Chapter I: Part 1

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY--BULLETIN NO. 89.
B. T. GALLOWAY, _Chief of Bureau_.

WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE
UNITED STATES.

BY

ALICE HENKEL,
ASSISTANT, DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

ISSUED JANUARY 16, 1906.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GALLOWAY,
_Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau_.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
ALBERT F. WOODS, _Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge,
Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief_.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
FREDERICK V. COVILLE, _Botanist in Charge_.

FARM MANAGEMENT.
W. J. SPILLMAN, _Agriculturist in Charge_.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
G. B. BRACKETT, _Pomologist in Charge_.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
A. J. PIETERS, _Botanist in Charge_.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. CORBETT, _Horticulturist in Charge_.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF TROPICAL AND
SUBTROPICAL PLANTS.
O. F. COOK, _Bionomist in Charge_.

DRUG AND POISONOUS PLANT INVESTIGATIONS, AND TEA CULTURE INVESTIGATIONS.
RODNEY H. TRUE, _Physiologist in Charge_.

DRY LAND AGRICULTURE AND WESTERN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION.
CARL S. SCOFIELD, _Agriculturist in Charge_.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
E. M. BYRNES, _Superintendent_.

SEED LABORATORY.
EDGAR BROWN, _Botanist in Charge_.

J. E. ROCKWELL, _Editor_.
JAMES E. JONES, _Chief Clerk_.

DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
RODNEY H. TRUE, _Physiologist in Charge_.
W. O. RICHTMANN, W. W. STOCKBERGER, _Experts_.
ALICE HENKEL, G. FRED KLUGH, _Assistants_.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
_Washington, D. C., October 30, 1905_.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 89 of the series of this Bureau the accompanying manuscript entitled “Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States.” This paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in Drug-Plant Investigations, and has been submitted by the Physiologist in Charge with a view to its publication.

Respectfully, B. T. GALLOWAY,
_Chief of Bureau_.

Hon. JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.

PREFACE.

In connection with the work of Drug-Plant Investigations many inquiries are received from various parts of the country asking for a list of the drug-producing plants of the regions concerned and for information as to the parts of the plants used in medicine, etc. It being impossible to comply with requests of this nature in any satisfactory way, Miss Henkel was asked to compile a list of the drug plants of this country, using as a basis the catalogues of dealers in crude drugs and the standard works on systematic botany. It has seemed from an inspection of these lists and of much current pharmaceutical literature that the recent changes in botanical nomenclature have succeeded one another too rapidly to permit the drug dealer and the pharmacist to keep pace with them. This has resulted in considerable confusion in regard to botanical names, and in some cases in the matter of the common names of drug-producing plants. In such a list as that herewith presented the opportunity for helping to clear up this situation has seemed worth improving. The recent appearance of the new Pharmacopœia, in which the botanical nomenclature has been revised, has seemed to emphasize the desirability of making this attempt, since the names in the case of official plants will be fairly definitely fixed among pharmacists for the next ten years. In the accompanying list the pharmacopœial names are given and a revision of the nomenclature of the unofficial drugs is also presented. Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist, has kindly revised the botanical names used in this publication.

It is hoped that this compilation will tend to unify usage among those who have to do with crude drugs and drug plants.

RODNEY H. TRUE,
_Physiologist in Charge_

OFFICE OF DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS,
_Washington, D. C., October 12, 1905_.

B. P. I.--187.

WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

In the preparation of this bulletin only such wild medicinal plants as have a commercial value were considered; that is, such as were usually mentioned in the trade lists of drug dealers throughout the country. Plants that were found listed by only one or two firms have been omitted.

Both official and nonofficial drugs are included in this list. A number of drug plants that were official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890 have been dropped from the Eighth Decennial Revision (1900), which became official on September 1, 1905, and a few new ones have been added. In this bulletin the drugs that were official in the Pharmacopœia for 1890 are so indicated, while those of the new edition are marked simply “official.”

In the following list the information on each species is given under the accepted botanical name. This name and that of the family to which the plant belongs occupy the first line of the description. Botanical synonyms, if any, are mentioned, and these are followed in the next line by the most common names. A few words of information indicating the most important features of habit and stature, as well as the sort of situation in which found, together with the geographical distribution in the United States, are then given in each case. This information is too meager for the identification of the plants concerned in all cases, but it was impossible within the space limits of a publication such as this to include more descriptive matter. The parts of the plants used and the official status of the product close the description. Unless otherwise indicated, the products mentioned are used in the dried state.

=Abies balsamea= (L.) Mill. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

Balsam-fir; Canada balsam tree.

Slender, evergreen, native tree, 50 to 60 feet high, occurring
in damp woods from Newfoundland to the high mountains of
southwestern Virginia, west to Minnesota, and northward.

_Parts used._--Balsam, known as Canada turpentine, Canada balsam,
or balsam of fir (official); also bark (nonofficial).

_Abies canadensis_ Michx. Same as _Tsuga canadensis_.

_Abies nigra_ Desf. Same as _Picea mariana_.

Abscess-root. See _Polemonium reptans_.

Absinth. See _Artemisia absinthium_.

Absinthium. See _Artemisia absinthium_.

Acacia, false. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.

=Acer rubrum= L. =Maple family (Aceraceae)=.

Red maple; swamp-maple.

Large, native tree, often 120 feet in height, growing in swamps and
low grounds from Canada to Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Achillea millefolium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Yarrow; milfoil; thousandleaf.

Perennial weed, 10 to 20 inches high, common in fields and waste
places nearly throughout the United States, especially eastward;
naturalized from Europe and Asia.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Acorus calamus= L. =Arum family (Araceae)=.

Calamus; sweet-flag.

Native, herbaceous perennial, about 2 feet high, found in wet and
muddy places and along streams from Nova Scotia to Minnesota,
southward to Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Unpeeled, dried rhizome (official).

=Actaea alba= (L.) Mill. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

White cohosh; white baneberry; necklace-weed; rattlesnake-herb.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in rich woods from
Nova Scotia to Georgia and Missouri, and northward; most common
from Indiana and Kentucky to Pennsylvania and New York.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

_Actaea racemosa_ L. Same as _Cimicifuga racemosa_.

=Actaea rubra= (Ait.) Willd. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Actaea spicata_ var. _rubra_ Ait.

Red cohosh; red baneberry; rattlesnake-herb.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in woods from Nova
Scotia to the Middle States, west to the Rocky Mountains; most
abundant from New England to Ontario.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

_Actaea spicata_ var. _rubra_ Ait. Same as _Actaea rubra_.

Adam-and-Eve. See _Aplectrum spicatum_.

Adder’s-tongue, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.

=Adiantum pedatum= L. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.

Maidenhair-fern.

Native fern, 9 to 15 inches high, growing in rich moist soil in
woods in Canada and almost all parts of the United States.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Aesculus glabra= Willd. =Buckeye family (Aesculaceae)=.

Ohio buckeye; fetid buckeye; smooth buckeye.

Small, native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, found in woods and
on river banks from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, westward to
Michigan and the Indian Territory.

_Parts used._--Bark and fruit (nonofficial).

=Aesculus hippocastanum= L. =Buckeye family (Aesculaceae)=.

Horse-chestnut.

Large tree, 60 feet or more in height. Escaped from cultivation,
southeastern New York and New Jersey. Native of Asia.

_Parts used._--Bark and fruit (nonofficial).

Afterbirth-weed. See _Stylosanthes biflora_.

_Agrimonia eupatoria_ (of American authors, not L.). Same as _Agrimonia hirsuta_.

=Agrimonia hirsuta= (Muhl.) Bicknell. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Agrimonia eupatoria_ of most American authors, not
L.[a]

Agrimony; tall hairy agrimony.

Perennial herb, 3 to 4 feet high, found in woods and thickets from
New Brunswick to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to North Carolina;
also in California. Native.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Agrimony. See _Agrimonia hirsuta_.

Agrimony, tall hairy. See _Agrimonia hirsuta_.

=Agropyron repens= (L.) Beauv. =Grass family (Poaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Triticum repens_ Beauv.

Triticum; couch-grass; dog-grass; quack-grass.

A troublesome grass in cultivated land from Maine to Maryland, west
to Minnesota and Missouri; sparingly distributed in the South.
Introduced from Europe.

