Chapter III: Part 3

=Scrophularia marilandica= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Scrophularia nodosa_ var. _marilandica_ A. Gray.

Maryland figwort; scrofula-plant; carpenter’s-square; heal-all;
bee-plant; pilewort.

Smooth, native perennial, 3 to 5 feet high; moist, shady ground in
woods and thickets, New York to North Carolina and Kansas.

_Parts used._--Herb and root (nonofficial).

_Scrophularia nodosa_ var. _marilandica_ A. Gray. Same as _Scrophularia marilandica_.

Scutellaria. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.

_Scutellaria hyssopifolia_ L. Same as _Scutellaria integrifolia_.

=Scutellaria integrifolia= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Scutellaria hyssopifolia_ L.

Larger skullcap; hyssop-skullcap.

Native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, found in fields
and woods from Connecticut south to Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Scutellaria lateriflora= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Scutellaria; skullcap; madweed; hoodwort.

Smooth, branching perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, native in damp
places along banks of streams from Canada south to Florida, New
Mexico, and Washington.

_Part used._--Plant (official).

Sea-lavender. See _Limonium carolinianum_.

Self-heal. See _Prunella vulgaris_.

=Senecio aureus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Liferoot; swamp squaw-weed; golden ragwort; cocash-weed; coughweed.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high, growing in swamps
and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida,
Missouri, and Texas.

_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).

Senega. See _Polygala senega_.

Senna, American. See _Cassia marilandica_.

Senna, wild. See _Cassia marilandica_.

=Serenoa serrulata= (Roem. & Schult.) Hook. f.
=Palm family (Phoenicaceae)=.

Sabal; saw-palmetto.

A palm, 3 to 7 feet in height, found in sandy soil from North
Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Partially dried ripe fruit (official).

Serpentaria. See _Aristolochia reticulata_ and _A. serpentaria_.

Serpentaria, Texas. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.

Serpentaria, Virginia. See _Aristolochia serpentaria_.

Service-tree, American. See _Sorbus americana_.

Seven-barks. See _Hydrangea arborescens_.

Shagbark. See _Hicoria ovata_.

Shamrock. See _Oxalis acetosella_.

Shamrock, water-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

Shave-grass. See _Equisetum hyemale_.

Sheepberry. See _Viburnum lentago_.

Sheep-laurel. See _Kalmia angustifolia_ and _K. latifolia_.

Sheep-sorrel. See _Rumex acetosella_.

Shellbark-hickory. See _Hicoria ovata_.

Shellflower. See _Chelone glabra_.

Shepherd’s-purse. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.

Shepherd’s-weatherglass. See _Anagallis arvensis_.

Shield-fern, marginal-fruited. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.

Shrub, sweet-scented. See _Butneria florida_.

Shrub yellowroot. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.

Sicklewort. See _Prunella vulgaris_.

Sidesaddle-flower. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.

Silkweed. See _Asclepias syriaca_.

Silkweed, rose-colored. See _Asclepias incarnata_.

Silkweed, swamp-. See _Asclepias incarnata_.

=Silphium laciniatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Rosinweed; compass-plant; pilotweed; polar-plant.

Coarse, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high, growing on prairies
from Ohio to Alabama, west to Texas and South Dakota.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Silphium perfoliatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Cup-plant; Indian-cup; ragged-cup.

Stout, perennial herb, 4 to 8 feet high, native in moist soil and
low ground from Ontario and the eastern United States west to
Louisiana and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Silverleaf. See _Impatiens biflora_, _Spiraea tomentosa_, and _Stillingia sylvatica_.

Silverleaf-poplar. See _Populus alba_.

Simpler’s-joy. See _Verbena hastata_.

Sinapis alba. See _Sinapis alba_ L.

=Sinapis alba= L. =Mustard family (Brassicaceae)=.

Sinapis alba; white mustard; yellow mustard.

Annual herb, about 2 feet in height, naturalized from Europe, and
found in fields and waste places, but not so widely distributed
as the black mustard.

_Part used._--Seed (official).

Sinapis nigra. See _Brassica nigra_.

_Sinapis nigra_ L. Same as _Brassica nigra_.

Skullcap. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.

Skullcap, hyssop-. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.

Skullcap, larger. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.

