Chapter X: Section 1: Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the (6)

In 1759, he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and continued to be returned to that body, with the exception of occasional intervals, until 1774, when he was sent to represent Virginia in the Continental Congress. His well-tempered zeal and military skill, which enabled him to suggest the most proper means for national defense, if the country were urged to extremities, soon fixed all eyes upon him, as one well qualified to direct in the hour of peril; and accordingly, after the first scene of the revolutionary drama was opened at Lexington and Concord, and an army had concentrated at Cambridge, he was, on the 15th of June, 1775, unanimously appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American forces. The self-sacrificing spirit which governed his future course is too well known to require any elucidation.

After bringing the war to a successful termination, he hastened to Annapolis, where Congress was then in session, and on the 23d of December, 1783, formally resigned his commission.

In May, 1787, he was elected to the Convention which met at Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, and was at once called upon to preside over its deliberations. After that admirable instrument was adopted by the people, he was unanimously elected the first President of the United States for four years; at the expiration of which he was unanimously reëlected for a second term.

On the 12th of December, 1799, he was seized with an inflammation in the throat, which grew worse the next day, and terminated his life on the 14th, in the 68th year of his age.

JOHN ADAMS,

THE SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

And whose fame as a patriot and statesman is imperishable, was born at Braintree, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He early displayed superior capacity for learning, and graduated at Cambridge College with great credit. After qualifying himself for the legal profession, he was admitted to practice in 1761, and soon attained that distinction to which his talents were entitled. From the commencement of the troubles with Great Britain, in 1769, he was among the most active in securing the freedom of his country. Being elected to the first Continental Congress, he took a prominent part in all the war measures that were then originated, and, subsequently, suggested the appointment of Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. He was one of the committee which reported the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, and the next year visited France, as commissioner, to form a treaty of alliance and commerce with that country. Although the object had been accomplished before his arrival, his visit had, otherwise, a favorable effect on the existing position of affairs; and he was afterward appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, which, after many laborious and fruitless efforts, was finally accomplished in 1783. In 1785, he was sent to England as the first minister from this country, and, on his return, was elected first Vice-President, in which office he served two terms, and was then, in 1797, elected to succeed Washington as President. Many occurrences tended to embarrass his administration and to render it unpopular; but it is now generally admitted to have been characterized by patriotism and vigor equal to the emergencies which then existed. His political opponents, however, managed to defeat his reëlection, and he was succeeded in the Presidency by Mr. Jefferson, in 1801; after which he retired to his farm at Quincy, where his declining years were passed in the gratification of his unabated love for reading and contemplation, and where he was constantly cheered by an interesting circle of friendship and affection. The semi-centennial anniversary of American Independence (July 4, 1826) was remarkable, not merely for the event which it commemorated, but for the decease of two of the most active participants in the measures by which independence was achieved. On that day, Adams and Jefferson were both gathered to their fathers, within about four hours of each other, “cheered by the benediction of their country, to whom they left the inheritance of their fame and the memory of their bright example.”

_Election for the Third Term, commencing March 4, 1797, and terminating March 3, 1801._

===+================+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+==+==+==
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| STATES. | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K | L | M| N| O
---+----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+--
6 |New Hampshire | 6 | | | | | 6| | | | | | |
16 |Massachusetts |16 | | 13| | | 1| | | 2| | | |
4 |Rhode Island | 4 | | | | | 4| | | | | | |
9 |Connecticut | 9 | | 4| | | | 5| | | | | |
4 |Vermont | 4 | | 4| | | | | | | | | |
12 |New York |12 | | 12| | | | | | | | | |
7 |New Jersey | 7 | | 7| | | | | | | | | |
15 |Pennsylvania | 1 | 14| 2| 13| | | | | | | | |
3 |Delaware | 3 | | 3| | | | | | | | | |
11 |Maryland | 7 | 4| 4| 3| | | | | | | | | 2
21 |Virginia | 1 | 20| 1| 1| 15| | | 3| | | 1| |
4 |Kentucky | | 4| | 4| | | | | | | | |
12 |North Carolina | 1 | 11| 1| 6| | | | | | 3| 1| |
8 |South Carolina | | 8| 8| | | | | | | | | 1|
4 |Georgia | | 4| | | | | | 4| | | | |
3 |Tennessee | | 3| | 3| | | | | | | | |
---|----------------+---+---+---+-------+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+--
139|No. of Electors.| 71| 68| 59| 30| 15| 11| 5| 7| 2| 3| 2| 1| 2
|Majority 70 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
===+================+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+==+==+==

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = John Adams, of Massachusetts.
(C) = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
(D) = Thos. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
(E) = Aaron Burr, of New York.
(F) = Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts.
(G) = Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut.
(H) = John Jay, of New York.
(J) = George Clinton, of New York.
(K) = S. Johnston, of North Carolina.
(L) = James Iredell, of North Carolina.
(M) = Geo. Washington, of Virginia.
(N) = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
(O) = John Henry, of Maryland.