_Part used._--Rhizome, gathered in spring (official).

Ague-tree. See _Sassafras variifolium_.

Agueweed. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_ and _Gentiana quinquefolia_.

Alder, black. See _Ilex verticillata_.

Alder, common. See _Alnus rugosa_.

Alder, red. See _Alnus rugosa_.

Alder, smooth. See _Alnus rugosa_.

Alder, tag-. See _Alnus rugosa_.

=Aletris farinosa= L. =Lily family (Liliaceae)=.

Star-grass; false (not true) unicorn-root;[b] colic-root.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; in dry, sandy soil from
Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial), gathered after the plant has
flowered.

Allspice, Carolina. See _Butneria florida_.

Allspice, Florida. See _Butneria florida_.

Allspice, wild. See _Benzoin benzoin_.

=Alnus rugosa= (Du Roi) K. Koch. =Birch family (Betulaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Alnus serrulata_ Willd.

Tag-alder; common alder; red alder; smooth alder.

Native shrub, or sometimes a small tree, occurring in swamps and
marshy borders of streams from the New England States west to
Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

_Alnus serrulata_ Willd. Same as _Alnus rugosa_.

=Alsine media= L. =Pink family (Silenaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Stellaria media_ Cyr.

Common chickweed.

Small, annual herb, probably introduced from Europe, and now common
in fields and around dwellings throughout the United States.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Althaea. See _Althaea officinalis_.

=Althaea officinalis= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.

Althaea; marshmallow; sweatweed; mortification-root.

Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe; occurs
in salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts and New York, and in
Pennsylvania.

_Parts used._--Root from plants of second year’s growth, deprived
of the periderm (official); leaves and flowers (nonofficial) are
also used.

Alum-root. See _Geranium maculatum_ and _Heuchera americana_.

=Ambrosia artemisiaefolia= L. =Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae)=.

Roman wormwood; ragweed; hogweed; stammerwort.

Coarse, native weed, annual, 1 to 3 feet high; in waste places,
eastern United States, west to British Columbia and Mexico.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_ Michx. Same as _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_.

Amy-root. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.

=Anagallis arvensis= L. =Primrose family (Primulaceae)=.

Red chickweed; red pimpernel; scarlet pimpernel;
shepherd’s-weatherglass.

Low, spreading, annual herb, naturalized from Europe, and growing
along roadsides and in fields almost throughout the United States.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Anaphalis margaritacea= (L.) Benth. & Hook.
=Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Gnaphalium margaritaceum_ L.; _Antennaria
margaritacea_ Hook.

Everlasting; pearly everlasting; large-flowered everlasting;
cottonweed.

White-hairy or woolly perennial herb, native in dry soil from
Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina and California.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

_Andromeda arborea_ L. Same as _Oxydendrum arboreum_.

_Anemone patens_ var. _nuttalliana_ A. Gray. Same as _Pulsatilla hirsutissima_.

Angelica, American. See _Angelica atropurpurea_.

=Angelica atropurpurea= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Archangelica atropurpurea_ Hoffm.

Purple-stemmed angelica; American angelica; masterwort.

Tall, stout, perennial herb, 4 to 6 feet high; native in swamps and
damp places from Labrador to Delaware and west to Minnesota.

_Parts used._--Root and seeds (nonofficial).

Angelica, purple-stemmed. See _Angelica atropurpurea_.

Anise-root. See _Washingtonia longistylis_.

_Antennaria margaritacea_ Hook. Same as _Anaphalis margaritacea_.

=Anthemis cotula= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Maruta cotula_ DC.

Mayweed; dog-fennel; fetid camomile (or chamomile).

Strong-scented, annual herb, naturalized from Europe; occurs in dry
soil, fields, waste places, and along roadsides almost throughout
North America, with the exception of the extreme North.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Aplectrum hyemale_ Nutt. Same as _Aplectrum spicatum_.

=Aplectrum spicatum= (Walt.) B. S. P. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Aplectrum hyemale_ Nutt.

Adam-and-Eve; putty-root.

Native herb, perennial, 1 to 2 feet high; in rich woods and swamps
from Canada to Georgia and California.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Apocynum. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.

=Apocynum androsaemifolium= L. =Dogbane family (Apocynaceae)=.

Bitterroot; spreading dogbane; honeybloom.

Perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native in fields and thickets
from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona. The most common species
in Canada and the Northeastern States.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Apocynum cannabinum= L. =Dogbane family (Apocynaceae)=.

Apocynum; Canadian hemp; black Indian hemp; amy-root.

Perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native in moist ground and
borders of fields throughout the United States.

_Part used._--Rhizome of this or of closely allied species of
Apocynum (official).

Apple, custard-. See _Asimina triloba_.

Apple, May-. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.

Apple, thorn-. See _Datura stramonium_.

Apple-of-Peru. See _Datura stramonium_.

_Aquilegia canadensis_ L. See under _Aquilegia vulgaris_.

=Aquilegia vulgaris= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

European columbine; garden-columbine.

Perennial herb, with showy flowers. Naturalized from Europe, and
well known in cultivation; escaped from gardens into woods and
fields; frequent in the Eastern and Middle States. The wild
columbine (_Aquilegia canadensis_ L.), occurring in rocky woods
throughout Canada and the eastern United States, is said to
possess properties similar to those of the European columbine.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Aralia hispida= Vent. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.

Dwarf elder; wild elder; bristly sarsaparilla.

Erect, leafy perennial, 1 to 3 feet high, native in sandy woods and
fields from Labrador south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota
and Indiana.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Aralia nudicaulis= L. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.

American sarsaparilla; wild sarsaparilla; false sarsaparilla;
Virginian sarsaparilla; small spikenard.

Herbaceous perennial, native, growing in moist woods from
Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and
Missouri.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Aralia racemosa= L. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.

Indian-root; spikenard; American spikenard; spignet.

Herbaceous perennial, native, 3 to 6 feet high, growing in rich
woods and rocky places from Canada to Georgia, west to Minnesota
and Missouri.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Arbor-vitae. See _Thuja occidentalis_.

Arbutus, trailing. See _Epigaea repens_.

_Archangelica atropurpurea_ Hoffm. Same as _Angelica atropurpurea_.

=Arctium lappa= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Lappa major_ Gaertn.

Lappa; burdock; cockle-button; beggars’-buttons; bardane.

Coarse, biennial weed, 4 to 9 feet high, introduced from the Old
World, and occurring along roadsides and in fields and waste
places in the Eastern and Central States.

_Parts used._--Root of this or of other species of Arctium
collected from plants of first year’s growth (official). The
fresh leaves and the seeds are also used (nonofficial).

=Arctostaphylos glauca= Lindl. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

Manzanita.

A shrub-like tree, 9 to 25 feet high, growing in California, in
dry, rocky districts on the western slopes of the Sierras.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Arctostaphylos uva-ursi= (L.) Spreng. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

Uva-ursi; bearberry; upland-cranberry.

Low, evergreen perennial, with trailing stems, native in rocky
or dry, sandy soils from the Middle Atlantic States north to
Labrador, westward to California and Alaska.

_Part used._--Leaves (official).

=Arisaema triphyllum= (L.) Torr. =Arum family (Araceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Arum triphyllum_ L.

Indian turnip; wild turnip; wake-robin; Jack-in-the-pulpit.

Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in moist
woods from Canada to Florida, west to Kansas and Minnesota.

_Part used._--Partially dried corm (nonofficial).

=Aristolochia reticulata= Nutt. =Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae)=.

Serpentaria; Texas serpentaria; Texas snakeroot; Red River
snakeroot.

Perennial herb, about 1½ feet in height, native in the Southwestern
States, occurring on river banks from Arkansas to Louisiana.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

=Aristolochia serpentaria= L. =Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae)=.

Serpentaria; Virginia serpentaria; Virginia snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in rich
woods from Connecticut to Michigan and southward.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

Arrowwood. See _Viburnum dentatum_.

Arrowwood, Indian. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.

=Artemisia abrotanum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Southernwood.

Shrubby, perennial herb, about 2 to 4 feet in height, occurring
in waste places from Massachusetts to Nebraska. Adventive from
Europe.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Artemisia absinthium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Absinthium; wormwood; absinth.

