Chapter X: PLANTS continued—FRUITS—ORNAMENTAL TREES—FLOWERS (3)

In a curious and apparently trustworthy treatise, published at Amsterdam[196] in 1768, it is stated that nearly 2,000 sorts were then known; but in 1864 Mr. Paul found only 700 in the largest garden at Haarlem. In this treatise it is said that not an instance is known of any one variety reproducing itself truly by seed: the white kinds, however, now[197] almost always yield white hyacinths, and the yellow kinds come nearly true. The hyacinth is remarkable from having given rise to varieties with bright blue, pink, and distinctly yellow flowers. These three primary colours do not occur in the varieties of any other species; nor do they often all occur even in the distinct species of the same genus. Although the several kinds of hyacinths differ but slightly from each other except in colour, yet each kind has its own individual character, which can be recognised by a highly educated eye; thus the writer of the Amsterdam treatise asserts (p. 43) that some experienced florists, such as the famous G. Voorhelm, seldom failed in a collection of above twelve hundred sorts to recognise each variety by the bulb alone! This same writer mentions some few singular variations: for instance, the hyacinth commonly produces six leaves, but there is one kind (p. 35) which scarcely ever has more than three leaves; another never more than five; whilst others regularly produce either seven or eight leaves. A variety, called la Coryphee, invariably produces (p. 116) two flower-stems, united together and covered by one skin. The flower-stem in another kind (p. 128) comes out of the ground in a coloured sheath, before the appearance of the leaves, and is consequently liable to suffer from frost. Another variety always pushes a second flower-stem after the first has begun to develop itself. Lastly, white hyacinths with red, purple, or violet centres (p. 129) are the most liable to rot. Thus, the hyacinth, like so many previous plants, when long cultivated and closely watched, is found to offer many singular variations.

In the two last chapters I have given in some detail the range of variation, and the history, as far as known, of a considerable number of plants, which have been cultivated for various purposes. But some of the most variable plants, such as Kidney-beans, Capsicum, Millets, Sorghum, etc., have been passed over; for botanists are not at all agreed which kinds ought to rank as species and which as varieties; and the wild parent-species are unknown.[198] Many plants long cultivated in tropical countries, such as the Banana, have produced numerous varieties; but as these have never been described with even moderate care, they are here also passed over. Nevertheless, a sufficient, and perhaps more than sufficient, number of cases have been given, so that the reader may be enabled to judge for himself on the nature and great amount of variation which cultivated plants have undergone.

REFERENCES

[1] Heer, ‘Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,’ 1866, s. 28.

[2] Alph. De Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 872; Dr. A. Targioni-Tozzetti in ‘Jour. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 133. For the fossil vine found by Dr. G. Planchon _See_ ‘Nat. Hist. Review,’ 1865, April, p. 224. _See also_ the valuable works of M. de Saporta on the ‘Tertiary Plants of France.’

[3] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 100.

[4] _See_ an account of M. Vibert’s experiments, by Alex. Jordan, in ‘Mém. de l’Acad. de Lyon,’ tom. ii. 185,2 p. 108.

[5] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1864, p. 488.

[6] ‘Arbres Fruitiers,’ 1836, tom. ii. p. 290.

[7] Odart, ‘Ampelographie Universelle,’ 1849.

[8] M. Bouchardat, in ‘Comptes Rendus,’ Dec. 1st, 1851, quoted in ‘Gardener’s Chron.,’ 1852, p. 435. _See_ also C. V. Riley on the manner in which some few of the varieties of the American Labruscan Vine escape the attacks of the Phylloxera: ‘Fourth Annual Report on the Insects of Missouri,’ 1872, p. 63, and ‘Fifth Report,’ 1873, p. 66.

[9] ‘Etudes sur les Maladies actuelles du Ver à Soie,’ 1859, p. 321.

[10] ‘Productive Resources of India,’ p. 130.

[11] ‘Traité du Citrus,’ 1811. ‘Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetale,’ 1816. I quote chiefly from this second work. In 1839 Gallesio published in folio ‘Gli Agrumi dei Giard. Bot. di Firenze,’ in which he gives a curious diagram of the supposed relationship of all the forms.

[12] Mr. Bentham, ‘Review of Dr. A. Targioni-Tozzetti, Journal of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 133.

[13] ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 863.

[14] ‘Teoria della Riproduzione,’ pp. 52-57.

[15] Hooker’s ‘Bot. Misc.,’ vol. i. p. 302; vol. ii. p. 111.