Skunk-cabbage. See _Spathyema foetida_.

Skunkweed. See _Spathyema foetida_.

Sloe. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.

Smallpox-plant. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.

Smartweed. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.

Smartweed, dotted. See _Polygonum punctatum_.

Smartweed, water-. See _Polygonum punctatum_.

_Smilacina racemosa_ Desf. Same as _Vagnera racemosa_.

=Smilax herbacea= L. =Smilax family (Smilacaceae)=.

Carrion-flower; American Jacob’s-ladder.

Native, herbaceous perennial, occurring in woods and thickets in
Canada and the eastern United States.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Smilax pseudo-china= L. =Smilax family (Smilacaceae)=.

Bamboo-brier; long-stalked greenbrier; American China-root; false
China-root; bullbrier.

Perennial vine, native, growing in dry or sandy thickets, Maryland
to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

Snake-gentian. See _Nabalus serpentarius_.

Snakehead. See _Chelone glabra_.

Snakeleaf, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.

Snake-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.

Snakemilk. See _Euphorbia corollata_.

Snakeroot, black. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_ and _Sanicula marilandica_.

Snakeroot, button-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.

Snakeroot, Canada. See _Asarum canadense_.

Snakeroot, corn-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_ and _Lacinaria spicata_.

Snakeroot, dense button-. See _Lacinaria spicata_.

Snakeroot, large button-. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.

Snakeroot, Red River. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.

Snakeroot, Sampson’s-. See _Gentiana villosa_.

Snakeroot, Samson’s-. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.

Snakeroot, Seneca. See _Polygala senega_.

Snakeroot, smaller white. See _Eupatorium aromaticum_.

Snakeroot, Texas. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.

Snakeroot, Virginia. See _Aristolochia serpentaria_.

Snakeroot, white. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.

Snake-violet. See _Viola pedata_.

Snakeweed. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.

Snapweed. See _Impatiens aurea_ and _I. biflora_.

Sneezeweed. See _Helenium autumnale_.

Sneezewort. See _Helenium autumnale_.

Snowdrop, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.

Soaproot. See _Saponaria officinalis_.

Soapwort. See _Saponaria officinalis_.

Soapwort-gentian. See _Gentiana saponaria_.

=Solanum carolinense= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.

Horse-nettle; bull-nettle; sandbrier.

Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, common in dry fields and on
sandy or gravelly banks from the eastern United States west to
Texas and Nebraska.

_Parts used._--Root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).

=Solanum dulcamara= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.

Dulcamara; bittersweet; woody nightshade; violet-bloom;
scarletberry.

Climbing, shrubby perennial, naturalized from Europe; found in low,
damp grounds and moist banks, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south
to New Jersey and Kansas.

_Part used._--Young branches (official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Solidago odora= Ait. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Sweet goldenrod; fragrant-leaved goldenrod; anise-scented goldenrod.

Slender, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in dry soil from
Maine to Texas.

_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (nonofficial).

Solomon’s-seal, false. See _Vagnera racemosa_.

Solomon’s-seal, giant. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.

Solomon’s-seal, great. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.

Solomon’s-seal, hairy. See _Polygonatum biflorum_.

Solomon’s-seal, small. See _Vagnera racemosa_.

Solomon’s-seal, smaller. See _Polygonatum biflorum_.

Solomon’s-seal, smooth. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.

=Sorbus americana= Marsh. =Apple family (Malaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Pyrus americana_ DC.

American mountain-ash; roundwood; dogberry; mountain-sumac;
American service-tree.

Indigenous tree or tall shrub, growing in low woods or moist ground
from Newfoundland south along the mountains to North Carolina,
and to Michigan.

_Parts used._--Bark and berries (nonofficial).

Sorrel, common. See _Rumex acetosella_.

Sorrel, field-. See _Rumex acetosella_.

Sorrel, sheep-. See _Rumex acetosella_.

Sorrel, white wood-. See _Oxalis acetosella_.

Sorrel-tree. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.

Sour-grass. See _Rumex acetosella_.

Sourwood. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.

Southernwood. See _Artemisia abrotanum_.

=Spathyema foetida= (L.) Raf. =Arum family (Araceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Dracontium foetidum_ L.; _Symplocarpus foetidus_ Nutt.