Shrubby, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and occurring in waste places and along roadsides from
Newfoundland to New York and westward.

_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Artemisia vulgaris= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Common mugwort.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3½ feet high, naturalized from Europe; found
in waste places, Nova Scotia to the Middle States and westward to
Michigan.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Arum triphyllum_ L. Same as _Arisaema triphyllum_.

=Asarum canadense= L. =Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae)=.

Canada snakeroot; wild ginger; Indian ginger.

Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich woods from
Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

Asclepias. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.

_Asclepias cornuti_ Dec. Same as _Asclepias syriaca_.

=Asclepias incarnata= L. =Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae)=.

White Indian hemp; swamp-milkweed; swamp-silkweed; rose-colored
silkweed.

Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, native in swamps from Canada to
Tennessee and Kansas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Asclepias syriaca= L. =Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Asclepias cornuti_ Dec.

Common milkweed; silkweed.

Perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, native in fields and waste places
from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Asclepias tuberosa= L. =Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae)=.

Asclepias; pleurisy-root; butterfly-weed; Canada-root; whiteroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in dry fields
from Canada to Florida and Arizona; most abundant southward.

_Part used._--Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Ash, American mountain-. See _Sorbus americana_.

Ash, black. See _Fraxinus nigra_.

Ash, cane-. See _Fraxinus americana_.

Ash, hoop-. See _Fraxinus nigra_.

Ash, prickly. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum americanum_.

Ash, wafer-. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.

Ash, white. See _Fraxinus americana_.

=Asimina triloba= (L.) Dunal. =Custard-apple family (Anonaceae)=.

North American pawpaw; custard-apple.

Small, native tree, growing in rich soil along the banks of streams
from New York to Michigan and southward. Most common in the Ohio
Valley.

_Part used._--Seed (nonofficial).

Aspen, American. See _Populus tremuloides_.

Aspen, quaking. See _Populus tremuloides_.

Aspidium. See _Dryopteris filix-mas_ and _D. marginalis_.

_Aspidium filix-mas_ Sw. Same as _Dryopteris filix-mas_.

_Aspidium marginale_ Sw. Same as _Dryopteris marginalis_.

_Asplenium filix-foemina_ (L.) Bernh. Same as _Athyrium filix-foemina_.

=Aster puniceus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Red-stalked aster; cocash; meadow-scabish.

Perennial herb, with stout, reddish stem, 3 to 8 feet high, native;
in swamps and on banks of streams, Nova Scotia to Minnesota,
south to North Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Aster, red-stalked. See _Aster puniceus_.

Asthma-weed, Queensland. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.

=Athyrium filix-foemina= (L.) Roth. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Asplenium filix-foemina_ (L.) Bernh.

Backache-brake; female-fern; lady-fern.

Native fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in woods and thickets,
Canada to Alaska, southward to Florida and Arizona.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

Avens, purple. See _Geum rivale_.

Avens, water-. See _Geum rivale_.

Backache-brake. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.

Backache-root. See _Lacinaria spicata_.

Balm. See _Melissa officinalis_.

Balm, bee-. See _Monarda didyma_.

Balm, field-. See _Glecoma hederacea_.

Balm, garden-. See _Melissa officinalis_.

Balm, horse-. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.

Balm, lemon-. See _Melissa officinalis_.

Balm, mountain-. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.

Balm, scarlet. See _Monarda didyma_.

Balm, sweet. See _Melissa officinalis_.

Balm-of-Gilead. See _Populus candicans_.

Balmony. See _Chelone glabra_.

Balsam, sweet. See _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.

Balsam tree, Canada. See _Abies balsamea_.

Balsam, white. See _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.

Balsam-fir. See _Abies balsamea_.

Bamboo-brier. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.

Baneberry, red. See _Actaea rubra_.

Baneberry, white. See _Actaea alba_.

=Baptisia tinctoria= (L.) R. Br. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

Wild indigo; yellow indigo; American indigo; indigo-weed;
horsefly-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in dry, poor soil
from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.

_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).

Barberry, holly-leaved. See _Berberis aquifolium_.

Bardane. See _Arctium lappa_.

Basswood. See _Tilia americana_.

Bay, rose-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.

Bay, sweet. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

Bay, white. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

Bayberry. See _Myrica cerifera_.

Bean, bog-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

Bean, buck-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

Bean, hog’s-. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.

Bearberry. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.

Bearberry-tree. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.

Bear’s-foot, yellow. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.

Bear’s-weed. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.

Beaver-poison. See _Cicuta maculata_.

Beaverroot. See _Nymphaea advena_.

Beaver-tree. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

Bedstraw. See _Galium aparine_.

Bee-balm. See _Monarda didyma_.

Beech, American. See _Fagus americana_.

Beechdrops. See _Leptamnium virginianum_.

Beechnut-tree. See _Fagus americana_.

Bee-plant. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.

Beggars’-buttons. See _Arctium lappa_.

Bellwort, perfoliate. See _Uvularia perfoliata_.

Benjamin-bush. See _Benzoin benzoin_.

Bennet. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.

=Benzoin benzoin= (L.) Coulter. =Laurel family (Lauraceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Laurus benzoin_ L.; _Lindera benzoin_ Meissn.;
_Benzoin odoriferum_ Nees.

Spicebush; feverbush; Benjamin-bush; wild allspice; spicewood.

Indigenous shrub, 5 to 12 feet high; in damp, shady woods, and
along streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to North Carolina
and Kansas.

_Parts used._--Bark and berries (nonofficial).

_Benzoin odoriferum_ Nees. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.

Berberis. See _Berberis aquifolium_.

=Berberis aquifolium= Pursh. =Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.

Berberis; Oregon grape; holly-leaved barberry; Rocky Mountain grape.

A shrub, native in woods from Colorado to the Pacific Ocean;
especially abundant in Oregon and northern California.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots of this and of other species of
Berberis (official).

Bergamot, wild. See _Monarda fistulosa_.

Bethroot, ill-scented. See _Trillium erectum_.

Betony, Paul’s-. See _Veronica officinalis_.

=Betula lenta= L. =Birch family (Betulaceae)=.

Sweet birch; black birch; cherry birch.

Large, indigenous forest tree; Newfoundland to Ontario, south to
Florida and Tennessee.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial). Oil of betula, obtained by
maceration and distillation from the bark, is official.

=Bikukulla canadensis= (Goldie) Millsp. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Corydalis formosa_ Pursh; _Corydalis canadensis_
Goldie; _Dicentra canadensis_ Walp.

Turkey-corn; squirrel-corn; turkey-pea; staggerweed.

Native, perennial plant, 6 to 12 inches high; in rich woods from
Nova Scotia south along the mountains to Kentucky, and westward
to Missouri and Minnesota.

_Part used._--Tubers (nonofficial).

Birch, black. See _Betula lenta_.

Birch, cherry. See _Betula lenta_.

Birch, sweet. See _Betula lenta_.

Bird’s-foot violet. See _Viola pedata_.

Birthroot. See _Trillium erectum_.

Bitterbloom. See _Sabbatia angularis_.

Bitter-buttons. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.

Bitterroot. See _Apocynum androsaemifolium_.

Bittersweet. See _Solanum dulcamara_.

Bittersweet, false. See _Celastrus scandens_.

Bitterweed. See _Erigeron canadensis_.

Blackberry, high-bush. See _Rubus nigrobaccus_.

Blackberry, knee-high. See _Rubus cuneifolius_.

Blackberry, low running. See _Rubus procumbens_.

Blackberry, low-bush. See _Rubus trivialis_.

Blackberry, sand-. See _Rubus cuneifolius_.

Blackcap. See _Rubus occidentalis_.

Blackroot. See _Veronica virginica_.

Blackroot, Indian. See _Pterocaulon undulatum_.

Blackwort. See _Symphytum officinale_.

Bladderpod. See _Lobelia inflata_.

Blazingstar. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.

Blazingstar, blue. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.

Blazingstar, scaly. See _Lacinaria squarrosa_.

Bloodroot. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.

Bloodwort. See _Hieracium venosum_.

Bloodwort, striped. See _Hieracium venosum_.

Blowball. See _Taraxacum officinale_.

Blue-curls. See _Prunella vulgaris_.