[16] ‘Teoria della Riproduzione,’ p. 53.

[17] Gallesio, ‘Teoria della Riproduzione,’ p. 69.

[18] Ibid. p. 67.

[19] Gallesio, ‘Teoria della Riproduzione,’ pp. 75, 76.

[20] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 613.

[21] ‘Annales du Muséum,’ tom. xx. p. 188.

[22] ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 882.

[23] ‘Transactions of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. p. 1, and vol. iv. p. 396, and note to p. 370. A coloured drawing is given of this hybrid.

[24] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1856, p. 532. A writer, it may be presumed Dr. Lindley, remarks on the perfect series which may be formed between the almond and the peach. Another high authority, Mr. Rivers, who has had such wide experience, strongly suspects (‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1863, p. 27) that peaches, if left to a state of nature, would in the course of time retrograde into thick-fleshed almonds.

[25] ‘Journal of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 168.

[26] Whether this is the same variety as one lately mentioned (‘Gard. Chron.’ 1865, p. 1154) by M. Carrière under the name of _persica intermedia,_ I know not; this variety is said to be intermediate in nearly all its characters between the almond and peach; it produces during successive years very different kinds of fruit.

[27] Quoted in ‘Gard. Chron.’ 1866, p. 800.

[28] Quoted in ‘Journal de La Soc. Imp. d’Horticulture,’ 1855, p. 238.

[29] ‘Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetale,’ 1816, p. 86.

[30] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1195.

[31] Mr. Rivers, ‘Gardener’s Chron.,’ 1859, p. 774.

[32] Downing, ‘The Fruits of America,’ 1845, pp. 475, 489, 492, 494, 496. _See also_ F. Michaux, ‘Travels in N. America’ (Eng. translat.), p. 228. For similar cases in France _See_ Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 97.

[33] Brickell’s ‘Nat. Hist. of N. Carolina,’ p. 102, and Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees,’ p. 505.

[34] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1196.

[35] The peach and nectarine do not succeed equally well in the some soil: _See_ Lindley’s ‘Horticulture,’ p. 351.

[36] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii., 1859, p. 97.

[37] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 394.

[38] Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees,’ p. 502.

[39] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1195.

[40] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Feb. 5th, 1866, p. 102.

[41] Mr. Rivers, in ‘Gardener’s ‘Chron.,’ 1859, p. 774, 1862, p. 1195; 1865, p. 1059; and ‘Journal of Hort.,’ 1866, p. 102.

[42] ‘Correspondence of Linnæus,’ 1821, pp. 7, 8, 70.

[43] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i. p. 103.

[44] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ 1826, vol. i. p. 471.

[45] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ 1828, p. 53.

[46] Ibid., 1830, p. 597.

[47] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 617.

[48] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1844, p. 589.

[49] ‘Phytologist,’ vol. iv. p. 299.

[50] ‘Gardener’s Chron.,’ 1856, p. 531.

[51] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 97.

[52] ‘Gardener’s Chron.,’ 1856, p. 531.

[53] Alph. De Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.’ p. 886.

[54] Thompson, in Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 911.

[55] ‘Catalogue of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 1842, p. 105.

[56] Dr. A. Targioni-Tozzetti, ‘Journal Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 167. Alph. de Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 885.

[57] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. p. 554. _See also_ Carrière, ‘Description et Class. des Variétés de Pêchers.’

[58] Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 907.

[59] M. Carrière, in ‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1865, p. 1154.

[60] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. p. 332. _See also_ ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1865, p. 271 to same effect. Also ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254.

[61] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 512.

[62] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Sept. 8th, 1853 p. 188.

[63] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 412.

[64] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1857, p. 216.

[65] ‘Journal of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ii. 283.

[66] Alph. de Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 879.

[67] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.’ (2nd series), vol. i. 1835, p. 56. _ See also_ ‘Cat. of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 3rd edit. 1842.

[68] Downing, ‘The Fruits of America,’ 1845, p. 157: with respect to the Alberge apricot in France _See_ p. 153.

[69] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1863, p. 364.

[70] ‘Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,’ vol. i. 1841, p. 295.

[71] _See_ an excellent discussion on this subject in Hewett C. Watson’s ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. iv. p. 80.

[72] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1865, p. 27.

[73] ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 94. On the parentage of our plums _see also_ Alph. De Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 878. Also Targioni-Tozzetti, ‘Journal Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 164. Also Babington ‘Manual of Brit. Botany,’ 1851, p. 87.

