Chapter V: Muscles of the Leg and Foot (28)

Stomach of dog, 428
of horse, 357
cardia of, 358
coats of, 359
fibers of, 359
greater curvature of, 357
lesser curvature of, 357
mucous coat of, 360
muscular coat of, 359
œsophageal orifice of, 358
pyloric extremity, 358
orifice of, 358
serous coat of, 359
structure of, 359
submucous coat of, 359
vessels and nerves of, 360
of ox, 390
of pig, 417
of sheep, 408

Stop of face of dog, 160

Straight muscles of head of pig, 312
sinus, 591

Stratum corneum, 761
germinativum, 761
of hoof, 768
periosteale of hoof, 769
vitreum of body, 769

Stria lateralis, 671
medullaris, 665
terminalis, 665

Striæ acusticæ, 662
olfactorii, 671

Striated muscle, 211

Stroma iridis, 744
of kidney of horse, 475
of ovary of mare, 510
vitreum, 746

Stylo-glossus muscle, 337

Stylo-hyoideus muscle, 223
of ox, 297

Stylohyoids of horse, 65

Styloid process, 748
of horse, 68, 69
of radius of dog, 161
of temporal bone, 57
of ulna of horse, 82
of ox, 129

Stylo-mandibularis muscle, 222
of ox, 297

Stylo-mastoid artery, 550
foramen of horse, 57

Stylo-maxillaris muscle, 222

Stylo-pharyngeus muscle, 349

Subarachnoid cisterns, 646
space, 646

Subcallosal gyrus, 671

Subcarpal arch, 562
check ligament of horse, 272
ligament of horse, 183

Subcostal artery, 539
of dog, 633
of ox, 609

Subcutaneous bursæ, 761

Subcutis, 761

Subdural space, 646

Subiliac lymph glands, 606

Sublimbic fissure, 669

Sublingual artery, 548
of dog, 635
crest of horse, 348
ducts of dog, 427

Sublingual ducts of horse, 348
gland of dog, 427
of horse, 347
of ox, 388
of pig, 415
vein, 590
of ox, 621

Sublumbar muscles, 274
of ox, 306
of pig, 316

Submaxillary artery, 547
duct of dog, 427
of horse, 348
gland of dog, 427
of horse, 347
of ox, 388
of pig, 415
lymph glands, 601
of dog, 643
of pig, 630
space of horse, 63

Submental artery, 549

Submucous plexus, 714

Subperitoneal ring, 490

Subpubic groove of horse, 95

Subscapular artery, 556
of dog, 635
of ox, 612
fossa of horse, 75
nerve, 696

Subscapularis muscle of dog, 321
of horse, 257
of ox, 302
of pig, 314

Subscapulo-hyoideus muscle of horse, 226

Subsphenoidal canal, 51
confluents, 592

Substantia alba, 644
corticalis of lens, 747
gelatinosa, 644
of cord, 651
grisea, 644
of cord, 650

Subtarsal ligament, 200

Subthalamic nucleus, 665
tegmental region, 665

Suburethral diverticulum of cow, 519
of sow, 522

Sudoriferous glands, 762

Sulcus aortæ of horse, 454
basilaris of pons, 659
callosal, 669
coronalis ungulæ, 765
corporis callosi, 669
cruroparietalis, 767
dorsalis lateralis, 649
intercruralis, 767
intermedius dorsalis, 649
of ox, 608
ventralis of oblongata, 655
limitantes, 662
medianus dorsalis, 649
œsophagus of horse, 454
of brain, 654
rhinalis, 669
of dog, 727
of ox, 716
of pig, 721
tympanicus, 753

Superficial digital flexor muscle of dog, 323, 329
of horse, 269, 270
of leg of horse, 292
of ox, 305
of pig, 316, 317
fascia, 212
of back and loins, 235
of forearm of horse, 262
of gluteal region, 273
of head of horse, 213
of neck of horse, 224
of shoulder of horse, 255
flexor muscle of ox, 311
gluteus muscle of horse, 277
muscles of head of horse, 213
pectoral muscle of dog, 320
of horse, 253
of ox, 302
sesamoidean ligament, 188

Superior alveolar arch, 69
atlanto-axial ligament, 176
atlanto-occipital membrane of horse, 176
border of mandible, 64
check ligament of superficial digital flexor muscle, 270
commissure of vulva, 515
common vertebral ligament of horse, 173
costo-sternal ligament, 178
costo-transverse ligament of horse, 177
curved lines of skull, 69
dental canal of horse, 59
dilatator naris muscle, 218
incisivus muscle, 216
interdigital ligament of ox, 206
ischiatic spine, 94, 95
levator palpebræ muscle, 219
maxillary sinus of horse, 73
meatus of nasal cavity, 438
of pig, 465
of nose of horse, 62, 72
sacro-coccygeus muscle, 238
sesamoidean ligament of horse, 187, 273
thyro-arytenoid ligament of horse, 444
turbinal bone of dog, 158
of horse, 62
of ox, 122
crest of nasal bones, 61
fold of horse, 440

Supinator muscle of dog, 323
of pig, 315

Supra-atloid bursa, 174

Supracondyloid crest, external, of humerus, 80
of femur, 97
fossa of femur of horse, 99

Supraorbital artery, 553
canal of ox, 119
foramen of horse, 55, 66
of ox, 119
groove of ox, 119
process of horse, 55, 66
of ox, 119

Suprarenal glands, 477

Suprascapular artery, 556
nerve, 696, 697

Supraspinatus muscle of dog, 321

Supraspinatus muscle of horse, 256
of ox, 302
of pig, 314

Supraspinous bursa, 175
fossa of horse, 75
ligament of horse, 174

Suprasplenial fissure of dog, 727

Suprasylvian fissure of dog, 726
of horse, 668
of ox, 716
of pig, 721

Supratrochlear foramen of humerus of dog, 163

Suspensory ligament of penis of horse, 494
of spleen of horse, 379
navicular ligaments, 189
sesamoidean ligament of horse, 187, 273

Sustentaculum tali of fibular tarsal bone, 106

Sutura, 169
harmonia, 169
serrata, 169
squamosa, 169

Suture, 169
cranial, of horse, 179
frontal, of horse, 55
fronto-lacrimal, of horse, 55
interparietal, of horse, 54
naso-frontal, of horse, 55, 61
of ox, 119
naso-lacrimal, of horse, 61
naso-maxillary, of horse, 61
palatine, median, 69
transverse, of horse, 69
parieto-frontal, 54, 55
parieto-occipital, 54
parieto-temporal, 56
sagittal, of horse, 54
spheno-frontal, of horse, 55
spheno-squamous, 56