Bog-bean. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

Bog-myrtle. See _Myrica gale_.

Boneset. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.

Boneset, deerwort-. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.

Boneset, purple. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.

Bouncing-Bet. See _Saponaria officinalis_.

Bowman’s-root. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_ and _Veronica virginica_.

Boxwood. See _Cornus florida_.

Brake, backache-. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.

Brake, buckhorn-. See _Osmunda regalis_.

Brake, rock-. See _Polypodium vulgare_.

=Brassica nigra= (L.) Koch. =Mustard family (Brassicaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Sinapis nigra_ L.

Sinapis nigra; black mustard; brown mustard; red mustard.

Annual herb, introduced from Europe; found in fields and waste
places almost throughout the United States.

_Part used._--Seed (official); the volatile oil obtained from black
mustard seed is also official.

=Brauneria angustifolia= (DC.) Heller. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Echinacea angustifolia_ DC.

Echinacea; pale-purple coneflower; Sampson-root; niggerhead (in
Kansas).

Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high, occurring
in rich prairie soil or sandy soil from Alabama to Texas and
northwestward; most abundant in Kansas and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Broom. See _Cytisus scoparius_.

Broom, green. See _Cytisus scoparius_.

Broom, Scotch. See _Cytisus scoparius_.

Brownwort. See _Prunella vulgaris_.

Bruisewort. See _Symphytum officinale_.

Buck-bean. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

Buckeye, fetid. See _Aesculus glabra_.

Buckeye, Ohio. See _Aesculus glabra_.

Buckeye, smooth. See _Aesculus glabra_.

Buckhorn-brake. See _Osmunda regalis_.

Buckthorn. See _Rhamnus cathartica_.

Bugle, sweet. See _Lycopus virginicus_.

Bugle, water-. See _Lycopus virginicus_.

Bugleweed. See _Lycopus virginicus_.

Bullbrier. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.

Bull-nettle. See _Solanum carolinense_.

Bulrush. See _Typha latifolia_.

Burdock. See _Arctium lappa_.

Burnet-saxifrage. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.

Burningbush. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.

=Bursa bursa-pastoris= (L.) Britton. =Mustard family (Brassicaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Capsella bursa-pastoris_ Medic.

Shepherd’s-purse; cocowort; toywort.

Annual plant, about 1 foot in height, found in fields and waste
places; widely distributed. Introduced from Europe.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Burseed, spiny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.

Burweed, thorny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.

=Butneria florida= (L.) Kearney.
=Strawberry-shrub family (Calycanthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Calycanthus floridus_ L.

Hairy strawberry-shrub; sweet-scented shrub; Carolina allspice;
Florida allspice.

Native shrub, 4 to 8 feet high; in rich soil, Virginia to
Mississippi.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

Butterfly-weed. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.

Butternut. See _Juglans cinerea_.

Buttonbush. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.

Button-snakeroot. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.

Button-snakeroot, dense. See _Lacinaria spicata_.

Button-snakeroot, large. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.

Button-tree. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.

Buttonwood-shrub. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.

Cabbage, skunk-. See _Spathyema foetida_.

Cabbage, swamp-. See _Spathyema foetida_.

Calamus. See _Acorus calamus_.

Calfkill. See _Kalmia angustifolia_.

Calico-bush. See _Kalmia latifolia_.

_Calycanthus floridus_ L. Same as _Butneria florida_.

Camomile, fetid. See _Anthemis cotula_.

Canada balsam tree. See _Abies balsamea_.

Canada-root. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.

Cancerroot. See _Leptamnium virginianum_.

Candleberry. See _Myrica cerifera_.

Cane-ash. See _Fraxinus americana_.

Cankerroot. See _Coptis trifolia_ and _Limonium carolinianum_.

Canker-weed. See _Nabalus serpentarius_.

Canker-weed, white. See _Nabalus albus_.

Cankerwort. See _Taraxacum officinale_.

Canoewood. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.

_Capsella bursa-pastoris_ Medic. Same as _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.

Cardinal, red. See _Lobelia cardinalis_.

Cardinal-flower. See _Lobelia cardinalis_.

Cardinal-flower, blue. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.

=Carduus arvensis= (L.) Robs. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Cirsium arvense_ Scop.

Canada thistle; creeping thistle; cursed thistle.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; growing in cultivated fields,
pastures, and waste places from Newfoundland to Virginia, west to
Minnesota and Nebraska. A bad weed, introduced from Europe.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

_Carduus benedictus_ Auct. Same as _Cnicus benedictus_.

Carpenter’s-square. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.

Carrion-flower. See _Smilax herbacea_.

Carrot, wild. See _Daucus carota_.

_Carya alba_ Nutt. Same as _Hicoria ovata_.

Cascara sagrada. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.

=Cassia marilandica= L. =Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae)=.

American senna; wild senna; locust-plant.

Native, perennial herb; in swamps and wet soil, New England to
Florida, west to Louisiana and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Castalia odorata= (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood.
=Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Nymphaea odorata_ Dryand.

White pond-lily; water-lily; sweet-scented water-lily.

Indigenous, aquatic herb; perennial; in ponds, marshes, and
sluggish streams, from Canada to Florida and Louisiana.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

Castanea. See _Castanea dentata_.

=Castanea dentata= (Marsh.) Borkh. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.

Castanea; chestnut; American chestnut.

A large, spreading tree, occurring in rich woods from Maine
to Michigan, south to Tennessee. Especially abundant in the
Allegheny region. Native.

_Part used._--Leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Catchweed. See _Galium aparine_.

Catfoot. See _Glecoma hederacea_.

Catgut. See _Cracca virginiana_.

Catmint. See _Nepeta cataria_.

Catnip. See _Nepeta cataria_.

Cattail, broad-leaved. See _Typha latifolia_.

Cattail-flag. See _Typha latifolia_.

Caulophyllum. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_.

=Caulophyllum thalictroides= (L.) Michx.
=Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.

Caulophyllum; blue cohosh; squawroot; papoose-root.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; found in rich, shady
woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina, westward to Nebraska;
abundant throughout the Allegheny Mountain region.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Ceanothus americanus= L. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.

Jersey tea; New Jersey tea; redroot.

A native shrub, growing in dry, open woods from Canada to Florida
and Texas.

_Parts used._--Root, root-bark, and leaves (nonofficial).

Cedar, red. See _Juniperus virginiana_.

Cedar, shrubby red. See _Juniperus sabina_.

Cedar, white. See _Thuja occidentalis_.

Cedar, yellow. See _Thuja occidentalis_.

Celandine. See _Chelidonium majus_.

Celandine, garden-. See _Chelidonium majus_.

Celandine, great. See _Chelidonium majus_.

Celandine, wild. See _Impatiens aurea_.

=Celastrus scandens= L. =Staff-tree family (Celastraceae)=.

False bittersweet; staff-tree; waxwork; fevertwig.

An indigenous, twining, woody vine; in rich, damp soil, woods, and
thickets, Ontario to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and New
Mexico.

_Part used._--Bark of plant and of root (nonofficial).

_Centaurea benedicta_ L. Same as _Cnicus benedictus_.

Centaury, American. See _Sabbatia angularis_.

Centaury, ground-. See _Polygala nuttallii_.

=Cephalanthus occidentalis= L. =Madder family (Rubiaceae)=.

Buttonbush; button-tree; buttonwood-shrub; globeflower.

Indigenous shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; in swamps and damp places,
Canada to Florida and California.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Cercis canadensis= L. =Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae)=.

Judas-tree; redbud.

Small, native tree, growing in rich soil from New Jersey to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).

=Chamaelirium luteum= (L.) A. Gray.
=Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Helonias dioica_ Pursh.

True (not false) unicorn-root;[c] blazingstar; starwort; drooping
starwort.

Slender, perennial herb, about 2 feet high; native in moist meadows
and thickets from Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida and
Arkansas.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

=Chamaenerion angustifolium= (L.) Scop.
=Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Epilobium angustifolium_ L.

Great willow-herb; wickup.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil
from Canada to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Arizona, and
California. Very common from Pennsylvania northward.

_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Chamomile, fetid. See _Anthemis cotula_.

Champion-oak. See _Quercus rubra_.

