Chapter XVIII: Part 18

_I restore to you your thing_, sókălagh harret enak.

_They make them go back_, isokalén-ten.

_He did not return my salute_, war hay isōkal essălām.

_I replace the sword_, esókalagh tákŏba.

_The copying (of a book)_, asăkal.

_Shut the door_, sókel tefalwat.

_I shut the door_, sókălagh tefalwat. [_Properly_, turn _the
door_.]

[Note: _Isóḳal_, causative, from _iḳḳal_, he turned (neuter). _Asoḳel_, utterance, is like _reddere voces_ for _edere._]

26. _He does not speak distinctly_, ital elis enis [_he has wrapt (or
involved) his tongue_].

_He rattles [stammers?]_, enta ahedendán.

_She rattles [stammers?]_, tehádendán.

[Note: _Ḍenḍan_, or _ṭenṭan_, to ring or rattle, is Kab. and Arab., and Lat., _tinnio_.]

27. _Thou talkest much_, ke hek takalt.

_I prattle_, nek et-hahe takalt.

[Note: _Taḳalt_ is perhaps formed from Arabic. _Awal_ (vox), for _ḳul_, is the Kabáíl.]

28. _I want to whisper_, erhēgh asimmetiktĭkāgh.

[Note: Root _tiktik_; the _m_ is reciprocal, and _s_ causative.]

29. _I am eloquent_, orādagh.

_Eloquence_, erkōd [eghrōd?]

_A speech_, meggĕred.

_He is eloquent_, isrād elis enis [_he made-eloquent his tongue_].

_I praise_, egeriddagh.

_He harangues them_, imeggĕred dassen.

[Note: Perhaps from Arabic, _ghered_, he warbled, the guttural suffering obliteration.]

30. _I inquire_, esistănagh.

_Ask him the news_, sistent fel isălen. (Ar. saal, _he asked_.)

31. _Seek thou_, ummagh [_Kab._ ūnāg.]

_He sought for_, yummagh, yesummagh.

_I seek your advice_, nek summaghekay tanhād.

32. _Give us advice_, ager tanhā(d?)

_I advise you_, egerākay tanhād.

_Advice_, tanhād.

——, takshit [_secrecy_].

_I tell you this secretly_, inneghak awādagh istakshit.

_We confer between ourselves_, neger tanhād gerēnagh.

_You must not repeat it to anyone_, war tíntennit (_or_ war
tisellit) awādem.

[Note: _Ger_, throw, cast, in Kab. and Temght. _Neger tanhād_, we cast advice. In the forms _summaghekay_ (31.), _egerakay_ (32.), _irhekāy_ (33.), _yūfekē_ (35.) we see that the Tawárek use the nominative _kay_ or _kē_ for (thee) the accusative after a verb [reserving the Kabáíl suffix _ak_ for the dative (tibi)?], and the final _gh_ of the 1st pl. is absorbed by _k_. Thus, irhēkay = erhēghkay.]

33. _I will, I like_, irhēgh.

_I like, love you_, irhēkay.

_I like not_, wúr terhagh [_or_, wur-t-erhagh, _I like him not?_]

[Note: _Irha_, in Ghad. is _ifráú_, in Kab. is _īra_. The word is evidently the Berber correlative of Arab, _ifrahh_, he rejoiced; which the Kabáíl dialect uses side by side with _ira_.]

34. _I can_, edōbegh, dōbegh.

[Note: _Idōb_ (he is able) must be inferred. Hence also, _adăbīb_, expert, pl. _idábăben_; and a new verb, _idăbab_, he is expert.]

35. _We surpass him_, nūfe-t. [So in _Shilha_.]

_This man surpasses you_, halis wādagh yūfekē.

_It is better than_, yūfa.

36. _It is useful_, yĭnfa. [_Arab._ yinfʿa.]

——, ahitenfa.

_It is gone, finished_, yimmĕdi.

_It is enough_, yúggeda.

_It is suitable_, [initúëgi?]

_It is impossible_, awar initúëgi.

_There is_, yilē.

37. _What shall I do?_ ma diknegh?

_He who_ makes _shoes_, wa _yekannen_ ibúshegan.

_We did it_, neknīt.

_It may be_, imōkan (_is feasible_).

[Note: _Ken_, do thou! fac! (Ben Músa’s Temght.)]

38. _The stars_ shine _forth_, ităren _iknān_ ebarbar.

_This day is very fine_, ashel idagh _ikna_ téshel dĕje.

_It is wonderful_, takōnit.

[Note: _Ikna_, it shone? _Iken_, he made?]

39. _I have done for thee_, egéaghak.

_I have committed sin_, egégh ébăket.

_They have formed a line_, égen ăfōd.

_I do [have done?]_, iggegh.

_I_ mend _a rent_, tagagh tikist.

_Make for me a pretty song_, egāhi anaya ihŏsken. [_Prod. Son._
ahas nigge, _ut ei faciamus_].

_Thou hast done wrong_, tegēt tellĕbist.

_I have done (a good thing) for you_, tagaghak.

_Thou hast done me a wrong_, tagaihi tellĕbist: [she _has done
me?_].

_Shall I_ fasten _the horse?_ agyagh ais? [_Shall I_ do _the
horse?_]. See 186.

_Ye have put this for me_, tegimāhi tetid.

[Note: Aj (اج) is Ghadámsi for do thou! In Shilha, _igā_, factum est; in Temght it is active, _egit_. The word seems to be lost in Kabáíl. (See _etagagh_ and _ig_ in 47.)]

40. _Do not do this_, kissinādi?

_A good thing_, harret ulāgen.

[Note: _Yūlāgen_, good, handsome, is participial; allied, I think, to _yūlehe_, it suits, it is like; in Kab., _elhū_, be thou good; with Venture, _ilha_, he was handsome or good.]

41. _Stand up!_ ebde [so _Kab._ and _Arab._].

_I halt, stand still_, ebdĕdagh.

_Rise!_ enker [so _Shilha_].

_I rise_, enkĕragh.

_A rising_, tennakrat.

_Sit down_, akīm [agīm, aghīm, _Kab._]

_I sit down, remain_, ekēmagh.

_We have remained long_, nekkīm egēn.

_Do not stay!_ ur tákkĕme.

[Note: In Kab., _enker_ becomes _ekker_.]

42. _I bow, stoop_, edunkeagh.

_Lie down!_ gen [so _Kab._].

_He lay down_, igen.

_Cause the camel to lie!_ siggen amĕnis.

_I rest myself_, insegh.

_I pass the night_, insegh. [So _Kab._]

_I lie on the side_, insegh s alărin.

[Note: _Alar in_, my side? Elsewhere, _edis_, side.]

43. _Sitting with bent legs_, tinekaráft.

_Sit thou with bent legs_, senekaraffet.

[_He piqueted a camel_, ikerāf amĕnis.]

_Sit thou with elbows on knees_, asíbăkēt.

_Sitting with elbows on knees_, tasbíkkit.

_Sit like Egyptian statues_, asirte-rábărīn.

44. _I lie in bent form_, anékămegh.

_I lie on the face_, abumbéagh.

_The boat is capsised_, toraft tebumbay.

_I upset (a boat)_, subumbéagh.

_I lie outstretched_, ezárăgagh.

[_(The head) is rested_, irammagh?]

_I rest the head_, eserámmaghagh.

_Resting the head_, terámmeghet.

45. _Wink to him the eye_, enrĕrās tēṭ; ensĕgās tēṭ.

_I twist up my face_, asikaniagh edymmĕni.

_Blink thou_, aunarōnagh.

_Blinking_, tenirónăghat.

_I start up from having a vision_, émănomawagh.

_I shut my eyes, and have a vision_, emaunaagh.

[Note: _Asikaniagh_ perhaps means _I aim, I point_; as _asikken_, aiming with a gun.]

46. _I am sleepy_, tenedōmagh.

_I doze(d)_, enuddemagh.

_Sleep_, ētis, édis (éṭis).

_He is asleep_, iṭās, iḍās.

_I want to sleep_, irhēgh éḍis.

_Sleep is upon me_, ehaihe éḍis.

_I dreamed_, ehorgeagh.

_A dream_, táhorgēt.

[Note: In Kab., _nuddam_, slumber, and _iṭes_, sleep; _yūrga_, he dreamed, _tergīt_, a dream, _tērgīt_ (or _tergh-it?_), a coal.]

47. _I start up (from a dream)_, iggedagh; ebórderit [ebordegh-it?].

_I snore_, esákhăregh.

_Snoring_, asakhādu.

_I breathe_, esínfosagh.

_I make a long breath_, etagagh infas makkōren.

_He put his hands into his armpits_, ig ifāsenis dag tidardagh
enis.

[Note: _Iggedagh_ is, I flew (214.), I leapt. _Infas_ is probably imported from Arabic.]

48. _Go thou!_ mūs: síkel.

_I go [went?]_, egeléagh.

—— [_travelled?_] esókalagh.

_A traveller_, amasōkal.

_I walk_, ergāshagh.

_Let him go!_ éyit errĕgesh!

_I take a ride_, ushirgĕshagh.

[Note: _Mūs_, move thou. For in Delaporte I find _itemmusu_, s’agite; _asemmusegh_, je remue. In the Prod. Son, _mus_ = _semm_, to name or call. The root _sh-rgsh_ seems to me formed from _rgsh_. So _sh-krsh_ from _krsh_; the last radical being prefixed.]