Sweat glands, 762
of dog, 780
of ox, 775
of pig, 778

Sympathetic system, 710
of dog, 733
of ox, 720
of pig, 724
trunk, 711

Symphysis, 169
of lower jaw of horse, 180
pelvis of horse, 191

Synarthroses, 169
of skull of horse, 179

Synchondroses of skull, 180

Synchondrosis, 169

Synovia, 170

Synovial bursa of anterior digital extensor muscle of horse, 265
of infraspinatus muscle of horse, 256
of lateral digital extensor muscle of horse, 266
of teres minor muscle of horse, 257
fossa, 170
of tibial tarsal bone, 105
layer of articulations, 170

Synovial membrane, 211
bursal, 211
of anterior digital extensor muscle, 265
of carpal joints, 183
of elbow joint, 181
of hip joint of horse, 193
of lateral digital extensor muscle of horse, 265
vaginal, 211
sacs of hock joint, 200
sheath at carpus of ox, 305
of anterior digital extensor muscle, 265
of coraco-brachialis muscle of horse, 258
of deep digital flexor muscle of horse, 272
of extensor carpi radialis of horse, 263
pedis muscle, 288
of flexor carpi externus muscle of horse, 269
pedis perforans muscle of horse, 294
of lateral digital extensor muscle of horse, 266
of peroneus muscle, 288
of superficial digital flexor muscle of horse, 271

Systematic anatomy, 17, 18

Systemic arteries, 524

Tactile hairs, 763

Tænia of small colon, 370
semicircularis, 665
thalami, 665

Tail of dog, muscles of, 325
of horse, 764
fasciæ of, 238
muscles of, 238
of ox, muscles of, 300
of pig, muscles of, 314

Tapetum cellulosum, 779
fibrosum, 743
of chorioid, 742
of ox, 774

Tarsal artery, external, 581
of pig, 630
perforating, 585
bones, 29
central, of horse, 107
of ox, 134
fibular, of horse, 106
ligaments of, 202
of ox, 134
first, of horse, 109
of ox, 135
fourth, of horse, 109
of ox, 134
second, of horse, 109
of ox, 135
third, of horse, 109
of ox, 135
tibial, of horse, 105
ligaments of, 202
of ox, 134
fascia of horse, 274
glands, 736
muscle, 736
sheath of flexor pedis perforans muscle, 294
sinus of horse, 105

Tarsal vein of ox, 622
recurrent, 598

Tarso-metatarsal ligaments, 202
sac of horse, 200

Tarsus, 29
of dog, 168
of eye, 736
of horse, 105
canal of, 109
development of, 110
of ox, 134
of pig, 149

Taste buds, 772
organs of horse, 772

Teats of mammary glands of bitch, 523
of cow, 520
of mare, 516

Teeth, 338
alveolar periosteum of, 339
canine, 338
deciduous, of horse, 346
of dog, 425
of horse, 341
of ox, 386
of pig, 412
carnassial, of dog, 426
cement of, 339
cheek, 338
deciduous, of horse, 346
of dog, 425
of horse, 342, 343, 344
of ox, 386
of pig, 412
of sheep, 405
crown of, 339
deciduous, of horse, 346
enamel of, 339
incisor, 338
deciduous, of horse, 346
of ox, 386
of dog, 425
of horse, 341
of ox, 386
of pig, 412
of sheep, 405
lower, of horse, 344
mandibular, of horse, 344
maxillary, of horse, 343
milk, of horse, 346
molar, 338
of horse, 342
neck of, 339
nippers, 339
of dog, 424
of horse, 340
of ox, 386
of pig, 411, 412
of sheep, 405
permanent, of horse, 340
pinchers, 339
premolar, 338
of horse, 342
pulp cavity of, 339
pulp of, 339
root of, 339
sectorial, of dog, 426
structure of, 339
temporary, of horse, 346
upper, of horse, 343
vessels and nerves of, 339
wolf, 339
of horse, 58, 64

Tegmentum, 664

Tela choroidea, 647, 657, 663
of third ventricle, 666, 670

Telencephalon, 667

Temporal artery, anterior deep, 553
of dog, 635
of ox, 612
posterior deep, 552
superficial, 550
bone of dog, 156
of horse, 55
of ox, 120
of pig, 141
fascia of horse, 213
foramen of horse, 51, 67
fossa of horse, 67
nerve, 682
of dog, 728
of horse, 681
of ox, 717
of pig, 722
process of maxillary bone of horse, 58
vein, 587, 588
wings of horse, 51

Temporalis muscle of dog, 318
of horse, 219
of ox, 297

Temporary teeth of horse, 346

Temporo-hyoid articulation, 180

Temporo-mandibular articulation of dog, 204
of horse, 179
of ox, 204
of pig, 204

Tendinous center of diaphragm of horse, 243

Tendo femorotarseus muscle of horse, 289

Tendon, prepubic, 250
sheath, 211

Tendons, 211

Tenon, capsule of, 738

Tensor fasciæ antibrachii muscle of dog, 322
of horse, 260
of ox, 303
of pig, 315
latæ muscle of dog, 326
of horse, 276
of ox, 306
of pig, 316
palati muscle of horse, 333
tympani, 755

Tenth nerve, 687

Tentorial area, 668

Tentorium cerebelli, 646
osseum of horse, 70

Teres major muscle of dog, 322
of horse, 258
of ox, 302
of pig, 314
minor muscle of dog, 321
of horse, 256
of ox, 302
of pig, 314
tubercle of humerus, 77

Terminal arch of digital arteries, 564
arteries, 524
line of horse, 353
nuclei, 658

Testicles of dog, 506
epididymis of, 506
tunica vaginalis of, 506
of horse, 485
appendix of, 485
deferential fold of, 491
descent of, 490
gubernaculum testis, 491
hydatid of Morgagni, 458
lobules of, 486
mediastinum testis, 486
pampiniform plexus, 489
parenchyma of, 486
rete testis, 486
seminiferous tubules, 486
septa of, 486
structure of, 485
tubules of, 486
tunica albuginea of, 486
vaginalis propria of, 485
vasculosa of, 486
vas deferens of, 488
vessels and nerves of, 487
of ox, 500
cremaster externus muscle of, 500
epididymis of, 500
tunica vaginalis of, 500
vas deferens of, 501
of pig, 504
cremaster externus muscle of, 504
epididymis of, 504
vas deferens of, 504

Thalamocortical fibers, 661

Thalamus, optic, 664

Theca folliculi of mare, 510

Thigh, 29
of horse, muscles of, 276, 281, 284
of ox, muscles of, 306, 307, 308
of pig, muscles of, 316

Third carpal bone of horse, 86
eyelid, 736
of ox, 772
of pig, 777
metatarsal bone of horse, 110
nerve of horse, 677
phalanges of dog, 165
of horse, 90, 111
of ox, 130
sesamoid bone, 92, 111
tarsal bone of horse, 109
of ox, 135
trochanter of femur, 99
ventricle, 666

Thoracic aorta, 536
branches of, 565
artery external, 541
internal, 540
of dog, 633
of ox, 609
of pig, 627
cavity, 27
of horse, 450
of ox, 461
duct of dog, 643
of horse, 600
of ox, 623
of pig, 630
ganglia, 712
of ox, 720
limb, bones of, 27