John Adams, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1797.

Thomas Jefferson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1797.

The administration of Mr. Adams encountered the most virulent opposition, both domestic and foreign. France, still in the confusion following her revolution, made improper demands on our country, which not being complied with, she commenced seizing American property on the high seas. Our people, taking different sides, were about equally divided—some approving and others deprecating the course pursued by France. Letters of marque and reprisal were issued by our government, and a navy was raised with surprising promptitude. This had the desired effect, peace being thereby secured; and the aggressor was taught that the Americans were friends in peace, but were not fearful of war when it could not be honorably averted.

The Indians on our western frontiers also caused much trouble; but at length, being severely chastised by General Wayne, they sued for peace, which was granted in 1795.

In 1800 the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to Washington City, which had been designated by Washington, under a law of Congress, as the most central situation.

As has been noticed elsewhere, Mr. Adams deemed it prudent, in the early part of his administration, when impending difficulties with France seemed to render war inevitable, to offer Washington the commission of Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the army, which he accepted as a matter of duty, and held until his death, but fortunately never found it necessary to take the field.

THOMAS JEFFERSON,

THE THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

Was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia (near Monticello, the seat where he died), April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and Mary’s College, and graduated with distinction when quite young. He was a great lover of learning, and particularly of natural philosophy. With the celebrated George Wythe, he commenced the study of the law, and became a favorite pupil. Mr. Jefferson was never distinguished as an advocate, but was considered a good lawyer. Soon after he came to the bar he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and, in that body, was duly appreciated for his learning and aptitude for business. He at once took fire at British oppression, and, in 1774, he employed his pen in discussing the whole course of the British ministry. The work was admired, and made a text book by his countrymen. In June, 1775, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, from Virginia. In that body he soon became conspicuous, and was considered a firm friend of American liberty. In 1776, he was chosen chairman of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. This instrument is nearly all his own, and was sanctioned by his coadjutors, with few alterations. In 1778, Mr. Jefferson was appointed embassador to France, to form a treaty with that government, but ill-health prevented his accepting this office. He succeeded Patrick Henry, in 1779, as Governor of Virginia, and continued in that station two years. In 1781 he composed his notes on Virginia. In 1783 he was sent to France to join the ministers of our country, Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin. In 1785 he succeeded Dr. Franklin as embassador, and continued performing the duties of that office for two years, when he retired, and returned home. In 1789 he was made Secretary of State, under Washington, in which situation he was highly distinguished for his talents. This station he resigned in 1793, and retired to private life. In 1797 he was elected Vice-President of the United States, and took his seat as President of the Senate, on the following 4th of March. In 1801, he was President of the United States, which office he held for eight years. After completing his second term, he retired to private life, in which he spent his days in philosophical pursuits, until the 4th of July, 1826, when he expired, just fifty years after penning the Declaration of Independence. His course was one of his own. Never lived there a politician who did more than Thomas Jefferson to bring his fellow-citizens to his own opinions.

_Election for the Fourth Term, commencing March 4, 1801, and terminating March 3, 1805._

====+===================+=====+=====+=====+=====+====
A | STATES. | B | C | D | E | F
----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
6 | New Hampshire | | | 6 | 6 |
16 | Massachusetts | | | 16 | 16 |
4 | Rhode Island | | | 4 | 3 | 1
9 | Connecticut | | | 9 | 9 |
4 | Vermont | | | 4 | 4 |
12 | New York | 12 | 12 | | |
7 | New Jersey | | | 7 | 7 |
15 | Pennsylvania | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
3 | Delaware | | | 3 | 3 |
10 | Maryland | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
21 | Virginia | 21 | 21 | | |
4 | Kentucky | 4 | 4 | | |
12 | North Carolina | 8 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
3 | Tennessee | 3 | 3 | | |
8 | South Carolina | 8 | 8 | | |
4 | Georgia | 4 | 4 | | |
----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
138 | No. of Electors | 73 | 73 | 65 | 64 | 1
| Majority 70 | | | | |
====+===================+=====+=====+=====+=====+====

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
(C) = Aaron Burr, of New York.
(D) = John Adams, of Massachusetts.
(E) = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
(F) = John Jay, of New York.

The electoral vote for Thos. Jefferson and Aaron Burr being equal, no choice was made by the people, and on the 11th of February, 1801, the House of Representatives proceeded to the choice of President in the manner prescribed by the Constitution. On the first ballot eight States voted for Thos. Jefferson, six for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two States were divided. The balloting continued till the 17th of February, when the thirty-fifth ballot, as had all previously, resulted the same as the first. After the thirty-sixth ballot, the Speaker declared that the votes of ten States had been given for Thos. Jefferson, the votes of four States for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two States in blank; and that, consequently, Thomas Jefferson had been elected for the term of four years.