49. _I go on horseback_, egeléagh nāyagh.

_He rides_, etinne(y).

_Mount ye!_ annĭyet!

_Cattle for riding_, innemenniyen.

[Note: _Ināy_, he rides, is the root suggested by the above, and is confirmed by _amnāy_, a rider, in Delaporte and Venture. In a passage of Zwawa (Kabáíl) in De Slane, _inig_ seems to me to mean _he rode_. Are _nāyagh_ and _etinnegh_ two forms of the present? Or is _nāyagh_, I rode? In 62., _néyagh_, I ride.]

50. _I go sporting_, egeléagh ahuyye.

_A sportsman_, amahāyen (plur.?).

_I go by water_, esákalagh dar eghírrëu [_I travel by the river_].

_I go by land_, elílagh esalīm; perhaps, _I follow by the shore_
(_asarīm_ in vocab., but _alim_ in 224.).

_Following_, alīlen. (105. 201.)

_Straight_, isellīlet.

_Even, flat_, selīlen, nesauel.

_Free_, alīl.

_Freed_, nellīl.

51. _I come_, asagh.

_I arrive_, ussēgh.

——, wāṭagh, wāḍagh.

_We are arrived_, newāṭ.

_Come!_ iyu! (_Tad._); mellīt. (_Awelm._)

[Note: In Kab., _yūsa_, he came; _ūsīgh_, I am come. Here, _asagh_ and _ussīgh_ might seem different in tense. _Iwwat_, in Kab., he approached.]

52. _We went [we passed]_, nikka.

_The ball_ passed _his head_, tesawe _tŏke_ eghaf enis.

_I wish to go_, irhēgh tikaut.

_I flee, shun_, egewuaṭagh.

_He fled_, igĕwaṭ.

[Note: _Ikka_, he passed, he went; Kab. and Shil.: _arīgh dakagh_, I wish to go, Temght of Ben Músa.]

53. _I go in, enter_, eggĭshagh.

_Come in to the tent!_ eggish ehen!

_The rain enters the tent_, aman éskăran dar ehen.

_He went up and down_, imgha.

_He went down_, imki (in 209.).

_I go about_, tamaghagh.

——, kelin falánnagh.

[Note: _Eskăran_, in Kab., “doing,” faciens. _Imagha_, he went _up_ (Kab.); he went _down_ (Ben Músa’s Temght); he went _up and down_ (Delaporte’s Shilha); and here.]

54. _I go out [went out]_, ebarberagh.

_The stars shine out_, ităren iknan ebarbar.

_The moon comes out_, ayōr ibarbar.

_I come out of the boat_, tabárbaragh tóraft.

_Set them loose!_ simbăra!

[Note: _Barbar_, extra, might seem a formative from Arab. _barra_; but the native root is _ebru_ in Kabáíl, which exists side by side with _barra_. There is _ibra_, dimisit, repudiavit; _inebran_, repudium; _aberru_, manumissio; _innabra_, emisit (?); _sinabra_, perhaps the same as _simbara_ above.]

55. _Run! hasten!_ oshal, figgedigdig, akkĕra fedigdig.

_I run_, oshălagh, olékwualégh.

_Come back [to me] quick!_ kalāhi shik.

_I return, come back_, ekālagh [ḳalāhi, eḳālagh (?). So _Kab._,
iḳḳal, _he turned himself_. See 25. above].

_Come near!_ ahaz!

_I approach_, áhĕzagh.

[Note: _Oshal_ is _ūzal_ of Kab., correlative to _ʿujel_ of Arabic. _Lekwual_ is like _leklek_ (to trot) of Arabic, for which we have _kelkel_ in Kab. _Shik_ is _zik_ of Kab.]

56. _He started early_, inshaya.

_You start early_, tinshayat, (subst.) tanshit.

_I start early_, ismargărēgh.

—— inshēgh semmūt [_semmūṭ_, cold, fresh?].

_Early to-morrow_, ashikken semmūt.

_I start in the afternoon_, eduēgh, (subst.) tádŭit.

_I wish to start late_, erhēgh tádŭit.

57. _You start to-morrow morning from Timbúktu_, ke tinshayat ashikke
dag Timbutku.

_You pass the heat in Kábara_, tekĕlét te Kábarăten [you _broil_].

_You start in the afternoon from Kábara_, ke teduēt dag te
Kábarăten.

_You lodge in Lenga_, temendagh Lenga.

_We pass the heat_, nikkĕla [_we broil_].

_Where do we pass the heat to-day?_ indegh dihau demáde nikkel
ashel idagh?

[Note: _Ikĕla_ is here _iḳĕla_, Arabic _ḳala_, he broiled. Brosselet gives as Kab. _eḳlu_, broil thou; perhaps a root common to both languages. _Eḳḳel_ is the imperative for Turn yourself. In fact, to turn and to roast may be modifications of one root.]

58. _We lodge for the night_, nemendagh.

_I pass the night (I rest)_, insēgh (42.).

_Where (is it) that we shall rest this night_, endeg dihā
_dihennas_ ehaḍ idagh? [read _dinennas?_]

[Note: _Edag_ or _edagh_, a place: (_edeg iyen_, one place; _annagh edak?_ what place?) _Dāj_, house with yard in Ghadámsi, which = Arab _dār_. _Idegh_, he dwelt? (_Irhan adedekken Bosebango_, they want to dwell at Bosebango) To this root I am disposed to refer _emendagh_. _Izdegh_, he dwelt, is the Kabáíl.

_Ehad_, night, must be _ehaḍ_. It is _efaḍ_ of Ghadámsi, _egheḍ_ of Wadreagh, _yīeḍ_ of Delaporte, _yīṭ_ of Hámed, &c. _Tegīt_ in the Tuareg (Temght) of Hodgson. The root is seen in Arab. غطا, obscura fuit nox.]

59. _Thou dost not keep the path_, war tóherit. [Qu. from
_Turco-Arab._, dōghere, _straight?_]

_I lose my way_, ebehāhi eberīk.

_He has lost his way_, ebehās eberēk [_fefellit eum via_].

[_Ibāhe_, it misleads; _ibehe_, it misled?]

_False_, bāho.

_Liar_, wambāho.

_Renowned_, anesbāho [_boasted of extravagantly?_].

[Note: _Yoher_, he has kept the track? _Eberīk_, road, is Temght of Ben Músa; in Kab. _ebrid_, in Arab. _derb_.]

60. _He has found his way_, enta iggĕro abárrăka.

_I am tired_, ildāshagh.

_Weariness_, ilídish.

_I am_ very _tired_, ildāshagh húllen húllen.

_My bones are shattered_, nek tatáktărau eghasánnini.

[Note: _Iggera (Igra)_, it lighted upon, is surely Arabic _jera_. The ō in _iggĕro_ may even be the Arabic pronoun _him_. [? H.B.]

_Tataktarau_ seems akin to _karrau_ or _kaurau_, to be torn, _t_ being inserted as in the Arabic 8th form, not a Berber practice. The root is not unlike _zarau_; see below.]

61. _Exhaustion_, temánkīt.

_I repose_, eḳēmagh dissūn.

—— adehāgegh fessagh.

_Let us repose a little_, nehāget andurren.

[Note: _Temankīt_. Compare _War itemanākit_, lest it hurt (him). Perhaps from _naka_. _Dissun_, my side? _Edis_, side; _uni, eni_, of me.]

62. _I ride a horse_, néyagh aïs. (49.)

_I dismount_, ezōbegh. (66.)

_Dismount ye_, zōbet.

_I make the camel lie down_, esiggănagh amĕnis.

_Make thy camel lie_, siggen amĕnis innek.

_I drive my horse on_, egedémmegh aïsin.

[Note: _Zōb_ in this sense is found in Brosselard; but the Kabáíl and Shilha for it is _uguz, ukuz, eggiz_. See _ged, gōz_ in 70., and oftener _kōz_ in 99.

_Egedemmegh_, perhaps (Arab. _Qedem_) I cause to go in front.

_Aïsin_, for _aïs-ini_ (see end of 65.), is only a clipt pronunciation.]

63. _I go fast_, égelegh shik.

_I make my horse trot_, eshisheriwuēgh aïsin.

_I keep back my horse_, esamásănagh aïsin.

_I make him gallop_, etegeriwuēgh aïsin.

_I take a ride_, ushírgeshagh; adsummorómaragh.

[Note: _Eshisheriwuēgh, etegeriwuēgh_, seem to show _wuēgh_ as marking the 1st person of a causative verb, when the root ends in _au_. _Shisherau_, perhaps, denotes frequentative alternative movement, nearly as _sheresherau_, to work the pump-handle.

_Esámăsan_, causative, from _amăsan?_

_Etegeriwūegh_ (I set loose?) has _et_ to mark present tense. I make the root _igherau_, it is easy: whence _egheraugh_, I am easier, _yeherowen_, easy; _iharowen_, spacious.

_Adsummorómaragh_ seems to be a causative from a frequentative root _mormor_. _Ad_ marks present time.]

64. _I will go into a boat_, erhēgh ogish-n-tóraft [_I desire the
entering of a boat_].

_I entered a boat_, egĭshagh tóraft.

_I get on the sand_, tarásănagh taméllelt.

_We have got on the sand_, urannar-n-akal.

_I disembark_, tabarbăragh tóraft.