Thoracic limb of dog, articulations of, 205
bones of, 162
muscles of, 319
of horse, articulations of, 180
bones of, 74
muscles of, 250
of ox, articulations of, 205
bones of, 127
muscles of, 302
of pig, articulations of, 205
bones of, 146
muscles of, 314
lymph glands of pig, 631
nerves, anterior, 696
of horse, 697, 702
portion of panniculus, 255
of sympathetic system, 712
vein, 586, 593
vertebræ, 24
of dog, 150
of horse, 35, 36, 37
of ox, 112
of pig, 137

Thoracico-dorsal artery, 556

Thoraco-dorsal nerve, 697
vein, 593

Thorax, articulations of, of dog, 204
of horse, 177
of ox, 204
of pig, 204
bones of, 27
of dog, 153
of horse, 47
of ox, 115
of pig, 139
muscles of, of dog, 325
of horse, 240
of ox, 300
of pig, 313

Thymus gland of dog, 468
of horse, 458
of ox, 464
of pig, 466

Thyro-arytenoid ligament, 444

Thyro-arytenoideus muscle of horse, 446

Thyro-epiglottic ligament, 444

Thyro-hyoid joints, 444

Thyro-hyoideus muscle, 445

Thyrohyoids of horse, 65

Thyroid artery, accessory, 543
of ox, 610
of pig, 627
cartilage of dog, 467
of horse, 442
of ox, 459
of pig, 465
cornua of horse, 65
gland of dog, 468
accessory, 468
of horse, 457
accessory, 458
of ox, 464
accessory, 464
of pig, 466
vein, 590

Thyro-laryngeal artery, 543

Thyro-pharyngeus muscle, 350

Tibia, 29

Tibia of dog, 167
of horse, 100, 102, 103
of ox, 134
of pig, 149

Tibial artery, anterior, 583
of dog, 641
of ox, 620
of pig, 630
posterior, 581
recurrent, 581
bones, 29
crest of horse, 100
nerve, anterior, of horse, 708
of dog, 732
of horse, 708
of ox, 720
tarsal bone of horse, 105
ligaments of, 202
synovial fossa of, 105
trochlea of, 105
of ox, 134
vein, anterior, 599
of dog, 642
posterior, 599
recurrent, 598

Tibialis anterior muscle of dog, 328
of horse, 290
of ox, 310
of pig, 317
posterior muscle of dog, 329

Tibio-fibular articulation, 199
joints of dog, 210
of ox, 209
of pig, 210

Tibio-tarsal articulation, 199
sac of horse, 200

Toe of horse, 764

Tongue of dog, 424
of horse, 335
of ox, 385
of pig, 411
of sheep, 405

Tonsil, faucial, of horse, 333
of pig, 411
of sheep, 407

Topographic anatomy, 17, 18

Torus carpalis, 780
metacarpalis, 780
tubarius, 778

Trabeculæ carneæ of right ventricle, 532
of corpus cavernosum penis, 495
of prostate, 493
of thyroid gland, 458
splenic, of horse, 379

Trachea of dog, 468
of horse, 448
of ox, 460
of pig, 466

Tracheal ducts, 603
of dog, 643

Trachelo-mastoideus muscle of dog, 325
of horse, 229
of pig, 312

Tract of spinal cord, 652
olfactory, 671
optic, 666
of ox, 716
pyramidal, 658

Tractus centralis of thymus gland, 458

Tractus olfactorius, 671
opticus, 666

Tragicus muscle, 751

Tragus, 748
of dog, 780

Transversalis costarum muscle of dog, 325
of horse, 236
of ox, 300
of pig, 313
fascia of horse, 249

Transverse arytenoid ligament of larynx, 444
diameter of pelvis, 97
fissure, 669
of ox, 716
fossa of brain, 667
hyoideus muscle, 224
lamina, ethmoid bone of dog, 157
ligament of carpus, 263
of hip joint of horse, 192
of radio-ulnar articulation of horse, 182
palatine suture of horse, 69
sinuses, 591
spinous muscle of neck, 231

Transversus abdominis muscle of dog, 326
of horse, 248
of ox, 302
of pig, 313
costarum muscle, 242
thoracis muscle of horse, 242
of pig, 313

Trapezius cervicalis muscle, 250
muscle of dog, 319
of horse, 250
of ox, 302
of pig, 314
thoracalis muscle, 251

Triangularis sterni muscle, 242

Triceps brachii, 260, 261
extensor cubiti of horse, 260
muscle of dog, 322
of ox, 303
of pig, 315
suræ muscle of horse, 292

Trifacial nerve of horse, 677

Trigeminal nerve of horse, 677

Trigonum lemnisci, 664
olfactorium, 653, 667, 671
vesicæ of horse, 476

Trochanter, external, of femur of horse, 99
great, of femur of horse, 99
internal, of femur, 97

Trochanteric fossa of femur of horse, 99
ridge of femur of horse, 99

Trochlea of femur of horse, 99
of tibial tarsal bone of horse, 105

Trochlear foramen of horse, 51, 67
nerve of horse, 677
origin of, 664

Trochoid, 172

True joints, 170
ribs, 25
of horse, 43
vertebræ, 24
vocal cords of dog, 468
of horse, 448

Truncus bicaroticus, 541

Tuber calcis of fibular tarsal bone of horse, 106
cinereum, 653, 665
of dog, 726
ischii of horse, 95
scapulæ of horse, 77

Tubercle, cuneate, of pig, 720
internal, of humerus, 78
lacrimal, of horse, 61
of Lower, 530
of scapula of horse, 75
psoas, of horse, 93
teres, of humerus, 77

Tuberculum cinereum, 656
faciale, 655
intervenosum of horse, 530
olfactorium of pig, 721

Tuberosity, alveolar, 69
bicipital, of radius, 81
of scapula, 77
deltoid, of horse, 78
external, of humerus, 78
of radius of horse, 81
facial, of ox, 120
internal, of humerus, 79
of radius of horse, 81
maxillary, of horse, 58
metacarpal, of horse, 88
of atlas of ox, 112
of tibia of horse, 102

Tubules of testicles, 486
renal, of horse, 474
seminiferous, of testicles, 486
uriniferous, of horse, 474

Tunic, abdominal, 245
of pig, 313
fibrous, of ape, 740

Tunica albuginea, 486, 495
fibrosa of kidney, 473
mucosa laryngis, 448
propria of skin, 762
vaginalis communis, 490
of dog, 506
of horse, 489
of ox, 500
propria of horse, 485, 490
vasculosa of testicles, 486

Turbinal bones of dog, 158
of horse, 62, 438
of ox, 122
of pig, 143, 465
crest, inferior, of horse, 58
superior, of nasal bones of horse, 61
fold, inferior, of horse, 440
superior, of horse, 440

Twelfth nerve, 692

Tympanic artery, 552
cavity of dog, 780
of horse, 752
of ox, 775
of pig, 778
membrane, 753
nerve, 686
opening of Eustachian tube, 755
plexus, 687