Skunk-cabbage; skunkweed; polecat-weed; swamp-cabbage.

Indigenous, perennial herb, about 1 to 2 feet high, found in swamps
and wet soil from Canada south to Florida, Iowa, and Minnesota.
Appears very early in spring.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).

Spatter-dock. See _Nymphaea advena_.

Spearmint. See _Mentha spicata_.

Speedwell, common. See _Veronica officinalis_.

Speedwell, tall. See _Veronica virginica_.

Spicebush. See _Benzoin benzoin_.

Spicewood. See _Benzoin benzoin_.

Spigelia. See _Spigelia marilandica_.

=Spigelia marilandica= L. =Logania family (Loganiaceae)=.

Spigelia; pinkroot; Maryland pinkroot; Indian pinkroot; worm-grass.

Erect, native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 1½ feet high, found in
rich woods, New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin.
Occurs principally in the Southern States.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

Spignet. See _Aralia racemosa_.

Spikenard. See _Aralia racemosa_.

Spikenard, American. See _Aralia racemosa_.

Spikenard, false. See _Vagnera racemosa_.

Spikenard, small. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.

Spikenard, wild. See _Vagnera racemosa_.

Spindle-tree. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.

Spiraea. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.

=Spiraea tomentosa= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Spiraea; hardhack; steeplebush; pink meadowsweet; silverleaf.

Native shrub, occurring in low grounds and moist meadows from Nova
Scotia south to Georgia, west to Kansas and Manitoba.

_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Spleenwortbush. See _Comptonia peregrina_.

Spruce, black. See _Picea mariana_.

Spruce, hemlock-. See _Tsuga canadensis_.

Spruce, weeping. See _Tsuga canadensis_.

Spruce-gum tree. See _Picea mariana_.

Spurge, flowering. See _Euphorbia corollata_.

Spurge, ipecac-. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.

Spurge, large spotted. See _Euphorbia nutans_.

Spurge, pill-bearing. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.

Spurge-laurel. See _Daphne mezereum_.

Spurge-olive. See _Daphne mezereum_.

Squawberry. See _Mitchella repens_.

Squawbush. See _Viburnum opulus_.

Squawflower. See _Trillium erectum_.

Squawmint. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.

Squawroot. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_ and _Cimicifuga racemosa_.

Squaw-vine. See _Mitchella repens_.

Squaw-weed. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.

Squaw-weed, swamp. See _Senecio aureus_.

Squirrel-corn. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Squirrel-ear. See _Peramium repens_.

Staff-tree. See _Celastrus scandens_.

Stagbush. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.

Staggerweed. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Stag’s-horn. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.

Stammerwort. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.

Star-grass. See _Aletris farinosa_.

Starwort. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.

Starwort, drooping. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.

_Statice caroliniana_ Walt. Same as _Limonium carolinianum_.

Steeplebush. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.

_Stellaria media_ Cyr. Same as _Alsine media_.

Stillingia. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.

=Stillingia sylvatica= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.

Stillingia; queen’s-root; queen’s-delight; silverleaf.

Native, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 3 feet in height, occurring in
dry, sandy soil, and pine barrens from Maryland to Florida, west
to Kansas and Texas.

_Part used._--Root (official).

Stonecrop, ditch-. See _Penthorum sedoides_.

Stonecrop, Virginia. See _Penthorum sedoides_.

Stonemint. See _Cunila origanoides_.

Stone-oak. See _Quercus alba_.

Stoneroot. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.

Stramonium. See _Datura stramonium_.

Strawberry, scarlet. See _Fragaria virginiana_.

Strawberry, Virginia. See _Fragaria virginiana_.

Strawberry-shrub, hairy. See _Butneria florida_.

=Stylosanthes biflora= (L.) B. S. P. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Stylosanthes elatior_ Sw.

Pencil-flower; afterbirth-weed.

Wiry, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet in height, native;
occurring in dry soil from New York to Florida, west to the
Indian Territory.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Stylosanthes elatior_ Sw. Same as _Stylosanthes biflora_.

Succory. See _Cichorium intybus_.

Sumac, fragrant. See _Rhus aromatica_.

Sumac, mountain-. See _Sorbus americana_.