[Note: _Tarásănagh_ (from _yarăsan_,) he touched? he grazed? _Tursar_ (211.), ran aground.]

65. _Do we cross in a boat?_ nisger is tóraft?

_Or have we to go on foot?_ mēr essi sídaránnanagh?

_I cross a river_, isgeragh.

_I ford a river_, nek yer teawent.

_Take my horse through the river_, kuletāhi aïseni.

[Note: _Essi_ may seem to be the Latin num, an, as _is_ in Delaporte’s Kabáíl.

_Isger_ is _izger_ in Kabáíl, perhaps more correct.

_Yer_ may seem to be for _yegh_, first person of a verb, so as to mean “I keep the ford” (_teawent_ is a ford); but _eyyi_, in Barth, means let, leave, being the Kabáíl _ejji_.

_Kulet_, plural, from root _kul?_ Compare _ikel_, he marched: or is _t_ radical?]

66. _I pass a town_, kayetánnagh.

_Shall we sleep in Kabara, or pass it?_ awak nemendagh e
Kábaraten, mer nokaitenit?

_I alight (and take quarters) at the house of a certain man_,
ezubbegh rōr halis iyen.

_I climb down_, nek azúbbegh.

_Mohammed E’ sghīr [probably?] will lodge with El Bakáy_, Mohammed
eṣṣghīr kodōsen azubbet rōr El Bakáy.

[Note: _Ikáyetan_, he passed. Compare _ikka_, 52., and _yukaine_, 147.

_Awak_, Latin “utrum?” _Mer_, “an.”

_Imendagh_, he lodged? See 58.]

67. _I change my dwelling_, ehōnagh.

_The Tademékket have transferred their encampments at Gundam to
Bosebango_, Tademekket ijóënit ahónenit rōr Gundam, irhan
adedekken Bosebango.

[Note: _Yehōn_, he encamps? moved his camp? (_Ehe, ehan_, a tent.) _Ijóënit_ and _ahónenit_ seem two verbs of same tense? _enit_, marks 3rd pl. fem.

_Adedekken_ = _adedeghghen?_ See 58.]

68. _I swim_, shāfagh.

_Do you understand swimming?_ ke tezay elíshaf?

[Note: _El-ishaf_. If _el_ is here the Arabic article, _shāf_ ought to be imported Arabic. Golius has _zāf_, explicuit alas ac caudam; which easily becomes _natavit_. _Ke tezay_ = _tezayt_, it seems. In 89., _ezay_ = _esan_, he understood.]

69. _I dance_, dellillagh.

_I play_, edellagh.

_He understands dancing extremely well_, issan dellul yulāghen
hullen.

[Note: Kab., _zullel_, to pirouette. In Shilha, _adilalan_, teaching, is from Arab. _dell_, a different root.]

70. _I spring_, tágĕdagh.

_I spring over a ditch_, agédĕregh átĕras atukkēk.

_He jumped down from his camel_, egedārit fel tārik. [_Fel_ is
upon: _down_ must be in the verb.]

[Note: _Tágedagh_ (also), I fly; _iggeḍ_, he flew; see 47. _Egedārit_ and _agédĕregh_ are from another verb, _igeḍer_, or even _iḍer_, if _ag_ here marks tense. Ider, he came down, as in Kab. iṭer.

_Ateras_ = _Ader-as?_

_Atukkēk_, a ditch.]

71. _I climb up (a mountain, a tree)_, tewīnagh (adar, ehíshk).

_I limp [sink down?]_, agōzeagh.

_I get_ down? agōzeagh.

_The thief climbed up the house in the night, and dropt into the
middle of it_, amakărad awen tárashām das ehad, atarăkat dar
amásenis.

_I fall_, nōda(gh) (see 104.), nistrekegh.

_He fell_, isĕtrek, atarákătet.

_I threw down_, satarakegh.

[Note: _Iwwen_, Ghad., he went up; and Kab., _thasawint_, an eminence. _Auen_ here = _iwwen_.

_Das?_ some preposition.

_Aṭarak_, drop; _isaṭarak_, he threw down, let drop; yet _isĕtrek_ neuter verb.]

72. _I trip, stumble_, tersellădagh, nek agértătúf.

_I slide down_, nek abúrzazawerit. [See _eborderit_ in 47.]

_I strip my hand of skin_, azelébbegh.

_I limp_, ehiāgagh.

_That camel limps with his right foot_, amenis wādagh éhiak s
aḍar-n-arēl.

[Note: _Irsellad_, he struck the foot against.

_Agégh taṭuf_, I have made _a catching_.

_Aḍar-n-arēl_, foot of the right.]

73. _I sing_, nek egananásehak.

_Do the Tawárek sing?_ Imóshăghe igananásehak?

_They are very fond of singing_, irhánne adigérĕshen tárezēk
hullen.

_They have their peculiar songs_, entenet lan tarezék imánnesen.

_Sing me a nice song_, auiyāhi asāhak ihōsken; egāhe anaya
ihōsken.

[Note: _Asĕhak_ = _azĕghak_ = _aghĕzak_ by transposition; a song, or singing? Also _anaya_, a song. In _nek eganan_ we must see the participle _iganan_, canens; but _eganan_ is canunt: for _eghannan?_ the root is Arabic, _ghann_.

_Tarezēk, tarezzek_ = _taghezēk_.

_Irhánne_ = _irhan_, they love; see 33.

_Lan_, there were? = _ellan_.

_Adigereshen_ implies _igeresh_, he recited? Compare _gher_; and _ghered_, warble, as Arabic.]

74. _I laugh_, dāzagh, tedāzagh.

_Thou laughest too loud_, ke hik tadís lebāset [_tu, est tibi
risus pravus_].

_Much laughing is not becoming_, tádasit tegēt war tawége.

[Note: _Yedez_, he laughed (B. M.’s Temght).

_Tadīz, tádazit_, laughter.

_Lebāset_ must be feminine for _lebāsent_, from _ilabāsen_, bad.

_Tegēt_ for _tegent_, fem., from _egen_, much. But, in 39, _tegēt_, thou hast done.

_Wége_ also seems to be a root (compare Arab. _wejeh_,—qu. spectabilis est) for decuit. Hence fem. _tauége_; and _war inîtúegi_, it cannot be, (it will not do).]

75. _I smile_, asibáksagh.

_A smile_, tibeksit.

_I cry out_, egerēgh [egherēgh].

_[I] moan_, tenétĕkēt, tehénĕfēt.

_I weep_, halāgh.

_Why do you weep?_ mefel tehālit? mas hālit?

_Do not weep_, war telhēt.

[Note: _Gher_ (here as in Kab.), is to call, to cry, to read; uniting Hebrew _ḳara_, call, and Arabic _ḳara_, read. The _ḳ_ is often found for _gh_; Hodgson says, wrongly.

_Ihāl_, he weeps; compare Heb. and Ar. _hallel_, and Engl. wail. In Delaporte’s Shilha, _allan_, weeping, _isillan_, causing to weep; _h_ omitted.]

76. _I am silent_, esósanagh.

_Be silent_, sūsin.

[Note: In Kab. _sūsim_, be silent. Compare Arab. _ṣamat, siluit_; _ṣamm_, obturavit, os repressit.]

77. _I am sorry_, nek ezenesjūmo.

_I [?] am vexed_, igrawent nisgam.

_Do not be vexed, ease your mind [lift up your heart?]_, sūli
ulhinnek.

[Note: _Anesgum_, or rather _anezgum_, seems to mean sorrow (as in Kab.); but for the verb nothing nearer appears than Arab. _hazan_, of which I have thought it an inverted corruption. _Nek ezenesjūmo_, for _nek es enezgūm-o_, I (am) _in my_ sorrow?

_Igrau-ent_, see 60.

_Suli_, in Kab., lift up, cause to rise.

_Ulhi_, heart (Kab. _uli_), Arab. _ḳalb_, Heb. _lib_, display the same elements, though in disguise.]

78. _I do not dissemble_, isákănagh imāni [_I show myself_].

[_He dissembles_], war sékĕne imánnis.

_You dissemble_, tesírmărăday.

_I am content, I allow, permit_, ekebēlagh. (_Arab., Kab._)

79. _I trust_, efelāsegh.

_Confidence_, tefĕlist, tifíllas.

_He confided_ (in _African Arabic_), falash (_seems to be the same
root_).

_I am merry_, nek ellĕwe.

[Note: _Ellewegh_, I am merry. Elsewhere, _illewen_, they were merry. _Teslauit_, lætificasti. _Olewet_, happy; _olúa_, fem. _tolúa_, wide, spacious; qu. laxus, lagus, liber. Also frequentative, _lüelüe_, it was let go? See 97.]

80. _I pity him_, nek egĕras [egĕghas?] tehānit.

_I do not pity him_, urhas ger [gegh?] tehānit.

_Have mercy on me_, adenāhi tehānit.

_I am angry_ }
} etkāragh, eggesh āhe Eblīs.
(_Satan has entered me_), }

_Why are you angry with me?_ mas ke, tĕjés falē (_or_ felāhi)
atkar.

[Note: _Teḥānit_ would recall Heb. and Arab. _ḥann_.

_Eger, ger_, perhaps for _egegh_, I make.

_Aden-ahi_, spread over me?

_Etkār, atkar_, should be _etkakh_, or rather _etkaḥ, atkaḥ_, but the Tawárek cannot sound ḥ. It is Kab. _echchaḥ_, Arab. _ajjaḥ_. But _etkar_ means “full;” Kab. _echchur_. See 103.