Udder of cow, 519

Ulna, 28
of dog, 163
of horse, 82

Ulna of ox, 128
of pig, 147

Ulnar artery, 559
of dog, 637
of ox, 613
superior collateral, of ox, 612
carpal bone of horse, 84
nerve of dog, 730
of horse, 696, 698
of ox, 718
of pig, 723
vein, 595
of dog, 642

Ulnaris lateralis muscle of dog, 323
medialis muscle of dog, 323

Umbilical artery, 574, 606
of dog, 641
of ox, 619
fissure of horse, 374
ligament of bladder, 476
vein, 607

Undershot dog, 425

Ungual phalanx of horse, 90

Unipennate muscle, 212

Unstriped muscle, 211

Ureters, 469
of bladder, fundus of, 476
of dog, 484
of heart, pelvic part, 475
of horse, 475
abdominal part, 475
of ox, 480
of pig, 483

Urethra, 469
masculina of dog, 507
of horse, 497, 498, 499
of ox, 504
of pig, 506
of cow, 519
of mare, 515
of sow, 522

Urethral crest of horse, 499
glands of horse, 499
groove of horse, 495
muscle of dog, 507
of horse, 499
of mare, 516
of ox, 504
of pig, 506
orifice, external, of cow, 519
of male horse, 499
of mare, 515
of ox, 503
internal, of horse, 477, 499
of horse, 477
of pig, 505
process of horse, 495
sinus of horse, 495

Urinary bladder. See _Bladder_.
organs, 469
of dog, 483
of horse, 469
of ox, 478
of pig, 481

Uriniferous tubules, 474

Urogenital fold of horse, 355
sinus of mare, 514
system, 469

Uterine artery, 571
middle, 578
of dog, 641

Uterine artery of ox, 619
posterior, 574
cotyledons of cow, 518
glands of cow, 518
of mare, 513
tubes of bitch, 522
of cow, 517
of mare, 511
of sow, 522

Utero-ovarian artery, 571
of dog, 639
of ox, 618
plexus, 714
veins, 596

Uterus masculinus of dog, 506
of horse, 493
of ox, 503
of pig, 505
of bitch, 522
of cow, 517, 518
of horse, broad ligaments, 356
of mare, 511, 512, 513
of sow, 522

Utricle, 759
prostatic, of horse, 493

Uvula of pig, 411

Vagina of bitch, 523
of cow, 518
of mare, 514
of sow, 522
tendinis, 211

Vaginal ligaments, 212
ring of horse, 248, 490
of ox, 500
synovial membrane, 211

Vagus, 687
of dog, 729
of ox, 717
of pig, 722

Vallate papillæ of tongue, 336

Vallecula of Sylvius, 667

Valve, bicuspid, of horse, 533
ileo-cæcal, of dog, 431
of horse, 362, 364
mitral, of horse, 533
of vein, 525
of Vieussens, 663
pulmonary, of horse, 532

Valvula foraminis ovalis, 607

Valvular fold of cæcum, 365

Vas deferens of horse, 488
of ox, 501
of pig, 504
of spermatic cord, 489
vasorum of veins, 525

Vascular system, 524
blood-, 524
of horse, 525
tunic, 742

Vastus externus muscle, 285
intermedius muscle, 286
of ox, 307
internus muscle of horse, 286

Veins or vein, 524, 585
abdominal, 598
alveolar, 589
inferior, 587
auricular, 588
azygos, 586
brachial, 593
of dog, 642
brachiocephalic, of dog, 641

Veins, bronchial, 587
buccinator, 590
of pig, 630
cardiac, 586
cephalic, 591, 593
of dog, 642
of ox, 622
cerebellar, 592
cerebral, 588, 592
of ox, 621
cervical, deep, 586
inferior, 591
circumflex, external, 598
condyloid, 588
coronary, 535, 586
dental, 587
digital, 595
of dog, 642, 643
of ox, 621, 623
diploic, 593
dorsal, 586
emissary, 591
esophageal, 587
facial, 588
of pig, 630
femoral, 598
of dog, 642
femoro-popliteal, 598
frontal, of ox, 621
gastric, 597
gastro-duodenal, 597
hepatic, 596
of horse, 377
hypogastric, 597
iliac, common, 597
of dog, 642
ilio-femoral, 598
ilio-lumbar, 597
infraorbital, 589
intercostal, 587
interosseous, 595
intima of, 525
jugular, 587
of dog, 642
of ox, 621
of pig, 630
labial, 589
of ox, 621
lingual, 590
dorsal, 587
lumbar, 596, 597
mammary, of ox, 622
maxillary, 588
internal, 587
of dog, 642
maxillo-muscular, 588
meningeal, 592
mesenteric, 597
metacarpal, 595
of dog, 642
of ox, 621
metatarsal, 599
of dog, 643
of ox, 622
middle coat of, 525
milk, 301
of cow, 521
nasal, of ox, 621
of pig, 630
nerves of, 525
obturator, 598
occipital, 588
of adrenal bodies, 478
of articulations, 171

Veins of bladder of horse, 477
of brain, 592
of dog, 641
of Fallopian tubes, 511
of Galen, 592
of heart, 585
of horse, 585
of internal ear, 761
of kidney of horse, 475
of mammary glands of cow, 521
of mare, 516
of ovaries of mare, 510
of ox, 621
of penis of horse, 496
of pig, 630
of prepuce of horse, 497
of uterus of mare, 513
of vagina of mare, 514
ophthalmic, 590
orbital, of ox, 621
palatine, 589
pancreatic, 597
perineal, of ox, 622
phrenic, 596
popliteal, 599
of dog, 642
portal, 596
of horse, 377
of ox, 623
pterygoid, 587
pudic, external, 598
of ox, 622
pulmonary, 524, 585
of horse, 457
openings of, left atrium, 530
radial, 595
of dog, 642
renal, 596
of ox, 622
saphenous, 598
of dog, 642
of ox, 622
satellite, 524
spermatic, 596
of horse, 487, 489
sphenopalatine, 589
spinal, 593
splenic, 596
spur, 593
structure of, 525
sublingual, 590
of ox, 621
tarsal, of ox, 622
recurrent, 598
temporal, 587
superficial, 588
thoracic, 593, 586
thyroid, 590
tibial, anterior, 599
of dog, 642
posterior, 599
recurrent, 598
ulnar, 595
of dog, 642
umbilical, 607
utero-ovarian, 596
valves of, 525
vas vasorum of, 525
vertebral, 586

Velum interpositum of third ventricle, 666
medullary, 660, 663

Vena azygos, 586
of dog, 642
of horse, opening of, 529
cava, 524
anterior, 586
opening of, 529
of dog, 641, 642
of ox, 622
posterior, 595
opening of, 529
comitans, 524
hemiazygos, 587
of dog, 642
of ox, 621
jugularis of ox, 621
reflexa, 589
of ox, 621

