 2458; inf. wicge rīdan, 234; mēarum rīdan, 856; pret. sg. sǣ-genga ... sē þe on ancre rād, 1884; him tō-gēanes rād (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlǣw riodan (_rode round the grave-mound_), 3171.

ge-rīdan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. sē þe næs ge-rād (_who rode over the promontory_), 2899.

rīm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dæg-, un-rīm.

ge-rīm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dōgor-ge-rim.

ge-rīman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in comp. forð-gerīmed.

ā-rīsan, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. ā-rīs, 1391; pret. sg. ā-rās þā se rīca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; ā-rās þā bī ronde (_arose by his shield_), 2539; hwanan sīo fǣhð ā-rās (_whence the feud arose_), 2404.

rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556.

rōf, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. mægenes rōf (_strong in might_), 2085; so, þēah þe hē rōf sīe nīð-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rōfne, 1794; on þone rōfan, 2691.--Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rōf.

rōt, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rōt.

rōwan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. rēon (for rēowon), 512, 539.

rūm, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691.

rūm, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīc-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2) in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. þurh rūmne sefan, 278.

rūm-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.

ge-rūm-līc, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-rūm-līcor, 139.

rūn, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat. sg. ge-sæt rīce tō rūne, 172.--Comp. beado-rūn.

rūn-stæf, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. þurh rūn-stafas, 1696.

rūn-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg., 1326.

ge-rysne. See ge-risne.

ge-rȳman, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl. þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal ge-rȳmdon, 1087; pret. part. þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum ... benc gerȳmed, 492; so, 1976.--2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part. þā mē ge-rȳmed wæs (sīð) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089; þā him gerȳmed wearð, þæt hīe wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston, 2984.

S

ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.

sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.

ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sāwl-berendra ... gearwe stōwe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.

on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive of_: pres. subj. þætte freoðuwebbe fēores on-sæce ... lēofne mannan, 1943.--2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. þæt hē sǣmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brȳde), 2955.

sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. sæce, 154; sæcce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. æt (tō) sæcce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. sæcca, 2030.

ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738.

sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039.

sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.

ge-saga. See secgan.

samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in æt-somne, _together, united_, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.

tō-somne (_together_), 3123; þā se wyrm ge-bēah snūde tō-somne (_when the dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569.

samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod æt-gædere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep. w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod ǣr-dæge (_with the break of day_), 1312; somod ǣr-dæge, 2943.

sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); æfter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wið sande, 213.

sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scopes, 90; acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sārigne sang (Hrēðel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448.

sāl, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. sāle, 1907; on sāle (sole, MS.), 302.

sāl. See sǣl.

sār, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sār, 976; sīo sār, 2469; acc. sg. sār, 788; sāre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sāre, 1252, 2312, 2747.--Comp. līc-sār.

sār, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. sārum wordum, 2059.

sāre, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: sē þe him [sā]re gesceōd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224.

sārig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. sārigne sang, 2448.

sārig-ferð, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. sārig-ferð (Wīglāf), 2864.

sārig-mōd, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. sārig-mōdum, 2943.

sār-līc, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.

sāwol, sāwl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with līf, the physical life): nom. sg. sāwol, 2821; acc. sg. sāwle, 184, 802; hǣðene sāwle, 853; gen. sg. sāwele, 1743; sāwle, 2423.

sāwl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl. sāwl-berendra, 1005.

sāwul-drēor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. sāwul-drīore, 2694.

sāwul-lēas, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. sāwol-lēasne, 1407; sāwul-lēasne, 3034.

sæce, sæcce. See sacu.

sæd, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-sæd.

sæl, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; sæl, 307, 2076, 2265.

sæld, st. n., _hall, king's hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond þæt sæld (Heorot), 1281.

sǣ, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sīdne sǣ, 507; ofer sǣ, 2381; ofer sǣ sīde, 2395; dat. sg. tō sǣ, 318; on sǣ, 544; dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.

sǣ-bāt, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896.

sǣ-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. sǣ-cyninga, 2383.

sǣ-dēor, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511.

sǣ-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. sǣ-dracan, 1427.

ge-sǣgan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sǣged (_felled with the sword_), 885.

sǣge. See on-sǣge.

sǣ-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.

sǣ-gēap, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sǣ-gēap naca, 1897.

sǣ-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. sǣ-grunde, 564.

sǣl, sāl, sēl, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom. sg. sǣl, 623, 1666, 2059; sǣl and mǣl, 1009; acc. sg. sēle, 1136; gen. pl. sǣla and mǣla, 1612.--2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness, joy_: dat. pl. on sālum, 608; sǣlum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sēl, adj.

ge-sǣlan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-sǣlde þæt ...(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sǣlde (_at such times as need disposed it for their lord_), 1251.

sǣlan (see sāl), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. sǣlde ... sīð-fæðme scip, 1918; pl. sǣ-wudu sǣldon, 226.