_Tejés_ = _tegesh_, enters?]

81. _He dishonoured him_ before _all the world_, tezĕmit dedēsin idĭnet
rúrret.

_I slight you_, tézĕmegh fellek, nek tezémăkay.

[_Slight, dishonour_], tisĕmīt.

_He has dishonoured me_, enta tezémăhi.

_I fear_, eksōdagh.

_Do not fear_, ur teksōk [teksōd].

_Do not tremble_, ur termāga.

_Thou art impatient, unsteady_, ke termādet.

_I hide myself_, efāragh imāni; bikegh imāni; esíddăkik.

_I cover my face with my hands_, hăragh idĕmín.

[Note: _Tesĕmegh, tezĕmegh_. Root, _ezem_ (deficiency, Kab.?). _Izem_, he slighted; _itezem_, he slights. _D edēs in-_, at side of?

_Termāga_: but _terimmek_, anxiety (with _k_), and _termādet_ (with _d_). In Kab. _ergīgi_, tremble.

_Esiddakik_ (-kigh? -ghigh?). From _sideris_ (sideghis?), “secretly,” we might lay down _sidegh_, as the root. But _ised eghaf ĕnis_, “he hides his head,” gives us simply _ised_, he hides, and _esiddakik_, I hide _thee_.

_Idemin_, perhaps, is dual, Two cheeks; Barth has _idémăwen_ (139.) for faces, pl.: root _udem_, cheek, face, Kab.]

82. _I take care_, ugăsagh.

_Beware of that man_, ehéwet halis wādagh, agas-n-niet.

_He is of a treacherous disposition_, erádar (eghádar?).

_I do not care_, war ekōlagh.

_Take care of the luggage_, agis ílălen.

[Note: _Ehewet_ = _egeweṭ_, of 52. “shun.”

_Niet?_ [In Delaporte’s Shilha the word means “even,” _même_.]

_Ikōl_, he cares. Compare the Hausa verb _kula_, to care, in the Rev. Mr. Schön’s vocabulary, and _ekull_ in 104.]

83. _I wait for you_, ezēdargh fillek.

_Wait for him_, zedar filles.

———— malărēn?

_He is impatient_, enta war izēdar.

84. _I recall to mind (my friends)_, nek esimmiktăghēt imaraweni.

_I am not thinking at all_, war inēhi ábĕlu. (_Thought does not
find me?_)

_I remember_, nek esimmesúyăkal (?) _or_ kagh (?)

[Note: _Iktha_, cogitavit, seems to be the Kab. root. Hence _imekthi_, secum reputavit; and here, _isimmikti_, the causative.

_Imarau-eni_, my friends? my sorrows? Elsewhere _immerauen_, mutual weeping: root, _ru_, sobbing, Kab. But _imidaueni_, my friends (Prod. Son); _imīdi_, a friend.

_Esimmesúyakagh_, suggests a root, _suyak_ or _uyak_; but _esimmesúyaghak_ (I remember _thee_) a root _suya_. Both are strange to me.]

85. _I have forgotten_, etuagh.

_Thou hast forgotten_, tetuat.

_Forgetfulness_, tatat.

_I am accustomed to ——_, nek esilmadărak isūl-n-——.

_I am accustomed to smoke much_, nek eshuaragh almeddak tesesēn
taba [_cœpi discam haustum tobacci_].

_I teach you_, nek esalmádakay.

[Note: _Itu_, he forgot, Kab.

_Ilmed_ (Arab. and Heb.), he learned; _isilmed_, he taught; here, he learned.

_Esilmadărak_ has a syllable too much; read _esilmadagh_. Then, _akisūl_ or _isūl_ means custom?

_Almeddak_ = _Almeddagh_, (ut) discam.

_Ishuar_ is for Kab. _izwar_, he began. So _teshuar torau_, incipit pariat = parturīt.

_Tesēs en taba_; _én_ is the prep. “of?”]

86. _I know_, sánagh.

_I do not know_, ur essánagh.

_Do you not know?_ ke war tessīnat?

_I am puzzled_, nek amdéggēg.

87. _I understand_, egerāhagh.

_I have not understood what you said_, war egerāhagh meggerīt.

_I understand a little Tarkíye_, egerāhagh andúrren da Temáshight.

_I cannot speak it_, war dōbegh assokel enis.

[Note: _Egerah_, understand thou? So _agrūhet_, science. It seems to be a pure native root, as _isen_, he knew.

_Meggerīt_ is explained by Barth as _me gerīt_ = _me gherit_; or, rather, _me teghrit_, what thou hast called out. _Meggered (meghered)_ is a harangue. See 29.

_Da_, not certain _Temáshight_, as _Imóshaghe_, for Kab. _Temazight_, _Imózagh_.

_Assokel_; see 25.]

88. _I am learning Tarkíye_, etátăragh almud en Temáshight [peto
doctrinam].

_I know the Kurán by heart_, ikfāsagh el Kurān; etāfagh.

[Note: _Itar_, petiit. In Kab. I know only the causative _isuthar_, petiit, which is common. De Slane, in a Berber (Shilha?) poem has _idder_ and _iter_; viz. _iwellik iddernin_, toi que l’on implore (τοῖς σε λισσομένοις?); and _win itran_, he who wishes (ὁ ζμτῶν).

_Ikfas_ is corrupt Arabic. _Ḥafiẓ_, حفظ.

_Eṭafagh_, I have caught or held fast, often has _w_, as though _waṭaf_ were the root. It is Arab. حطف, whether native or imported. Common in Kab. See another _etaf_ in 208.]

89. _Teach me Tefínaghen_, agimékkăhe Tefínaghen.

_I acquaint, inform you_, elárĕghak.

_I read_, nek raragh [gharagh].

_Read_, tégĕri [téghĕri].

_I have read with the most learned of the Kelissūk_, nek égĕrék
rōr el fakkíren Kelissūk ezay (esan) tégĕri hullen.

[Note: _Agīnek_, teach thou?

_Ilar_, he informed? _Ilagh?_ compare Ar. _lagha_, locutus fuit.

_Ezay_, peritus fuit; as appears by comparing this with 68. _Esan_ is _isan_, scivit, as in 86. The verb should be plural here? _Egerek_ = _eghĕregh_; and the vowel of the penultimate distinguishes the past tense from _gharagh_, present tense.]

90. _I write_, katăbagh. (Arab.)

_Written_, iktab.

_I count_, esedanagh.

_Counted_, isĕdan.

_Are these cowries counted, or not?_ timgel ídagh isédănen, mer
war isédănen?

_What is the name of this in Tarkíye?_ wādagh, innagh ismennis se
Temáshight?

_Your name?_ isménnek?

91. _I pray_, umādagh. [From _Arab._ _ʿamad_, which degenerated from
the idea of _confirming_ into the ecclesiastical _baptizing_.]

_Have you finished your prayer?_ ke tesýmdet timadénnek?

[Note: _Tesymdet_ belongs to an important root, _imĕda_, it is finished (36.); _imḍa_ in Delaporte’s Shilha. Barth has _ejumádade_, (the nights) are passed. Causative, _isimda_, he ended. Also _imende_ [= imemḍe?], (our food) is finished, gone. See further under 103.]

92. _(I) fold (my) hands [fingers]_, asimmékeris isíkkăden.

_Fold ye your hands_, simmekeríssit isíkkadenawen.

_I fast_, ezōmagh. [Arab. _ṣōm_.]

_Are you fasting?_ ke tazōmet?

93. _I have had, once I had_, kălā ille. [_Kălā_, once upon a time;
_ille_, there was? _rōri_ or _ghōri_ seems wanting.]

_I have not_, war rōr ille [read, _war rōri ille_].

_I have nothing to eat_, war iktĕfagh akshegh [_non sufficio
(quod) edam_].

[Note: _Kalā_, une fois; Kab. _thekkilt_; Shilha, _wal_.

_Iktefa_, seems to be the Arabic 8th form, from _kefa_, and not to be connected with _ikfa_, he gave, unless this is itself only a corruption of the Arabic verb.]

94. _I add, give more_, esewādagh.

_Add to me a little_, sewadāhi andúrren.

_I arrive_, wādagh [wāṭagh].

_We are arrived_, nuat [newāṭ].

_(The cold) decreases_, efenās.

_I lessen_, nek afenis-tennet (?).

—— (_of fluids_), esodébăragh.

[Note: _Sewad [sewaṭ]_ seems to me the causative of _iwaṭ_, a root common in Kab. Thus _iwaṭ_ accessit; _isewaṭ_, addidit.

_Andurren_, a little, combined with _madruīn_, small, gives a root _dru_. In Kab., _edrus_, a little. The _s_ must once have been a pronoun: _edrus_, a little _of it_. See also _endurret_, in 96., for young.]

95. _Bring me something_, auyohëēt harret.

_I bring it to you_, waueghakit.

_I leave, let_, nek ōyagh.

_Let him go (walk)_, eyit érrĕgesh.

[Note: In Kab, _awīd_, bring to me hither; _yūwi_, he brought, led.[91] _Auyohi_ must be formed of _auwi_, bring; _āhi_, to me. In 96., _awe_ (= _yūwi_) duxit, for _married_.

_Oyagh_ is a different verb, imperative.

_Eyyi_, let, leave; in Kab., _ejji_.]