[74] ‘Fruits of America,’ pp. 276, 278, 284, 310, 314. Mr. Rivers raised (‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1863, p. 27) from the Prune-pêche, which bears large, round, red plums on stout, robust shoots, a seedling which bears oval, smaller fruit on shoots that are so slender as to be almost pendulous.

[75] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1855, p. 726.

[76] Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees,’ p. 278.

[77] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1863, p. 27. Sageret, in his ‘Pomologie Phys.,’ p. 346, enumerates five kinds which can be propagated in France by seed: _see also_ Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees of America,’ pp. 305, 312, etc.

[78] Compare Alph. De Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 877; Bentham and Targioni-Tozzetti, in ‘Hort. Journal,’ vol. ix. p. 163; Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 92.

[79] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. 1824, p. 295.

[80] Ibid., second series, vol. i. 1835, p. 248.

[81] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 138.

[82] These several statements are taken from the four following works, which may, I believe, be trusted: Thompson, in ‘Hort. Transact.,’ _see_ above; Sageret’s ‘Pomologie Phys.,’ 1830, pp. 358, 364, 367, 379; ‘Catalogue of the Fruit in the Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 1842, pp. 57, 60; Downing, ‘The Fruits of America,’ 1845, pp. 189, 195, 200.

[83] Mr. Lowe states in his ‘Flora of Madeira’ (quoted in ‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1862, p. 215) that the _P. malus,_ with its nearly sessile fruit, ranges farther south than the long-stalked _P. acerba,_ which is entirely absent in Madeira, the Canaries, and apparently in Portugal. This fact supports the belief that these two forms deserve to be called species. But the characters separating them are of slight importance, and of a kind known to vary in other cultivated fruit-trees.

[84] _See_ ‘Journ. of Hort. Tour, by Deputation of the Caledonian Hort. Soc.,’ 1823, p. 459.

[85] H. C. Watson, ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. i. p. 334.

[86] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. vi., 1830, p. 83.

[87] _See_ ‘Catalogue of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 1842, and Downing’s ‘American Fruit Trees.’

[88] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. iv., 1828, p. 112.

[89] ‘The Culture of the Apple,’ p. 43. Van Mons makes the same remark on the pear, ‘Arbres Fruitiers,’ tom. ii., 1836, p. 414.

[90] Lindley’s ‘Horticulture,’ p. 116. _See also_ Knight on the Apple-Tree, in ‘Transact. of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. vi., p. 229.

[91] Transact. Hort. Soc.’ vol. i. 1812, p. 120.

[92] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ March 13th, 1866, p. 194.

[93] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 68. For Knight’s case _ see_ vol. vi. p. 547. When the _coccus_ first appeared in this country it is said (vol. ii. p. 163) that it was more injurious to crab-stocks than to the apples grafted on them. The Majetin apple has been found equally free of the coccus at Melbourne in Australia (‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1871, p. 1065). The wood of this tree has been there analysed, and it is said (but the fact seems a strange one) that its ash contained over 50 per cent of lime, while that of the crab exhibited not quite 23 per cent. In Tasmania Mr. Wade (‘Transact. New Zealand Institute,’ vol. iv. 1871, p. 431) raised seedlings of the Siberian Bitter Sweet for stocks, and he found barely one per cent of them attacked by the coccus. Riley shows (‘Fifth Report on Insects of Missouri,’ 1873, p. 87) that in the United States some varieties of apples are highly attractive to the coccus and others very little so. Turning to a very different pest, namely, the caterpillar of a moth (_Carpocapsa pomonella_), Walsh affirms (‘The American Entomologist,’ April, 1869, p. 160) that the maiden-blush “is entirely exempt from apple-worms.” So, it is said, are some few other varieties; whereas others are “peculiarly subject to the attacks of this little pest.”

[94] ‘Mém. de La Soc. Linn. de Paris,’ tom. iii. 1825, p. 164; and Seringe ‘Bulletin Bot.’ 1830, p. 117.

[95] Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1849, p. 24.

[96] R. Thompson, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, p. 788.

[97] Sageret ‘Pomologie Physiologique,’ 1830, p. 263. Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees,’ pp. 130, 134, 139, etc. Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.’ vol. viii. p. 317. Alexis Jordan, ‘De l’Origine des diverses Variétés,’ in ‘Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. de Lyon,’ tom. ii. 1852, pp. 95, 114. ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, pp. 774, 788.

[98] ‘Comptes Rendus,’ July 6th, 1863.