Venæ vorticosæ, 745

Venous arch, 595
plexus of urethra of mare, 516

Venter of scapula of horse, 75

Ventral columns of spinal cord, 651
muscles of neck of horse, 224
nerve of dog, 729
sacral foramina of horse, 40
sacro-iliac ligament, 190
spine, 25
of cervical vertebræ of ox, 112

Ventricle, fourth, of horse, 662
lateral, 674
of larynx of horse, 447
of ox, 459
middle, of larynx, 447
of heart of horse, left, 533
right, 530
third, 666

Ventricular ligament of larynx of horse, 444

Ventricularis et vocalis muscle of horse, 446

Ventriculus bulbi olfactorii, 671
laryngis medianus of horse, 447
lateralis, 674
laryngis of horse, 447
quartus, 662
tertius, 666

Vermis, 660
of dog, 725

Vertebræ, 24
accessory processes, 25
anticlinal, of horse, 42
arch, 24
articular processes, 25
body, 24
caudal, 24, 25
centrum, 24
cervical, 24
of dog, 150
of horse, 32
of ox, 112
of pig, 136
coccygeal, 24
of dog, 152
of horse, 41
of ox, 114
of pig, 138
development, 25
diaphragmatic, of horse, 42

Vertebræ, false, 24
fixed, 24
foramen, 25
hæmal spine, 25
ligaments of, of dog, 204
of horse, 172
of ox, 203
of pig, 204
lumbar, 24
of dog, 151
of horse, 38
of ox, 112
of pig, 138
mammillary processes, 25
movable, 24
notches, 25
of horse, intercentral articulations of, 173
interneural articulations of, 173
ossification of, 25
primary centers of ossification, 25
sacral, 24
of dog, 151
of horse, 39
articulations of, 175
development, 41
of ox, 114
of pig, 138
secondary centers of ossification, 25
spinous process, 25
thoracic, 24
of dog, 150
of horse, 35, 36, 37
of ox, 112
of pig, 137
transverse processes, 25
true, 24
ventral spine, 25

Vertebral artery, 540
of dog, 633
of ox, 609
of pig, 627
canal, 25
of horse, 42
column, 24
of dog, 150
of horse, 31
of ox, 112
of pig, 136
foramen, 25
formula, 24
groove of horse, 42
ligaments of dog, 204
of horse, 172
of ox, 203
of pig, 204
notches, 25
vein, 586

Vertex corneæ, 741

Vertical septum of metacarpus of ox, 130

Vesical artery, 574

Vesicles, seminal, of dog, 506
of horse, 491
of ox, 502
of pig, 505

Vesico-genital pouch, 356

Vesico-prostatic artery, 574

Vestibular ganglion, 686
nerve, 686, 761

Vestibule of ear, 758

Vestibule of larynx of horse, 447
of omental cavity, 380

Veterinary anatomy, 17

Vibrissæ, 763

Vidian canal of horse, 51, 61
nerve, 681

Villi of articulations, 170

Visceral layer of pericardium, 525
pleura of horse, 452

Vitreous body, 746
of ox, 774

Vocal cords, false, of dog, 467
of horse, 447
of ox, 459
of pig, 465
true, of dog, 468
of horse, 448
ligament of horse, 444
process of horse, 443

Vocalis muscle of horse, 446

Volar arch, 562
artery, deep, 562
of second phalanx, 564
common digital artery of ox, 614
digital nerves of dog, 731
flexion of joints, 171
foramen of third phalanx, 91
ligament of carpal joints, 183
of pastern joint, 188
muscle of pig, 315
nerve of horse, 701
of ox, 718, 719
plexus, 595
sesamoids of dog, 165

Vomer of dog, 158
of horse, 63, 431
of ox, 122
of pig, 143

Vomero-nasal organ, 772
of horse, 440

Vortex cordis of horse, 534

V-shaped ligament, 188

Vulva of bitch, 523
of cow, 519
of mare, 514
of sow, 522

Vulvar cleft of mare, 514

Wall of horse’s hoof, 764

White commissure of cord, 650
line of hoof, 765
matter of nervous system, 644

Wilson’s muscle of dog, 507
of ox, 504

Winslow’s foramen, 379
of ox, 396

Wirsung’s duct of horse, 372

Wolf tooth, 339
of horse, 58, 64

Wool, 777

Xiphoid cartilage, 26
of horse, 46

Y-shaped ligament, 188

Zone, epigastric, of horse, 353
hypogastric, of horse, 353
intermediate, of kidney, 473
mesogastric, of horse, 353

Zonula ciliaris, 743, 747
of Zinn, 747

Zygomatic arch of horse, 56, 67
bones of horse, 62
crest of horse, 58, 62
gland of dog, 427
nerve of dog, 728
of horse, 679
process of frontal bone, 55
of maxillary bone, 58

Zygomatic process of temporal bone, 56

Zygomatico-auricularis, 749
of ox, 747

Zygomaticus muscle of dog, 318
of horse, 215
of ox, 295
of pig, 311

-----

Footnote 1:

Only the gross structure is discussed here. For the microscopic
structure reference is to be made to histological works.

Footnote 2:

Only a brief general statement of osteogenesis can be made here;
details must be sought in embryological literature.

Footnote 3:

As might be expected from the history of anatomy, a good many of these
terms are more or less interchangeable; furthermore, a given skeletal
feature may differ greatly in various species.

Footnote 4:

The term is employed here, as is usual in descriptive anatomy, to
designate only the bony part of the rib (Os costale); morphologically
it includes the cartilaginous part also.

Footnote 5:

The manubrium sterni of man is equivalent, strictly speaking, to the
cariniform cartilage + the first osseous segment of the horse.

Footnote 6:

The long axis of the skull is considered to be horizontal in these
descriptions.

Footnote 7:

The occipital crest of this description is equivalent to the external
occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line of man. A curved line
a little lower down, which is continued on the paramastoid process,
represents the inferior nuchal line of man.

Footnote 8:

Other terms for these parts are basioccipital (basilar part),
exoccipitals (lateral parts), and supraoccipital (squamous part). It
should be noted, however, that the lines between the basioccipital and
exoccipitals pass through the lower part of the condyles.

Footnote 9:

This foramen might well be called a canal, since it is an inch or more
in length.

Footnote 10:

The cavity so formed may be termed the sphenopalatine sinus. The
sphenoidal sinus may be a separate cavity which communicates only with
the ventral ethmoidal meatuses; this arrangement exists in about a
third of the cases, according to Paulli.

Footnote 11:

This is also called the subsphenoidal canal or pterygoid foramen.

Footnote 12:

On account of its deep situation, and the fact that it cannot be
separated from its surroundings, the ethmoid must be studied by means
of appropriate sagittal and transverse sections of the skull.

Footnote 13:

According to Martin, there are originally four centers, two anterior
and two posterior (smaller) ones, which fuse in a variable manner.

Footnote 14:

This is commonly termed the styloid process. It is not the homologue
of the styloid process of man.