Sumac, scarlet. See _Rhus glabra_.

Sumac, smooth. See _Rhus glabra_.

Sumac, sweet-scented. See _Rhus aromatica_.

Summer-savory. See _Satureia hortensis_.

Sundew, round-leaved. See _Drosera rotundifolia_.

Sunflower, swamp-. See _Helenium autumnale_.

Swamp squaw-weed. See _Senecio aureus_.

Swamp willow-herb. See _Epilobium palustre_.

Swamp-cabbage. See _Spathyema foetida_.

Swamp-dogwood. See _Cornus amomum_.

Swamp-hellebore. See _Veratrum viride_.

Swamp-laurel. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

Swamp-maple. See _Acer rubrum_.

Swamp-milkweed. See _Asclepias incarnata_.

Swamp-sassafras. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

Swamp-silkweed. See _Asclepias incarnata_.

Swamp-sunflower. See _Helenium autumnale_.

Swamp-willow. See _Salix nigra_.

Sweatweed. See _Althaea officinalis_.

Sweet-cicely. See _Washingtonia longistylis_.

Sweet-flag. See _Acorus calamus_.

Sweet-gum. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.

Sweetroot. See _Polemonium reptans_.

=Symphytum officinale= L. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.

Comfrey; healing-herb; blackwort; bruisewort.

Erect, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
found in waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to
Maryland.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

_Symplocarpus foetidus_ Nutt. Same as _Spathyema foetida_.

Tag-alder. See _Alnus rugosa_.

Tamarack. See _Larix laricina_.

Tanacetum. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.

=Tanacetum vulgare= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Tanacetum; tansy; double tansy; bitter-buttons; parsley-fern.

Strong-scented, perennial herb, 1½ to 3 feet high, introduced from
Europe; escaped from cultivation and found along roadsides from
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official in U. S. P.
1890).

Tanbark-tree. See _Tsuga canadensis_.

Tansy. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.

Tansy, double. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.

Taraxacum. See _Taraxacum officinale_.

=Taraxacum officinale= Weber.[h] =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst.[h]

Taraxacum; dandelion; blowball; cankerwort.

Low, perennial weed, 5 to 10 inches high, naturalized from Europe;
very abundant in lawns, meadows, and waste places throughout the
United States, with the exception of the South.

_Part used._--Root, collected in autumn (official).

_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. Same as _Taraxacum officinale_.

Tea, continental. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.

Tea, James-. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.

Tea, Jersey. See _Ceanothus americanus_.

Tea, Jerusalem. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.

Tea, Labrador. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.

Tea, Mexican. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.

Tea, mountain-. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.

Tea, New Jersey. See _Ceanothus americanus_.

Tea, Oswego. See _Monarda didyma_.

Tea, Spanish. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.

Teaberry. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.

_Tephrosia virginiana_ Pers. Same as _Cracca virginiana_.

Tetterwort. See _Chelidonium majus_ and _Sanguinaria canadensis_.

Thimbleberry. See _Rubus occidentalis_.

Thimbles. See _Digitalis purpurea_.

Thimbleweed. See _Rudbeckia laciniata_.

Thistle, bitter. See _Cnicus benedictus_.

Thistle, blessed. See _Cnicus benedictus_.

Thistle, Canada. See _Carduus arvensis_.

Thistle, creeping. See _Carduus arvensis_.

Thistle, cursed. See _Carduus arvensis_.

Thistle, holy. See _Cnicus benedictus_.

Thistle, St. Benedict’s-. See _Cnicus benedictus_.

Thistle, spotted. See _Cnicus benedictus_.

Thorn-apple. See _Datura stramonium_.

Thoroughwort. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.

Thousandleaf. See _Achillea millefolium_.

Throwwort. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.

=Thuja occidentalis= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

Arbor-vitae; white cedar; yellow cedar.

Indigenous, evergreen tree, 20 to 50 feet in height; in wet soil
and along banks of streams, Canada to North Carolina, Illinois,
and Minnesota. Especially abundant in Canada and the Northern
States.

_Parts used._--Branchlets and leaves (nonofficial).

=Tiarella cordifolia= L. =Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae)=.

Coolwort; false miterwort; foamflower; gemfruit.