Thomas Jefferson, thus elected President, took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1801.

In his inaugural address, Mr. Jefferson used the following memorable expression: “We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all republicans: we are all federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its republican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of the safety with which ERROR OF OPINION MAY BE TOLERATED, WHERE REASON IS LEFT FREE TO COMBAT IT.”

Aaron Burr, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1801.

_Election for the Fifth Term, commencing March 4, 1805, and terminating March 3, 1809._

====+=========================+===========+===========
| | PRESID’T. | V. PRES’T.
A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----
| | A | B | C | D
----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
7 | New Hampshire | 7 | | 7 |
19 | Massachusetts | 19 | | 19 |
4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 |
9 | Connecticut | | 9 | | 9
6 | Vermont | 6 | | 6 |
19 | New York | 19 | | 19 |
8 | New Jersey | 8 | | 8 |
20 | Pennsylvania | 20 | | 20 |
3 | Delaware | | 3 | | 3
11 | Maryland | 9 | 2 | 9 | 2
24 | Virginia | 24 | | 24 |
14 | North Carolina | 14 | | 14 |
10 | South Carolina | 10 | | 10 |
6 | Georgia | 6 | | 6 |
5 | Tennessee | 5 | | 5 |
8 | Kentucky | 8 | | 8 |
3 | Ohio | 3 | | 3 |
----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
176 | Whole No. of Electors | 162 | 14 | 162 | 14
| Majority 89 | | | |
====+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
(C) = Charles C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
(D) = George Clinton, of New York.
(E) = Rufus King, of New York.

Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a second term, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1805.

George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1805.

Among the most important acts of Mr. Jefferson’s administration was the purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000, which territory was surrendered to our Government in December, 1803.

In November, 1808, the celebrated “ORDERS IN COUNCIL” were issued by the British Government, which prohibited all trade with France and her allies; and, as a retaliatory measure, in December following Bonaparte issued his “MILAN DECREE,” interdicting all trade with England and her colonies—thus subjecting almost every American vessel on the ocean to capture. In requital for these tyrannous proceedings, and that England and France might both feel their injustice, Congress decreed an embargo; but as this failed to obtain from either power an acknowledgment of our rights, and was also ruinous to our commerce with other nations, it was repealed in March, 1809.

JAMES MADISON,

THE FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

Was born in Orange County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. His studies, preparatory to entering Princeton College, were pursued under the most favorable circumstances, he being provided with the most accomplished instructors, and he graduated with high honor in 1771. On returning to Virginia, he zealously commenced the study of the law, which he subsequently abandoned for political life.

In 1776, he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, and from this period, for more than forty years, he was continually in office, serving his State and his country in various capacities, from that of a State Legislator to that of President.

In 1778, he was elected by the Legislature to the executive council of the State, where he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson, Governors of Virginia, during the time he held a seat in the council; and by his probity of character, faithfulness in the discharge of duty, and amiableness of deportment, he won the approbation of these great men. In the winter of 1779-80, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member, as the journal of that body abundantly testifies.

In 1784-5-6, he was a member of the Legislature of Virginia. In 1787, he became a member of the Convention held in Philadelphia, for the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the Government of the United States. Perhaps no member of that body had more to do with the formation of that noble instrument, the Constitution of the United States of America, than Mr. Madison.

It was during the recess between the proposition of the Constitution by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the States, that that celebrated work, “The Federalist,” made its appearance. This is known to be the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. The same year he was elected to Congress, and held his seat until the Continental Congress passed away among the things that were. He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia which met to adopt the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new Congress under the Constitution, he was chosen a member, retaining his seat until the close of Washington’s administration.

In 1801, as one of the presidential electors, he had the gratification of voting for his illustrious friend Jefferson, who immediately offered him a place in his cabinet, which was accepted. Accordingly, he entered on the discharge of his duties as Secretary of State, which duties he continued to perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson’s administration, and on the retirement of that great statesman, in 1809, he succeeded to the Presidency, in which office he served two terms.

Mr. Madison then retired to his peaceful home in Virginia, where he passed the remainder of his days in favorite pastimes, loved by the many and respected by all, until the 28th of June, 1826, when the last survivor of the framers of our Constitution was gathered to his fathers, full of years and glory.