[99] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1856, p. 804; 1857, p. 820; 1862, p. 1195.

[100] Most of the largest cultivated strawberries are the descendants of _F. grandiflora_ or _chiloensis,_ and I have seen no account of these forms in their wild state. Methuen’s Scarlet (Downing, ‘Fruits,’ p. 527) has “immense fruit of the largest size,” and belongs to the section descended from _F. virginiana;_ and the fruit of this species, as I hear from Prof. A. Gray, is only a little larger than that of _F. vesca,_ or our common wood-strawberry.

[101] ‘Le Fraisier,’ par le Comte L. de Lambertye, 1864, p. 50.

[102] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. 1820, p. 207.

[103] _See_ an account by Prof. Decaisne, and by others in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 335, and 1858, p. 172; and Mr. Barnet’s paper in ‘Hort. Soc. Transact.,’ vol. vi. 1826, p. 170.

[104] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. 1824, p. 294.

[105] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Dec. 30th, 1862, p. 779. _See also_ Mr. Prince to the same effect, ibid., 1863, p. 418.

[106] For additional evidence _see_ ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Dec. 9th, 1862, p. 721.

[107] ‘Le Fraisier,’ par le Comte L. de Lambertye, pp. 221, 230.

[108] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 200.

[109] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1858, p. 173.

[110] Godron ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. i. p. 161.

[111] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1851, p. 440.

[112] F. Gloede in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1053.

[113] Downing’s ‘Fruits,’ p. 532.

[114] Barnet, in ‘Hort. Transact.,’ vol. vi. p. 210.

[115] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1847, p. 539.

[116] For the several statements with respect to the American strawberries _see_ Downing, ‘Fruits,’ p. 524; ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1843, p. 188; 1847, p. 539; 1861, p. 717.

[117] Mr. D. Beaton, in ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 86. _See also_ ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1855, p. 88, and many other authorities. For the Continent, _see_ F. Gloede, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1053.

[118] Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in ‘Journal of Hort.,’ March 14th, 1865, p. 207.

[119] Mr. H. Doubleday in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1101.

[120] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1854, p. 254.

[121] Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 930; and Alph. De Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 910.

[122] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. iv. 1828, p. 112.

[123] The fullest account of the gooseberry is given by Mr. Thompson in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i., 2nd series, 1835, p. 218, from which most of the foregoing facts are taken.

[124] ‘Catalogue of Fruits of Hort. Soc. Garden,’ 3rd edit., 1842.

[125] Mr. Clarkson of Manchester, on the Culture of the Gooseberry, in Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. iv. 1828, p. 482.

[126] Downing’s ‘Fruits of America,’ p. 213.

[127] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1844, p. 811, where a table is given; and 1845, p. 819. For the extreme weights gained, _see_ ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ July 26th, 1864, p. 61.

[128] Mr. Saul, of Lancaster, in Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. iii. 1828, p. 421; and vol. x. 1834, p. 42.

[129] ‘Himalayan Journals,’ 1854, vol. ii. p. 334. Moorcroft (‘Travels,’ vol. ii. p. 146) describes four varieties cultivated in Kashmir.

[130] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, p. 723.

[131] Paper translated in Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ 1829, vol. v. p. 202.

[132] Quoted in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1849, p. 101.

[133] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1847, pp. 541 and 558.

[134] The following details are taken from the ‘Catalogue of Fruits, 1842, in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ p. 103; and from Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 943.

[135] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 956.

[136] ‘Annales des Sc. Nat. Bot.,’ 4th series, vol. vi. 1856, p. 5.

[137] ‘American Journ. of Science,’ 2nd series, vol. xxiv. 1857, p. 442.

[138] Gärtner ‘Bastarderzeugung,’ 1849, s. 87, and s. 169 with respect to Maize; on Verbascum, ibid., s. 92 and 181; also his ‘Kenntniss der Befruchtung,’ s. 137. With respect to Nicotiana _see_ Kölreuter ‘Zweite Forts.,’ 1764, s. 53; though this is a somewhat different case.

[139] ‘De l’Espèce,’ par M. Godron, tom. ii. p. 64.

[140] Naudin, in ‘Annal. des Sc. Nat.,’ 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 28.

[141] ‘Mèmoire sur les Cucurbitacées,’ 1826, pp. 6, 24.

[142] ‘Flore des Serres,’ Oct. 1861, quoted in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1861, p. 1135. I have often consulted and taken some facts from M. Naudin’s Memoir on Cucumis in ‘Annal. des Sc. Nat.,’ 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 5.