Slender, indigenous perennial, 6 to 12 inches high, found in rich,
moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south, especially along
the mountains, to Georgia and Indiana.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Tickweed. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.

=Tilia americana= L. =Linden family (Tiliaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Tilia glabra_ Vent.

Basswood; American linden; whitewood.

Large, indigenous forest tree, 60 to 125 feet in height; in rich
woods, especially along the mountains, from Canada to Georgia,
west to Texas and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Inflorescence of this and of other species of Tilia
(nonofficial).

_Tilia glabra_ Vent. Same as _Tilia americana_.

Tinker’s-weed. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.

Tobacco, Indian. See _Lobelia inflata_.

Toothache-tree. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum americanum_.

Touch-me-not, pale. See _Impatiens aurea_.

Touch-me-not, spotted. See _Impatiens biflora_.

Toywort. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.

Tree-primrose. See _Oenothera biennis_.

Trefoil, marsh-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

Trefoil, shrubby. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.

Trefoil, sour. See _Oxalis acetosella_.

=Trifolium pratense= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

Red clover; meadow-clover; purple clover.

Perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high; common in fields and
meadows throughout the eastern United States; naturalized from
Europe, and widely cultivated.

_Part used._--Blossoms (nonofficial).

=Trilisa odoratissima= (Walt.) Cass. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Liatris odoratissima_ Michx.

Vanilla-plant; deer’s-tongue; vanilla-leaf; Carolina vanilla.

Rather stout, native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, with
fragrant leaves; in pine barrens from Virginia south to Florida
and Louisiana.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Trillium erectum= L. =Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.

Wake-robin; ill-scented bethroot; birthroot; squawflower.

Stout, native perennial, 8 to 16 inches high, growing in rich soil
in damp, shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.

_Part used._--Rhizome of this and of several other species of
Trillium (nonofficial).

=Triosteum perfoliatum= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.

Feverroot; horse-gentian; tinker’s-weed; white gentian; wild ipecac.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high; in rich soil in shady
locations, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Kansas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Triticum. See _Agropyron repens_.

_Triticum repens_ Beauv. Same as _Agropyron repens_.

Trumpetleaf. See _Sarracenia flava_.

Trumpet-milkweed. See _Lactuca canadensis_.

Trumpets. See _Sarracenia flava_.

=Tsuga canadensis= (L.) Carr. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Abies canadensis_ Michx.

Hemlock; hemlock-spruce; weeping spruce; tanbark-tree.

Indigenous tree, about 75 feet in height, in forests from Canada
south to Alabama and Wisconsin.

_Parts used._--Bark and prepared resinous exudate (nonofficial).

Tulip-poplar. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.

Tulip-tree. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.

Tupelo gum. See _Nyssa aquatica_.

Tupelo, large. See _Nyssa aquatica_.

Tupelo, sour. See _Nyssa ogeche_.

Turkey-corn. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Turkey-pea. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.

_Turnera aphrodisiaca_ Ward. Same as _Turnera microphylla_.

=Turnera microphylla= Desv. =Turnera family (Turneraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Turnera aphrodisiaca_ Ward.

Damiana.

A small, shrubby plant, native of Lower California, Texas, and
northern Mexico, growing in dry soil.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

Turnip, Indian. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.

Turnip, wild. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.

Turtle-head. See _Chelone glabra_.

=Tussilago farfara= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Colt’s-foot; coughwort; horsefoot; gingerroot.

Perennial herb, 3 to 18 inches high, naturalized from Europe; in
moist places along roadsides and brooks, northeastern United
States and Minnesota to Canada.

_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Twinleaf. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.

=Typha latifolia= L. =Cattail family (Typhaceae)=.

Broad-leaved cattail; cattail-flag; bulrush.

Native marsh plant, perennial, 4 to 8 feet high; found in marshes,
ditches, muddy pools, and other wet places throughout North
America, except extreme northern part.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Ulmus. See _Ulmus fulva_.

=Ulmus fulva= Michx. =Elm family (Ulmaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Ulmus pubescens_ Walt.

Ulmus; elm; slippery elm; red elm; moose-elm; Indian elm.

Indigenous tree, 50 to 60 feet high, growing on hills, along
streams and in woods from Quebec to North Dakota, south to
Florida and Texas. More common in the western part of its range.