ge-sǣlan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-bēaga fela searwum ge-sǣled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.

on-sǣlan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sǣl meoto, sige-hrēð secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, _thy presage of victory_?), 489.

sǣ-lāc, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. sǣ-lāce, 1625; acc. pl. þās sǣ-lāc, 1653.

sǣ-lād, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. sǣ-lāde, 1140, 1158.

sǣ-līðend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. sǣ-līðend, 411, 1819, 2807; sǣ-līðende, 377.

sǣ-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. sǣ-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. sǣ-manna, 329 (both times said of the Gēatas).

sǣmra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. sǣmra, 2881; dat. sg. sǣmran, 954.

sǣ-mēðe, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. sǣ-mēðe, 325.

sǣ-næs, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. sǣ-næssas, 223, 571.

sǣne, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. hē on holme wæs sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away_), 1437.

sǣ-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691.

sǣ-sīð, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. æfter sǣ-sīðe, 1150.

sǣ-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. sǣ-wong, 1965.

sǣ-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. sǣ-wealle, 1925.

sǣ-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. sǣ-wudu, 226.

sǣ-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer sǣ-wylmas, 393.

scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one's self_; hence, _to go, glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. þonne mīn sceaceð līf of līce, 2743; inf. þā cōm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scōc _(the chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne strǣla storm ... scōc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields_), 3119; pret. part. wæs hira blǣd scacen (_their bravest men had passed away_), 1125; þā wæs winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.

scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.

scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.

scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651.

scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; nō hē þǣre feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (_needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving_), 1027.

scawa (see scēawian), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.

ge-scād, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. ǣg-hwæðres gescād, worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288.

ge-scādan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556.

scānan? See scīnan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scānan having been abandoned.

ge-scæp-hwīle, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat. sg. tō gescæp-hwīle (_at the fated hour_), 26.

sceððan, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre sceððan (_hurt her life_), 1525; þæt on land Dena lāðra nǣnig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. þǣr him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede, 1515.

ge-sceððan, the same: inf. þæt him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, 1448.

scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc.

scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scīr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).

scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on þǣm scennum scīran goldes, 1695.

sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swīn ofer helme andweard scireð (_hews off the boar-head on the helm_), 1288.

ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scær (_often clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.

scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770.

scēt. See scēotan.

sceadu. See scadu.

sceaða, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaðena, 4.--2) _fighter, warrior_: nom. pl. scaðan, 1804.--Comp.: attor-, dol-, fēond-, gūð-, hearm-, lēod-, mān-, sin-, þēod-, ūht-sceaða.

sceaðan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. sē þe oft manegum scōd (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888.

ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swā him ǣr gescōd hild æt Heorote, 1588; sē þe him sāre ge-sceōd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd hālan līce, 1503; bill ǣr gescōd eald-hlāfordes þām þāra māðma mund-bora wæs (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if ǣr and gescōd form compound).

sceaðen-mǣl, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940.

sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.: here-, wæl-sceaft.

ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. þās lǣnan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. forð-, līf-, mǣl-gesceaft.

scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of Bēowulf), 940.--Comp bēor-scealc.

ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.--2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. hēah ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085.

sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange, establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scōp him Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. wæs sīo wrōht scepen heard wið Hūgas, syððan Hygelāc cwōm (_the contest with the Hūgas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915.

ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. līf ge-sceōp cynna gehwylcum, 97.

scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. gūð-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.

scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, 288.--Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.

scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is decided_ or _determined_, in gūð-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214.

sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þūsend).--Comp. gif-sceat.

scēat, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum and lēafum, 96;--_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eorðan scēata, 753.

scēawere, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. scēaweras, 253.

scēawian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. scēawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scēawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þæt gē genōge nēan scēawiað bēagas and brād gold, 3105; subj. pres. þæt ic ... scēawige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scēawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. scēawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.

ge-scēawian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-scēawod, 3076, 3085.

sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp.

scēotan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. sē þe of flān-bogan fyrenum scēoteð, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. scēotend (_the warriors, bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for scēotendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.

ge-scēotan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gescēat (_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320.

of-scēotan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his mǣg of-scēt ... blōdigan gāre _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440.

scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.

scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659.

scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.

scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.

scild-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288.

scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.

scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. tō scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. tō scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155.

scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243.

ge-scīfe (for ge-scȳfe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon's movement), 2571; = G. _schief_?

scīnan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne ... sūðan scīneð, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan, 1518; pret. sg. (gūð-byrne, woruld--candel) scān, 321, 1966; on him byrne scān, 405; pret. pl. gold-fāg scinon web æfter wāgum, 995; scionon, 303.

scīr, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-īren scīr, 322; scīr metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scīr wered, 496; gen. sg. scīran goldes, 1695.