Checkerberry. See _Gaultheria procumbens_ and _Mitchella repens_.

Cheeseflower. See _Malva sylvestris_.

Cheeses. See _Malva rotundifolia_.

Chelidonium. See _Chelidonium majus_.

=Chelidonium majus= L. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.

Chelidonium; celandine; garden-celandine; great celandine;
tetterwort.

Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing along fences, roadsides,
and in waste places; common in the East. Naturalized from Europe.

_Part used._--Entire plant (official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Chelone glabra= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.

Balmony; turtle-head; shellflower; snakehead; salt-rheum weed.

Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high; in swamps
and along streams, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and
Kansas.

_Part used._--Herb, and especially the leaves (nonofficial).

Chenopodium. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_ and _C. anthelminticum_.

=Chenopodium ambrosioides= L. =Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)=.

Chenopodium; Mexican tea; American wormseed; Jerusalem tea; Spanish
tea.

Strong-scented herb, 2 to 3 feet high, annual; naturalized from
tropical America, and occurring in waste places, meadows, and
pastures from New England to Florida, west to California.

_Part used._--Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Chenopodium anthelminticum= L. =Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)=.

Chenopodium; wormseed; Jerusalem oak.

Annual, sometimes perennial, herb, usually taller than _C.
ambrosioides_, naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places
from southern New York to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Mexico.

_Parts used._--Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890). The oil of
chenopodium, distilled from this plant, is official.

=Chenopodium botrys= L. =Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)=.

Jerusalem oak.

Annual herb, about 2 feet high, introduced from Europe; found in
waste places from Nova Scotia to New York and Kentucky, westward
to Oregon.

_Parts used._--Herb and seeds (nonofficial).

Cherry birch. See _Betula lenta_.

Cherry, rum-. See _Prunus serotina_.

Cherry, wild. See _Prunus serotina_.

Chervil, sweet. See _Washingtonia longistylis_.

Chestnut. See _Castanea dentata_.

Chestnut, American. See _Castanea dentata_.

Chestnut, horse-. See _Aesculus hippocastanum_.

Chickentoe. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.

Chickweed, common. See _Alsine media_.

Chickweed, red. See _Anagallis arvensis_.

Chicory. See _Cichorium intybus_.

Chimaphila. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.

=Chimaphila umbellata= (L.) Nutt. =Wintergreen family (Pyrolaceae)=.

Chimaphila; pipsissewa; prince’s-pine; bitter wintergreen;
rheumatism-weed.

Small, perennial herb, native in dry, shady woods, especially in
pine forests, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to California.

_Part used._--Leaves (official).

China-root, American. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.

China-root, false. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.

=Chionanthus virginica= L. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.

Fringe-tree; old-man’s-beard.

A shrub or small tree, native in moist thickets from Delaware to
Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).

Chittem-bark. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.

=Chrysanthemum leucanthemum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Leucanthemum vulgare_ Lam.

Oxeye daisy; white daisy.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
occurring in pastures, meadows, and waste places in nearly every
section of the country, but less abundantly in the South and
rarely in the West.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Chrysanthemum parthenium= (L.) Pers. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Pyrethrum parthenium_ Smith.

Common feverfew; featherfew; febrifuge-plant.

Perennial herb, naturalized from Europe. Mostly escaped from
cultivation; in waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey, and
locally in the interior.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Cichorium intybus= L. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.

Chicory; succory.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, growing in fields, waste places,
and along roadsides from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to
Nebraska. Abundant eastward. Naturalized from Europe.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Cicuta maculata= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

Water-hemlock; musquash-root; beaver-poison.

Native perennial, 3 to 6 feet high, stout, erect; poisonous. Found
in swamps and low grounds from Canada south to Florida and New
Mexico.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

Cimicifuga. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_.

=Cimicifuga racemosa= (L.) Nutt. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Actaea racemosa_ L.

Cimicifuga; black snakeroot; black cohosh; squawroot; rattle-root.

Native, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high; in rich soil in shady
woods, Maine to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. Most
abundant in the Ohio Valley.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

Cinquefoil. See _Potentilla canadensis_.

_Cirsium arvense_ Scop. Same as _Carduus arvensis_.

Cleavers. See _Galium aparine_.

Cleaverwort. See _Galium aparine_.

Clematis. See _Clematis virginiana_.

=Clematis virginiana= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

Virgin’s-bower; clematis.

Shrubby, perennial vine; native; found along river banks in hedges
and thickets from Canada to Georgia and Kansas.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).

Clotbur, spiny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.

Clotweed, thorny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.

Clover, bitter. See _Sabbatia angularis_.

Clover, meadow-. See _Trifolium pratense_.

Clover, purple. See _Trifolium pratense_.

Clover, red. See _Trifolium pratense_.

Clover, yellow sweet. See _Melilotus officinalis_.

Club-moss. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.

=Cnicus benedictus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Carduus benedictus_ Auct.; _Centaurea benedicta_ L.

Blessed thistle; holy thistle; bitter thistle; spotted thistle; St.
Benedict’s-thistle.

Annual plant, 1 to 2 feet high; in waste places, Southern States,
and in California and Utah; introduced from Europe.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Cocash. See _Aster puniceus_.

Cocash-weed. See _Senecio aureus_.

Cockle-button. See _Arctium lappa_.

Cocowort. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.

Cohosh, black. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_.

Cohosh, blue. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_.

Cohosh, red. See _Actaea rubra_.

Cohosh, white. See _Actaea alba_.

Colic-root. See _Aletris farinosa_, _Dioscorea villosa_, _Lacinaria spicata_, and _L. squarrosa_.

=Collinsonia canadensis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Stoneroot; richweed; knobroot; horse-balm.

Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, occurring in rich, moist
woods from Maine to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Kansas.

_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).

Colt’s-foot. See _Tussilago farfara_.

Colt’s-tail. See _Erigeron canadensis_.

Columbine, European. See _Aquilegia vulgaris_.

Columbine, garden-. See _Aquilegia vulgaris_.

Columbine, wild. See under _Aquilegia vulgaris_.

Columbo, American. See _Frasera carolinensis_.

Comfrey. See _Symphytum officinale_.

Compass-plant. See _Silphium laciniatum_.

_Comptonia asplenifolia_ Gaertn. Same as _Comptonia peregrina_.

=Comptonia peregrina= (L.) Coulter. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Comptonia asplenifolia_ Gaertn.; _Myrica
asplenifolia_ L.

Sweet fern; spleenwortbush; meadow-fern.

Shrubby plant, about 2½ feet high, native; in thin sandy or stony
woods and on hillsides, Canada to North Carolina, Indiana, and
Michigan.

_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (nonofficial).

Coneflower, pale-purple. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.

Coneflower, tall. See _Rudbeckia laciniata_.

Congo-root. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.

Conium. See _Conium maculatum_.

=Conium maculatum= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

Conium; poison-hemlock; spotted parsley; spotted cowbane.

Biennial herb, 2 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common
in waste places, especially in the Eastern and Middle States.
Poisonous.

_Parts used._--Full-grown, but unripe, fruit, carefully dried and
preserved (official); leaves (nonofficial).

Consumptive’s-weed. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.

Convallaria. See _Convallaria majalis_.

_Convallaria biflora_ Walt. Same as _Polygonatum biflorum_.

=Convallaria majalis= L. =Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.

Convallaria; lily-of-the-valley.

A low, perennial herb; indigenous; on the higher mountains from
Virginia to the Carolinas.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official); herb and flowers
(nonofficial).

_Convallaria racemosa_ L. Same as _Vagnera racemosa_.

_Convolvulus panduratus_ L. Same as _Ipomoea pandurata_.

Coolwort. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.

=Coptis trifolia= (L.) Salisb. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

Goldthread; cankerroot; mouthroot; yellowroot.

Low, native, perennial herb, growing in damp mossy woods and bogs
from Canada and Alaska south to Maryland and Minnesota; most
common in the New England States, northern New York and Michigan,
and in Canada.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

=Corallorhiza odontorhiza= (Willd.) Nutt. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.

Crawley-root; coralroot; dragon’s-claw; chickentoe.

Leafless plant, 6 to 15 inches high, found in rich woods from Maine
to Florida, west to Michigan and Missouri. Native.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

Coralroot. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.