96. _I set free a slave_, sidderfagh ákeli.

_A freed slave_, ákĕli néllil.

_A freedman_, adĕrif.

_I divorce a woman_, ezimmízeagh támate.

_I marry_, itidíbonagh.

_He has divorced his former wife_, izímmăze hannīs, tādagh rōris
tille [_quæ ei erat_].

_(And) has married a young girl_, awe taliad andúrret. (On _awe_,
see 95.)

[Note: _Néllil_, freed, from _alīl_, free. A root of very like sound is in 105., and another in 50. _Izimiz_; see in 81, _izem_, he dishonoured.

_Hannīs_, wife, and _halis_, man, are peculiar to Temght. [Qu. _halis_, a “fellow;” _hannis_, “his mate?”]

_Taliad_, lass; _iliad_, lad, are very like Arab. _welad_, son, which in Temght also appears as _abarad_.]

97. _I hold fast_, etāfagh.

_We take [lay hold of]_, nuttef.

_Catch it, hold it_, óttuft. (See 88.)

_Hold fast the cord_, ātef írriwi.

_Let go the cord_, selluelūe írriwi.

_I let go_, selluelūeragh.

[Note: _Sellueluer?_ But see 79.]

98. _Pluck off_, ekas.

_I take off, pluck_, ekăsagh.

_Raise, take away_, [tolle!] atkal.

_I carry off_, átkalagh.

_I put the load on the camel_, otāgergh ilălen fel ámĕnis; nek
etajejjegh ilălen.

[_He heaped things upon him_], egag fellas ilălen.

[Note: There are _four_ roots in Kab. with the radicals _ks_: (1.) _Ekkes_, aufer, exue; _ikkes_, exuit. (2.) _Eks_, pasce (pecus); _iksa_, pavit; _ikes_, pascit. (3.) _Ikes_, pupugit, momordit (serpens). (4.) _Eksu_, plica; _iksa_, plicuit; _ikessu_, plicat. To the 3rd I refer Delaporte’s _confregit_ arbores ventus. I have tried to resolve (2.) and (3.) into _vulsit, carpsit_. See also _iks_ in 167.; _ekos_, 213.

_Atkal_ at first seems to be the Arabic _thaqal_; but Ben Músa spells it with simple _k_, not _ḳ_. Yet _atkēl_, government.

In Ghad. _jejāq_ means laden. We have here a root _gag, gak_ or _gagh_, meaning to heap or load; frequentative, _jejegh_. _Otāgergh_ is present tense (for _otāgeghagh?_), and _etajejjegh_ apparently the frequentative.]

99. _I take the load (from the camel)_, etakōzagh ilălen; ezózebagh
ilălen (fel amĕnis).

_I put on the (horse’s) saddle_, nek ekĕral alakīf; nek esewăragh
alakīf.

_Put the saddle on_, sūar elakīf.

_I take the saddle off_, ekássagh elakīf. (98.)

[Note: _Etakōzagh_ might seem to mean, “I come down,” but it is here causative: as _ezózebagh_ for _esózebagh_, because (I suppose) _s_ becomes _z_ through the proximity of the other _z_. The roots _kōz, gōz, zob_ are named in 62.

_Fel_ (upon) is used both of taking down and putting up.

_Ekeralagh?_ _ekeral_, gird? In 160. _ireled_, he girded, which perhaps should be _igheled_.

_Sewar_, put on; and _et-awaragh_, I collect (102.), seem to be akin. But see _owar_, in 113.]

100. _I seek, look for_, étăragh. (88.)

_What do you look for?_ ma tetúrret?

_Search well_, ummagh hullen. (31.)

_I entreat, beg_, etāragh [another form of the present, for
etétăragh?].

101. _I send_, esōkegh.

_I call for_, ágaragh [ágheragh?]

_Call him_, ágĕret [agherēt?]

_I show_, esekĕnagh. [point out].

_Show me the road_, sekenāhi abarraka.

_I do not show you_, nek war esekenaghak.

[Note: _Isōka_, he sends, is possibly the causative of _ika_, he passed; fem. _tōka_.

_War esekenaghak_. Here, as in 105., the power of _war_ to attract the accus. pron. is neglected. Elsewhere, as in 106., 129, we have the Kabáíl or normal order.]

102. _I collect_, etawaragh.

_I hid [stored up?]_ etwāragh.

_I cover (my face with my hands)_, haragh.

[_We met there?_], nemōkas dis.

_Where did ye meet him?_ kawenit ēdagh atamókasem rōris? [_Vos,
quo loco convenistis ad eum?_]

_The people gather in one place_, idĭnet yemókăsen s edeg íyen.

[Note: _Imōkas_ is the only instance I have observed of _s_ and _r_ interchanging. In Brosselard we read _imugger_ and _imigger_, convēnit. In Delaporte the _g_ becomes _ḳ_. There is also in Kabáíl _imger_, he reaped, and _imger_, it was thrown; passive, from _ger_.]

103. _The market is full_, ewúet yétkar.

_The people go asunder_, idĭnet íbbedā.

_The tribe is scattered_, tausit tesímande.

[Note: Elsewhere, _asímande_, with a torn dress; _témminde_ (the tribe) is extirpated: _ezzud ímmende_, our provisions are gone. These three suggest that tearing and rending are the essence of a root _ímende_. But as this word means (the food) _is finished_, (see 91.), possibly all belong to the root _imĕda_, 36.]

104. _I [we?] salute you_, nigerak es sălām.

_Salute him_, ágĕras es sălām.

_I seize your hand_, aṭāfagh afōs enik.

_I embrace him_, ekúllĕghas.

_He fell on his neck, and kissed him_, yūdar fel erinnis ahāsi
timullut.

_I embrace his knees, (and) kiss them_, nekŏdēgh fel fadénnis,
ahāsen e timúllut.

_A kiss_, tamōlit [tamōlirt: tamōlight?].

_I kiss_, emólĕragh [emólĕghagh?].

[Note: _Ager-as_; either “_throw_ salute,” from _ger_, or “_cry out_ salute,” from _gher_; _aghĕras_. See 101.

_Ekull_, cherish thou? See _ekōl_ in 82. Different are _ikel_ (?), he marched, _iggel_, he turned aside, _igla_, he broiled: roots liable to confusion. Also _kūlet_ in 65.

_Odēgh_, I fall? _nōdagh_, we fall (71.), _war tidu_, lest thou fall; if to be so written denote a root. _Idu_ (compare _dau_, under.) But if _tidu_ is untrustworthy, _adar_, or rather _aṭar_, is the root; in Kab. to go down.

_Faden (ifaden?)_ pl. of _afōd_, knee?

_Aha_-sen. _Aha_ = _Aga_ of 39?

_Imōler (imōlegh)_, he kisses?]

105. _I follow thee_, nek elkamăkay.

_Follow him_, elkemt.

_I obey or follow_, nek elilal [elilagh].

_Does El Khadĭr obey the orders of Alkúttabu?_ El Khadír elīl
Alkúttăbu?

_He does not obey him_, war ýilkĕmit.

_I refuse to submit to thee_, nek ugarăghak sérhu.

_That tribe has revolted against their chief_, tausit tādagh
(tindegh) _irhēt_ amanōkal nissen.

[Note: _Elkem_ in Kab. “arrive.” Qu. may _ilkem_, “pertinuit,” explain the double use?

_Serhu_, victory, primacy. _Yūgar_ (Shilha and Kab.) “it exceeds,” and so once (I think) in Barth. Thus _ugaraghak serhu_ may seem to mean “supero tibi præstantiam.”

_Irhēt_. Barth suspects it should be “_war irhēt_,” loves not. Final _t_ is then useless. May not _t_ be radical, and _irhat_ mean _dejecit, excussit_?

_Amanōkal_, chief. _Tinmokolen_, they invest their chief, 125. _Atkēl_, government (spelt تكل by Ben Músa). These words, with the term “kél,” seem peculiar to Temáshight.]

106. _Help me!_ dehelāhi.

_I help you_, edehelaghak.

[Note: _Idĕhel_, he helped?]

107. _Make place [for me]_, shinkĕshin félle.

108. _I honour you_, esimgharăghak.

_He has not honoured me_, warhi isimghar.

[Note: _Isimghar_ (he made great), as in Kab. is from the root _meḳḳur_, great; the _k_ becoming _gh_ in the causative, as in some other verbs.]

109. _I bear witness to you_, egehăghak.

_Bear me testimony_, gehāhi.

_I swear_, ehādagh [_I swore?_].

_I swear_, ohādagh.

_I swear falsely_, ehādagh-s-bāho.

_He swore falsely_, yehad-s-bāho.

_I make peace between them_, etĕnagh tináhăren [_I speak goodness?
protection?_].

[Note: _Geh_, “testify thou,” shows the root of the Kab. _inige(h)_, a witness; in Shilha also _engi_.

_Tináhărēn_ is explained by Barth as “protection” and also “goodness.” Combine it with _ehĕri_, wealth, and perhaps with Arab. _kheir_, good, since _khĭr_ is common in Kab.]

110. _I go to law_, esherragh. (_Arab._)

————, nek amisten.

_I overcome you at law_, irnēghak se sheríat.

_I am cast in a suit_, etiwarnagh; (_the money is lost_), éhĕri
inekshe.