_Part used._--Bark deprived of its periderm (official).

_Ulmus pubescens_ Walt. Same as _Ulmus fulva_.

Umbrella-tree. See _Magnolia tripetala_.

Unicorn-root, false. See _Aletris farinosa_.

Unicorn-root, true. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.

Upland-cranberry. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.

=Urtica dioica= L. =Nettle family (Urticaceae)=.

Stinging nettle; great nettle.

Herbaceous, perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet high, with stinging hairs;
naturalized from Europe and found in waste places from Canada and
Minnesota south to South Carolina and Missouri.

_Parts used._--Flowers, leaves, and root (nonofficial).

Uva-ursi. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.

Uvedalia. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.

=Uvularia perfoliata= L. =Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.

Perfoliate bellwort; Mohawk-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 6 to 20 inches high; in moist woods and
thickets, Quebec to Florida and Mississippi.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Vagnera racemosa= (L.) Morong.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Convallaria racemosa_ L.; _Smilacina racemosa_ Desf.

False Solomon’s-seal; small Solomon’s-seal; wild spikenard; false
spikenard.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, found in moist woods
and thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Valerian. See _Valeriana officinalis_.

Valerian, American. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.

Valerian, American Greek. See _Polemonium reptans_.

Valerian, garden-. See _Valeriana officinalis_.

Valeriana. See _Valeriana officinalis_.

=Valeriana officinalis= L. =Valerian family (Valerianaceae)=.

Valeriana; valerian; garden-valerian; vandal-root.

Perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, native of Europe; escaped from
gardens to roadsides in New York and New Jersey.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

Vandal-root. See _Valeriana officinalis_.

Vanilla, Carolina. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.

Vanilla-leaf. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.

Vanilla-plant. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.

Velvet-plant. See _Verbascum thapsus_.

Veratrum. See _Veratrum viride_.

=Veratrum viride= Ait. =Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.

Veratrum; American hellebore; swamp-hellebore; green hellebore.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 7 feet high, growing in swamps, wet
woods, and meadows, Canada and Alaska, Minnesota south to Georgia.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots of this or _V. album_ (official).

=Verbascum thapsus= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.

Mullein; velvet dock; velvet-plant; flannel-leaf.

Tall, erect, biennial weed, sometimes 7 feet in height; naturalized
from Europe and growing in fields, pastures, and waste places,
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).

=Verbena hastata= L. =Vervain family (Verbenaceae)=.

Vervain; simpler’s-joy; wild hyssop.

Erect, indigenous perennial, 3 to 4 feet high, found in fields,
meadows, and waste places, Canada to Nebraska, New Mexico, and
Florida.

_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).

=Veronica officinalis= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.

Common speedwell; Paul’s-betony.

Perennial herb, 3 to 10 inches high; in dry fields and woods, Nova
Scotia to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Veronica, tall. See _Veronica virginica_.

=Veronica virginica= L.[i] =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt.[i]

Leptandra; Culver’s-root; Culver’s-physic; blackroot;
Bowman’s-root; tall speedwell; tall veronica.

Indigenous, perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist, rich
ground in woods, meadows, and thickets from Canada to Alabama and
Nebraska.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

Vervain. See _Verbena hastata_.

=Viburnum dentatum= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.

Arrowwood; mealy-tree.

Smooth, indigenous shrub, about 15 feet in height, growing on low
ground and in damp woods and thickets from New Brunswick and
Ontario south along the mountains to Georgia, and westward to
Minnesota.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Viburnum lentago= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.

Nannybush; sheepberry; sweet viburnum.

An indigenous shrub, sometimes a small tree; in rich soil from
Canada to Georgia and Missouri.

_Part used._--Bark of the root of this species or of _V.
prunifolium_ official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”

Viburnum opulus. See _Viburnum opulus_ L.

=Viburnum opulus= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.

Viburnum opulus; cramp-bark; high-bush cranberry; squawbush.

Indigenous shrub, 4 to 10 feet in height, found in low, rich woods
and borders of fields from New Jersey, Michigan, and Oregon,
northward.

_Part used._--Bark (official).

Viburnum prunifolium. See _Viburnum lentago_ and _V. prunifolium_ L.

=Viburnum prunifolium= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.