_Election for the Sixth Term, commencing March 4, 1809, and terminating March 3, 1813._

===+=========================+==============+=======================
| | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
A | STATES. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
| | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J
---+-------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
7| New Hampshire | | | 7 | | | | | 7
19| Massachusetts | | | 19 | | | | | 19
4| Rhode Island | | | 4 | | | | | 4
9| Connecticut | | | 9 | | | | | 9
6| Vermont | 6 | | | | | | 6 |
19| New York | 13 | 6 | | 13 | 3 | 3 | |
8| New Jersey | 8 | | | 8 | | | |
20| Pennsylvania | 20 | | | 20 | | | |
3| Delaware | | | 3 | | | | | 3
11| Maryland | 9 | | 2 | 9 | | | | 2
24| Virginia | 24 | | | 24 | | | |
14| North Carolina | 11 | | 3 | 11 | | | | 3
10| South Carolina | 10 | | | 10 | | | |
6| Georgia | 6 | | | 6 | | | |
7| Kentucky | 7 | | | 7 | | | |
5| Tennessee | 5 | | | 5 | | | |
3| Ohio | 3 | | | | | | 3 |
---+-------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
175| Whole No. of Electors |122 | 6 | 47 |113 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 47
| Majority 88 | | | | | | | |
====================================================================

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = James Madison, of Virginia.
(C) = George Clinton, of New York.
(D) = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
(E) = George Clinton, of New York.
(F) = James Madison, of Virginia.
(G) = James Monroe, of Virginia.
(H) = John Langdon, of New Hampshire.
(J) = Rufus King, of New York.

James Madison took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1809.

George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1809.

Our national position, especially in regard to England and France, was certainly a very perplexing one when Mr. Madison came to the Presidency. We were not only threatened by enemies abroad, but were harassed by a savage foe on our western frontier, probably urged on by British influence, and led by the famous chief Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet. These last were finally subdued in 1811; but our European foes were more troublesome. After all peaceful means had failed to check the aggressions of England, and when at length “patience had ceased to be a virtue,” war was declared against that country, June 19, 1812. The events of that war it is not within our province to record; and it is sufficient to say, that they greatly elevated the American character in the estimation of both friends and enemies.

_Election for the Seventh Term, commencing March 4, 1813, and terminating March 3, 1817._

====+=========================+===========+===========
| | PRESID’T. | V. PRES’T.
A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----
| | B | C | D | E
----+-------------------------+-----+-----+----+------
8 | New Hampshire | | 8 | 1 | 7
22 | Massachusetts | | 22 | 2 | 20
4 | Rhode Island | | 4 | | 4
9 | Connecticut | | 9 | | 9
8 | Vermont | 8 | | 8 |
29 | New York | | 29 | | 29
8 | New Jersey | | 8 | | 8
25 | Pennsylvania | 25 | | 25 |
4 | Delaware | | 4 | | 4
11 | Maryland | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5
25 | Virginia | 25 | | 25 |
15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 |
11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 |
8 | Georgia | 8 | | 8 |
12 | Kentucky | 12 | | 12 |
8 | Tennessee | 8 | | 8 |
7 | Ohio | 7 | | 7 |
3 | Louisiana | 3 | | 3 |
----+-------------------------+-----|-----|-----|-----
217 | Whole No. of Electors | 128 | 89 | 131 | 86
| Majority 109 | | | |
====+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = James Madison, of Virginia.
(C) = De Witt Clinton, of New York.
(D) = Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts.
(E) = Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania.

James Madison, elected President for a second term. [There is no notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.]

Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice-President, attended in the Senate on the 24th of May, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his having taken the oath of office prescribed by law, which was read.

The war into which the country had been forced was brought to a close by the treaty of Ghent, which was signed December 24, 1814; but this treaty had scarcely been ratified, when it became necessary to commence another war for the protection of American commerce and seamen against Algerine piracies. In May, 1815, a squadron under Commodore Decatur sailed for the Mediterranean, where the naval force of Algiers was cruising for American vessels. After capturing two of the enemy’s best frigates in that sea, Decatur proceeded to the Bay of Algiers, and there dictated a treaty which secured the United States from any further molestation from that quarter. Similar treaties were also concluded with the other Barbary powers.

JAMES MONROE,

THE FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

One of the few exalted characters that served his country in both a civil and military capacity, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 26, 1758, and was educated at William and Mary’s College, whence he graduated in 1776, and commenced the study of the law. Anxious to aid in the struggle for independence, which had then just began, he abandoned his studies, and entered the army as a cadet—joining a corps under the gallant General Mercer. He soon distinguished himself in several well-fought battles, and rapid promotion followed, until he reached the rank of captain. He was at Harlem Heights, and White Plains, and shared the perils and fatigues of the distressing retreat of Washington through New Jersey, as well as the glory of the victory over the Hessians at Trenton, where he received a musket-ball in the shoulder; notwithstanding which, he valiantly “fought out the fight.” He subsequently accepted the post of an aid to Lord Stirling, with the rank of Major, in which position he saw much hard service—being engaged in almost every conflict for the two succeeding campaigns, and displaying great courage and coolness at the bloody battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth.