[Note: _Irna_ (Kab.), superavit, _irnu_, superfuit; two verbs which are hard to keep separate. (_Irna_ in Venture is, il triomphe.) Here we have active and passive, _irnēgh_, superari, _etiwarnagh_, superatus sum. See the preliminary remarks.

_Inekshe_, strictly, I think, “is eaten;” a sort of Niphal passive, from _ekshe_.]

111. _I praise_, egeriddagh.

—— (_thee?_), nek elakádăkay.

_I praise God_, gŏdēr Mesí [gŏdēgh?].

_I promise to you safe conduct; I engage to you my faith_,
egishĕrak alkawel.

_I will not betray (you)_, war ighadaragh.

_I break faith (with thee)_, nek irkshēdak alkawel.

_He has broken faith (with me)_, enta irkshedāhi alkawel: arzar da
alkawel.

[Note: On _egerid_ (_egherid?_), see 29.

_Elakádăkay_, from _ilakad?_

_Egisherak_, or _egishegh-ak?_ I enter to thee.

_Alkawel_ is corrupt Arabic. _Ghadar_ also is Arabic.

_Irkshed_ seems a mistake for _ighshen_ (a participial form), “deceiving” (see 115.), from Arabic _ghesh_, decepit.

_Arzar_: _irza_, he broke.]

112. _I have made him confess by some means or other_, nek esleákak
estiwit tézar alaretāhi gaway ōkar.

_I deny_, odelagh.

(_I refuse to you?_), nek odélakay, odélagh el khēr innek.

_I refuse to you_, nek endarākay.

_I punish you_, nek akazábăkay.

_He has refused (to) me_, indarāhi.

[_He refused to me speech concerning it?_], indarāhi meggered
sirs.

[Note: _Yōdel_, he denied?

_Indar_, he refused. So 218.

_Azab_, seems to be Arab. _ʿaḍab_, torment: but what is _ak_ before it? Does _k_ replace lost _ain_?]

113. _Pardon me!_ enshāhi.

_I pardon you_, enshāghak.

_Pardon me, O Lord!_ e Mesī, takfūt felle.

_Ransom him_, sókălas téffĕdaut enís.

_I wrong you_, nek ówaradakay [ówara_n_akay?].

_Thou wrongest me_, tówaradāhi.

[Note: _Insha_, he pardoned, recalls Arab. _nesa_, he forgot.

_Takfūt_, “thou hast forgiven,” as from _akfū_. The _k_ is a corruption of _ain_, from Arabic _ʿafu_.

_Teffedaut_, ransom, from Arab. _feda_.

_Sókălas_, return (repay) for him. See 25.

_Owar_, injure thou (?). _Towaraṭ_, 2nd pers.]

114. _I doubt, hesitate, am mistaken_, nek amdíggeg.

_I am not mistaken as to what I said_, nek war amdíggeg tidid, au
annēgh.

_Sins_, pl. ibakkăden.

_I commit sin_, nek eger [egegh] ebăkeṭ. [_Ghad._ Bekkăden,
_sins_.]

_I am authorised_, egelāyegh.

_I have been longing for you_, ezóweragh.

[Note: _Tidid_, true? truth?

_Au_ = _awwa_, that which.

_Ezoëragh_, from Arab. _zōr_, violence?]

115. _I disturb you_, nek ashelánakay.

_You disturb me_, ke teshledāhi: ke tekesadāhi makăna nawa kannak.

_Let me alone_, aiyāhi; (_trouble me not_), war shillāhi.

_I tickle_, nek akerittegh (témandan).

[Note: _Shela_, disturb, bustle. See _oshel_, 55. _Akeritti_ (tickle thou?). In Kab. _ekreṭ_, rake, scrape. Below, _karrauet_ is torn.]

116. _I envy thee_, nek munshéghakay.

_ʿAbidín envies Bakáy on account of [the Ulíye]_, ’Abidín
emunshagh El Bakáy fel temust innis.

_I cheat you, betray you_, nek ghadárakay (_Arab._), nek
ighdáraghak.

_Thou hast cheated me_, taghdarredāhi.

[Note: _Imunshegh_, he envied; _amōshagh (amonshagh?)_, envious.

_Fel_, upon; _temust_, affair.]

117. _I steal_, ókăragh. (So _Kab._)

_Theft_, tōkar (and _tékăra_k, below).

_A thief_, amkarā_d_. (So _Kab._)

_Thieves have stolen my camel_, imakarāden ōkaren amĕnis eni.

_The Kel-ulli are expert in stealing_, Kel-ulli idábabén dag
tékăra_k_.

_I seduce_ (?), nek takáră_s_ak.

_That man has seduced the woman_ (?), halis adagh etákara_s_
tamándant.

[Note: _Yūkar, yōkar_, he stole, seems to have secondary verbs, _yekarad, yekarak, yekaras_.

_Tamandant_ = _tamattut_ of Kab.? The form does not seem to recur.

_Ikaras_ in the Prodig. S. is used for _igharas_, he slaughtered.]

118. _I take vengeance_, nek azālagh eráni.

_Vengeance is sweet_, tamăzilt-n-era tazēd.

_He has revenged on them the blood of his father_, izel dassen
áshĕni-n-shís.

_I beat you_, nek wātak.

_He beat him, till the blood came out_, yawat, har tegmad áshen.

[Note: _Erā_, the debt of blood. _Azal_ was at first written by Barth as with ص. I suspect it is here سال, and means demand. _Zal_ is of many roots in Kab.

_Azēd, azīd_, sweet.

_Áshĕni_, blood, is nearly as in Hausa. In Kab. we find _idemmin_, as if Arabic pl.

_Shi_ or _ti_, father.

_Yawat_, “he beat,” is the root, as in Kab. _Tegmad_ (with adverbial _d_ final), from _igem_, he went out; Temght, not Kab.]

119. _I imprison_, ergellagh (awādagh iyen).

_A prison_, ehe-n-errĕgal.

_I put in chains_, egegh ásĕsar dar erinnis [_I do a chain on his
neck_].

_I put a waistchain on his back, a handcuff on his hands_, gegh
teshim dar darannis, gegh tiyat dar afasánnis.

[Note: _Irĕgel_, he imprisoned?

_Erī_, neck (in Kab.); _fel erinnis_, on his neck (Prodig. Son). _Dar_ (= _daffir_, back? see the prepositions). _Ifasan_, hands. I infer that _ásĕsar_ is a collar or neckband, _teshim_, a waistchain, _tiyat_, a handcuff.]

120. _I circumcise_, nek emánkăden, (_particip._)

_Circumcised_, imankad, _pl._ imankăden.

_I castrate_, nek emeleägh.

121. _I wound somebody_, sabáyăsagh awādem.

_He is wounded_, abōyis (?)

_Wounded_, anasbāyas.

[Note: From 129., _buyis_ (or _aboyis_?), a wound. The causative verb is _sabayas_, wound thou; the passive (or Niphal), _inebuyis_, he was wounded. Also _anasbāyas_ (particip.), wounded.

_Awādem_, from Heb. and Arab. _adam_, man.]

122. _I box the ear_, asíttegh.

_I slap the face_, edebarāhagh.

_I kick, stamp with the foot_, terséllădagh.

_I strike with the knee_, nek tesmen kássădagh.

_I give a foil_, nek esíllăras [esíllăghas].

[Note: _Ibarāh_, he slapped? (_Ibarāgh_, he treated insolently?) See _Abărāgh_ in 138.]

123. _I wrangle_, nek táyĕragh shélkĭkān.

_I cut (off)_ his _head_, nek tesúggŏrast [tesúggŏgh-as-t].

_Strangle thou (him)_, orëa-s.

_I strangle (him)_, nek oréägh-as.

[Note: _Isugg_, he cut off?

_Orëa_, strangle, may be compared with _eri_, neck, Kab. and in 119.]

124. _I go to war_, iggelēgh dagh égĕhen. [Egehen, _an inroad_, or
_military expedition_.]

_The people gather_, idĭnet tidauen.

_They intend an expedition_, yebōken égĕhen.

_They deliberate_, emsākan mēden.

[Note 124, 125.: _Igĕle_, he went or set off, seems to me the same root as _tekĕli_, starting setting off, which in Kab. is _tikli_ or _thikli_. I ventured to propose writing the verb _ikĕli_ (see 232.), and regarded _sikel_ (travel) as its causative (viz. cause to go, _i.e._ make the beasts start); as Arab. _sūḳ_. But Barth insists that _igĕle_ is necessarily sounded with _g_, and _tekkĕli, sikkel_ with _k_.

_Idĭnet_; Arab. _dunia_, world? The word pervades North Africa.

_Emsākan_ seems to have _m_ as a reciprocal form.

_Mēden_, men, as in Kab.]

125. _They are about to start_, yebōken tékĕli.

_The expedition takes horse_, égĕhen írkeb. (_Arab._)

_They invest their chief_, tinmókolen amanōkal nissen.

_The expedition left_, egĕhen égĕle.

_We shall fight_, adeneknés. [Eknās, battle.]

[Note: _Ibōki_ is clearly used just as in Kab. _ibgha_, he will, he is about, he means; and seems to be the same word. Yet the latter is identical with Arab. _bagha_, decuit, from which I think it is borrowed. See 125.

_Inmōkel_ for _Imnōkel_? See 105.]

126. _The expedition attacked_, egĕhen óhak.

_They fell upon the cattle_, ehōkan ishítan.

_They plunder the tents_, ásfeken ihánnan.