Corn, squirrel-. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Corn, turkey-. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Cornel, silky. See _Cornus amomum_.

Corn-snakeroot. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_ and _Lacinaria spicata_.

=Cornus amomum= Mill. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Cornus sericea_ L.

Red osier; swamp-dogwood; silky cornel; rose-willow.

Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in low woods and along streams,
Canada to Florida, west to Texas and the Dakotas.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Cornus circinata= L’Her. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.

Green osier; round-leaved dogwood.

Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in shady places, Canada and the
northeastern United States.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Cornus florida= L. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.

Flowering dogwood; boxwood.

Small, native tree or large shrub, growing in woods from Canada to
Florida, Texas and Missouri. Most abundant in the Middle States.

_Parts used._--Bark of tree and of root, the latter preferred
(nonofficial).

_Cornus sericea_ L. Same as _Cornus amomum_.

_Corydalis canadensis_ Goldie. Same as _Bikukulla canadensis_.

_Corydalis formosa_ Pursh. Same as _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Cotton-gum. See _Nyssa aquatica_.

Cottonweed. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.

Couch-grass. See _Agropyron repens_.

Coughweed. See _Senecio aureus_.

Coughwort. See _Tussilago farfara_.

Cowbane, spotted. See _Conium maculatum_.

Cow-lily. See _Nymphaea advena_.

Cow-parsnip. See _Heracleum lanatum_.

=Cracca virginiana= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Tephrosia virginiana_ Pers.

Devil’s-shoestring; hoary pea; goat’s-rue; catgut.

Hoary, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in
dry, sandy soil from New England to Florida, west to Texas and
Minnesota.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Cramp-bark. See _Viburnum opulus_.

Cranberry, high-bush. See _Viburnum opulus_.

Cranberry, upland-. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.

Crane’s-bill, spotted. See _Geranium maculatum_.

Crane’s-bill, wild. See _Geranium maculatum_.

=Crataegus oxyacantha= L. =Apple family (Malaceae)=.

Hawthorn; hedgethorn; whitethorn; maythorn.

Shrub or tree, introduced from Europe, and sparingly escaped from
cultivation.

_Part used._--Berries (nonofficial).

Crawley-root. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.

Crosswort. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.

Cucumber-tree. See _Magnolia acuminata_ and _M. tripetala_.

Cudweed, low. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.

Cudweed, marsh-. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.

Culver’s-physic. See _Veronica virginica_.

Culver’s-root. See _Veronica virginica_.

_Cunila mariana_ L. Same as _Cunila origanoides_.

=Cunila origanoides= (L.) Britton. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Cunila mariana_ L.

American dittany; stonemint.

Indigenous, perennial plant, found on dry hills and in dry woods
from New York to Florida, west to Ohio.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Cup-plant. See _Silphium perfoliatum_.

Custard-apple. See _Asimina triloba_.

=Cynoglossum officinale= L. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.

Hound’s-tongue; gypsy-flower.

Biennial herb, about 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
occurring in waste places from Canada to North Carolina, west to
Kansas and Minnesota.

_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Cypripedium. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_ and _C. parviflorum_.

=Cypripedium hirsutum= Mill. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Cypripedium pubescens_ Willd.

Cypripedium; large yellow ladies-slipper; yellow moccasin-flower;
American valerian.

Herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native in woods and thickets from Nova
Scotia south to Alabama and west to Nebraska and Missouri.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

=Cypripedium parviflorum= Salisb. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.

Cypripedium; small yellow ladies-slipper.

Herb, 1 to 2 feet high; native in woods and thickets from British
America to Georgia, Missouri, and Oregon.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

_Cypripedium pubescens_ Willd. Same as _Cypripedium hirsutum_.

=Cytisus scoparius= (L.) Link. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Sarothamnus scoparius_ Wimm.

Scoparius; broom; green broom; Scotch broom.

Stiff, wiry plant, 3 to 5 feet high; naturalized from Europe;
growing in dry, sandy soil from Massachusetts to Virginia and
becoming common in many places in the northwestern United States.

_Part used._--Tops (official).

Daisy, oxeye. See _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.

Daisy, white. See _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.

Daisy-fleabane. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.

Damiana. See _Turnera microphylla_.

Dandelion. See _Taraxacum officinale_.

=Daphne mezereum= L. =Mezereon family (Daphnaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Mezereum officinarum_ C. A. Mey.

Mezereum; mezereon; spurge-laurel; paradise-plant; spurge-olive.

A very hardy shrub, introduced from Europe and escaped from
cultivation in Canada and New England.

_Part used._--Bark of this and of other European species of Daphne
(official).

=Datura stramonium= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.

Stramonium; jimson-weed; Jamestown-weed; thorn-apple; apple-of-Peru.

Poisonous weed; annual, 2 to 5 feet high; introduced from the
Tropics, and occurring in fields and waste places throughout the
United States, with the exception of the North and West.

_Parts used._--Leaves (official); seeds (official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Daucus carota= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

Wild carrot; Queen-Anne’s-lace.

Biennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; naturalized from Europe; common
almost throughout the United States, growing in old fields and
along roadsides.

_Parts used._--Root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).

Deerberry. See _Gaultheria procumbens_ and _Mitchella repens_.

Deer-laurel. See _Rhododendron maximum_.

Deer’s-tongue. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.

Deerwood. See _Ostrya virginiana_.

Deerwort-boneset. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.

=Delphinium consolida= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

Field-larkspur; knight’s-spur; lark-heel.

An annual herb, about 2 feet high; naturalized from Europe, and
found in waste places from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania
southward. The indigenous tall larkspur, _Delphinium urceolatum_
Jacq. (_D. exaltatum_ Ait.), is used for similar purposes. This
is found in woods from Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to
Alabama and Nebraska.

_Parts used._--Herb and seeds (nonofficial).

_Delphinium exaltatum_ Ait. See under _Delphinium consolida_.

_Delphinium urceolatum_ Jacq. See under _Delphinium consolida_.

Devil’s-bit. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.

Devil’s-shoestring. See _Cracca virginiana_.

Dewberry. See _Rubus procumbens_.

Dewberry, one-flowered. See _Rubus villosus_.

Dewberry, southern. See _Rubus trivialis_.

_Dicentra canadensis_ Walp. Same as _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Digitalis. See _Digitalis purpurea_.

=Digitalis purpurea= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.

Digitalis; foxglove; fairy-fingers; thimbles; lady’s-glove.

Very handsome biennial plant, 3 to 4 feet high; introduced from
Europe as a garden plant, and now escaped from cultivation in
parts of Oregon, Washington, and West Virginia.

_Parts used._--Leaves from plants of second year’s growth, gathered
at commencement of flowering (official).

=Dioscorea villosa= L. =Yam family (Dioscoreaceae)=.

Wild yam; colic-root; rheumatism-root.

Slender, herbaceous, native vine, growing in moist thickets from
Rhode Island to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas; more
common in central and southern parts of the United States.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

=Diospyros virginiana= L. =Ebony family (Diospyraceae)=.

Persimmon.

Indigenous tree, 15 to 50 feet in height; in fields and woods,
Rhode Island to Kansas, Florida, and Texas.

_Parts used._--Bark and unripe fruit (nonofficial).

=Dirca palustris= L. =Mezereon family (Daphnaceae)=.

Leatherwood; moosewood; American mezereon; wickopy; rope-bark.

A native shrub, occurring in woods and thickets, New Brunswick
to Florida, west to Missouri and Minnesota; most common in the
Northern and Eastern States.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

Ditch-stonecrop. See _Penthorum sedoides_.

Dittany, American. See _Cunila origanoides_.

Dock, bitter. See _Rumex obtusifolius_.

Dock, blunt-leaved. See _Rumex obtusifolius_.

Dock, broad-leaved. See _Rumex obtusifolius_.

Dock, curled. See _Rumex crispus_.

Dock, narrow. See _Rumex crispus_.

Dock, sour. See _Rumex crispus_.

Dock, spatter-. See _Nymphaea advena_.

Dock, velvet. See _Verbascum thapsus_.

Dock, yellow. See _Rumex crispus_.

Dogbane, spreading. See _Apocynum androsaemifolium_.

Dogberry. See _Sorbus americana_.

