Chapter L: Appendix: The Attack in Finnsburg (5)

dōn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dōð swā ic bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bǣl dōn, 1117; pret. þā hē him of dyde īsernbyrnan, _took off the iron corselet_, 672; (þonne) him Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, _when he made a present to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords_, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_, 2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tō Gēatum sprec mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wēold, swā hē nū gīt dēð, _the creator ruled over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swā þū ǣr dydest, 1677; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, _I believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the fearless, as he often did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrēðmen_, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ... þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, _that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, _if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, 44.

ge-dōn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, _makes the parts of the world_ (i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, _nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: hē mec þǣr on innan ... gedōn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091.

draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eorð-, fȳr-, lēg-, līg-, nīð-draca.

on-drǣdan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to be afraid of_: inf. þæt þū him on-drǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nō hē him þā sæcce ondrēd, _was not afraid of the combat_, 2348.

ge-dræg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_: acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757.

drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genīðlan, 2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran strǣle, _struck in the breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wæs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_), 2982.

drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drēfan, ge-drēfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewāt ... drēfan dēop wæter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wæter under stōd drēorig and gedrēfed, 1418.

drēam, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. hæleða drēam, 497; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, 88; þū ... drēam healdende, _thou who livest in rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr. sg. drēame bedǣled, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; drēamum bedǣled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, sele-drēam.

drēam-lēas, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremōd, 1721.

drēogan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret. drēah æfter dōme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2) _to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. drēoh symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_, 1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte drēah (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hīe gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hī sīð drugon, _made the way, went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo drēogan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, _bore sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þē hīe ǣr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

ā-drēogan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, 3079.

ge-drēogan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þæt hē ... gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.

drēor, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. drēore, 447.--Comp. heoru-, sāwul-, wæl-drēor.

drēor-fāh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485.

drēorig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wæter stōd drēorig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-drēorig.

ge-drēosan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667.

drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234; þǣr guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg heorð-genēatas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg. bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480.

drīfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þā þe brentingas ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē [ne] meahte on mere drīfan hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131.

to-drīfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf, 545.

drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom. sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, _there was no employment for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757.

drūsian, w. v. (cf. drēosan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drūsade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mīnra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hæleða) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrōðgār's warriors).

dryht-līc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent_: dryhtlīc īren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-māðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl. dryhtmāðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fæt, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-fæt, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hūru se aldor dēah, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah, _if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þē him selfa dēah, _who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, _though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret. subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong in battle_, 526.

duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_: dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, _praised with all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frætwe geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921; lēoda duguðe on lāst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, _the custom of the noble warriors_, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.--3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þū dearst bīdan, _darest to await_, 527; III. hē gesēcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre, _seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dūfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þæt sweord gedēaf (_the sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dūfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wæter up þurh-dēaf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nō hine wiht dweleð, ādl nē yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288.

dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hrūse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, _with secret magic art_, 2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, _of malicious spirits_ (of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre, _although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839.

ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, _if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl gedīgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf. unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, _which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, _could not endure the deep without burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dȳgol. See dēogol.

dȳre. See dēore.

E

ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd, _defended the entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon_: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sīo ecg brūn (Bēowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg wæs īren, 1460.--Comp.: brūn-, heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom. sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þræce, 597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þā þǣr sōna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease_, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189.

edwīt-līf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_, 2904.

efnan (see æfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelāc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tō efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swā or swylc: efne swā swīðe swā, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swā sīde swā, 1224; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284; lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword) _just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, _just at the times at which necessity commanded it_, 1250.

efstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nū efstan, _let us hurry now_, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_, 1494.

eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sōna bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bōt eft cuman, _help come again_, 281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesīðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swā ǣr, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus, _back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (_did not believe that he would come back_), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sīð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sīðes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, _went the road back_, i.e. returned, 1333.

egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, _cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror, horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.: glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.

eges-līc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres. þæt þē ... weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223.

elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde.

eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (_shall be banished_), 3020.

ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēðbegēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man_ (Wīglāf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, _strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly, transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þā him wæs elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. mægen-ellen.

ellen-dǣd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dǣdum, 877, 901.

ellen-gǣst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.

ellen-līce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123.

ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829, 1472.

ellen-rōf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rōfum, 1788.

ellen-sēoc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (_the mortally wounded king, Bēowulf_), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b (local), elles hwǣr, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255.

ellor-gāst, -gǣst, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgǣst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas, 1350.

ellor-sīð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), _another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þēodig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þēodige men, 336.

ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (līfes) ende, 823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes æt ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp. woruld-ende.

ende-dæg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dōgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bēga on wēnum endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.

ende-lāf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes, _art the last of our race_, 2814.

ende-lēan, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sǣta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stæf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestæf eft gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge ānpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411.

ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta ǣr-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta ǣr-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blōdig wæl ... eteð ān-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_, 448; inf. Gēatena lēode ... etan, 444.

þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, _swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050.

Ē

ēc. See ēac.

ēce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. ēce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ēce eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; gecēas ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. ēcean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gecēos ēce rǣdas, 1761.

ēdre. See ǣdre.

ēð-begēte, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēð-begēte, _then from the young man_ (Wīglāf) _it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.

ēðe. See ēaðe.

ēðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, _of the kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wīsdōme hēold ēðel sīnne, _ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.

ēðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, _estate and inherited privileges_, 2199.

ēðel-stōl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl. ēðel-stōlas, 2372.

ēðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mīnre ēðeltyrf, 410.

ēðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg. ēðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King Hrōðgār), 617.

ēðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom. sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, lufen ālicgean, _now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard ēðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494.

ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.

ēg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer ēg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

ēg-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, _in the sea-floods_, 577. See ēagor-strēam.

ēhtan (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs duguðe and geogoðe, 159; pret. pl. ēhton āglǣcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_ (Bēowulf)(?), 1513.

ēst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara and māðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor hæfde āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_ (of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hēold, ēstum mid āre, 2379; ēstum geȳwan (_to present_), 2150; him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum geēawed (_presented_), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum miclum fremedon, 959.

ēste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. ēste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the birth_ (of such a son as Bēowulf), 946.

EA

eafoð, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; wē frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes, _we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, _made him great through strength_, 1718.

eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153.

eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.

eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mēaras, 1036; ēode eahta sum, _went as one of eight, with seven others_, 3124.

eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. rǣd eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, _the best one of those who with Hrōðgār deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175.

eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall ēðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal gearo, healærna mǣst, 77; þæt hit (wīgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador Grendles grāpe, _there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa, _all favor_, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dōgorgerīmes, 2728. With apposition: þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bēot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncȳððe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298; gif hē þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wīde-ferhð, _through the whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, _with all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban, 2740; brūc ealles well, 2163; frēan ealles þanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of all_, 2795; nom. pl. untȳdras ealle, 111; scēotend ... ealle, 706; wē ealle, 942; acc. pl. fēond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hīe dēað fornam, 2237; līg ealle forswealg þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-būendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. āna wið eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. hē āh ealra geweald, _has power over all_, 1728.

Uninflected: bil eal þurhwōd flǣschoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body through and through_, 1568; hæfde ... eal gefeormod fēt and folma, _had devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; sē þe eall geman gār-cwealm gumena, _who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc.

Adverbial: þēah ic eal mǣge, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130.

eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes ūhtflogan (_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ōmig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lāfe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wīsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde māðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. _older_: mīn yldra mǣg, 468; yldra brōðor, 1325; oð þæt hē (Heardrēd) yldra wearð, 2379.

yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þām yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. þone yldestan, 363, both times of Bēowulf.

eald-fæder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373.

eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870.

eald-gesīð, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many years_: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, 854.

eald-gestrēon, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl. eald-gestrēonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1459.

eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many years_: nom. pl. þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle gnorn þrowian, _that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone_, 2658.

eald-hlāford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), 2779.

eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stōd herestrǣl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of ealdre gewāt, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwēna, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; tō aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006, 2499; āwa tō aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. þū ... ondrǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677.

ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat. sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tō aldor-ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. nǣfre on aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum ǣr (_in former days_), 758.

ealdor-gedāl, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedāl, 806.

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904.

ealdor-lēas, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-lēase, 15.

ealdor-lēas, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-lēasne, 1588; ealdor-lēasne, 3004.

ealdor-þegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār's confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan hē (Hygelāc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wælrēaf werede, _while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swȳn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.

eal-īrenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-īrenne wīgbord, _a wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339.

ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-wǣge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowǣge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowǣge (_at the ale-carouse_), 481.

eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.

eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him wæs bām ... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly, ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_, 1130; eard gīt ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378; eard and eorlscipe, _prǣdium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard ēðelwyn, _land and the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. ēacne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.

eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl. dȳre swyrd swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, _costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen, _inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693.

earfoð, st. n., _trouble, difficulty, struggle_: acc. pl. earfeðo, 534.

earfoð-līce, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_, 2304, 2935.

earfoð-þrāg, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg. -þrāge, 283.

earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sīð (_no coward undertaken that_), 2542.

earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesæt, _supported himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.

earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, _the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_, 2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_, 577.

earm-bēag, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-bēaga fela searwum gesǣled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764.

earm-hrēad, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hrēade twā, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).

earm-līc, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedāl earmlīc wurðan, _his end should be wretched_, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Bēowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_ (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.