_They take away everything_, atáfen auay ilādihen _d_er rurret
(_they seize whatever (is) there_ of _the whole_.)

_They take the male and female slaves_, ígfălen íkĕlan e
tikélăten.

[Note: _Ohak, ohag_, in Temght, are the root _awagh_ of Kab., but take a stronger sense. _awagh_ is “sume,” but _ohag_, “cape, rape.”

_Ehōkan_ in 127. is _óhăgen_; but perhaps they differ in tense.

_Asfeken_, I conjecture, should be _asfeghen_, they empty; from _fagh_. See 174.

_Igfal_ may seem to be the same word as _ikfel_, he ransacked. 130.]

127. _They lead away the horses_, wottan íyesan. [_They bring up?_ See
_iwaṭ_ in 94.]

_They drive away the cows_, óhăgen iwan.

_—— the woolly sheep_, óhăgen tikíndemén.

_—— the (hairy) sheep_, óhăgen tíhatēn.

_—— the goats_, óhăgen ulli.

[Note: _Tihatēn_ seems to be the same word as _tighaten_, goats, from _taghat_, she-goat, in Kab. Barth also has _tarat_ (= _taghat_), she- goat; yet he is sure that _tihatēn_ means (hairy) sheep; and that _ulli_ (which in Kab. is a flock of sheep or goats) is the Temght plural for goats. In 137. _ulli_ is sheep (?). [There is no doubt that _ulli_ comprises occasionally both sheep and goats.—B.]]

128. _There was nothing but weeping of the women and children_, war
akímu har tidĕdēn e iliáden immerauen dag timshagh. [N.B. e,
_and_; as 126. 130.]

_They fought hard_, úsăsan ágăzar.

_They would not flee_, war ebōkan égewet. (52.)

[Note: _Akimu_ is from _iḳīm_, it rested or remained (41.); also, it remained _over_. _Har_, except.

_Immerau_, reciprocal verb, from _iru_, he sobbed; _immerauen_, they sobbed mutually.

_Agĕzar_, war. _Usăsan_ (perhaps), “they made obstinate;” Ar. _ʿasa_; which might generate a causative verb, _isasa_. But for the Arabic root, we have in Kab. _azzay_, heavy. See _azúen_ in 150.]

129. _They vanquished them only by numbers_, éntenet war tanárnen har
s egōd.

_Died, who died_, amūt, awa amūt.

_Was wounded, who was wounded_, égeshēn búyĭsen, awa būyis.

_Was speared, who was speared_, égeshēn tídik, awa gíshen.

_Was smitten, who was smitten_, égeshēn tíwit awa gíshen.

_The whole tribe was extirpated_, tausit ikétĕnes témminde. (91.)

_Except a few lads who were absent_, asel harret ilíaden, war
hadarīn.

_There was not one who was not wounded_, war tílle dakhsen ĕrē war
nebūyis.

[Note: _War tan-arnen_. The negative _war_ attracts the pron. accus. _tan_ (them). _Arnen_, they overcame, as in Kab.

_Egōd_, multitude, as in Shilha _yeggūt_, it was numerous.

_Egishen_ seems to come from _egish_, enter or pierce. (So _egishāhi terjadauten_, cup me behind the ear, _i.e._ pierce to me the back-head.) _Idak_, he pierced with a spear, Heb. _daḳar_; Ar. _daḳḳ wat_, _i_he struck, smote. Hence _tidik_ and _tiwit_, feminine nouns.

_Erē ..._ qu. _war-erē_, ne-pas? So Kab.]

130. _Men were broken and crushed_, idĭnet arzan e dígdĕgen.

_They ransacked their villages_, atíkfĕlan emazāghe nissen.

_They took it and went away with it_, eluent, éngĕlen dĕris.

_The enemy despaired_, íshĭnge aráhăgén.

_I despair_, nek eheráhăragh.

_The whole town burns_, aghĕrim ikétĕnes irrar. (170.)

_They fled into the forest_, imár rasan ígeshen ehíshkan. [_They
were broken, and entered the bushes_.]

_I flee_, nek arzēgh. [_I am broken_?]

_They make a stand_, ibdĕdan. (41.)

[Note: _Irza_, he broke; also, he was broken; but for the passive we seem presently to find _imarraz_; in Kabáíl _imrez_ and _irrez_. _Idigdeg_ or _idiggid_, he crushed; frequentative. Compare Heb. _daḳaḳ_, Ar. _daḳḳ_, to pound, &c.

_Itikfel_, present tense from _Ikfel_? See _Igfal_, in 126.

_Amazāghe_. Compare _Timshagh_, in 128.

_Yelu_, he took? (not again.)

_Ingel_, Niph. from _igĕle_? (not again). But _inghel_, it gushed out; qu. _enghĕlen_, eruperunt?

_Irahagh_, he despaired. _Ehe_ initial, marking present, is _aï_ of Kabáíl.]

131. _They gather_, isártăyen har emókăsan. [_They caused to join,
until they assembled mutually_.]

_Their chief addressed them_, emegered dassen amanōkal nissen.
(29.)

[Note: _Irtay_ (neuter verb), it joined; _isertay_ (active), he joined; _imirtayen_(things), mixed.]

132. _He exhorted them to defend their women_, innăsen hawánim auādagh
akawen igeráwen tídĕdēn ennawen. [_He said to them ... that_ (?)
_to you they set free your women_.]

_And your children_, ezafnet d íliaden nawen.

[Note: _Izaf_, naked; _izafnet_, they (fem.) are naked?

_Igerauen_, they deliver, set free? rather, _egherauen_, “laxant.” See 63.]

133. _That you may not get a bad name amongst men (?)_ ámehak wásăsen
tésĕlim dar mēden.

_Up! and let us fight till we penetrate to their tents_, awar
hawenjen har tasne ehanne nassen.

[Note: _Amehak_ (_ameghagh_, anquisivi, 31.).

_Wásăsen_. See _usăsan_, 128; also _tewĭsit_, tribute.

_Tesilim_, audistis.

_Ihannen_, tents.]

134. _Till we fight them at their very tents_, har dirsen tirteyam
dar ehenne nessen.

_Till you drive out their women_, tesiffem tídedēn nissen.

_Take as hostages their children_, termissen arrásăsen _al_roren
nissen.

_Their children are your prey_, ilíaden nissen ewunawen.

[Note: _Tirteyam_, jungamini. See 131.

_Tesiffem_, exire faciatis? See _ifay_, exiit, 141.

_Termissem_, prehendatis. _Irmes_, prehendit, as in Ghadámsi.]

135. _They raise the war-cry_, esaraurawen.

_They beat their shields_, etedérzen érehe [ághĕre] nissen.

[Note: _Nek esraurawegh_, I break through, should be _ezraurau-egh_, 190. 136. _Isaraurau_, he shouted, may be frequentative causative from _ru_, to sob, Kab. (128.)

_Iderez_, he rattled?]

136. _They form a line_, égen ăfōd.

_They make an assault_, óshĕlen insírsen.

_They have surrounded them_, raleénten, kŭbēn falássen.

_They break through them_, ibelaggénten, azraurawénten.

[Note: _Afōd_, the knee! _Egen_, see 39.

_Oshĕlen_, they hurried, 55.

_Insirsen_, they made a descent? Kab. _ires_, he went down; _sirs_, bring down.

_Raleyen_, from _iralay_, he surrounded: whence _terlaite_, around.

_Kubē_, form a circle? Compare _ḳubba_ (Heb. and Arab.), a (vaulted) sleeping chamber, an arch.

_Fal-assen_, against them.

_Ibelag_, pervasit? (Ar. _belagh_, pervenit). _Azraurau_, freq. to split (190.), from _irza_ (130.).]

137. _They have dispersed_, ábbĕdén.

_These were broken and those were broken_, arzen wuīn, arzen wuīn.

_They fled like hares_, egéwuaden shynd égewat átek temarruëlt
[_instar fugæ (quam) præterit? lepus_].

_Like the sheep or goats before the wolf_, shynd ulli ishāk ebak
[_instar gregis (quam) invadit lupus_].

[Note: _Abbeden_, read _abbeṭen_, or _abbeden_. Kab. _ibtu_, divisit.

_Shynd_, in Kab. and Shilha, _zund, zun_, instar.

_Egewuad, egewat_, see 52.

_Temarruelt_, a hare, from _imerewel_, run away (Hodgson’s Kab.), which is from _irwel_, he fled; Arabic, _rahhel_.

_Ebak_ or _ebēg_, a jackal.

_Ishāk_, invadit? Afterwards (220.) _ishek_, “(the lion) attacks.” Compare _shik_, quick; Kab. _zik_.]

138. _They are both afraid_, éntĕnet aneméttesen ingarmanissen.

_Let the proud champions fight_, ayet inasbarāghen ademánghan.

_(Let) the champions step forth_, síggemet étid inasbarāghen.

_(One) champion the son of Naber (Nabegha)_, anesbarāgh ineg en
Nabegh.

_And (the other) champion the son of Agwi_, d anesbarāgh ineg el
Agwi.

[Note: _Imettes_, he frightened? (Not again.)

_Ingarmanissen_, inter se? In Kab., _gar_, between; also _gaigar_; and _gaigarasan_, inter se.

_Ayet_, let ye, 95.

_Abărāgh_, proud; _tebarōghit_, opulence; _anesbărōgh_, man of wealth and grandeur. In Venture, _ūbĭlāgh_, bien, richesse.