Aspiring to a separate command, he obtained permission to raise a regiment in his native State; for which purpose he left the army, and returned to Virginia, where he encountered so many unexpected and discouraging obstacles, that he finally relinquished the enterprise, and resumed his law studies in the office of Mr. Jefferson.

In 1780, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and in the following year was made one of Governor Jefferson’s council, in which he continued until 1783, when, at the age of twenty-four years, he became a member of the Continental Congress. After serving three years in that body, he was again returned to the State Legislature.

In 1788, while a member of the Convention to decide upon the adoption of the new Constitution, he voted in the minority against that instrument; but this vote did not at all affect his popularity. Two years afterward he was elected United States Senator, and in 1794 he was sent envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Court of Versailles. After settling the cession of Louisiana to the United States, he went to England to succeed Mr. King as minister at the court of St. James. The affair of the frigate Chesapeake placing him in an uncomfortable situation, he returned to the United States, and, in 1810, was once more elected to the Virginia Legislature. He was soon after chosen Governor of that State, in which office he remained until Mr. Madison called him to assume the duties of Secretary of State in his cabinet. In 1817, he was elected President of the United States, and in 1821 was unanimously reëlected, with the exception of a single vote in New Hampshire. His administration was a prosperous and quiet one.

He united with Jefferson and Madison in founding the University of Virginia; and when the convention was formed for the revision of the Constitution of his State, he was called to preside over its action. Not long after this, he went to reside with a beloved daughter (the wife of Samuel L. Gouverneur, Esq.) in New York City, where he lived until the anniversary of Independence, in 1831, when, “amidst the pealing joy and congratulations of that proud day, he passed quietly and in glory away.”

_Election for the Eighth Term, commencing March 4, 1817, and terminating March 3, 1821._

====+========================+===========+========================
| | PRESID’T. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
A | STATES. +-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
| | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
----+------------------------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
8 | New Hampshire | 8 | | 8 | | | |
22 | Massachusetts | | 22 | | 22 | | |
4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 | | | |
9 | Connecticut | | 9 | | | 5 | 4 |
8 | Vermont | 8 | | 8 | | | |
29 | New York | 29 | | 29 | | | |
8 | New Jersey | 8 | | 8 | | | |
25 | Pennsylvania | 25 | | 25 | | | |
3 | Delaware | | 3 | | | | | 3
8 | Maryland | 8 | | 8 | | | |
25 | Virginia | 25 | | 25 | | | |
15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 | | | |
11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 | | | |
8 | Georgia | 8 | | 8 | | | |
12 | Kentucky | 12 | | 12 | | | |
8 | Tennessee | 8 | | 8 | | | |
8 | Ohio | 8 | | 8 | | | |
3 | Louisiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
3 | Indiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
----+------------------------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
217 | Whole No. of Electors | 183 | 34 | 83 | 22 | 5 | 4 | 3
| Majority 109 | | | | | | |
====+========================+=====+=====+====+====+====+====+====

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = James Monroe, of Virginia.
(C) = Rufus King, of New York.
(D) = D. D. Tompkins, of New York.
(E) = John E. Howard, of Maryland.
(F) = James Ross, of Pennsylvania.
(G) = John Marshall, of Virginia.
(H) = Rob’t G. Harper, of Maryland.

James Monroe took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1817.

Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1817.

The Seminole and a few of the Creek Indians commenced depredations on the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama towards the close of 1817, for which they were severely chastised by a force under General Jackson, and gladly sued for peace.

In February, 1819, a treaty was negotiated at Washington, by which Spain ceded to the United States East and West Florida and the adjacent Islands. In the same year the southern portion of Missouri Territory was set off under the name of Arkansas, for which a territorial government was formed; and Alabama was constituted a State, and admitted into the Union.

Early in 1820 the province of Maine, which had been connected with Massachusetts since 1652, was separated from it and was admitted into the Union as an independent State.

_Election for the Ninth Term, commencing March 4, 1821, and terminating March 3, 1825._

====+===================+===========+===========================
| | PRESID’T. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
8 | New Hampshire | 7 | 1 | 7 | | | 1 |
15 | Massachusetts | 15 | | 7 | 8 | | |
4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 | | | |
9 | Connecticut | 9 | | 9 | | | |
8 | Vermont | 8 | | 8 | | | |
29 | New York | 29 | | 29 | | | |
8 | New Jersey | 8 | | 8 | | | |
25 | Pennsylvania | 24 | | 24 | | | |
4 | Delaware | 4 | | | | | | 4
11 | Maryland | 11 | | 10 | | 1 | |
25 | Virginia | 25 | | 25 | | | |
15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 | | | |
11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 | | | |
8 | Georgia | 8 | | 8 | | | |
12 | Kentucky | 12 | | 12 | | | |
7 | Tennessee | 7 | | 7 | | | |
8 | Ohio | 8 | | 8 | | | |
3 | Louisiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
3 | Indiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
2 | Mississippi | 2 | | 2 | | | |
3 | Illinois | 3 | | 3 | | | |
3 | Alabama | 3 | | 3 | | | |
9 | Maine | 9 | | 9 | | | |
3 | Missouri | 3 | | 3 | | | |
----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
236 | No. of Electors | 231 | 1 | 218 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 4
| Majority 118 | | | | | | |
====+===================+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+===