Dog-fennel. See _Anthemis cotula_.

Dog-grass. See _Agropyron repens_.

Dog’s-tooth violet. See _Erythronium americanum_.

Dogwood, flowering. See _Cornus florida_.

Dogwood, round-leaved. See _Cornus circinata_.

Dogwood, swamp-. See _Cornus amomum_.

Dooryard-plantain. See _Plantago major_.

_Dracontium foetidum_ L. Same as _Spathyema foetida_.

Dragon’s-claw. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.

Dropwort, western. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.

=Drosera rotundifolia= L. =Sundew family (Droseraceae)=.

Round-leaved sundew; youthwort.

Low, perennial herb, growing in bogs and muddy shores of rivers
from Canada to Florida and California.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Dryopteris filix-mas= (L.) Schott. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Aspidium filix-mas_ Sw.; _Polypodium filix-mas_ L.

Aspidium; male-fern.

Fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in rocky woods from Canada to
northern Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona.

_Part used._--Rhizome (official).

=Dryopteris marginalis= (L.) A. Gray. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Aspidium marginale_ Sw.; _Polypodium marginale_ L.

Aspidium; evergreen wood-fern; marginal-fruited shield-fern.

Fern, with leaves 6 inches to 2½ feet long; in rocky woods from
Canada south to Alabama and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Rhizome (official).

Dulcamara. See _Solanum dulcamara_.

Dysentery-weed. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.

Earth-smoke. See _Fumaria officinalis_.

Echinacea. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.

_Echinacea angustifolia_ DC. Same as _Brauneria angustifolia_.

Elder. See _Sambucus canadensis_.

Elder, American. See _Sambucus canadensis_.

Elder, dwarf. See _Aralia hispida_.

Elder, sweet. See _Sambucus canadensis_.

Elder, wild. See _Aralia hispida_.

Elecampane. See _Inula helenium_.

Elk-tree. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.

Elkwood. See _Magnolia tripetala_.

Elliott’s-sabbatia. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.

Elm. See _Ulmus fulva_.

Elm, Indian. See _Ulmus fulva_.

Elm, moose-. See _Ulmus fulva_.

Elm, red. See _Ulmus fulva_.

Elm, slippery. See _Ulmus fulva_.

Emetic-root. See _Euphorbia corollata_.

=Epigaea repens= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

Gravel-plant; trailing arbutus; mayflower.

Small, shrubby, native plant, spreading on the ground in sandy
soil, especially under evergreen trees, from Florida to Michigan
and northward.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

_Epilobium angustifolium_ L. Same as _Chamaenerion angustifolium_.

=Epilobium palustre= L. =Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae)=.

Swamp willow-herb; wickup.

Slender, erect, native herb, 6 to 18 inches high, found in swamps
and marshes from Canada and the New England States west to
Colorado and Washington.

_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).

_Epiphegus virginiana_ Bart. Same as _Leptamnium virginianum_.

=Equisetum hyemale= L. =Horsetail family (Equisetaceae)=.

Common scouring-rush; horsetail; shave-grass.

Rush-like perennial plant, growing in wet places along river banks
and borders of woods throughout nearly the whole of North America.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

=Erechtites hieracifolia= (L.) Raf. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Fireweed; pilewort.

Native, annual herb, 1 to 8 feet high, in woods, fields, and waste
places, Canada to Florida, Louisiana, and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Erigeron canadensis= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton.[d]

Canada fleabane; horseweed; colt’s-tail; prideweed; bitterweed.

Native, annual weed, 3 inches to 10 feet in height; in fields and
meadows, along roadsides, and in waste places, almost throughout
North America.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial); the oil of erigeron, distilled
from the fresh, flowering herb, is official.

=Erigeron philadelphicus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Philadelphia fleabane; sweet scabious; daisy-fleabane.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, in fields and woods
throughout North America, except extreme North.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Eriodictyon. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.

=Eriodictyon californicum= (H. & A.) Greene.
=Waterleaf family (Hydrophyllaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Eriodictyon glutinosum_ Benth.

Eriodictyon; yerba santa; mountain-balm; consumptive’s-weed;
bear’s-weed.

Shrubby plant, 2 to 4 feet high, native; grows in clumps in dry
situations and among rocks throughout California and northern
Mexico.

_Part used._--Leaves (official).

_Eriodictyon glutinosum_ Benth. Same as _Eriodictyon californicum_.

_Eryngium yuccaefolium_ Michx. Same as _Eryngium yuccifolium_.

=Eryngium yuccifolium= Michx. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Eryngium yuccaefolium_ Michx.

Water-eryngo; button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-weed;
rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high, growing in swamps and low
wet ground from the pine barrens of New Jersey west to Minnesota,
and south to Texas and Florida.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

Eryngo, water-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.

=Erythronium americanum= Ker. =Lily family (Liliaceae)=.

Yellow adder’s-tongue; dog’s-tooth violet; yellow snowdrop;
rattlesnake-violet; yellow snakeleaf.

Native, perennial herb, occurring in moist woods and thickets, Nova
Scotia to Minnesota, south to Arkansas and Florida.

_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Euonymus. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.

=Euonymus atropurpureus= Jacq. =Staff-tree family (Celastraceae)=.

Euonymus; wahoo; burningbush; spindle-tree; Indian arrowwood.

Native shrub or small tree, growing in woods and thickets from
Ontario and eastern United States west to Montana.

_Part used._--Bark of root (official).

Eupatorium. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.

=Eupatorium ageratoides= L. f. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

White snakeroot; white sanicle; Indian sanicle; deerwort-boneset;
poolwort; poolroot; richweed; squaw-weed.

Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native; in rich woods from
Canada to Georgia, west to Nebraska and Louisiana.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Eupatorium aromaticum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Smaller white snakeroot; poolwort; poolroot; wild hoarhound.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry soil from
Massachusetts to Florida, especially throughout the Middle States.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Eupatorium perfoliatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Eupatorium; boneset; thoroughwort; Indian sage; agueweed; crosswort.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high; in low, wet places from
Canada to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).

=Eupatorium purpureum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Queen-of-the-meadow; gravelroot; Joe-Pye-weed; purple boneset;
kidneyroot.

Native, perennial herb, 3 to 10 feet high; in low grounds from
Canada to Florida and Texas.

_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).

=Euphorbia corollata= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.

Flowering spurge; emetic-root; milk-ipecac; snakemilk; purging-root.

Native, perennial herb, about 3 feet in height, growing in dry
fields and woods from Ontario to Florida and Minnesota to Texas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

_Euphorbia hypericifolia_ A. Gray. Same as _Euphorbia nutans_.

=Euphorbia ipecacuanhae= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.

Wild ipecac; ipecac-spurge; American ipecac; Carolina ipecac.

Native, perennial herb, 4 to 10 inches high; in dry, sandy soil,
mostly near the coast, from Connecticut to Florida.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Euphorbia nutans= Lag. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Euphorbia hypericifolia_ A. Gray.

Large spotted spurge; black purslane; fluxweed; milk-purslane.

Native, annual plant, from ½ to 2 feet in height; in rich soils,
fields, and thickets throughout eastern North America, except
extreme north, and extending west to the Rocky Mountains.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Euphorbia pilulifera= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.

Pill-bearing spurge; snakeweed; Queensland asthma-weed.

Herbaceous annual, 10 to 15 inches high, occurring from the Gulf
States through Texas to New Mexico.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Evening-primrose. See _Oenothera biennis_.

Everlasting. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.

Everlasting, large-flowered. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.

Everlasting, pearly. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.

Eve’s-cup. See _Sarracenia flava_.

=Fagara clava-herculis= (L.) Small. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_ L.

Xanthoxylum; southern prickly ash; toothache-tree; yellowthorn;
yellowwood; Hercules-club.

Small, indigenous, very prickly tree, sometimes 45 feet in height,
occurring along streams from southern Virginia to Florida, west
to Texas and Arkansas.

_Parts used._--Bark official under the name “Xanthoxylum”; berries
(nonofficial).

=Fagus americana= Sweet. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Fagus ferruginea_ Ait.

American beech; beechnut-tree.

Large, native forest tree, growing in rich soil from Nova Scotia to
Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.

_Parts used._--Bark and leaves (nonofficial).