Footnote 15:

This foramen is somewhat variable in position, but is commonly
opposite the corner incisor. Smaller inconstant foramina are often
present.

Footnote 16:

The alveolus for the temporary canine is commonly formed in the
maxilla alone.

Footnote 17:

This bone is really a greatly developed first ethmoturbinal.

Footnote 18:

In the Stuttgart Nomenclator Anatomicus (S. N. A.) the body (Corpus)
is the part which bears the teeth, and is divided into a pars incisiva
and a pars molaris. The ramus is the rest of the bone.

Footnote 19:

These correspond to the great cornua of man.

Footnote 20:

This relation varies with age; in the young horse the third tooth, in
the old subject the fourth, lies below the end of the crest.

Footnote 21:

This bone is probably equivalent to the fourth and fifth carpals of
forms in which five carpal elements are present in the lower row.

Footnote 22:

It is also called the large pastern bone or os suffraginis.

Footnote 23:

This bone is also called the small pastern bone or os coronæ.

Footnote 24:

This bone is also called the os pedis or coffin bone.

Footnote 25:

The upper and lower divisions of the wing are sometimes termed the
basilar and retrossal processes respectively.

Footnote 26:

This is termed the lacrimal sinus by some authors. It is similar in
location and in the position of its orifice to the turbinal part of
the frontal sinus of the horse, with the important difference that it
does not communicate with the frontal sinuses in the ox.

Footnote 27:

This third bone was termed the phacoid in the cat by Strauss-Durckeim,
and is regarded by some authors as the vestige of an additional digit,
the prepollex.

Footnote 28:

It is doubtful whether the synovia is a true secretion or a transudate
containing products of friction. The view given above is that which is
more commonly accepted.

Footnote 29:

This classification makes no claims to scientific accuracy, but is
simply a statement of the terms in general use. A grouping based on
mechanical principles seems desirable, but appears to be almost
impossible on account of the great variety and irregularity of form of
the articular surfaces.

Footnote 30:

The movements in some of these joints are more extensive and varied
than in some diarthroses. To illustrate this we may compare the
movements of the cervical or coccygeal vertebræ with those possible in
the carpo-metacarpal or the sacro-iliac joints.

Footnote 31:

In dissecting-room subjects these bursæ and the adjacent structures
are commonly the seat of pathological changes. They appear to be the
starting-point of “poll evil” and “fistulous withers.”

Footnote 32:

No natural line of demarcation exists between the ligamentum nuchæ and
the lumbo-dorsal continuation of the supraspinous ligament, since the
change from the purely elastic to the white fibrous structure is
gradual.

Footnote 33:

The term is a very unfortunate one, since it is a distinct
misapplication of the name as it is used in regard to man. It is,
however, very firmly established, and appears likely to persist
indefinitely in the absence of a convenient popular equivalent.

Footnote 34:

This is often called the Y-shaped ligament—a rather
undesirable name, since it is not bifurcate.

Footnote 35:

It is also called the V-shaped ligament.

Footnote 36:

This should be noted in regard to resection of the lateral cartilage
or other operations in this vicinity.

Footnote 37:

These are termed the postero-lateral ligaments by M’Fadyean. They may
well be called, as by German authors, the suspensory ligaments of the
navicular bone.

Footnote 38:

In this figure the patella is pushed up above the trochlea—a position
which it does not occupy normally.

Footnote 39:

This section consists necessarily only of a brief statement of the
most important differences in the joints of the other animals.

Footnote 40:

These movements are best seen in man, in whom the back of the hand may
be turned forward (pronation) or backward (supination).

Footnote 41:

The student will note in dissection that transition forms occur; also
that the same sheath may belong to two or more tendons in common, _e.
g._, the sheath of the two flexors on the back of the carpus. In such
cases the synovial membrane is reflected from one tendon to the other,
and may form a secondary mesotendon.

Footnote 42:

This muscle is probably the homologue of the sternal portion of the
sterno-cleido-mastoid of man. On account of the differences in its
insertion in the various animals, it seems desirable to adopt the name
sterno-cephalicus.

Footnote 43:

The upper part of this maybe separated from the scalenus proper, and
is then termed the cervicalis ascendens or ilio-costalis cervicis—a
continuation in the neck of the transversalis costarum.

Footnote 44:

This seems due to pressure produced by pathological changes in the
supra-atloid bursa, which are frequently extensive in dissecting-room
subjects.

Footnote 45:

The lumbar part of this muscle is subject to variation. It may, in
quite exceptional cases, extend as far as the ilium.

Footnote 46:

The muscle as here described includes the spinalis and semispinalis
components, as the separation of these is largely artificial in the
horse.

Footnote 47:

The function of the intercostal muscles is still a subject of much
discussion. The statements made above seem to represent the view most
commonly held in regard to their action.

Footnote 48:

It should be noted, however, that in the embryo the diaphragm appears
as a paired structure, extending from the lateral walls of the cœlom
to fuse with the septum transversum.

Footnote 49:

In order to get a clear idea of the relative positions of these
foramina and of the form of the diaphragm, the thoracic surface of the
latter should be examined while the abdominal viscera remain _in
situ_.

Footnote 50:

It is narrow and slit-like in the natural condition, but may appear
oval in the dissecting-room, especially if the hind limb is drawn back
and abducted.

Footnote 51:

It must be admitted that the term “ring” is rather misleading as
applied to the abdominal opening of the canal, since normally it is a
mere dilatable slit. The ring-like constriction which exists here in
the male is constituted by the peritoneum, which descends into the
canal to form the tunica vaginalis. This peritoneal ring is termed the
=vaginal ring= (Annulus vaginalis), and must not be confused with the
subperitoneal ring, _i. e._, the internal inguinal ring.

Footnote 52:

As might be expected, the cremaster usually undergoes more or less
atrophy, and is paler in the castrated subject. In the mare the muscle
is small, and ends in the connective tissue in the lower part of the
inguinal canal.

Footnote 53:

The term canal is somewhat misleading; it is rather a slit-like
passage or space between the two oblique muscles, since the inguinal
ligament is that part of the aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle which stretches between the external angle of the ilium and the
prepubic tendon.

Footnote 54:

The obliquity of the tendon and the angle which it forms with the
pelvic floor are of clinical importance in regard to manipulation of
the fœtus in obstetrical cases. The slope varies in different
subjects. In some cases the tendon forms about a right angle with the
pubic bones.

Footnote 55:

The terms dorsal and ventral are here used in the topographic and not
in the morphological sense. All the muscles of the group are ventral
in the latter sense.

Footnote 56:

This is regarded as a vestige of the clavicle. On this basis the
portion of the muscle from the vestige to the arm represents the
clavicular part of the deltoid of man.

Footnote 57:

Günther states that this muscle assists in extension or flexion
according to the position of the head of the humerus relative to the
glenoid cavity.