scīr-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scīr-hame, 1896.

scoten. See scēoten.

ge-scōd, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp. ǣr-ge-scōd(?). See ge-sceaðan, and Note.

scop, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scopes, 90.

scræf, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eorð-scræf.

scrīðan, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scrīðað, 163; inf. scrīðan, 651, 704; scrīðan tō, 2570.

scrīfan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. hū him (Grendel) scīr metod scrīfan wille, 980.

for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, 106.

ge-scrīfan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (_as Weird did not permit him_), 2575.

scrūd, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrūd.

scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.

sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres. sg. I., III. sceal bēodan (_shall offer_), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. hē ge-wunian sceall (_he inhabits; is said to inhabit?_), 2276; pret. sg. sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wæcnan scolde (_was to awake_), 85; sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde (_was to, should, approach_), 2422; þæt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde (_the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell_), 2919; pl. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela māðma ge-mǣnra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þū forð scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel (_Weird goeth ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; gūð-bill ge-swāc swā hit nō sceolde (i.e. ge-swīcan), 2586.

scūa, w. m., _shadowy demon_: in comp. dēað-scūa.

scūfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to move forward, hasten_: pret. part. þā wæs morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., _to shove, push_: pret. pl. guman ūt scufon ... wudu bundenne (_pushed the vessel from the land_), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff_), 3132. See wīd-scofen(?)

be-scūfan, w. acc., _to push, thrust down, in_: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal ... sāwle be-scūfan in fȳres fæðm (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace_), 184.

scūr, st. m., _shower, battle-shower_: in comp. īsern-scūr.

scūr-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. scūr-heard, 1034.

scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.

scyldig, adj., _under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of_, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig (_guilty of evil deeds_), 3072.

scyndan, w. v., _to hasten_: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919

scynna. See scinna.

scyppend. See sceapan.

scȳran, w. v., _to arrange, decide_: inf. þæt hit sceaðen-mǣl scȳran mōste (_that the sword must decide it_), 1940. O.N. skora, _to score, decide_.

scȳne, adj., _sheen, well-formed, beautiful_: nom. sg. mægð scȳne, 3017.

sē, se, pron. dem. and article, _the_: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, sēo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þæt;--relative: sē (_who_), 1611, 2866; sē þe (_he who_), 2293; sēo þe (_she who_), 1446; sē þe (for sēo þe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo, 2422; dat. sg. þām (for þām þe), 2780.

secce. See sacu.

secg, st. m., _man, warrior, hero, spokesman_ (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Bēowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgār), 402; (Hunferð), 981; (Wīglāf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.

secg, st. f., _sword_ (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685.

secgan, w. v., _to say, speak_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swā se secg hwata secgende wæs lāðra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sægde him þæs lēanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwæt þū worn fela ... sægdest from his sīðe, 532.--2) without acc inf. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273; pret. sg. sægde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. tō secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sægde, 90, 1176; pl. sægdon, 377, 2188; sǣdan, 1946.

ā-secgan (edicere), _to say out, deliver_: inf. wille ic ā-secgan suna Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, 344.

ge-secgan, _to say, relate_: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft ge-sægde (_that I should, after, tell thee its origin_), 2158; pret. part. gesægd, 141; gesǣd, 1697.

sefa, w. m., _heart, mind, soul, spirit_: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. mōd-sefa.

ge-segen, st. f., _legend, tale_: in comp. eald-ge-segen.

segl, st. n., _sail_: nom. sg., 1907.

segl-rād, st. f., _sail-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rāde, 1430.

segn, st. n., _banner_, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. hēafod-segn.

sel, st. n., _hall, palace_. See sæl.

seld, st. n., _dwelling, house_: in comp. medu-seld.

ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, _companion_: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985.

seldan, adv., _seldom_: oft [nō] seldan, 2030.

seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_: nom. sg., 249.

sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tō sele, 323, 1641; in (on, tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gūð-, hēah-, hring-, hrōf-, nið-, win-sele.

sele-drēam, st. m., _hall-glee, joy in the hall_: acc. sg. þāra þe þis līf ofgeaf, gesāwon sele-drēam (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.

sele-ful, st. n., _hall-goblet_: acc. sg., 620.

sele-gyst, st. m., _hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house_: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, 1546.

sele-rǣdend, pres. part., _hall-ruler, possessor of the hall_: nom. pl., 51; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, 1347.

sele-rest, st. f., _bed in the hall_: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691.

sele-þegn, st. m., _retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain_: nom. sg., 1795.

sele-weard, st. m., _hall-ward, guardian of the hall_: acc. sg., 668.

self, sylf, pron., _self_: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); þū self, 595; þū þē self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; hē selfa, 29, 1734; þǣm þe him selfa dēah (_that can rely upon, trust to, himself_), 1840; seolfa, 3068; hē sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (_himself_), 962; hyne selfne (_himself_, reflex.), 2876; wið sylfne (_beside_), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sīnne sylfes dōm (_at his own will_), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sūð-Dene sylfe, 1997.

ge-sella, w. m., _house-companion, comrade_: in comp. hand-gesella.

sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þām þe hē wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) _to give, give up_ (only w. acc. of thing): ǣr hē feorh seleð (_he prefers to give up his life_), 1371; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth out gold-wrought rings_, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum, 1162.

ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; grant, present_: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, etc.

sel-līc, syl-līc (from seld-līc), adj., _strange, wondrous_: nom. sg. glōf ... syllīc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllīc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellīce sǣ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.

semninga, adv., _straightway, at once_ 645, 1641, 1768.

sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., _to send_: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tō frōfre (_whom God sent as a comfort to the people_), 13; so, 471, 1843.

for-sendan, _to send away, drive off_ pret. part. hē wearð on fēonda geweald ... snūde for-sended, 905.

on-sendan, _to send forth, away_, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þē hine ... forð on-sendon ǣnne ofer ȳðe (_who sent him forth alone over the sea_), 45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267.

sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., _to feast, banquet_: pres. sg. III. sendeð, 601.--Leo.

serce, syrce, w. f., _sark, shirt of mail_: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce.

sess, st. m., _seat, place for sitting_: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; þā hē bī sesse gēong (_by the seat_, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757.

setl, st. n., _seat, settle_: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: hēah-, hilde-, meodu-setl.

settan, w. v., _to set_: pret. sg. setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243.

ā-settan, _to set, place, appoint_: pret. pl. hīe him ā-setton segen [gyl]-denne hēah ofer hēafod, 47; pret. part. hæfde kyninga wuldor Grendle tō-gēanes ... sele-weard ā-seted, 668.

be-settan, _to set with, surround_: pret. sg. (helm) besette swīn-līcum (_set the helm with swine-bodies_), 1454.

ge-settan: 1) _to set, set down_: pret. part. swā wæs ...þurh rūn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) _to set, ordain, create_: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum, 94.--3) = componere, _to lay aside, smooth over, appease_: pret. sg. þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe wæl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, 2030.

sēcan, w. v., _to follow after_, hence: 1) _to seek, strive for_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fæt sōhte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne sōhte searo-nīðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sōhte (_than his wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard sōhte georne æfter grunde (_the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go some whither, attain something_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe ... biorgas sēceð, 2273; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, 1370; imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (_look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, _if thou dare_), 1380; inf. sēcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; sēcan, 665, 1451; drihten sēcean (_seek, go to, the Lord_), 187; sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (_Grendel was to seek a joyless place_, i.e. Hell), 822; so, sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757; sāwle sēcan (_seek the life, kill_), 802; so, sēcean sāwle hord, 2423; gerund. sæcce tō sēceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sōhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sōhtest, 458; pl. sōhton, 339.--3) _to seek, attack_: þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, 3002; pret. pl. hine wræc-mæcgas ofer sǣ sōhtan, 2381.

ge-sēcan: 1) _to seek_, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg ofer wǣpen, 685.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go to attain_, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean, 693; gerund, tō ge-sēcanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran ge-sōhte þām þe hine selfa dēah, 1840.--3) _to seek with hostile intent, to attack_: pres. sg. ge-sēceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 2347; pl. ge-sōhton, 2927; ge-sōhtan, 2205.

ofer-sēcan, w. acc., _to surpass, outdo_ (in an attack): pres. sg. wæs sīo hond tō strong, sē þe mēca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sōhte, þonne hē tō sæcce bær wǣpen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he_ [Bēowulf] _bore the wondrous weapon to battle_, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687.

sēl, st. f. See sǣl.

sēl, sǣl, adj., _good, excellent, fit_, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sēlra, 861, 2194; þǣm þǣr sēlra wæs (_to the one that was the better_, i.e. Hygelāc), 2200; dēað bið sēlla þonne edwīt-līf, 2891; neut. sēlre, 1385; acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (_a better than thee_), 1851; sēlran, 1198; neut. þæt sēlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sēlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sēlran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, 173, 1060; hūsa sēlest, 146, 285, 936; ofost is sēlest, 256; bolda sēlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hrægla sēlest, 454; hūsa sēlest, 659; billa sēlest, 1145;--weak form: nom. sg. m. reced sēlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, 1407, 2383; (þæs, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sēlestan, 416; acc. pl. þā sēlestan, 3123.

sēl, compar. adv., _better, fitter, more excellent_, 1013, 2531; ne byð him wihte þē sēl (_he shall be nought the better for it_), 2278; so, 2688.

sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., _bed-chamber, sleeping-place_: acc. sg. on sealman, 2461.

sealt, adj., _salty_: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wæter (_the sea_), 1990.