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = James Monroe, of Virginia.
(C) = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.
(D) = Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York.
(E) = Richard Stockton, of New Jersey.
(F) = Robert C. Harper, of Maryland.
(G) = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.
(H) = Daniel Rodney, of Delaware.

James Monroe was re-elected President, but there is no notice on the Journals of Congress that he again took the oath of office.

Daniel D. Tompkins was re-elected Vice-President, but there is no record of his having taken the oath of office.

Public attention was much occupied in 1824-5 by a visit from the venerable General Lafayette, who, after the lapse of nearly half a century from the period of his military career, was again welcomed with every token of respect that could be devised for honoring the “Nation’s Guest.” He landed in New York in August, 1824, and after remaining there a short time, set out on a tour through all the States. Upwards of a year was taken up in accomplishing this gratifying object; and in September, 1825, he sailed from Washington in the frigate Brandywine for his native home.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,

THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

Was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767, and received the advantages of a pretty thorough education before entering Harvard College, which was not until the year 1786. After graduating with marked credit, he commenced the study of law at Newburyport, in the office of the Hon. Theophilus Parsons, for many years Chief Justice of Massachusetts. While pursuing his studies he found leisure to write several newspaper essays, which attracted much attention, and displayed a maturity of taste and judgment seldom attained so early in life. In 1794, Washington appointed him minister to the Netherlands, and subsequently transferred him to Portugal. He was afterward, at different periods, minister to Prussia, Russia, and England; and was one of the commissioners who negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain, at Ghent, in 1815. In 1817, he was appointed Secretary of State, in which office he continued during Mr. Monroe’s administration, eight years; when he was elected by the House of Representatives President of the United States—the people having failed in making a choice. Like his father, he encountered strong opposition, and only served one term in this office, being defeated in a reëlection by General Jackson. He then retired to his farm at Quincy, but did not remain long in private life; for, two years afterward, he was chosen Representative in Congress, and continued to be reëlected until his death, which occurred in the Capitol, at Washington, February 23, 1848. Two days previous to this sad event, while engaged in his duties in the House of Representatives, he received a paralytic stroke, which apparently deprived him of all consciousness. He was borne to the Speaker’s room, where he received every attention that could be bestowed by anxious and devoted friends, but all in vain—his hour was come. The last words he was heard to utter were, “This is the last of earth.”

Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. A diligent student, and economical of his time, he found opportunity, amid all his public cares, to cultivate his tastes for literature and the sciences. He was one of the finest classical and belles-lettres scholars of his time, and filled the chair of Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres in Harvard College for several years. Even in his old age, he often astonished his hearers with the elegant classical allusions and rhetorical tropes with which he enriched and embellished his own productions.

_Election for the Tenth Term, commencing March 4, 1825, and terminating March 3, 1829._

====================================================================
| | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
A | STATES. +---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+--
| | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K | L
----+-----------------------+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+--
8 | New Hampshire | | 8| | | 7| | | 1| |
15 | Massachusetts | | 15| | | 15| | | | |
4 | Rhode Island | | 4| | | 4| | | | |
8 | Connecticut | | 8| | | | | | 8| |
7 | Vermont | | 7| | | 7| | | | |
36 | New York | 1| 26| 5| 4| 29| 7| | | |
8 | New Jersey | 8| | | | 8| | | | |
28 | Pennsylvania | 28| | | | 28| | | | |
3 | Delaware | | 1| 2| | 1| | | | | 2
11 | Maryland | 7| 3| 1| | 10| | | 1| |
24 | Virginia | | | 24| | | | 24| | |
15 | North Carolina | 15| | | | 15| | | | |
11 | South Carolina | 11| | | | 11| | | | |
9 | Georgia | | | 9| | | | | | 9|
14 | Kentucky | | | | 14| 7| 7| | | |
11 | Tennessee | 11| | | | 11| | | | |
16 | Ohio | | | | 16| | 16| | | |
5 | Louisiana | 3| 2| | | 5| | | | |
5 | Indiana | 5| | | | 5| | | | |
3 | Mississippi | 3| | | | 3| | | | |
3 | Illinois | 2| 1| | | 3| | | | |
5 | Alabama | 5| | | | 5| | | | |
9 | Maine | | 9| | | 9| | | | |
3 | Missouri | | | | 3| | | | 3| |
----+-----------------------+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+--
261 | Whole No. of Electors | 99| 84| 41| 37|183| 30| 24| 13| 9| 2
| Majority 131 | | | | | | | | | |
====================================================================

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
(C) = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.
(D) = Wm. H. Crawford, of Georgia.
(E) = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.
(F) = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.
(G) = Nathan Sanford, of New York.
(H) = Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina.
(J) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
(K) = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.
(L) = Martin Van Buren, of New York.