ĒA

ēac, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; ēc, 3132.

ēacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_, _large_: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald sweord ēacen, 1664; dat. pl. ēacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: æðele and ēacen, of Bēowulf, 198.

ēacen-cræftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg. hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg. þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna gold, 3052.

ēadig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_: nom. sg. wes, þenden þū lifige, æðeling ēadig, _be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; ēadig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-, tīr-ēadig.

ēadig-līce, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: drēamum lifdon ēadiglīce, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100.

ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had become easy to them_, 228; ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, _no pleasant way_, 2587; næs þæt ȳðe cēap, _no easy purchase_, 2416; nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, _not easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003.

ēaðe, ȳðe, adv., _easily_. ēaðe, 478, 2292, 2765.

ēað-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138.

ēage, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of ēagum stōd lēoht unfǣger, _out of his eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; þæt ic ... ēagum starige, _see with eyes, behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. ēagena bearhtm, 1767.

ēagor-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513.

ēa-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Gēatas): acc. sg. ēa-lond, 2335; _island_.

ēam, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882.

ēastan, adv., _from the east_, 569.

ēawan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. ēaweð ... uncūðne nīð, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See ēowan, ȳwan.

ge-ēawan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum ge-ēawed, _was graciously presented_, 1195.

EO

ēode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. heht eahta mēaras on flet tēon, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.

eofoð, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð.

eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer īrenheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave fighter_ (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and fēðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-līc, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-līc scionon, 303.

eofor-sprēot, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum hēoro-hōcyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_, 1438.

eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.

eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stān, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stānas, 1209.

eorð-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.

eorð-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.

eorðe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg. ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wīde geond eorðan, _far over the earth, through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. hē eorðan gefēoll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050.

eorð-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720.

eorð-scræf, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047.

eorð-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorðsele, 2516.

eorð-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft under eorðweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp), 2958; þā mē wæs ... sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, _then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091.

eorð-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestrēon, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestrēona ... hardfyrdne dǣl, 2245.

eorl-gewǣde, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewǣdum, 1443.

eorlīc (i.e. eorl-līc), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlīc ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-lāf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes (_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235.

eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.

eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114.

eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.

ĒO

ēored-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867.

ēowan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ōhwǣr, ecghete ēoweð, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See ēawan, ȳwan.

ēower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ēower sum, _that one of you_ (namely, Bēowulf), 248; fǣhðe ēower lēode, _the enmity of the people of you_ (of your people), 597; nis þæt ēower sīð ... nefne mīn ānes, 2533.--2) poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc.

F

ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to experience_: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, _that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes nȳd dǣda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.

fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf. tō hām faran, _to go home_, 124; lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum fūse tō farenne, _the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over the dark fen_, 1405; sǣgenga fōr, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_, 1909; (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret. pl. þæt ... scawan scīrhame tō scipe fōron, _that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896.

gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hū se mānsceaða under fǣrgripum gefaran wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739.

ūt faran, _to go out_: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, _let words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552.

faroð, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge_: dat. sg. tō brimes faroðe, 28; æfter faroðe, _with the stream_, 580; æt faroðe, 1917.

faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. ād-faru.

fācen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_. acc. pl. fācen-stafas, 1019.

fāh, fāg, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (_covered with blood_), 420; blōde fāh, 935; ātertānum fāh (sc. īren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to ātertēarum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fāh (_saddle artistically ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swāte fāh, 1287; brim blōde fāh, 1595; wældrēore fāg, 1632; (draca) fȳrwylmum fāh (_because he spewed flame_), 2672; sweord fāh and fǣted, 2702; blōde fāh, 2975; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, 447; goldsele fǣttum fāhne, 717; on fāgne flōr treddode, _trod the shining floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrōf golde fāhne, _the roof shining with gold_, 928; nom. pl. eoforlīc ... fāh and fȳr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þā hilt since fāge, 1616; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, 586.--Comp. bān-, blōd-, brūn-, drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, wæl-, wyrm-fāh.

fāh, fāg, fā, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða, 554; hē wæs fāg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fāne (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fāra, 578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fāg, 1264; māne fāh, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-dǣdum fāg, 1002.--Comp. nearo-fāh.

fāmig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota fāmig-heals, 218; (sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, 1910.

fæc, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lȳtel fæc, _during a short time_, 2241.

fæder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. fæder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; fæder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fæder, 1356; dat. sg. fæder, 2430; gen. sg. fæder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: ǣr, eald-fæder.

fædera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefæderan.

fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum, 912.

fæderen-mǣg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant_: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, 1264.