Black haw; sloe; stagbush.

Indigenous shrub or small tree, growing in dry woods and thickets
and on rocky hillsides, Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan
and Texas. Most abundant in the South.

_Part used._--Bark of the root of this species or of _V. lentago_
official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”

Viburnum, sweet. See _Viburnum lentago_.

Vine-maple. See _Menispermum canadense_.

=Viola odorata= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.

English violet; sweet violet; March violet.

Low herb, native of Europe; escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to
New York and New Jersey, and on the Pacific coast.

_Part used._--Flowers (nonofficial).

=Viola pedata= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.

Bird’s-foot violet; wood-violet; snake-violet.

Native plant, perennial, 3 to 10 inches high, occurring in dry
fields and on hillsides from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Missouri.

_Parts used._--Herb and root (nonofficial).

=Viola tricolor= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.

Pansy; heartsease.

Small herb, 4 to 12 inches high, introduced from Europe; found in
waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens.

_Part used._--Flowering herb (nonofficial).

Violet, bird’s-foot. See _Viola pedata_.

Violet, dog’s-tooth. See _Erythronium americanum_.

Violet, English. See _Viola odorata_.

Violet, March. See _Viola odorata_.

Violet, rattlesnake-. See _Erythronium americanum_.

Violet, snake-. See _Viola pedata_.

Violet, sweet. See _Viola odorata_.

Violet, wood-. See _Viola pedata_.

Violet-bloom. See _Solanum dulcamara_.

Virginia creeper. See _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_.

Virgin’s-bower. See _Clematis virginiana_.

_Viscum flavescens_ Pursh. Same as _Phoradendron flavescens_.

Vomitwort. See _Lobelia inflata_.

Wafer-ash. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.

Wahoo. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.

Wake-robin. See _Arisaema triphyllum_ and _Trillium erectum_.

Walnut, white. See _Juglans cinerea_.

Wartwort. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.

=Washingtonia longistylis= (Torr.) Britton. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Osmorrhiza longistylis_ DC.

Sweet-cicely; anise-root; sweet chervil.

Erect, rather stout, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in
rich, moist woods and banks of streams from Canada to Alabama and
Texas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Water-avens. See _Geum rivale_.

Water-bugle. See _Lycopus virginicus_.

Watercup. See _Sarracenia flava_ and _S. purpurea_.

Watercup, yellow-flowered. See _Sarracenia flava_.

Water-eryngo. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.

Water-flag. See _Iris versicolor_.

Water-hemlock. See _Cicuta maculata_.

Water-hoarhound. See _Lycopus virginicus_.

Water-lily. See _Castalia odorata_.

Water-lily, sweet-scented. See _Castalia odorata_.

Water-pepper. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.

Water-shamrock. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

Water-smartweed. See _Polygonum punctatum_.

Waxberry. See _Myrica cerifera_.

Wax-myrtle. See _Myrica cerifera_.

Waxwork. See _Celastrus scandens_.

Waythorn. See _Rhamnus cathartica_.

White-bark. See _Populus alba_.

Whiteroot. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.

Whitethorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.

Whitewood. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_ and _Tilia americana_.

Wickopy. See _Dirca palustris_.

Wickup. See _Chamaenerion angustifolium_ and _Epilobium palustre_.

Willow, black. See _Salix nigra_.

Willow, European. See _Salix alba_.

Willow, pussy-. See _Salix nigra_.

Willow, rose-. See _Cornus amomum_.

Willow, swamp-. See _Salix nigra_.

Willow, white. See _Salix alba_.

Willow-herb, great. See _Chamaenerion angustifolium_.

Willow-herb, night. See _Oenothera biennis_.

Willow-herb, swamp. See _Epilobium palustre_.

Wingseed. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.

Winterberry, Virginia. See _Ilex verticillata_.

Winterbloom. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.

Wintergreen. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.

Wintergreen, bitter. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.

Witch-hazel. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.

Woodbine, wild. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.

Wood-fern, evergreen. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.

Wood-sorrel, white. See _Oxalis acetosella_.

Wood-violet. See _Viola pedata_.

Worm-grass. See _Spigelia marilandica_.

Wormseed. See _Chenopodium anthelminticum_.

Wormseed, American. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.