Neither candidate for the Presidency having received a majority of the electoral votes, it devolved upon the House of Representatives to choose a President from the three highest on the list of those voted for, which three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford. Twenty-four tellers (one member from each State) were appointed, who, after examining the ballots, announced that the votes of thirteen States had been given for John Quincy Adams; the votes of seven States for Andrew Jackson; and the votes of four States for William H. Crawford. The Speaker then declared that John Quincy Adams, having received a majority of the votes of all the States, was duly elected President of the United States for four years, commencing on the 4th of March, 1825; on which day Mr. Adams took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties.

John C. Calhoun, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1825.

ANDREW JACKSON,

THE SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

A statesman of rare integrity, and a general of invincible skill and courage, was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster County, South Carolina, in 1767, and while yet a mere lad, did something toward achieving the independence of his country. It is said that he commenced his military career at the age of fourteen years, and was soon after taken prisoner, together with an elder brother. During his captivity, he was ordered by a British officer to perform some menial service, which he promptly refused, and for this refusal was “severely wounded with the sword which the Englishman disgraced.” He was educated for the bar, and commenced practice at Nashville, Tennessee, but relinquished his legal pursuits to “gain a name in arms.” In the early part of the war of 1812, Congress, having voted to accept fifty thousand volunteers, General Jackson appealed to the militia of Tennessee, when twenty-five hundred enrolled their names, and presented themselves to Congress, with General Jackson at their head. They were accepted, and ordered to Natchez, to watch the operations of the British in lower Mississippi. Not long after, he received orders from headquarters to disband his men and send them to their homes. To obey, he foresaw, would be an act of great injustice to his command, and reflect disgrace on the country, and he resolved to disobey. He accordingly broke up his camp, and returned to Nashville, bringing all his sick with him, whose wants on the way he relieved with his private means, and there disbanded his troops in the midst of their homes.

He was soon called to the field once more, and his commission marked out his course of duty on the field of Indian warfare. Here for years he labored, and fought, and diplomatized, with the most consummate wisdom and undaunted courage. It was about this time that the treaty of the “Hickory Ground” occurred, which gave him the familiar sobriquet of “Old Hickory.”

The crowning glory of his whole military career was the battle of New Orleans; which will ever occupy one of the brightest pages in American history.

At the close of the war he returned to his home in Nashville; but in 1818 was again called on by his country to render his military services in the expulsion of the Seminoles. His conduct during this campaign has been both bitterly condemned and highly applauded. An attempt in the House of Representatives to inflict a censure on the old hero for the irregularities of this campaign, after a long and bitter debate, was defeated by a large majority.

In 1828, and again in 1832, General Jackson was elected to fill the Presidential chair; thus occupying that elevated position for eight successive years. He then retired to his hospitable mansion (“the Hermitage”), near Nashville, “loaded with wealth and honors bravely won,” where he continued to realize all the enjoyments that are inseparable from a well-spent life, until death translated him to those higher rewards, which “earth can neither give nor take away.” He died June 8, 1845, and his last hours were soothed by a trustful reliance on the Savior of the world for salvation.

_Election for the Eleventh Term, commencing March 4, 1829, and terminating March 3, 1833._

========+=========================+===========+================
| | PRESID’T. | VICE PRESID’T.
| +-----+-----+-----+-----+----
A | STATES. | B | C | D | E | F
----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
9 | Maine | 1 | 8 | 1 | 8 |
8 | New Hampshire | | 8 | | 8 |
15 | Massachusetts | | 15 | | 15 |
4 | Rhode Island | | 4 | | 4 |
8 | Connecticut | | 8 | | 8 |
7 | Vermont | | 7 | | 7 |
36 | New York | 20 | 16 | 20 | 16 |
8 | New Jersey | | 8 | | 8 |
28 | Pennsylvania | 28 | | 28 | |
3 | Delaware | | 3 | | 3 |
11 | Maryland | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 |
24 | Virginia | 24 | | 24 | |
15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 | |
11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 | |
9 | Georgia | 9 | | 2 | | 7
14 | Kentucky | 14 | | 14 | |
11 | Tennessee | 11 | | 11 | |
16 | Ohio | 16 | | 16 | |
5 | Louisiana | 5 | | 5 | |
3 | Mississippi | 3 | | 3 | |
5 | Indiana | 5 | | 5 | |
3 | Illinois | 3 | | 3 | |
5 | Alabama | 5 | | 5 | |
3 | Missouri | 3 | | 3 | |
----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
261 | Whole No. of Electors | 178 | 83 | 171 | 83 | 7
| Majority 131 | | | | |
====+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====+====

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
(C) = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.
(D) = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.
(E) = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.
(F) = William Smith, of South Carolina.