fæðm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. fēondes fæð[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. līges fæðm, 782; acc. sg. in fȳres fæðm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394; wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. tō fæder (God's) fæðmum, 188.--4) _power, property_: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.--Cf. sīd-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme.

fæðmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. þæt minne līchaman ... glēd fæðmie, 2653; inf. lēton flōd fæðmian frætwa hyrde, 3134.

ge-fæg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp. ge-fægra, 916.

fægen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhðum fægne, _the glad at heart_, 1634.

fæger, fǣger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, 774; fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.--Comp. un-fǣger.

fægere, fægre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette_: fægere geþǣgon medoful manig, 1015; þā wæs flet-sittendum fægere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelāc ongan ... fægre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.

fær, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33.

fæst, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tō fæst, 1743; acc. sg. frēondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwǣre, 1097.--The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wæs tō fæst on þām (sc. on fǣhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fēond-grāpum fæst, _(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fȳrbendum fæst, _fast in the forged hinges_, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him langað), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. in secret), 1879.--Comp: ār-, blǣd-, gin-, sōð-, tīr-, wīs-fæst.

fæste, adv., _fæst_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. fæstor, 143.

be-fæstan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. hēt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116.

fæsten, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg. lēoda fæsten, _the fastness of the Gēatas_ (with ref. to 2327, 2334; fæsten (Ongenþēow's castle or fort), 2951; fæsten (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104.

fæst-rǣd, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. fæst-rǣdne geþōht, _firm determination_, 611.

fæt, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sīð-fæt.

fæt, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: bān-, drync-, māððum-, sinc-, wundor-fæt.

fǣge, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg. fǣge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, 847; fūs and fǣge, 1242; acc. sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fǣgum, 2078; gen. sg. fǣges, 1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum (_over the warriors fallen in the battle_), 3026.--Comp.: dēað-, un-fǣge.

fǣhð (_state of hostility_, see fāh), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_: nom. sg. fǣhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fǣhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fǣhðe mearn (_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wæl-fǣhð.

fǣhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sīo fǣhðo, 3000; acc. fǣhðo, 2490.

fǣlsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. þæt ic mōte ... Heorot fǣlsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrōðgāres ... sele fǣlsode, 2353.

ge-fǣlsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hæfde gefǣlsod ... sele Hrōðgāres, 826; Heorot is gefǣlsod, 1177; wǣron ȳð-gebland eal gefǣlsod, 1621.

fǣmne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. fǣmnan, 2035; gen. sg. fǣmnan, 2060, both times of Hrōðgār's daughter Frēaware.

fǣr, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnæf's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231.

fǣr-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. fǣr-gripe flōdes, 1517; dat. pl. under fǣrgripum, 739.

fǣr-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wið fǣr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.

fǣringa, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989.

fǣr-nīð, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwæt mē Grendel hafað ... fǣrnīða gefremed, 476.

fǣt, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fǣttum fāhne, _shining with gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257.

fǣted, fǣtt, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg. fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fǣttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, _covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... fǣted, 2702; acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fǣtte scyldas, 333; fǣtte bēagas, 1751.

fǣted-hlēor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mēaras fǣted-hlēore (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_), 1037.

fǣt-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922.

feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120.

fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glōf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made of the skins of dragons_, 2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce, _how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tō fela micles ... Denigea lēode, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncūðes fela, 877; fela lāðes, 930; fela lēofes and lāðes, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mādma, 36; fela þǣra wera and wīfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.; worn fela māðma, 1784; worna fela gūða, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951.

fela-hrōr, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very warlike_, 27.

fela-mōdig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -mōdigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.

fēolan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (in Heorot), 1282; þǣr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo, endure_: searonīðas fealh, 1201.

æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh _(held him not fast enough_, 969.

fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tō fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010.

fen-freoðo, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.

feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fȳres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fāra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. tō fōn, 1756, and fōn tō rīce, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom. sg. wīsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.

fen-ge-lād, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frēcne fengelād (_fens difficult of access_), 1360.

fen-hlið, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305.

ferhð, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt ..., _each of them trusted to his_ (Hunferð's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, _happy at heart_, 1634; þæt mon ... ferhðum frēoge, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.

ferhð-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.

ferhð-genīðla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferhð-genīðlan, of the drake, 2882.

ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fǣtte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tō scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

æt-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fēondum ætferede, 1669.

ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (wē) geferian frēan ūserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, 1639; pret. þæt hī ūt geferedon dȳre māðmas, 3131; pret. part. hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, _men of the Gēatas, come from afar, have been brought hither_ (by ship), 361.

oð-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsōfte þonan feorh oð-ferede, 2142.

of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. ōðer swylc ūt offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584.

fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)