Chapter II: Introduction

OSTEOLOGY
PAGE
THE SKELETON 19
Structure of Bones 20
Development and Growth of Bone 22
Composition and Physical Properties of Bone 23
Descriptive Terms 23
The Vertebral Column 24
The Ribs and Costal Cartilages 25
Costal Cartilages 26
The Sternum 26
The Thorax 27
The Skull 27
Bones of the Thoracic Limb 27
Bones of the Pelvic Limb 29
SKELETON OF THE HORSE 31
Vertebral Column 31
Ribs 43
Sternum 45
Bones of the Skull 47
Cranium 47
Face 57
The Skull as a Whole 65
The Cranial Cavity 69
The Nasal Cavity 71
The Paranasal Sinuses 72
Bones of the Thoracic Limb 74
Bones of the Pelvic Limb 92
SKELETON OF THE OX 112
Vertebral Column 112
Ribs 114
Sternum 115
Bones of the Skull 115
The Skull as a Whole 123
Bones of the Thoracic Limb 127
Bones of the Pelvic Limb 131
SKELETON OF THE PIG 136
Vertebral Column 136
Ribs 138
Sternum 139
Bones of the Skull 139
The Skull as a Whole 144
Bones of the Thoracic Limb 146
Bones of the Pelvic Limb 148
SKELETON OF THE DOG 150
Vertebral Column 150
Ribs 153
Sternum 153
Bones of the Skull 153
The Skull as a Whole 159
Bones of the Thoracic Limb 162
Bones of the Pelvic Limb 165

ARTHROLOGY
SYNARTHROSES 169
DIARTHROSES 170
AMPHIARTHROSES 172
ARTICULATIONS OF THE HORSE 172
Joints and Ligaments of the Vertebræ 172
Atlanto-occipital Articulation 176
Costo-vertebral Articulations 177
Costo-chondral Articulations 178
Chondro-sternal Articulations 178
Sternal Joints and Ligaments 178
Articulations of the Skull 179
Articulations of the Thoracic Limb 180
Articulations of the Pelvic Limb 190
ARTICULATIONS OF THE OX, PIG, AND DOG 203

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM—MYOLOGY
THE MUSCLES AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES 211
FASCIÆ AND MUSCLES OF THE HORSE 213
Panniculus carnosus 213
Fasciæ and Muscles of the Head 213
Fasciæ and Muscles of the Neck 224
Fasciæ and Muscles of the Back and Loins 235
Fasciæ and Muscles of the Tail 238
Muscles of the Thorax 240
Muscles of the Abdomen 245
Muscles of the Thoracic Limb 250
Fasciæ and Muscles of the Pelvic Limb 273
MUSCLES OF THE OX 295
MUSCLES OF THE PIG 311
MUSCLES OF THE DOG 318

SPLANCHNOLOGY—THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE HORSE 330
The Mouth 330
The Tongue 335
The Teeth 338
The Salivary Glands 346
The Pharynx 348
The Œsophagus 350
The Abdominal Cavity 352
The Peritoneum 353
The Pelvic Cavity 354
The Stomach 357
The Small Intestine 360
The Large Intestine 363
The Pancreas 371
The Liver 373
The Spleen 377
The Peritoneum 379
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE OX 382
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SHEEP 405
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE PIG 410
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE DOG 423

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF THE HORSE 436
The Nasal Cavity 436
The Larynx 440
The Trachea 448
The Bronchi 450
The Thoracic Cavity 450
The Pleuræ 451
The Lungs 453
THE THYROID GLAND OF THE HORSE 457
THE THYMUS OF THE HORSE 458
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF THE OX 458
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF THE PIG 464
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF THE DOG 466

THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM URINARY ORGANS OF THE HORSE 469 The Kidneys 469 The Ureters 475 The Urinary Bladder 475 THE ADRENAL BODIES 477 URINARY ORGANS OF THE OX 478 URINARY ORGANS OF THE PIG 481 URINARY ORGANS OF THE DOG 483

THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS
MALE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE HORSE 485
The Testicles 485
The Scrotum 487
The Vas Deferens 488
The Spermatic Cord 489
The Tunica Vaginalis 489
Descent of the Testicles 490
The Vesiculæ Seminales 491
The Prostate 493
The Uterus Masculinus 493
The Bulbo-urethral Glands 493
The Penis 494
The Prepuce 496
MALE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE OX 500
MALE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE PIG 504
MALE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE DOG 506

THE FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE MARE 508
The Ovaries 508
The Uterine or Fallopian Tubes 511
The Uterus 511
The Vagina 514
The Vulva 514
The Urethra 515
The Mammary Glands 516
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE COW 517
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE SOW 521
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE BITCH 522

ANGIOLOGY
THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION 524
BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE HORSE 525
The Pericardium 525
The Heart 526
The Pulmonary Artery 535
The Systemic Arteries 535
The Coronary Arteries 537
The Brachiocephalic Trunk or Anterior Aorta 537
Arteries of the Thoracic Limb 556
Branches of the Thoracic Aorta 565
Branches of the Abdominal Aorta 566
Arteries of the Pelvic Limb 578
The Veins 585
The Pulmonary Veins 585
The Systemic Veins 585
The Anterior Vena Cava and its Tributaries 586
The Posterior Vena Cava and its Tributaries 595
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 599
Lymphatic System of the Horse 600
The Lymph Glands and Vessels of the Head and Neck 601
The Lymph Glands and Vessels of the Thorax 603
The Lymph Glands and Vessels of the Abdomen and Pelvis 604
The Lymph Glands and Vessels of the Thoracic Limb 605
The Lymph Glands and Vessels of the Pelvic Limb 606
THE FŒTAL CIRCULATION 606
BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE OX 608
The Pericardium and Heart 608
The Arteries 609
The Veins 621
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM OF THE OX 623
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF THE PIG 626
The Pericardium and Heart 626
The Arteries 627
The Veins 630
Lymphatic System of the Pig 630
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF THE DOG 632
The Pericardium and Heart 632
The Arteries 633
The Veins 641
Lymphatic System of the Dog 643

NEUROLOGY—THE NERVOUS SYSTEM GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 644 NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE HORSE 648 The Spinal Cord 648 The Brain 652 The Cranial Nerves 676 The Spinal Nerves 692 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE HORSE 710 NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE OX 715 NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE PIG 720 NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE DOG 724

ÆSTHESIOLOGY
THE SENSE ORGANS AND SKIN OF THE HORSE 734
The Eye 734
The Ear 747
The Skin 761
The Olfactory and Gustatory Apparatus 772
THE SENSE ORGANS AND SKIN OF THE OX 772
THE SENSE ORGANS AND INTEGUMENT OF THE PIG 777
THE SENSE ORGANS AND INTEGUMENT OF THE DOG 779

INDEX 783

VETERINARY ANATOMY