Footnote 58:

M’Fadyean and Vaughan term this muscle the scapulo-ulnaris, while
Arloing and Lesbre term it “Ancone accessoire du grand dorsal.” The
above name seems to agree best with the chief insertion and action,
although it certainly arises largely from the tendon of insertion of
the latissimus dorsi.

Footnote 59:

This is considered to represent the part of the common extensor for
the fourth and fifth digits.

Footnote 60:

Martin considers that this muscle represents the extensor indicis
proprius and the part of the common extensor for the second digit.

Footnote 61:

In man the muscle is an extensor of the hand.

Footnote 62:

On account of the intimate union between the psoas major and iliacus
they are frequently considered a single muscle, to which the name
ilio-psoas is applied; some anatomists include the psoas minor also
under this term.

Footnote 63:

By some anatomists the portion inserted into the crest is termed the
gluteus accessorius, but Lesbre considers this the deep gluteus,
homologous with the gluteus minimus of man. The portion inserted into
the trochanteric ridge apparently represents the piriformis of man.

Footnote 64:

Apparently the muscle represents the biceps, together with part of the
gluteus superficialis of man. Hence the names gluteo-biceps and
paramero-biceps have been suggested.

Footnote 65:

This muscle was incorrectly designated the adductor magnus by
Percivall and Strangeways. Its name, however, is not at all
descriptive of its structure in the domesticated animals.

Footnote 66:

It has been customary to describe two adductors—a parvus or brevis,
and a longus or magnus. This division is largely artificial, and has
been abandoned in the new nomenclature—a return to the views of
Bourgelat and Girard.

Footnote 67:

This has been termed by various authors the adductor parvus or brevis.

Footnote 68:

Termed by various authors the adductor magnus or longus.

Footnote 69:

The iliac head is described by some authors as a separate muscle, and
termed the pyriformis. This does not seem desirable, especially since
it is at least probable that the homologue of the pyriformis of man is
that portion of the middle gluteus which is inserted into the back of
the trochanteric ridge.

Footnote 70:

The name is based on the arrangement in man, in whom the muscle
consists of two fasciculi forming a groove between them for the tendon
of the obturator internus. In the horse it is undivided, and is
grooved for the obturator tendon, so that at first sight it appears to
be double. The gemellus may be regarded as the extrapelvic head of the
obturator internus (Gegenbaur).

Footnote 71:

While it is true that the separation of the intermedius is probably
never entirely a natural one in the horse, it varies in individual
cases, and is usually clear on cross-sections. In some subjects it is
possible to separate another slip which may represent the articularis
genu of man.

Footnote 72:

It seems inadvisable to retain the old nomenclature, since it is
inapplicable to other domesticated animals in which the muscle is well
developed (_e. g._, ox, pig).

Footnote 73:

The soleus may, therefore, be included with the two heads of the
gastrocnemius under the name triceps suræ.

Footnote 74:

The origins of these heads are given in the order in which they may be
most conveniently dissected, not in order of size and importance.

Footnote 75:

This is probably the homologue of the subclavius of man.

Footnote 76:

Movements of individual digits are specified with regard to the axis
of the manus (hand, paw), and not to the median plane of the body.

Footnote 77:

The term “mouth” is commonly used to signify either the oral cavity
(Cavum oris) or the entrance to it (Rima oris).

Footnote 78:

The epiglottis may be either in front of or behind the soft palate;
most often it is prevelar.

Footnote 79:

In the undisturbed state of the parts there is no space between the
tongue and the rami of the lower jaw; consequently the tongue must be
drawn aside to see the sublingual crest.

Footnote 80:

It will be noted that this definition of crown and root does not agree
exactly with the popular view that the crown is the free portion and
the root the embedded portion. The objection to the latter statement
lies in the fact that it is not capable of general application. Thus
the morphological crown of the permanent molars in the horse is
extremely long, and is, for the most part, embedded in the bone in the
young animal. The root proper begins to form at four or five years of
age, and continues its growth for about eight years. As the exposed
part of the crown wears down, the embedded part pushes out of the
alveolus, thus preventing deficiency of length. On the old basis we
should have to say that successive portions of the root become crown,
while in point of fact it is only in very extreme age that the true
root comes into wear.

Footnote 81:

Ellenberger found, as the result of extensive observations (8000
subjects), that about 2 to 3 per cent. of mares have erupted canines
in both jaws; that 6 to 7 per cent. have them in the upper jaw; while
20 to 30 per cent. have them in the lower jaw.

Footnote 82:

It is interesting to notice that vestigial canines are not at all
uncommon in mares, especially in the lower jaw. They are very small,
and do not usually erupt; their presence is indicated in the latter
case by a prominence of the gum. This is in conformity with the fact
that they were present in both sexes in Eocene and Miocene ancestors
of existing equidæ.

Footnote 83:

It is common in veterinary works to call all the cheek teeth molars,
since, in the horse particularly, the premolars are molariform, _i.
e._, do not differ materially from the true molars in size or form.
The term cheek teeth conveniently includes the premolars and molars.

Footnote 84:

The student is advised to amplify these very general statements by the
examination of heads of subjects of varying ages. It may also be noted
that the position of the septum between the two divisions of the sinus
varies much.

Footnote 85:

Careful observations (especially on frozen subjects and those in which
the organs have been hardened _in situ_) show that there is no
abdominal part of the œsophagus in the strict sense of the term. The
stomach here lies directly on the diaphragm, so that the last inch or
so of the œsophagus is placed obliquely in the hiatus œsophageus, and
is partly covered by the pleura, but not by peritoneum. In soft
subjects the weight of the stomach, or traction on it, draws part of
the œsophagus into the abdomen, inclosed in a collar of peritoneum.

Footnote 86:

The potential lumen is difficult to determine at all accurately. When
distended, its diameter (according to Rubeli) varies from 5.7 cm. at
its origin to 4 cm. at its cardiac end. The thickness of the wall
varies (inversely as the lumen) from 4 mm. to 1.2 cm. or more.

Footnote 87:

At the origin of the tube muscular bundles arise on the raphé
pharyngis and blend with the crico-pharyngeus. Ventrally fibers come
from the depression between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.
Bundles of striped fibers may be continued in the superficial part of
the muscular coat as far as the cardia.

Footnote 88:

This method of division, although long in use, is of very little value
for accurate description. It is mentioned here chiefly because
agreement on a more useful topographic method has not been arrived at.

Footnote 89:

Only a general account of the arrangement of the peritoneum is given
in this section, since a detailed description cannot be understood
without a knowledge of the viscera concerned.

Footnote 90:

This is the position in the expiratory phase as usually seen in the
dead subject. In inspiration the saccus cæcus lies under the upper
parts of the sixteenth and seventeenth ribs.

Footnote 91:

This occlusion is usually so complete that distention of the stomach
by air or fluid forced in through the pylorus may be carried far
enough to rupture the stomach without ligating the œsophagus.

Footnote 92:

No natural line of demarcation exists, but there is a marked increase
of the thickness of the wall toward the terminal part. Other
differences will be noted in the further description.