_Fagus ferruginea_ Ait. Same as _Fagus americana_.

Fairy-fingers. See _Digitalis purpurea_.

Featherfew. See _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.

Febrifuge-plant. See _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.

Female-fern. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_ and _Polypodium vulgare_.

Fennel, dog-. See _Anthemis cotula_.

Fern, evergreen wood-. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.

Fern, female-. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_ and _Polypodium vulgare_.

Fern, lady-. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.

Fern, maidenhair-. See _Adiantum pedatum_.

Fern, male-. See _Dryopteris filix-mas_.

Fern, marginal-fruited shield-. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.

Fern, meadow-. See _Comptonia peregrina_.

Fern, parsley-. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.

Fern, royal. See _Osmunda regalis_.

Fern, sweet. See _Comptonia peregrina_.

Fernroot. See _Polypodium vulgare_.

Feverbush. See _Benzoin benzoin_ and _Ilex verticillata_.

Feverfew, common. See _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.

Feverroot. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.

Fevertwig. See _Celastrus scandens_.

Field-balm. See _Glecoma hederacea_.

Field-larkspur. See _Delphinium consolida_.

Field-sorrel. See _Rumex acetosella_.

Figwort, Maryland. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.

Fir, balsam-. See _Abies balsamea_.

Fireweed. See _Erechtites hieracifolia_.

Fit-plant. See _Monotropa uniflora_.

Fitroot. See _Monotropa uniflora_.

Fivefinger. See _Potentilla canadensis_.

Flag, blue. See _Iris versicolor_.

Flag, cattail-. See _Typha latifolia_.

Flag, sweet-. See _Acorus calamus_.

Flag, water-. See _Iris versicolor_.

Flag-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.

Flannel-leaf. See _Verbascum thapsus_.

Fleabane, Canada. See _Erigeron canadensis_.

Fleabane, daisy-. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.

Fleabane, Philadelphia. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.

Fluxweed. See _Euphorbia nutans_.

Flytrap. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.

Foamflower. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.

Foxglove. See _Digitalis purpurea_.

=Fragaria virginiana= Duchesne. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Virginia strawberry; scarlet strawberry.

Native, perennial herb, occurring in dry soil from Canada to
Georgia, west to Indian Territory and Minnesota.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Frankenia grandifolia= Cham. & Schlecht.
=Frankenia family (Frankeniaceae)=.

Yerba reuma.

Native, perennial herb, 8 to 13 inches high, common in salt marshes
and sandy localities near the coast in California.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Frasera carolinensis= Walt. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Frasera walteri_ Michx.

American columbo; Indian lettuce; meadowpride; pyramid-flower.

Smooth, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil from
New York to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

_Frasera walteri_ Michx. Same as _Frasera carolinensis_.

_Fraxinus acuminata_ Lam. Same as _Fraxinus americana_.

_Fraxinus alba_ Marsh. Same as _Fraxinus americana_.

=Fraxinus americana= L. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Fraxinus alba_ Marsh; _Fraxinus acuminata_ Lam.

White ash; cane-ash.

Large, native forest tree, in rich woods from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Occurs chiefly in the
Northern States and Canada.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Fraxinus nigra= Marsh. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Fraxinus sambucifolia_ Lam.

Black ash; hoop-ash.

Native tree, 40 to 70 feet in height, occurring in swamps and wet
woods from Canada to Virginia and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

_Fraxinus sambucifolia_ Lam. Same as _Fraxinus nigra_.

Fringe-tree. See _Chionanthus virginica_.

Frost-plant. See _Helianthemum canadense_.

Frostweed. See _Helianthemum canadense_.

Frostwort. See _Helianthemum canadense_.

Fuller’s-herb. See _Saponaria officinalis_.

=Fumaria officinalis= L. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.

Fumitory; hedge-fumitory; earth-smoke.

Annual plant, 10 to 15 inches high, adventive from Europe and found
in waste places about dwellings, in cultivated land, and on
ballast, Nova Scotia to the Gulf States.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Fumitory. See _Fumaria officinalis_.

Fumitory, hedge-. See _Fumaria officinalis_.

Gagroot. See _Lobelia inflata_.

Gale, sweet. See _Myrica gale_.

=Galium aparine= L. =Madder family (Rubiaceae)=.

Cleavers; goose-grass; cleaverwort; bedstraw; catchweed.

Annual plant, with weak, procumbent stem, 2 to 6 feet long, growing
in shady thickets and margins of woods, New Brunswick south to
Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe.

_Part used._--Herb of this and of other species of Galium
(nonofficial).

Gallweed. See _Gentiana quinquefolia_.

Garden-balm. See _Melissa officinalis_.

Garden-celandine. See _Chelidonium majus_.

Garden-columbine. See _Aquilegia vulgaris_.

Garden-valerian. See _Valeriana officinalis_.

Garget. See _Phytolacca decandra_.

=Gaultheria procumbens= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

Wintergreen; checkerberry; mountain-tea; teaberry; deerberry.

Small, native perennial, with evergreen leaves, found in sandy
soils in cool, damp woods, especially under evergreen trees, in
Canada and the northeastern United States.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial); the oil of gaultheria,
distilled from the leaves, is official.

Gay-feather. See _Lacinaria scariosa_ and _L. spicata_.

Gelsemium. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.

=Gelsemium sempervirens= (L.) Ait. f. =Logania family (Loganiaceae)=.

Gelsemium; yellow jasmine; Carolina jasmine; wild woodbine.

Twining, shrubby perennial, native, growing on low ground in woods
and thickets from eastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly
near the coast.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

Gemfruit. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.

Gentian, American. See _Gentiana saponaria_.

Gentian, blue. See _Gentiana saponaria_.

Gentian, five-flowered. See _Gentiana quinquefolia_.

Gentian, horse-. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.

Gentian, marsh-. See _Gentiana villosa_.

Gentian, snake-. See _Nabalus serpentarius_.

Gentian, soapwort-. See _Gentiana saponaria_.

Gentian, stiff. See _Gentiana quinquefolia_.

Gentian, straw-colored. See _Gentiana villosa_.

Gentian, striped. See _Gentiana villosa_.

Gentian, white. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.

_Gentiana catesbaei_ Walt. Same as _Gentiana saponaria_.

_Gentiana ochroleuca_ Froel. Same as _Gentiana villosa_.

_Gentiana quinqueflora_ Lam. Same as _Gentiana quinquefolia_.

=Gentiana quinquefolia= L. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Gentiana quinqueflora_ Lam.

Stiff gentian; five-flowered gentian; agueweed; gallweed.

Native, annual plant, 1 to 2 feet in height, growing in pastures
and other open situations from Maine to Michigan, south to
Florida and Missouri.

_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).

=Gentiana saponaria= L. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.

_Synonym_.--_Gentiana catesbaei_ Walt.

American gentian; blue gentian; soapwort-gentian.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high; in wet soil, Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Florida.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Gentiana villosa= L. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Gentiana ochroleuca_ Froel.

Striped gentian; straw-colored gentian; marsh-gentian;
Sampson’s-snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 6 to 18 inches high; in shaded places,
Middle and Southern States.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Geranium. See _Geranium maculatum_.

=Geranium maculatum= L. =Geranium family (Geraniaceae)=.

Geranium; wild crane’s-bill; spotted crane’s-bill; wild geranium;
spotted geranium; alum-root.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high; found in low grounds and
open woods from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.

_Part used._--Rhizome (official).

Geranium, spotted. See _Geranium maculatum_.

Geranium, wild. See _Geranium maculatum_.

=Geum rivale= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Water-avens; purple avens.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, occurring in swamps and
wet meadows from Canada to Pennsylvania and Colorado, especially
in the Northern and Middle States.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

Ghostflower. See _Monotropa uniflora_.

_Gillenia trifoliata_ Moench. Same as _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.

Gill-over-the-ground. See _Glecoma hederacea_.

Ginger, Indian. See _Asarum canadense_.

Ginger, wild. See _Asarum canadense_.

Gingerroot. See _Tussilago farfara_.

Ginseng. See _Panax quinquefolium_.

=Glecoma hederacea= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Nepeta glechoma_ Benth.

Ground-ivy; gill-over-the-ground; catfoot; field-balm.