Wormwood. See _Artemisia absinthium_.

Wormwood, Roman. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.

=Xanthium spinosum= L. =Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae)=.

Spiny clotbur; spiny burseed; thorny clotweed; thorny burweed.

An annual weed, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe or Asia;
in waste ground, Ontario to Florida, westward to Missouri and
Texas.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Xanthorrhiza apiifolia= L’Her. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

Shrub yellowroot; southern yellowroot.

Low, shrubby, indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in
woods and along river banks, southwestern New York to Florida,
chiefly in the mountains.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).

Xanthoxylum. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum americanum_.

=Xanthoxylum americanum= Mill. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Xanthoxylum fraxineum_ Willd.

Xanthoxylum; northern prickly ash; toothache-tree.

Indigenous shrub or small tree, maximum height about 25 feet;
common in woods and thickets and along river banks from Virginia,
Missouri, and Nebraska northward to Canada.

_Parts used._--Bark of this or of _Fagara clava-herculis_ official
under the name “Xanthoxylum.” Berries (nonofficial).

_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_ L. Same as _Fagara clava-herculis_.

_Xanthoxylum fraxineum_ Willd. Same as _Xanthoxylum americanum_.

Yam, wild. See _Dioscorea villosa_.

Yarrow. See _Achillea millefolium_.

Yellowroot. See _Coptis trifolia_, _Hydrastis canadensis_, and _Jeffersonia diphylla_.

Yellowroot, shrub. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.

Yellowroot, southern. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.

Yellowthorn. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.

Yellowwood. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.

Yerba buena. See _Micromeria chamissonis_.

Yerba reuma. See _Frankenia grandifolia_.

Yerba santa. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.

Youthwort. See _Drosera rotundifolia_ and _Heracleum lanatum_.

FOOTNOTES:

[a] According to Bicknell (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 508–525, 1896), the name _Agrimonia eupatoria_ L., long used in local floras and text-books for the agrimony of the Eastern States, has been doing duty for a group of related species, of which at least five are now clearly recognized. Furthermore, Doctor Britton (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 18: 366, 1891) states that the true _Agrimonia eupatoria_ is not known at all as an American plant. The native plant to which the name _Agrimonia eupatoria_ has been most frequently applied by American authors is _Agrimonia hirsuta_ (Muhl.) Bicknell.

[b] The name “true unicorn-root” has long been applied to _Aletris farinosa_, but as “unicorn-root” was the common name first given to _Chamaelirium luteum_ (_Helonias dioica_), this should more properly be called the true unicorn-root and _Aletris farinosa_ the false unicorn-root.

[c] The name “unicorn-root” was first applied to _Chamaelirium luteum_, and the designation “true unicorn-root” would seem to belong more properly to that species than to _Aletris farinosa_, to which the name unicorn-root was given later, and which may thus be called “false unicorn-root.”

[d] Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus _Leptilon_ and that its name should be _Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton. The Pharmacopœia is here followed.

[e] _Phytolacca americana_ L. by right of priority should be accepted, but _P. decandra_ L. is used in conformity with the Pharmacopœia.

[f] _Rhus radicans_ L. was formerly believed to be a variety of _Rhus toxicodendron_ L., but the two are now regarded as distinct species, and the leaves from both have been used under the pharmacopœial name (U. S. P. 1890) Rhus toxicodendron.

[g] Although the combination _Sassafras sassafras_ (L.) Karst. should be accepted by strict right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is followed.

[h] Although the combination _Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. should be accepted by right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is followed.

[i] Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus Leptandra and that its name should be _Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt. The Pharmacopœia is here followed.

Transcriber’s Notes

Words in italics are marked with _underscores_.

Words in bold are marked with =equals signs=.

Words in smallcaps are shown in UPPER CASE.

Footnotes have been moved to the end of the book.

Inconsistent hyphenation has been retained.

A few missing periods at the end of lines have been added silently.

In two instances the period following “(nonofficial)” has been moved from inside to outside the brackets.

On page 17 in the entry “Burningbush. See Euonymus atropurpureus.” “atropurpureus” has been changed from “atropurpurea”.

On page 68 in the entry “Sunflower, swamp-. See Helenium autumnale.” “Helenium” has been changed from “Helena”.