Andrew Jackson took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1829.

John C. Calhoun took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and presided in the Senate March 4, 1829.

A series of unfortunate political and social occurrences soon led to a rupture of that cordiality which had formerly existed between these two distinguished individuals, the consequences of which were peculiarly disastrous to the political aspirations of Mr. Calhoun, who was never afterwards regarded with much favor beyond the immediate limits of his own State.

NOTE.—It was during this administration that the doctrine of State’s rights was so strongly urged by Calhoun, and to this period may be dated the origin of the great rebellion of 1861.

_Election for the Twelfth Term, commencing March 4, 1833, and terminating March 3, 1837._

====+=======================+================+=====================
| | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
A | STATES. +----+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----
| | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K
----+-----------------------+----+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----
10 | Maine | 10| | | | 10| | | |
7 | New Hampshire | 7| | | | 7| | | |
14 | Massachusetts | | 14| | | | 14| | |
4 | Rhode Island | | 4| | | | 4| | |
8 | Connecticut | | 8| | | | 8| | |
7 | Vermont | | | | 7 | | | | | 7
42 | New York | 42| | | | 42| | | |
8 | New Jersey | 8| | | | 8| | | |
30 | Pennsylvania | 30| | | | | | 30| |
3 | Delaware | | 3| | | | 3| | |
10 | Maryland | 5| 5| | | 5| 5| | |
23 | Virginia | 23| | | | 23| | | |
15 | North Carolina | 15| | | | 15| | | |
11 | South Carolina | | | 11| | | | | 11|
11 | Georgia | 11| | | | 11| | | |
15 | Kentucky | | 15| | | | 15| | |
15 | Tennessee | 15| | | | 15| | | |
21 | Ohio | 21| | | | 21| | | |
5 | Louisiana | 5| | | | 5| | | |
4 | Mississippi | 4| | | | 4| | | |
9 | Indiana | 9| | | | 9| | | |
5 | Illinois | 5| | | | 5| | | |
7 | Alabama | 7| | | | 7| | | |
4 | Missouri | 4| | | | 4| | | |
----+-----------------------+----+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----
288 |Whole No. of Electors | 221| 49| 11| 7 | 191| 49| 30| 11| 7
|Majority 145 | | | | | | | | |
====+=======================+====+===+===+===+====+===+===+===+====

COLUMN HEADINGS:
(A) = No. of Electors from each State.
(B) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
(C) = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.
(D) = John Floyd, of Virginia.
(E) = William Wirt, of Maryland.
(F) = Martin Van Buren, of New York.
(G) = John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania.
(H) = William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania.
(J) = Henry Lee, of Massachusetts.
(K) = Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania.

Andrew Jackson, re-elected President, took the oath of office, and continued his duties, March 4, 1833.

Martin Van Buren, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1833.

Early in June, 1833, the President left Washington on a tour through the Northern States, and was everywhere received with an enthusiasm that evinced the cordial approval of his administration by the people. One of his first measures, on returning to the seat of government, was the removal of the public moneys from the United States Bank, for which act he encountered the most virulent hostility of a small majority of the Senate, who passed resolutions censuring his course. But this injustice has not been perpetuated; for on the 16th of January, 1837, these partisan resolutions were expunged from the records by order of a handsome majority.

MARTIN VAN BUREN,

THE EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

Was born in the flourishing town of Kinderhook, New York, September 5, 1782, and early received the best education that could then be obtained in the schools in his immediate vicinity. Having sufficiently prepared himself for the study of law, he entered the office of Francis Sylvester, in his native town, where he remained about six years. But law did not engross his whole time: he found leisure occasionally to peer into the mysteries of political economy, and finally arrived at the conclusion that his chances for fame and fortune were at least equal in the arena of politics to any thing he might accomplish by a strict adherence to legal pursuits. Fully impressed with this idea, he early set about cultivating what little popularity could be gained in his limited sphere, and so won upon the confidence of his neighbors and friends as to be appointed, while yet in his _teens_, a delegate to a convention in his native county, in which important political measures were to be acted upon.

In 1808, he was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County, the first public office he ever held; and in 1812 and 1816 he was elected to the State Senate, in which body he became a distinguished leader of the Madison party, and one of its most eloquent supporters.

In 1821, he was elected to the United States Senate, in which he held his seat for nearly eight years, and became remarkable not only for his close attention to business, but also for his devotion to the great principles of the Democratic party.