[143] _See also_ Sageret’s ‘Mémoire’ p. 7.

[144] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. ii. p. 1217.

[145] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1866, p. 1096.

[146] ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1096.

[147] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1842, p. 36.

[148] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iii. p. 1731.

[149] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 2489.

[150] Godron (‘De l’Espèce’ tom. ii. p. 91) describes four varieties of Robinia remarkable from their manner of growth.

[151] ‘Journal of a Horticultural Tour, by Caledonian Hort. Soc.,’ 1823, p. 107. Alph. De Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1083. Verlot, ‘Sur La Production des Variétés,’ 1865; p. 55 for the Barberry.

[152] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. ii. p. 508.

[153] Verlot ‘Des Variétés,’ 1865, p. 92.

[154] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iii. p. 1376.

[155] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 687.

[156] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 89. In Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. xii. 1836, p. 371, a variegated bushy ash is described and figured, as having simple leaves; it originated in Ireland.

[157] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1863, p. 575.

[158] Quoted from Royal Irish Academy in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 767.

[159] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum:’ for Elm, _see_ vol. iii. p. 1376; for Oak, p. 1846.

[160] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1849, p. 822.

[161] ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iv. p. 2150.

[162] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1852, p. 693.

[163] _See_ ‘Beiträge zur Kenntniss Europäischer Pinus-arten von Dr. Christ: Flora, 1864.’ He shows that in the Ober-Engadin _P. sylvestris_ and _montana_ are connected by intermediate links.

[164] ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iv. pp. 2159 and 2189.

[165] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 830; Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. vi. 1830, p. 714.

[166] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. ii. p. 834.

[167] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. ix. 1833, p. 123.

[168] Ibid., vol. xi. 1835, p. 503.

[169] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1845, p. 623.

[170] D. Beaton, in ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 377. _See also_ Mr. Beck, on the habits of Queen Mab, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1845, p. 226.

[171] Moquin-Tandon, ‘Eléments de Tératologie,’ 1841, p. 213.

[172] _See also_ ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 133.

[173] Quoted by Alph. de Candolle, ‘Bibl. Univ.,’ November 1862, p. 58.

[174] Knight, ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 322.

[175] ‘Botanical Magazine,’ tab. 5160, fig. 4; Dr. Hooker, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 190; Prof. Harvey, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 145; Mr. Crocker, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1861, p. 1092.

[176] Alph. de Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1083; ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1861, p. 433. The inheritance of the white and golden zones in Pelargonium largely depends on the nature of the soil. _See_ D. Beaton, in ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ 1861, p. 64.

[177] ‘Rose Amateur’s Guide,’ T. Rivers, 1837, p. 21.

[178] ‘Journal Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. 1855, p. 182.

[179] The Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ March 14th, 1865, p. 207.

[180] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1831, p. 46.

[181] Mr. Sabine, in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 285.

[182] ‘An Encyclop. of Plants,’ by J. C. Loudon, 1841, p. 443.

[183] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. xi. 1835, p. 427; also ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ April 14th, 1863, p. 275.

[184] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. viii. p. 575: vol. ix. p. 689.

[185] Sir J. E. Smith, ‘English Flora,’ vol. i. p. 306. H. C. Watson, ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. i. 1847, p. 181.

[186] Quoted from ‘Annales des Sciences,’ in the Companion to the ‘Bot. Mag.,’ vol. i. 1835, p. 159.

[187] ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. i. p. 173. _See also_ Dr. Herbert on the changes of colour in transplanted specimens, and on the natural variations of _V. grandiflora,_ in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 19.

[188] Salisbury, in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i. 1812, pp. 84, 92. A semi-double variety was produced in Madrid in 1790.

[189] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. 1820, p. 225.

[190] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. vi. 1830, p. 77.

[191] Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 1035.

[192] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i. p. 91; and Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. iii. 1828, p. 179.

[193] Mr. Wildman, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1843, p. 87. ‘Cottage Gardener,’ April 8th, 1856, p. 33.

[194] M. Faivre has given an interesting account of the successive variations of the Chinese primrose, since its introduction into Europe about the year 1820: ‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ June, 1869, p. 428.

[195] The best and fullest account of this plant which I have met with is by a famous horticulturist, Mr. Paul, of Waltham, in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1864, p. 342.

[196] ‘Des Jacinthes, de leur Anatomie, Reproduction, et Culture,’ Amsterdam, 1768.

[197] Alph. de Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1082.

[198] Alph. De Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 983.