_Ademánghan_, subjunctive. _Ingha_, he killed; _imangha_, he killed mutually, _i.e._ he fought.

_Siggemet_, exire facite. _Igem_, exiit, 118.

_Etid_, hither? [_Etid_, (the cold) increases.]

_Ineg_ or _inek_, son;—only in Temght?]

139. _Their countenances are as the countenances of lions_, idemawen
nissen shynd idemawen éheran.

_Who are about to spring on their prey_, ainemeharnănīn abōkan
ademókăsen.

_They fight hand to hand_, amáwăten.

_The son of Agwi has cut him through the left shoulder_, ineg el
Agwi istak sers gerē dézar wa-n-téshĭlgēn.

[Note: _Udem_, cheek, in Venture; face, in Kab. generally; pl. _udemin_. It is also _aḳădūm_ in Kab., which suggests Heb. and Arab, _ḳedem_, front, as akin. See 81.

_Eher_, lion, is _afur_ in Ghad.

_Iharna_ seems to mean “he crouched,” see 22; although Barth has it otherwise in 222: _meharnan_, particip.

_Aina_, article or relative plural?

_Ademókasen_, occurrant (to encounter). _Ad_ marks subjunctive, as in _ademanghan_, 138.

_Iwat_, he struck: _imawat_, he struck reciprocally.

_Istak_, has gashed? has inflicted? Arab. 8th form of _sūḳ_, impulit?

_Sers_, on him? So in Kab.—Delaporte, &c.

_Gerē_, between? Kab. _gar_ (or, a wound? Arab, _jurhh_).

_Dézar_, collar bone? or, _ezar_? vein.

_Wa-n-téshilgēn_, which (is) of the left.]

140. _He parried that blow_, úhag arasset.

_(They encounter;) their swords are broken_, tamókasen, tikabawen
erzĕmet.

_They throw the spears_, anemiggĕren s alăghen.

_I throw the spear_, nek egāragh alăghe.

_One and the other throw it_, igart wuay, igart wuay.

_This pierced him and that pierced him_, idakt wuay, idakt wuay.

[Note: _Uhag_, he caught, 126.

_Arasset_? before (him)? See 238.

_Tákŏba_, sword, as in Hausa.

_Erzemet_ = _Erzenet_, 3rd fem. pl.

_Iger_, he threw; _igār_, he throws, _inemigger_, he throws reciprocally; neuter verb: hence _s_, with the spear.]

141. _Both of them are wounded_, asen enissen ansabayāsen.

_The blood gushes from their wounds like a torrent_, ingay áshĕni
dar búyĭsen nissen ifay shynd enji [_it comes out_ like, &c.].

[Note: _Asen enissen_, two of them.

_Ingay_, gushes, _engi_ or _enji_, a torrent, must be akin. In Kab. _inghel_, it gushed; see 174.

_Ifay_, it comes out, replaces the Kab. _ifagh_ (see 174.): hence, _tufay_, (the sun) comes out; _tufīt_, diarrhœa; _ofayen_, effunduntur (grandines).]

142. _(They) lead them from the place_, itkellénten dihen anemanghan
[_they cause-them-to quit where they have fought mutually_].

_They bind up their wounds_, etellénten ibúyĭsen nissen.

_They put to them remedies_, egenassen isĕfrā.

_They die_, amūten.

[Note: _Ikelli_, he caused to quit? see 124. The form reminds one of Arabic.

_Ittal_, he swathed, wrapped, folded, wound up (so Kab.). Compare Arab. _fetel_: whence _iftel, ittel_?]

143. _They drive them back_, yékĕnten, isokalénten.

_They have extirpated [crushed?] their tribe_, irzan terērt
nissen.

_I lay ambush_, nek estĕdaf.

_They have razed the whole town to the ground_, irzan ághĕrim
ikétĕnes har amós shynd ákal.

[Note: _Yéken_, they pass? (_cause_ to pass).

_Isókal_, see 25.

_Terērt_, tribe: also, a cup! (Is a tribe _Ṭerīght_ = _Ṭarīḳet_?)

_Estédaf_, Arab. 8th form? _Esdef_, obscura fuit nox, Golius.

_Aghĕrim_, town. _Ikétĕnes_, all of it.— [_Some_ of it,—or, _much_ of it, one might have judged. But Barth is positive and consistent.]

_Har amós_, until it becomes?]

144. _I draw my sword from the scabbard_, erkăbagh takobāni dagar
titar.

_I throw down the scabbard_, asíndaragh titar.

_I replace the sword in its case_, esókălagh tákŏba dag titar
ennis.

_I draw the arrow (at him?)_, erkábăgh-as essim.

_I let fly the arrow_, egeragh s essim (_I throw_ with _the
arrow_).

_I replace the arrow in the quiver_, esókălagh essim dag
tatánghot.

[Note: _Irkeb_, evulsit, is native (180.): see 125. for the very different Arabic.

_Dagar, dag_; read _dagh_.

_Isindar_, he threw down? Yet _indar_, he refused (112.), and _ennādir_, often. Rather _asindaragh_ is for _asintarakgh_, from root _iṭarak_, he fell (71.); or for _asintaragh_, from _iṭar_, he went down, which is Temght as well as Kabáíl.]

145. _I load the gun_, tasáksagh el barūde.

_Is the gun loaded or not?_ el barūde asíksek? mer war asíksek?

_The left barrel is loaded_, éman teshílge tezéksak.

_The right barrel is not loaded_, éman arēl war ezéksak; _or_, war
teha harret [_there is not anything_]; _or_, war ekémăret.

[Note: _Tasaksagh_ for _tasaksakgh_.

_Zéksak_, careless for _seksak_? root _saksak_, cram, press. Comp. Greek, σαγ.

_Teshílge_, differently accented in 139. 146.

_Arēl_, the right. (These two words differ from the Kab.) _Arīl-n-eshel_ is the _noon_ of day, _i.e._ the _upright_?

_Ekémăret_ is filled? It seems to me an Arabic feminine form, corrupt for _ʿamaret_, which Delaporte uses.]

146. _Give me a little powder for the eye of the gun_, ikfāhe égil
gíak, dag tēt-n-el barūd.

_I fire the gun_, sínkăragh el barūd.

_I hit_, wātagh.

_He has hit_ him(?) _just under the left eye_, wātagh s el barūd
dag tagūmast-n-tét tan téshĭlgēn.

[Note: _Égil_, powder (in the vocabulary).

_Giak_, a little?

_Sinkar_, cause to rise? (_cock_ the gun?) _Inkar_, he arose; 41.

_Tagūmast_, a tooth? [So, it seems, in Barth’s vocab.] _Tughmas_ in Kab. Qu. He hit me in the _left eye-tooth_?

_Tan_, fem. demonst. = _tinni_ of Kab. Elsewhere, _tēn_ and _tindagh, illa_.]

147. _The ball did not enter him, (but) passed over his head_, war
tiggisht tesawe, toke eraf [eghaf] enis; ukaine tezáwaten gínnĭge
eraf enis.

_He has not aimed well_, war asíkĕne és innémehel; war esnámehel;
war ésín esinnémĕhel. (See 172. 195.)

_He does not know how to aim_, war esín asíkken.

[Note: _Toke_, 52; _ukaine_, 66.

_Eraf_ = _eghaf_ (or _ikhf_), head.

_Gínnĭge_, above, from Kab. _ennig_, amplius, with Kab. prep. _g_, in. In Kab. also _sennig_, aloft. In Shilha, _īgi_.

_Isíkkĕne_, he points, aims.

_Mehel_? wait, expect, Kab. Elsewhere _anímmĕhel_, operæ pretium.]

148. _His_ arm _trembled_, afōs enis ishikátkat. (_His_ hand.)

_The ball has swerved_, tisáwaten akúrret.

[Note: _Ishikátkat_, trembled; but _shekántat_, shiver.

_Tisawaten_, plural? _Akurret_ = _akurrent_, also plur.? Compare _akérăren_, round.]

149. _I trade_, asíttĕgagh.

_I am not a merchant_, war estéjjagh.

_I exchange_, éstĕgagh; meséttegh.

_I barter_, simískălagh.

[Note: _Isitteg_ and _istejja_ must be variations of one verb. They remind us of Arabic _tājir_, merchant. _Meséttegh_, unless particip., is a reciprocal verb.

_Simiskal_, complicated form, from _ikkal_ (_iḳḳal_), he turned?]

150. _I buy_, nāzagh.

_Thou hast bought dear_, tāzet azúen.

_—— cheap, indeed!_ tāzet erakēsen, beshōr!

_I provide myself with (store up) millet (corn)_, esātagh énĕli
(alun).

_All the Arabs of Ázawád buy their guinea-corn in Timbúktu_,
Arăben-n-Azawagh iketenessen ikāten énĕli dak Timbýtku.

[Note: _Ināz_ he buys; _inz_, he bought?

_Tāzet_, for _tanzet_? This shows the root of _izinz_, he sold, in Kab.

_Erakēs_ is Arab. _rakhīs_, cheap. Elsewhere Barth has _ibkhas_, cheap.

_Isat_, he stores up?

_Azúen_, dear; also hard (meat). Kab. _azza_, to be heavy.

_Ikāt_, he measures? 193.]

151. _I sell_, eshinshēgh (= ezinzēgh).

_Sell me your horse_, shinshāhi aïs innak.