Footnote 93:

It will be noticed that the mesoduodenum is not continuous with the
great mesentery, but ends by a free edge. The mesentery begins on the
opposite surface of the end of the duodenum, so that the bowel is
attached by two peritoneal folds at this point.

Footnote 94:

Abnormal displacement, _e. g._, torsion of the left parts, is not
rare, and is liable to produce death if not promptly reduced.

Footnote 95:

There is no natural line of demarcation between the small colon and
rectum: the plane of the pelvic inlet is selected for convenience of
description.

Footnote 96:

The anterior part of the rectum is very variable in position and
relations. It is not often median, but may be deflected either to
right or left. Most often it is pushed to the left by the pelvic
flexure of the colon. In other cases—especially when empty—it may lie
against the right wall, and the space to the left is occupied by the
small colon. The amount covered by peritoneum dorsally and laterally
is very variable, and appears to be in inverse proportion to the
fullness of the bowel.

Footnote 97:

A descriptive method based on that in use in human anatomy cannot be
applied with clearness to the organ in the horse.

Footnote 98:

These impressions are not evident on the soft organ. In hardened
material they are clearly mapped out, although of course variable in
size, in conformity with the degree of fullness of the various hollow
viscera. The cæcal impression may not be evident if, as often happens
in old horses, the right lobe of the liver is much atrophied.

Footnote 99:

Flower and Ruge describe the mammalian liver as being primarily
divided by the umbilical fissure into two parts, the right and left
lobes. Secondary fissures on either side may subdivide each of these
primary lobes. On this basis we may recognize in the liver of the
horse right lateral, right central, left central, and left lateral
lobes. In the young foal these four lobes are distinctly recognizable.
The two central lobes would correspond to the middle lobe of the
foregoing description, and the right central lobe would be the
equivalent of the quadrate lobe of man.

Footnote 100:

In the young foal the interlobular tissue is more abundant and the
lobulation correspondingly distinct.

Footnote 101:

The hepatic veins may be recognized on section from the fact that they
remain open, being connected closely with the parenchyma.

Footnote 102:

The ductless glands are organs which elaborate substances which pass
directly into the veins or lymphatics, instead of being conveyed away
by ducts. This process is termed internal secretion. The ductless
glands include the lymph glands, which are described with the organs
of circulation; the thyroid and thymus bodies, described usually with
the respiratory organs; the adrenal or suprarenal bodies, described
with the urinary organs; the pineal and pituitary bodies, described
with the brain; and the spleen, described with the digestive system as
a matter of convenience. The spleen is not, strictly speaking, a gland
at all: it is not epithelial in origin or structure, but is
mesenchymatous.

Footnote 103:

The student is strongly recommended to study the peritoneum of a foal
or other small subject when the opportunity occurs, as in these the
viscera are easily handled, and the course of the peritoneum can be
followed without difficulty.

Footnote 104:

The passage is subject to a good deal of variation in caliber and is
sometimes completely occluded.

Footnote 105:

In dissecting-room subjects (which are usually aged) the omentum often
exhibits pathological changes, such as adhesions, rents, tumors,
formation of twisted strands, etc.

Footnote 106:

The student will note here the difference between the structure and
behavior of the brachydont (short-crowned) incisors of the ox and the
hypsodont (long-crowned) type of the horse.

Footnote 107:

In popular language these are conveniently regarded as so many
stomachs, and termed accordingly “first,” “second,” etc. Other names
are in common use, _e. g._, paunch, honeycomb, manifold or manyplies,
and rennet or true stomach.

Footnote 108:

It has been customary to term the sacs left and right respectively,
but these do not represent the relations as they exist _in situ_ and
as they are presented on frozen sections.

Footnote 109:

It is important to notice that the reticulum is separated from the
pericardium by an interval of about 1 to 1½ inches (ca. 2 to 4 cm.)
only, since foreign bodies which are often swallowed by cattle lodge
in the reticulum, and not rarely (if sharp) perforate the reticulum
and diaphragm.

Footnote 110:

The epiglottis in the pig seems to be constantly retrovelar. The pig
frequently breathes through the mouth, and this is no doubt possible
only when the soft palate is raised; it seems probable that it is also
shortened.

Footnote 111:

The canines of the pig are “permanent pulp” teeth and therefore
capable of continued growth, and are without roots in the strict
sense.

Footnote 112:

It is usually stated that the cardiac end is funnel-shaped, but it is
not so in formalin-hardened cadavers nor in frozen sections. The
hiatus œsophagus is a long slit in the right crus of the diaphragm,
and the terminal part of the œsophagus, which lies in it, is flattened
transversely.

Footnote 113:

It will be noted that the fundus gland region does not extend up to
the lesser curvature; here the cardiac mucosa joins the pyloric.

Footnote 114:

The description here given is based mainly on the appearance of the
organ as hardened _in situ_, which differs radically from that of the
soft organ, as is seen on comparison of the annexed figure (Fig. 321).

Footnote 115:

In the bulldog, which is very prognathic (“undershot”), the lower
canines are opposite to or slightly in front of the plane of the upper
incisors, and the upper canines are about opposite to the first lower
cheek teeth. In the epignathic (“overshot”) dachshund the lower
canines are under or slightly behind the upper ones.

Footnote 116:

Increase in number also occurs, the supernumerary teeth being at
either end of the series.

Footnote 117:

The valve does not seem to be efficient, since experience shows that
rectal injections can be made to pass beyond it. This may be partly
due also to the fact that the terminal part of the ileum runs
horizontally forward, and the ileo-cæcal orifice faces into the
beginning of the colon.

Footnote 118:

Ellenberger and Baum state that the cæcum may reach a length of 20 cm.
in very large dogs.

Footnote 119:

When the stomach is very full, it pushes the left portion of the colon
over to the right, producing an acute angle in place of a transverse
branch. The terminal part of the colon is thus oblique in direction.

Footnote 120:

An external nose (Nasus externus), such as exists in man, forming a
projection distinctly marked off from the rest of the face, does not
exist in the domesticated animals.

Footnote 121:

The septal cartilage is to be regarded as an unossified part of the
mesethmoid. It will be noted that the line of demarcation between the
bone and the cartilage is irregular and varies with age; extensive
ossification for calcification) of the cartilage is commonly found in
old animals. The process often results in the formation of calcareous
islands in the cartilage.

Footnote 122:

In the ordinary position of the head and neck, and while the parts are
at rest, about half of the larynx lies between the branches of the
mandible; when the head and neck are extended, proportionately more of
the larynx lies behind a plane through the posterior borders of the
rami. It is here described in the position it occupies when the head
and neck are extended.

Footnote 123:

The term glottis is commonly used to designate the interval between
the vocal bands and arytenoid cartilages or the structures that
inclose that space.

Footnote 124:

In so-called œdema glottidis this loose submucous tissue becomes
infiltrated with fluid, in some cases causing occlusion of the
vestibule.

Footnote 125: