Chapter XI: Dancing as a Mourning and Burial Rite (2)

[70] Erman, _op. cit._ I. 299-337; and see further generally, Champollion, _Monuments de l’Égypte_ (1844); Lepsius, _Denkmäler_ ... (1897 ...); cp. Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 42 (1909). As to the sacred dancing among the _Therapeutae_, of later times, see Philo, _De Vita Contemplativa_, pp. 127-129 in F. C. Conybeare’s edition (1895).

[71] Its home was Sparta; it was introduced into Athens in the sixth century B.C. in the time of Pisistratus; ultimately it became a mere war game.

[72] See A. Mommsen, _Feste der Stadt Athen_, pp. 98 ff. (1898), where details will be found; an interesting account of the great procession is given on pp. 131 ff.; see also the same author’s _Heortologie_, pp. 116-205 (1864).

[73] Cp. Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, I. 165, 167, II. 1198 f., etc. (1906).

[74] Hesiod, _Theog._ 259; Thucydides, IV. 3; Livy, XXVI. 9; Virgil, _Aeneid_ VIII. 285; Plutarch, _Thes._ 21 (_EB_, I. 998); and see especially Emmanuel, _La Danse Grecque antique_, pp. 285 ff. (1896).

[75] On the whole subject of the worship of Dionysos see Foucart, _Le culte de Dionysos en Attique_ (1906). For the dances in connexion with his worship see below, pp. 121 ff.

[76] Quoted by Andrew Lang, _Myth, Ritual and Religion_, I. 272 (1901). See also de la Saussaye, _op. cit._ II. 246.

[77] _The Cults of the Greek States_, II. 472 (1909).

[78] See the first line in the quotation from the _Iliad_ on p. 70.

[79] These details are from Sittl, _Archäologie der Kunst_, pp. 378 f. (1895), where much further information will be found.

[80] Ohnefalsch-Richter, _op. cit._ vol. II., No. cxxvii. 2.

[81] _Ibid._ No. cxxviii. 3.

[82] Cat. E, 695

[83] Such as Müller und Wieseler, _Denkmäler der alten Kunst_, see _e.g._ I. plate XLIV (1854 ...); Jane E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_ (1903), who gives a number of illustrations.

[84] These were sometimes of a lascivious character.

[85] _Op. cit._ II. 472; see also p. 463.

[86] III. x. 7 (Frazer’s ed.). See further, the interesting notes in Hitzig et Bluemner’s _Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio_, I. 766 (1896).

[87] III. p. 320; see also Hitzig et Bluemner, _in loc._; Farnell, _op. cit._ II. 472.

[88] IV. xvi. 9. It recalls the episode of the maidens of Shiloh dancing in honour of Jahwe, Judg. xxi. 19 ff.

[89] Cp. Emmanuel, _La Danse Grecque antique_ (1896); for illustrations see Müller und Wieseler, _op. cit._ II. 17188 ff.

[90] Ramsay, in the _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, IV. 36 (1883).

[91] Cp. Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 123 (1909): “Les jeunes filles athéniennes, qui célèbrent le culte de l’Artémis-ourse, s’habillent en ourses et se disent des ourses.”

[92] _Op. cit._ II. 436 f.; see further Gruppe, _op. cit._ II. 1284, 1293; Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, 1086 (1829); Bekker, _Anecdota Graeca_, I. 445 (1814-21); Lübker, _Real-Lex. des Klassischen Altertums_, s.v. Artemis (1914); Hesychius, s.v. Βραυρωνίοις; Mommsen, _Feste der Stadt Athen_, pp. 456 ff.; _Heortologie_, pp. 406 ff.; and see also Pausan. I. xxiii. 7. Cp. the custom among the Azimba of east-central Africa, when maidens attain puberty they celebrate the occasion by a dance in which only women take part: see Hartland in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor_, p. 197 (1907).

[93] III. xi. 7.

[94] _Op. cit._ I. 162. Herodotus refers to the Carneian festival in VII. 206.

[95] _Op. cit._ I. 234.

[96] Gruppe, _op. cit._ I. 271.

[97] For its religious character see Mommsen, _Heortologie_, pp. 163 ff.

[98] See further, p. 71, and W. H. Matthews, _Mazes and Labyrinths_, pp. 19 ff., 156 ff. (1922).

[99] _Prolegomena of the History of Religions_, p. 123 (1884).

[100] Ohnefalsch-Richter, _op. cit._ I. 446, 448, and numbered cxxxii. 2.

[101] XVIII. 590-606 (Blakeney’s translation).

[102] _Aen._ V. 545-603.

[103] Frazer, _GB_, _The Dying God_, pp. 76 f. (1911).

[104] _GB_, _The Dying God_, p. 77.

[105] See Plutarch, _Theseus_, XXI.

[106] Cp. the “Ladies’ Chain” in modern dancing.

[107] _Op. cit._, and see also vol. I. 446.

[108] Ohnefalsch-Richter, _op. cit._ I. 448.

[109] Now in the Berl. Mus. Antiquarium.

[110] _Pro Murena_, VI. 13, quoted by Bender, _Rom und römisches Leben im Alterthum_, p. 452 (1880).

[111] Cp. Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_, I. 382 (1902).

[112] _Op. cit._ pp. 154 f.; cp. Warde Fowler, _ERE_, X. 820 _a_; Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_, p. 118 (1886); Dill, _Roman Society in the last century of the Roman Empire_, pp. 76 ff. (1910).

[113] _Op. cit._ I. 360.

[114] Cp. Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_, p. 118, and the reff. there given (1886).

[115] _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 65 (1913), from Liv. vii. 1-3.

[116] In de la Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, II. 33, cp. 149 (1905), and Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 89. A great deal of information will be found scattered about in various volumes of the _Sacred Books of the East_ series, _e.g._ I, XV (Upanishads); XII, XXVI, XLI, XLIII, XLIV (Satapatha-Brâhmana); XXXIV, XXXVIII, XLVIII (the Vedânta-Sûtras); XLIX (Buddhist Mahâyâna Texts); XXIII, XXXI (the Zend-Avesta); XXVII, XXVIII, XL (the Sacred Books of China). Also the relevant articles, which are many, in _ERE_, where special literature in abundance will be found.

[117] Schoolcraft, _The Indian Tribes of the United States_, I. 191 (ed. by F. S. Drake, 1891); there is an illustration given of this dance.

[118] _Unknown Mexico_, I. 330 f. (1903).

[119] For the religious dance among the ancient Peruvians see Réville, _Hibbert Lectures_, pp. 224 ff. (1895); J. G. Müller, _Amerikanische Urreligion_, p. 385 (1867); Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 230 (1909).

[120] Hahl, _Mittheilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf Ponape_, in “Ethnologisches Notizblatt,” II. ii. 1 (1901), quoted by Frazer, _Folk-lore in the Old Testament_, I. 40 (1918). The Maoris attributed the origin of dancing to two goddesses, Raukata-uri and Raukata-mea, J. Macmillan Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, p. 208 (1907); see also the interesting illustrations in Caillot, _Les Polynésiens orientaux..._, Pls. XLVII, XLIX-LII (1909).

[121] _Les religions des peuples non-civilisés_, pp. 251 f. (1883).

[122] Réville, _Hibbert Lectures_, p. 194.

[123] Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, I. 307, 309 ff. (1912). The supremely important _rôle_ assigned to the sacred dance among the natives of Australia is well known; see Spencer, _Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia_, pp. 32, 106, 139 ff., 173, and the illustrations on p. 186 (1914); Howitt, _The Native Tribes of South-east Australia_, pp. 330, 416 (1904); Brough Smith, _The Aborigines of Victoria_, I. 166 ff. (1878), cp. Reinach, _Orpheus_, pp. 228 f.

[124] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn ..._, I. 311.

[125] See the whole of the Note on “The Pleiades in Primitive Calendars,” _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn ..._, I. 307-319.

[126] W. Schneider, _Die Religion der Afrikanischen Naturvölker_, p. 100 (1891).

[127] Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s_, p. 91 (1872).

[128] Fritsch, _op. cit._ p. 352.

[129] W. Schneider, _op. cit._ pp. 89 f.

[130] For other dances in imitation of animals, see Ling Roth, _The Aborigines of Tasmania_, pp. 138 ff. (1899).

[131] Cp. the personating of spirits or legendary animals among the N. American Indians, Frazer, _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 375.

[132] See, _e.g._, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 302 ff.

[133] _E.g._ Gen. xii. 6 f., xiii. 18, xiv. 13, xxxv. 4, 8; Josh. xxiv. 26; Judg. ix. 37; Jer. ii. 20, iii. 6, 13, xvii. 2; Ezek. vi. 13; Hos. iv. 13; cp. Isa. i. 29.

[134] _E.g._ Gen. xiv. 7, xvi. 14; cp. xxi. 19, 33; Josh. xv. 7, xviii. 17, xix. 8.

[135] See above, pp. 33 ff.

[136] _Patrol. Graec._ (Migne), LXXIX. Col. 648.

[137] _Rel. of the Semites_, pp. 135 f.

[138] I. 189. Quoted by Buchanan Gray, _Numbers_ (Intern. Crit. Com.), pp. 288 f. (1903).

[139] Cp. Jane E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, p. 127 (1903).

[140] A reading based on the Samaritan and the Septuagint.

[141] The name “calf,” _ʿēgel_, instead of “bull” or “cow,” refers to its smallness (perhaps in irony). Such images could not have been large as they were made of precious metal. But even when made of other materials, such as clay, they were small, to judge from the specimens found on the site of ancient Gezer.

[142] It is true that the word is used of “surrounding” a table in the Hebrew of Ecclus. xxxv. 1 (xxxii. 1 in Greek), but it would be precarious to cite this late Hebrew meaning of it in support of the R.V. rendering of the word in 1 Sam. xvi. 11. In Ecclus. ix. 9 it is used of “mingling” strong drink.

[143] Cp. Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 340, note 2: “The festal song of praise (_tahlil_) properly goes with the dance round the altar (cp. Ps. xxvi. 6 sq.), for in primitive times song and dance are inseparable.”

[144] _Psalms_ (Intern. Crit. Com.), II. 408 (1907).

[145] Cp. Job xxvi. 10: “He hath worked out a circle (_ḥôq ḥāg_) upon the face of the waters”; or perhaps better: “He hath circumscribed a boundary....” This illustrates the root meaning of _ḥag_, “a circle”; and this is the formation of the festival dance. See, further, Driver and Gray, _Job_, Part II., Philological Notes, pp. 154, 180 (1921); Budde, _Hiob_, p. 146 (1896); Ball, _The Book of Job_, p. 322 (1922). See also Prov. viii. 27, and cp. Isa. xix. 17: “And the land of Judah shall be for a reeling (_ḥagga’_) to Egypt,” _i.e._ Egypt will become giddy through fear at the sight of Judah, and will thus “reel.” _Ḥagga’_ “may either be from an original sense of _ḥāgag_, or it may be equivalent to being excited as at a _ḥag_” (Oxf. Hebr. Lex.). More probably it is simply a derivative from _ḥag_, giddiness as a result of going round at the festival dance; it is used in Isa. xix. 17 in a metaphorical way.

[146] Mishnah, _Sukkah_, iv. 2.

[147] See above, pp. 48 ff. The prince-poet Imra-al-Kais refers in one of his poems to girls, gown-clad, going swiftly round the _Davar_ (_EB_, I. 998).

[148] _Nili Opera_, Narrat. III. 8 (in Migne, _Patrol. Graec._ LXXIX. 612 f.) “In later Arabia, the _ṭawâf_, or act of circling the sacred stone, was still a principal part of religion; but even before Mohammed’s time it had begun to be dissociated from sacrifice, and became a meaningless ceremony,” Robertson Smith, _op. cit._ p. 340.

[149] “Damit wäre dann der kultische Tanz als Produkt der altorientalischen Vorstellungswelt erwiesen” (de la Saussaye, _Religionsgeschichte_, I. 380 [1905]).

[150] See p. 94.

[151] _De Dea Syria_, XLIX.; see Strong and Garstang, _The Syrian Goddess_, and Garstang’s notes on pp. 83 f. (1913).

[152] Robertson Smith, _op. cit._ pp. 185, 335.

[153] See Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_, p. 91, where a good photograph of one of these trees is given.

[154] Nöldeke, _Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden_. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari, p. 181 (1879). I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Bevan, of Cambridge, for this reference.

[155] See Dussaud, _Histoire et Religion des Nosairis_, pp. 149 f. (1900).

[156] Ohnefalsch-Richter, _op. cit._ I. 360; it is numbered xvii. 5 in vol. II.

[157] Now in the Berlin Mus. Antiq., T.C. 668238.

[158] Ohnefalsch-Richter, _op. cit._ I. 360; numbered xvii. 6 in vol. II.

[159] _Op. cit._ I. 445; numbered cxxvii. 3 in vol. II.

[160] Cp. Suidas, s.v. Ἀμφιδρόμια.

[161] See Lobeck, _Aglao._, 237 ff., 639 ff., 695 (1829); Bekker, _Anecdota Graeca_, p. 207 (1814-1821); Pauly, _Realencycl. der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft_, IV. 1240 ff. (1862).

[162] Warde Fowler in _ERE_, X. 827 _b_.

[163] _Religion und Kultus der Römer_, p. 390 (1912).

[164] _Das Privatleben der Römer_, p. 83 and the notes (1886).

[165] _The Indian Tribes of the United States_, I. 146 ff.; ed. by F. S. Drake (1891).

[166] Speck, _Ethnology of the Yuchi Indians_, p. 28 (1909).

[167] _Les Religions des Peuples Non-civilisés_, I. 269 (1883).

[168] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_..., I. 97.

[169] Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_..., I. 240 ff., II. 326 ff.; _The Scapegoat_, 232 ff., 251 ff., 315.

[170] Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, pp. 190 ff. (1875-1877); _Wald- und Feldkulte_, I. 244 (1904-1905).

[171] Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, II. 47 ff.; see also the instances mentioned above, p. 98.

[172] Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_..., I. 136 ff.

[173] Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 174; Frazer, _The Magic Art_, II. 58 ff.

[174] On the subject generally see Hölscher, _Die Profeten: Untersuchungen zur Religionsgeschichte Israels_, pp. 129-158 (1914).

[175] In speaking of the exercises of the early prophetical bands Robertson Smith says that “they were sometimes gone through in sacred processions, sometimes at a fixed place, as at the Naioth at Ramah, which ought probably to be rendered ‘dwellings’—a sort of coenobium. They were accompanied by music of a somewhat noisy character, in which the hand-drum and the pipe played a part, as was otherwise the case in festal processions to the sanctuary (2 Sam. vi. 5; Isa. xxx. 29). Thus the religious exercises of the prophets seem to be a development in a peculiar direction of the ordinary forms of Hebrew worship at the time, and the fact that the ‘prophesying’ was contagious establishes its analogy to other contagious forms of religious excitement” (_The Prophets of Israel_, p. 392 [1897]). See further, Gressmann, _Palestinas Erdgeruch in der Israelitischen Religion_, pp. 34 ff. (1909).

[176] Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 432.

[177] See, for interesting parallels, S. A. Cook, in _Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway_, p. 397 (1913).

[178] _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 432. But see S. A. Cook in the work just cited.

[179] The R.V. rendering of 1 Kings xviii. 26, “And they leaped about the altar,” is misleading.

[180] The text emendation here is obvious, it should be _yithgôdâdu_ (“they cut themselves”) for _yithgôrâru_ (“they assemble themselves”).

[181] This has been illustrated by the excavations on the site of ancient Gezer undertaken by the Palestine Exploration Fund.

[182] _Genesis_, p. 329 (1901).

[183] See, further, von Gall, _Altisraelitische Kultstätten_, pp. 148 ff. (1898).

[184] The word is also used for limping, or stumbling, in a figurative sense (Jer. xx. 10 and elsewhere; in Job xviii. 12, Ball would read _balaʿ_). According to Driver the cognate Arabic word means “to curve” (_Oxford Hebr. Lex._); one thinks of the bent or curved position of the body during the performance of the “limping” dance.

[185] See the various works of Schrader, Winckler, Zimmern, Jensen, O. Weber, Jastrow, etc.

[186] See, _e.g._, Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Aegypter_, pp. 85-87 (1890); Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_, pp. 61 f., 90 (1909), and the works of other authorities mentioned in previous chapters.

[187] _Eastern Customs in Bible Lands_, pp. 207-210 (1894); a good account of the Dancing Dervishes is given in W. Tyndale’s _An Artist in Egypt_, pp. 26-30 (1912); and see especially Gressmann, _Palestinas Erdgeruch in der Israelitischen Religion_, pp. 34 ff. (1909).

[188] See Herodotus, II. 133.

[189] _The Prophets of Israel_, p. 392 (1897); cp. Stade, _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_, I. 477 (1886).

[190] Snouck-Hurgronje, _Mekka_, II. 281 (1888-1889). And see, further, Doughty, _Arabia Deserta_, II. 119 (orig. ed.); Robinson Lees mentions this dancing as taking place at holy places in Palestine, _Village Life in Palestine_, pp. 27, 28 (1897).

[191] See Golénischeff, _Recueil de Travaux_, XXI. 22 f.; Gressmann, _Altorientalische Texte und Bilder zum A.T._, I. 225 ff. (1909).

[192] Regarding the musical accompaniment to such ecstatic dances, Iamblichus propounds the extraordinary theory that the reason why certain sounds and melodies produce an ecstatic state is because before the soul entered the body it was “an auditor of divine harmony,” and when, being in the body, it hears these, it recollects the divine harmony and participates in it; hence the cause of the ecstatic state and the faculty of divination (_De Mysteriis_, III. 9 end).

[193] Die sequenti variis coloribus indusiati et deformiter quisque formati, facie caenoso pigmento delita et oculis obunctis graphice prodeunt, mitellis et crocotis et carbasinis et bambycinis iniecti, quidam tunicas albas in modum lanciolarum quoquoversum fluente purpura depictas cingulo subligati, pedes luteis induti calceis; deamque serico contectam amicuio mihi gerendam imponunt brachiisque suis humero tenus renundatis, attollentes immanes gladios ac secures, evantes exsiliunt incitante tibiae cantu lymphaticum tripudium. Nec paucis pererratis casulis ad quandam villam possessoris beati perveniunt et ab ingressu primo statim absonis ululatibus constrepentes fanatice pervolant, diuque capite demisso cervices lubricis intorquentes motibus crinesque pendulos in circulum rotantes, et nonnunquam morsibus suos incursantes musculos, ad postremum ancipiti ferro quod gerebant sua quisque brachia dissicant. Inter haec unus ex illis bacchatur effusius ac de imis praecordiis anhelitus crebros referens, velut numinis divino spiritu repletus, simulabat sauciam vecordiam, prorus quasi deum praesentia soleant homines non sui fieri meliores sed debiles effici vel aegroti.... Arrepto denique flagro, quod semiviris illis proprium gestamen est, contortis taeniis lanosi velleris prolixe fimbriatum et multiiugis talis ovium tesseratum, indidem sese multinodis commulcat ictibus, mire contra plagarum dolores praesumptione munitus. Cerneres prosectu gladiorum ictuque flagrorum solum spurcitia sanguinis effeminati madescere.... The translation is that of S. Gaselee in “Loeb Classical Library” (1915).

[194] In _ERE_, VI. 403 _a_; we give the quotation in full as this large Encyclopaedia is not, for many, easily accessible.

[195] On the Korybantes, the mythical attendants on Kybele, who were supposed to dance in wild fashion with the goddess on the mountains, see Rohde, _Psyche_..., II. 48 ff. (1907); the name was also given to the eunuch priests of the goddess in Phrygia.

[196] Panofka, _Dionysos und Thyiden_, pl. I. 2 (1853).

[197] Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, p. 453 (1903).

[198] The treasure is in the Berlin Museum, Cat. 2290; Harrison, _op. cit._, p. 428.

[199] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 393; see also Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte_, I. 162, II. 840, 1293; Lobeck, _Aglao._, II. 1085 ff.; Bekker, _Anecdota Graeca_, I. 234.

[200] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 397; Gruppe, _op. cit._ II. 748, 1293; Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 123.

[201] Philo, _De Vita Contempl._ II.

[202] Diodorus, IV. iii. 2.

[203] Rohde, _Psyche_, II. 11 ff.; Roscher, _Ausführliches Lexikon_..., II. 2243-2283 (1894-1897).

[204] Pausan. X. iv. 1, 2.

[205] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 540 (omitting the interjected words of Xanthias and Dionysos).

[206] See Mommsen, _op. cit._ p. 224; cp. Foucart, _Les grands mystères d’Eleusis_, pp. 121 f.; and for the dancing at the celebration of the mysteries, see p. 142 (1904).

[207] Quoted by Harrison, _Pyth._ III. 77.

[208] Pausan. II. vii. 6. Cp. also Lobeck, _Aglao._, II. 1088; Reinach, _Orpheus_, pp. 153 ff.

[209] Lines 680-691.

[210] IV. 3.

[211] Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 500; and the same author’s _Themis_, pp. 23 ff. (1912). Rohde, _Psyche_, I. 272.

[212] _Protr._ II. 12. Concerning them Gruppe says: “Die Kureten, nach denen ein Magistratskollegium hiess, das unter dem _proto-koures_ mystische Opfer feierte, sollten durch den Lärm der Waffen Hera vertrieben haben; eine Sagenbildung, die auf eine Angleichung an die Riten die zwar ebenfalls euboisch-boiotischen, aber vielleicht erst hier mit dem Artemis-dienst in Verbindung gesetzten Kultus der grossen Göttin hinweist” (_Griech. Myth._ I. 284; see also II. 820, 898, 1106, 1198).

[213] Frazer, _GB_, _Adonis, Attis, and Osiris_, pp. 250 f. (1907). See further, Hepding, _Attis, seine Mythen und sein Kult_, pp. 128 ff. (1903).

[214] Ep. I. 49, II. 34, VI. 40; Dill, _Roman Society in the last century of the Western Empire_, p. 16 (1910).

[215] On the Galli see Lucian, _De Dea Syria_, XLIII, L-LX.

[216] Frazer, _op. cit._ p. 223. See further Cicero, _De Divinatione_, II. 50; Catullus, _Carm._ LXIII.; Lucretius, II. 598 ff.; Hepding, _op. cit._, pp. 142 ff.; Glover, _The Conflict of Religions in the early Roman Empire_, pp. 20 f. (1909).

[217] Fallaize, in _ERE_, X. 124 _b_.

[218] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, II. 133 f. (1920); he also mentions this type of dance among the Patagonians, Fijians and others, pp. 419 ff.

[219] Frazer, _GB_, _Adonis, Attis, Osiris_, p. 61.

[220] Réville, _Les Religions des peuples non-civilisés_, p. 267 (1883); Schoolcraft, _op. cit._ I. 286.

[221] _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_ (Hibbert Lectures, 1884), p. 225.

[222] _Malay Magic_, p. 463 (1900).

[223] Fallaize, in _ERE_, X. 124 _b_.

[224] Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 408; N. Tsaki, _La Russie Sectaire_, pp. 66 ff. The Shakers of New Lebanon attempt in the dance to obtain the Holy Spirit, Lilly Grove, _op. cit._ p. 7.

[225] J. Macmillan Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, p. 204 (1907).

[226] _Folk-lore in the Old Testament_, III. 277 (1918).

[227] In _Allerlei_, I. 164-168.

[228] _Introduction to the Study of Religion_, p. 174 (1904).

[229] “They prophesied until the time of the evening oblation” (עֲלוֹת הַמִּנְחָה), 1 Kings xviii. 29.

[230] An inspired prophet.

[231] A five-thonged scourge, with iron at the extremity of each thong.

[232] _The Sun and the Serpent_, pp. 99 f. (1905).

[233] The feast of _Pesach_ (“Passover”) coincided with this; it was also a spring festival at which the firstlings of the herds were offered (Exod. xxxiv. 25).

[234] _E.g._ 1 Kings viii. 2, xii. 32; Judg. xxi. 19; Lev. xxiii. 39, 41.

[235] This is also true of the Targums, where an allusion to the dance is sometimes strikingly obvious, _e.g._ in the Targ. of _Onkelos_ to Deut. xvi. 14; the people are bidden to rejoice at their feasts with the playing of flutes; this was one of the most usual accompaniments to the sacred dance all the world over.

[236] See Moore, _Judges_, pp. 304 f. (1903).

[237] Cp. Judges ix. 27.

[238] See _e.g._ Reinach, _Orpheus_, p. 273 (1909); Carl Rathjens, _Die Juden in Abessinien_, p. 78 (1921).

[239] _Talmudische Archäologie_, III. 101, and the references on p. 285.

[240] Mishnah, _Sukkah_, V. 1.

[241] _Sukkah_, IV. 1-4.

[242] Cp. Reinach, _op. cit._ p. 271.

[243] See _Megillath Taanith_, IV. 8-10; this was before the Day of Atonement had become a Fast-day; one sees, therefore, how ancient the custom was.

[244] _Megillath Taanith_, V.

[245] _Bell. Jud_. II. xvii. 6.

[246] See further on this, Krauss, _op. cit._ III. 102, 285.

[247] On these see further Doughty, _Travels in Arabia Deserta_, I. 340 ff., 391 f. (1921).

[248] Alois Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, III. 200 ff. (1908).

[249] Dalman, _Palestinischer Diwan_, p. 254 (1901).

[250] Featherman, _Social History of Mankind_, I. 334 f. (1881).

[251] See G. Friedlander’s edition of this work, p. 208 (1916).

[252] Cp. Enclow, _JE_, IV. 425 _b_, and Jacobs, _JE_, IV. 96 ff.

[253] See Curtiss, _op. cit._ pp. 164 ff.

[254] Kees, _Der Opfertanz des ägyptischen Königs_, pp. 105-226 (1912); Maspero, _Études de mythologie et de l’archéologie égyptiennes_, VIII. 313 (1893-1916); Blackman, _Rock Tombs of Meir_, I. 23 f., II. 25, and the same writer in the _Journal of Egyptian Archaeology_, VII. 21 f.

[255] Erman, _Aegypten_ ..., I. 336.

[256] Erman, _op. cit._ I. 340; see also Voss, _Der Tanz und seine Geschichte_, p. 20 (1869), who unfortunately omits references to authorities.

[257] See further, Flinders Petrie, _Stud. Hist._ III. 69 (1904), and for festivals generally the same author’s _Egyptian Festivals_ ... (1908).

[258] _Schol. in Luc. Dialog. Meretr._ VII. 4 (ed. Rabe, 1906), referred to by Harrison, _op. cit._ p. 146; see also Lübker, _op. cit._ 298 _b_.

[259] Mommsen, _Feste_ ..., pp. 359 ff.; Harpocration, _s.v._ Ἁλῷα, I. 24 (ed. Dindorf [1853]). For Vintage Festivals see, further, Mommsen, _Heortologie_, pp. 66 ff.

[260] Harrison, _op. cit._ pp. 146 f. On this festival see also Bekker, _op. cit._ I. 384 f.; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., III. 315 f.; Frazer, _GB_, _The Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, I. 60 ff.

[261] The author refers to his note on Pausanias, VIII. xxxvii. 3 in vol. IV. pp. 375 ff. of his _Pausanias_.

[262] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, II. 339.

[263] Gruppe, _op. cit._ II. 783; Preller, _Griechische Mythologie_, pp. 618 ff. (1872).

[264] Cp. Pausan. VIII. xxv. 1 ff.; Ovid, _Metam._ V. 106; Pliny, XVI. 33; and for the _Charites_ see Gruppe, _op. cit._ I. 81, II. 1073, 1083, 1189, 1284; Lobeck, _op. cit._ II. 1085 ff.; _Julii Pol. Onom._ IV. 95. For the Thesmophoria see Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., II. 16 ff.; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., III. 85-93; and for the Thargelia, _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, pp. 254 ff.; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., IV. 268 ff.

[265] _E.g._ in the cult of Ἄρτεμις Κορδάκα, see Lobeck, _De myst. priv._ II. 959; Farnell, _Cults_ ..., II. 445; Pausan. VI. xxii. 1. The procession called φαλλοφορία was especially associated with Dionysos and Hermes, see Farnell in _ERE_, VI. 417 _a_.

[266] See Farnell in _ERE_, VI. 403 _b_; he says: “this privilege of ecstasy might be used for the practical purposes of vegetation-magic.”

[267] Mars was originally a god of vegetation; he appears subsequently as the god of war.

[268] See Aust, _Die Religion der Römer_, p. 171 (1899).

[269] A translation in full is given by Carter in _ERE_, II. 10 _b_, 11 _a_.

[270] See further on the whole subject Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencycl. der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft_, II. 1463 ff. (1896).

[271] See Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, III. 444 (1885).

[272] Cp. the name of the month in which the festival was held, February, which gets its name from _februare_ “to purify.”

[273] March 19 was a special day as being the birthday of Minerva (Ovid, _Fasti_, III. 812; see Mommsen, _Feste_ ..., p. 59).

[274] “... per urbem ire canentes carmina cum tripudiis solemnique saltatu,” Liv. I. 20. 4. See, further, Wissowa, _op. cit._ I. 482, who refers to Dion. Hal. II. 70. 2. Cp. de la Saussaye, _op. cit._ II. 441 ff.; and see Seneca, _Epp._ XV.; Quintilian, I. 2. 18.

[275] _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 232.

[276] Frazer, _ibid._; Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, III. 427 f. (1885); Aust, _op. cit._ p. 130; Cirilli, _Les Prêtres Danseurs de Rome_, pp. 97 ff. (1913); for Harvest Festivals generally among the Romans see Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_, pp. 191 ff., for the _Hilaria_, pp. 321 ff. (1912); Roscher, _Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie_, s.v. Attis, I. 715 ff. (1884); for the _Vinalia_, Aust, _op. cit._ p. 173. Cp. Farnell, _The Evolution of Religion_, p. 145 (1905).

[277] See, for illustrations not mentioned here, Lilly Grove, _op. cit._ pp. 65-92.

[278] This is given by Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., I. 95 f., from A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, I. 167-169 (1904 ...).

[279] Frazer, _op. cit._ p. 107. See also Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, pp. 323 ff. H. L. Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, I. 262 (1896), says: “The Dyaks really seem to consider dancing as a part of divine service, attributing to it some mysterious and wholesome efficacy”;—they do not enquire why; it is taken for granted that it is so.

[280] _Malay Magic_, p. 462 (1900).

[281] Cp. Réville, _Les Religions des peuples non-civilisés_, p. 269, who tells of how the imitative magic dance develops into a specifically religious act.

[282] _Op. cit._ p. 464; see, further, pp. 465 ff., and also Skeat and Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, I. 364 f., II. 119 ff., 126 ff., 137 with the illustration on p. 138; and for the negro Baris, whose country is situated on either bank of the White Nile, see Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, I. 74 (1881).

[283] W. Schneider, _Die Religion der Afrikanischen Naturvölker_, pp. 52-58 (1891); Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s_, p. 327 (1872).

[284] On initiation dances see Harrison, _Themis_, pp. 24 f.

[285] Bab. Talm. _Rosh Ha-shanah_ 16 _a_, Mishnah, _Sukkah_, IV. 9; cp. Mishnah, _Berakôth_, V. 2; see also the curious story in Lucian, _De Dea Syria_, XIII.; and for numbers of examples of rain-charms see Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 247-329.

[286] _The Threshold of Religion_, p. 76 (1909).

[287] _ERE_, X. 359 _b_.

[288] The root meaning of _ʿanah_ is “to sing,” see Isa. xxvi. 2, Exod. xxxii. 18, Ps. cxix. 172; and cp. the cognate Arabic root _ghanna_; in neo-Hebrew it is often used of singing in chorus.

[289] A different interpretation of the passage is given by a few commentators, _e.g._ Briggs in the _Intern. Crit. Com._, but the natural meaning seems to be as above.

[290] We have referred to this in another connexion, see p. 141. It is probable that we have in this episode a combination of an historical fact and some form of the Adonis myth.

[291] Pausan. IV. xvi. 4. See, further, Hermann, _Gottesdienstliche Alterthümer_, §§ 24, 50.

[292] Reference is made in 1 Sam. xxi. 5, 2 Sam. xi. 11 to an act of self-control which was also part of the consecration for battle; but this, which is found among many other races, had its special reason and does not come into consideration here.

[293] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., II. 145, where other examples are given.

[294] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., I. 22.

[295] The possibility is not excluded that in all cases of animals being eaten in order to absorb their qualities, their sacredness may have been the real reason at one time in the history of the rite. When this reason was forgotten and its qualities became the sole reason for eating an animal, the extension of the idea in other ways would be natural.

[296] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 288.

[297] _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 165 f. (1911); the account is taken from S. Müller, _Reizen en Ondergoekingen in den Indischen Archipel._, II. 252 (1857). For another example see Chalmers, _op. cit._ p. 182.

[298] C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, p. 298 (1910), quoted by Frazer, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 168.

[299] Spencer and Gillen, _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 493 f. (1899).

[300] De Flacourt, _Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar_, pp. 97 f. (1658), quoted by Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 131 (1911).

[301] _The Secret Tribal Societies of West Africa_, p. 17, quoted by Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 132.

[302] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 133 f.

[303] _Uit het leven der Bevolking van Windessi_, in the “Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-Landen Volkenkunde,” XL. 157 f. (1898); _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 169 f.

[304] _E.g._ in such cases as the May-pole dance, and the dances round the Midsummer fires.

[305] Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 455, where references to original authorities are given. See also Stade, _Biblische Theologie des Alten Testaments_, i. 148.

[306] _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 158; for further examples see pp. 161 ff., and _The Magic Art_, I. 125 ff. Conceivably the taboo on the persons left at home during the absence of the fighting men may have originally had something to do with the victory dance being performed by women alone.

[307] See the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen World_, chaps. VIII-X.

[308] _E.g._ Gen. xxiv. 49 ff., xxix. 27; Judg. xiv. 7; Isa. lxi. 10; Jer. ii. 32, vii. 34, xxv. 10; Ps. xlv. 10 ff.; Cant. iii. 6-11; cp. 3 Macc. iv. 8. In the New Testament we have more details, _e.g._ Matth. xxii. 2, xxv. 1 ff.; Lk. xii. 36; John ii. 1 ff.

[309] See König, _Hebr. und Aram. Wörterbuch_, p. 505, and cp. the Sept. τῇ Σουμανείτιδι (Cod. B).

[310] _Kimĕhôlath hammaḥanaim._ Cp. the Septuagint rendering: ὡς χοροὶ τῶν παρεμβολῶν.

[311] Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_, p. 52, says, “The tenacity with which the Oriental mind, if left to itself, holds that which has always been, and turns to it as unerringly as the needle to the pole, has often been observed, and is our guaranty that we may find primitive religious conditions among people with whom, if we approach them in the right way, we may hold intercourse to-day.” This may certainly apply to the present instance.

[312] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, pp. 287 ff. (1873).

[313] Cp. the reference to the king in Cant. i. 4.

[314] _Mittel-Syrien und Damascus_, p. 123 (1853).

[315] _Arabia Deserta_, II. 118 (1921).

[316] See Rothstein’s article, “Moslemische Hochzeitsgebräuche in Lifta bei Jerusalem,” in Dalman’s _Palästinajahrbuch_, 1910, pp. 102-123, especially 110-114; a photographic illustration of a sword-dance is given on p. 102; and Klein in the _Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinischen Vereins_, VI. 94 ff. (1883).

[317] “Its general unscientific nature has been demonstrated by Mr Fison and Dr Westermarck.... The theory, then, that mankind in general, or even a particular section of mankind, even in normal circumstances were accustomed to obtain their wives by capture from other tribes, may be regarded as exploded. There have been, of course, and still are, sporadic cases of capture of wives from hostile tribes or others, but such cannot prove a rule.” Crawley, _The Mystic Rose: A Study of Primitive Marriage_, p. 367 (1902).

[318] _Op. cit._ pp. 323 ff.

[319] For the reasons why these maleficent influences should be believed to be present on such occasions see Crawley’s work, chaps, XIII, XIV.

[320] _Palestinischer Diwan_, p. 254 (1901). For the custom among the Arabs of the Hedjaz see Featherman, _op. cit._ V. 402.

[321] Krauss, _Talmudische Archäologie_, II. 39 (1911).

[322] Bacher, _Aggada der Palestinischen Amoraim_, III. 36 (1897); _JE_, VIII. 341 f.

[323] Abrahams, _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_, p. 193 (1896).

[324] Abrahams, _op. cit._ pp. 195 f.; cp. with this the rite in the ancient Indian ritual, in which the bride takes seven steps towards the bridegroom; at the seventh he seizes her by the foot, Winternitz, _Das altindische Hochzeitsrituell_, in “Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,” XL. 51 (1892).

[325] Grunwald, in _JE_, VIII. 346 _a_, quoting from Chorny, _Sefer ha-Massaʿot_, p. 298.

[326] Abrahams, _op. cit._ p. 196. For marriage rites among Jews and Mohammedans in Palestine to-day see Baldensperger in the _Quarterly Statement_ of the Pal. Exploration Fund, 1899, pp. 140 ff., 1900, pp. 181 ff., 1901, pp. 173 ff.

[327] Westermarck, _Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco_, p. 144 (1914).

[328] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 388 (1910).

[329] On this, see further Crawley, _op. cit._ pp. 327 ff., 335 ff.

[330] _Op. cit._ p. 321.

[331] _Op. cit._ p. 344.

[332] Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, V. 480 (1881).

[333] Westermarck, _op. cit._ p. 251.

[334] Winternitz, _Das altindische Hochzeitsrituell_, XL. 30.

[335] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 374.

[336] Skeat, _op. cit._ p. 381.

[337] “For practical purposes, as is hardly necessary to premise, the complex fears of men and women are often subconscious, or are only expressed as a feeling of diffidence with regard to the novel proceedings, and also are not always focussed on the personality of either party with its inherent dangerous properties nor stimulated by conscious realisation of particular dangers.... We have, however, seen cases where the individual in marriage is consciously aware that it is his human partner who is to be feared” (Crawley, _op. cit._ p. 323).

[338] Skeat, _op. cit._ p. 377, and for other dances at weddings see pp. 388 f., 392.

[339] _The History of Human Marriage_, II. 584 (1921); see also Featherman, _op. cit._ I. 208.

[340] Frazer, _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 171.

[341] Frazer, _GB_, _The Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, II. 255.

[342] Westermarck, _Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco_, p. 90.

[343] Westermarck, _op. cit._ p. 144.

[344] H. A. Metcalf’s translation, _The Idylls and Epigrams of Theocritus ..._ (1905).

[345] _The Mystic Rose_, pp. 337 ff.

[346] For these, see the present writer’s book, _Immortality and the Unseen World: a Study in Old Testament Religion_, pp. 141 ff. (1921).

[347] _Talmudische Archäologie_, II. 67 f., 483 (1911); cp. also Thomson, _The Land and the Book_: Lebanon, Damascus, and beyond Jordan, pp. 401 ff. (1886).

[348] Crawley, in _ERE_, X. 358 _a_.

[349] The mystic number, seven, in connexion with the rite will not escape notice. The whole service will be found in Gaster’s _Daily and Occasional Prayers_, vol. I. (1901). The supplications, though not in precisely the same form in which they now appear, are known to go back to pre-Christian times; the antiquity of the ritual by which they are accompanied, especially when its nature is considered, will obviously be at least as great, let alone the long history behind it.

[350] _Sacred Books of the East_, XI. 129 (1879-1910).

[351] In _ERE_, III. 658 _b_.

[352] Hartland, in _ERE_, IV. 426 _b_.

[353] Walse, in _ERE_, IV. 453 _b_.

[354] Joyce, _Social History of Ancient Ireland_, I. 301 (1903).

[355] Alois Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, III. 203 (1908).

[356] For illustrations of this kind see, _e.g._, Rosellini, _Les Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie_, Pl. CXIV. fig. 2, Pl. CXVI. fig. 6 (1831); Lepsius, _Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien_, Div. II, Pls. 52, 53 (1849); Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité: l’Égypte_, p. 701 (1882).

[357] In _ERE_, V. 238 _a_.

[358] Erman, _Aegypten ..._, I. 336.

[359] Erman, _op. cit._ I. 338, II. 434.

[360] Reported in the _Times_, 29th June, 1922.

[361] Cp. Herodotus, II. 85.

[362] _An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_, II. 272 (1871).

[363] _Op. cit._ pp. 344, 408 f., 452.

[364] Among the Romans, during the earliest periods, funerals always took place at night; for the evidence see Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_, pp. 343 f. (1886).

[365] As to funeral games see Daremberg et Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités Greques et Romaines_, II. 1376 (1896 ...): “La présence de nombreux chars sur les vases peints du Dipylon fait croire qu’on continua à célébrer des jeux funèbres en l’honneur du mort, et cet usage persista longtemps encore, comme semble l’indiquer une peinture où un char de course est représenté à côté d’une stèle qu’on achève de décorer.” Cp. Rohde, _Psyche ..._, I. 224 f. As Hartland points out (_ERE_, IV. 437 _a_), “funeral games, familiar to us in classical literature, are of very wide distribution. They cannot be separated from dances, for there is no hard and fast line between the two.”

[366] See also Rohde, _Psyche ..._, I. 221.

[367] In Dionys. VII. 72 there is a description of such a procession in which troops danced in the dress of Sileni and Satyrs. Suet. _Caes._ 84 (Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_, pp. 352 f.).

[368] Crawley, in _ERE_, X. 356 _a_.

[369] _Antike Gesichtshelme und Sepulcralmasken_, p. 4 (1878), referred to by Marquardt, _Privatleben der Römer_, p. 241, and see further, pp. 353 ff.

[370] Showerman in _ERE_, IV. 505 _b_, 507 _b_. Cp. Daremberg et Saglio, _op. cit._ s.v. _Funus_.

[371] _Op. cit._ II. 32.

[372] See the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen World_, pp. 9, 21 f.

[373] _I.e._ “sacred,” the first month of the Musulman year.

[374] Jaʿfar Sharif, _Islam in India, or the Qānūn-i-Islam: The Customs of the Musulmans of India_, translated by G. A. Herklots, pp. 161-174 (1921).

[375] Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, II. 183.

[376] J. M. Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, p. 203. “Funeral dances and death-bed dances are a world-wide custom. We hear of them in Patagonia, in Abyssinia, in North America, in the East Indian isles and in the Highlands of Scotland; we read about them in ancient Egypt, and we can see them to-day in Spain, in Ireland, and in the centre of France,” Lilly Grove, _op. cit._ p. 4.

[377] _ERE_, IV. 434 _b_.

[378] Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, pp. 358 ff., 716 (1910).

[379] Frazer, _The Belief in Immortality_, I. 200 (1913).

[380] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 399.

[381] _The Indian Tribes of Guiana_, pp. 154 f. (1868).

[382] Schoolcraft, _op. cit._ I. 198, 234.

[383] Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, I. 413 (1881).

[384] Baldwin Spencer, _The Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia_, pp. 234 ff. (1914).

[385] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 293 f.

[386] _Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Straits_, V. 256.

[387] _Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart_, V. 1070.

[388] Nelson, _The Eskimo about Bering Strait_, Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. I. 363 (1899).

[389] Frazer, _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 166.

[390] Spencer and Gillen, _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 505 ff. (1899).

[391] Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, I. pp. 384 ff. (1903).

[392] _ERE_, IV. 481 _a_.

[393] _ERE_, IV. 416 _b_.

[394] See on this the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen World_, p. 180.

INDEX

Aaron, 161

Ab, feast of, 143

_Abel-meḥolah_, 142

Abijah, 92

Absorbing the god, 25

Abydos, royal tombs at, 203

Achna, Kybele _temenos_ at, 99

Air a means of lustration, 99

Altar, dance round, 91 f.
procession round, 94

Amalekites, David’s attack on the, 48

Amathus, 70

_Ambarvalia_, 100, 149

Ancestor-worship, 131
dancing connected with, 195

Animals, belief in descent from, 18, 78
holy, 166
imitated in dance, 18
sacred, 166

Animistic stage, 14

Aphrodite, 98

Aphrodite-Ariadne, 70

Apis festivals, 60

Apollo, 7, 63, 68, 74, 120

Apollo Karneios, 69

Apollo, Pythaean, 69

Apollonius Rhodius, 201

Apuleius, 118

Apuleius’ account of sacred dance, 61 f.

Arabi Pasha, 115

Arabs, 193
ancient, 116
_cultus_ of the, 49, 94
wedding dance among the, 181
mourning rite among the, 202
song round well of, 89

Arāwaks, funeral dance among the, 212 f.
procession round corpse of, 201

Archigallus, 127

Ares, 63

Argonauts, 201

Ariadne, 70

Ariadne’s Dance, 27, 69, 71 f.

Aristomenes, 163

Aristophanes, _Frogs_ quoted, 123

Aristotle, 14

Ark, 36, 54, 94

_Arkteia_, 68, 102

Artemis, 19, 63, 66, 102
Brauronian ceremonies of, 68
Caryatis, 67
Koruthalia, 66
worship of, 67

Artemis-Kybele, groves of, 99

Arunta of Central Australia, 169
funeral dance among the, 216

Arval Brothers, 149

Ashantees, 170

Ashdod, 47

Ashkenazic Jews, 198

Asiatic peoples, sacred dance among, 76

_Asiph_, 140

Asshurbanipal, inscription of, 58

Assyrian festivals, 58
procession, 58
sacred dance, 6

Athena, 19, 64, 120

Athens, 123

Atonement, day of, 143

_Atrium_, 208

Attic women dancing in honour of Dionysos, 123

Attis, worship of, 126, 127

Baal, 38
Marqôd, 19, 56
of dancing, 56
prophets of, 111, 113, 131 f.

“Baby Jesus”, 23

Babylonian festivals, 57
hymns, 58

Bacchanalian assemblies, 124

Bacchantes, 121, 124

Bagobos of Mindanao, 103

_Bāmāh_, 108

Bambaras of Senegambia, 145

Barges, procession of, 62

Basket, 60

Baskets dancing, 67

Bear dance, 68, 102

Bechuanas, marriage dance among the, 181

Bedouin Arabs, 193
dance among the, 56 f.

Benihassan, inscription on tomb at, 203

Benjamites, 142

Bēs, 60

Bēsa, 61

Bethel, 38

_Bharang_, 211

Bheels, marriage dance among the, 181

Blood, flowing of during dance, 213

Bodo-priest, 27, 128

Boghazkeui, rock-inscription at, 59, 109

Bond of life, 200

Bondas, funeral dance among, 213

Bones venerated, 210

Book of the Dead, the, 11

Brahman worship, 77

Brauronian ceremonies, 68, 84

Brethren of the Ploughed Fields, 149

Bridal couples, royal state of, 29

Bride and bridegroom in a state of danger, 184

Buddha, pyre of, 201

Burial rite, dancing as a, 29 f., 42
customs not an innovation, 197
tenacity of, 197

Burials, Chinese, 201

Buriats, procession round corpse of, 201

Byblos, 116

Cactus, 217

Camel, processional dance round, 28, 95

Caryae, 67

Cassowary-dances, 18

Castor and Pollux, 67

Cattle increased by sacred dance, 103

_Charites_, 148

_Chela_, 133

Child mind, the, 22

Chinese burials, 201

_Chitôn_, 67

Chnomhôtep, 203

Choruses of Physcoa and Hippodamia, 124

_Chuppah_, 177

Cicero, 78

Circle-dance of men and women, 205 f.

Circle, magic, 28, 94

Circuit round sanctuary, 94
sacrifice, 94
sevenfold, 93, 94

Circuits round a corpse, 200

Circumambulation, 199

Circumambulatory procession, 100

Circumcision festivals, dancing at, 144 f.
of Isaac, 145

City, encirclement of, 94

Clapping of hands, 7, 52

Clement of Alexandria, 125

_Coelibaris hasta_, 181

Coins from Tralles, 69

Conibos, funeral dances among the, 212

“Consecrated”, 94

Consecration of warriors, 161

Corinth, golden plate from grave near, 73

Corn-Mother, 103

Corneto, 207

Corybantes, 69

Crane dance, 72

Cremation in India, 201

Cretan labyrinth, 71

Cretan legend of birth of Zeus, 69

Cretan-Mycenaean creed, 120

Crete, 70

Crops made to grow by dancing, 27, 29

_Cultus_ of ancient Arabs, 94

Custom, traditional, retained, 217

Cylinder seals, 59

Cylix of Hieron, 122

Cymbals, 7, 52

_Cypresses_, 148

Cyprus, 70
excavations in, 11, 98
inscriptions from, 59 f., 72 f., 98 f.

Dagon, 47

_Daḥa_ dances, 144

Dakotahs, 21, 77, 83, 101, 165 f.
sun worship among the, 77

_Dālag_, 44, 46, 47, 48

Dance accompanied by cymbals, 7
by hand-drums, 7
by singing, 7
by tambourine, 121, 203
among the Greeks, 11
the Israelites, 7
the natives of New Guinea, 1 f.
the uncivilized races, 8
and music, 7
and religion, 69
applied to processions, 100
as a mourning rite among the Greeks and Romans, 207 ff.
at funeral feasts, 207
at weddings as an initiatory ceremony, 188
ecstatic, 37 ff.
encircling, 37, 183, 199, 205
funeral, 204 ff.
funeral, purposes of, 204 ff.
Hebrew terms for, 44 ff.
_Hikuli_, 217 f.
imitative, 14
in honour of the army of the heavens, 69
of the Egyptian gods, 61
in semi-circle, 98
limping, 87, 111
musical accompaniment to, 51 ff.
never useless, 2
of Jewish maidens, 143
of maidens in the _forum_, 75
on graves, 29
orgiastic, 122
processional, 36
represented on Greek pottery, 5
round a sacred object, 88 ff.
altar, 91 f.
golden calf, 90
men disguised as familiar spirits, 214
slain enemies, 206
trees, 88
wells, 88
scaring away evil spirits, 30
the dead brought back by, 30
the dead personated in, 30

Dance-spirit, the, 153

Dancers sprinkled, 217

Dances and funeral games, 207
at Egyptian funerals, 203
at festivals among the Romans, 149 ff.
in celebration of victory, 40 f., 159 ff.
in honour of superhuman powers, 54 ff.
of the dead, 205 f.
of gods, 17
of the _Salii_, 150
performed under trees, 148

Dancing accompanied by instrumental music, 122
as an act of devotion, 129
as an expression of will, 6
as a mourning rite among savages, 209 ff.
at celebration of Eleusinian mysteries, 124
at circumcision festivals, 144 f.
at Egyptian festivals, 146
at feasts, 140 ff.
at festivals among the Baris, 153
Hottentots, 153 f.
Kai, 152
Kayans, 151 f.
at Greek festivals, 146 ff.
at the feast of Purim, 144
connected with ancestor-worship, 195
definitions of, 5
Dervishes, 115, 130, 137
during the making of vows, 145
field of, 142
Hebrew words for, 35 ff., 197
highest development of, 9
in honour of the dead, 203 f.
in honour of the moon, 153
magical, 171
modern, 6
modes of, 5 f.
of masked men and women, 148
priests, 150
religious in origin, 129
serious for savages, 21
spirit of, 130
to ensure a fruitful marriage, 191
to the point of unconsciousness, 129

Dancing-floor in Knossos, 70

Dancing-grounds, Greek, 65
[_See also_ Ecstatic Dance, Funeral Dance, Sacred Dance]

_Davar_, 49, 95

David, 36, 54, 162

Day of Atonement, 143
of Blood, 127

Dead, continued existence of the, 209
imitated in dance, 30
sacrifice for the, 213
the, brought back by dance, 30

_Decemviri_, 75

_Deir el-Ḳala_, 56

Delos, 70, 72

Delphian women dancing in honour of Dionysos, 123

Demeter, 24
dance in honour of, 90
mysteries of, 147

Departed, dance in honour of the, 198 f.
personating the, 214
spirit of, feared, 205 f.
wrath of, appeased by dance, 215

Dervishes, dancing, 115, 130, 137

Descent from animals, 18, 78

Development of ideas, 218

Devil dancers, 27, 128

_Dhāt anwāt_, 96

_Dies Sanguinis_, 127

Dinka, negro tribe in Soudan, 206

Diodorus, 124

Dionysiac ritual, 6

Dionysos, 7, 19, 21, 63, 64, 66, 120, 143, 147, 148
contact with through dance, 122
festivals, 122
orgies in honour of, 123
raving in honour of, 38
temple of, 124
under the influence of, 122
worship of, 120

Dioscuri, 19

Disguise of mourners, 205, 211

Divine indwelling, 26

Dog-dances, 18

Drum-beating, 2

Dutch New Guinea, funeral dance among inhabitants of, 212

Ecstatic dance, 32, 107 ff.
a means of mystic experiences, 116
among Greeks, 119 ff.
Israelite prophets, 109 ff.
Romans, 126
Syrians, 116 ff.
uncultured races, 128 ff.
contagious, 108
means of divine indwelling, 32
means of union with the deity, 108
not confined to early Israelite prophets, 107
outcome of strong religious emotion, 107
two forms of, 114

Ecstatic state, 27
means of inducing an, 39, 120
voice of the god during, 129

Egyptian fresco, dancing depicted on, 10
inscriptions, 5
funeral dances, 203, 204
procession, 203
temples, sacred dance depicted on doors of, 62 f.

Egyptians, mourning rite among the, 202 f.

Eleusinian mysteries, dancing at the celebration of, 124

Eleusis, 90, 124

Elagabalus, 149

Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 143

Elijah, 113

Elis, 68

Encirclement of city, 94

Encircling dance, 199, 206
procession of gods, 96

_Epithalamium_, 190

E-sagila, temple of, 57

Eskimo, procession round corpse of, 201

Esquimaux, funeral dances among, 215

Eteokles, the daughters of, 148

Eternity, Feast of, 203

Etruria, sacred dance introduced from, 75

Etruscan vase, 71

Etruscans influenced by Greeks, 76

Euripides, _Bacchae_ quoted, 124

Evil eye, 188

Evil spirits, 47, 132
combated in dance, 204 f.
in vicinity of corpses, 205
protection against, 205
scared away by dance, 30

Excavations in Cyprus, 11, 70

Exegesis, Rabbinical type of, 86

Familiar spirits, men disguised as, 214

Fātima, 211

Faunus, 150

Fear of departed spirit, 205

Feast of Eternity, 203
of Tabernacles, dancing during, 94

Feet, stamping of, 198

Festival, funeral, 203

Field of dancing, 142

Figures, semi-human, 147

Fire as a lustration, 99

Flute-playing as a mourning rite, 196

_Forum_, dance of maidens in the, 75

_Fratres Arvales_, 149

Funeral dance among Aaru archipelago natives, 218
Aborigines of N. Australia, 213
Arāwaks, 212 f.
Arunta, 216
Bondas, 213
Conibos, 212
Dutch New Guinea natives, 212
Esquimaux, 215
Gilbert islanders, 212
Indian tribes of Guiana, 212
Maoris, 212
Melanesians, 212
N. American Indians, 213
Pulu islanders, 214
Sioux, 214
Sulka, 212
Tami islanders, 213 f.
Tarahumares of Mexico, 217
Timor islanders, 215

Funeral dances collective, 199
purposes of, 204 f.

Funeral festival, 203

Funeral games cannot be separated from dances, 207

Funeral procession, scenes at, 199

Funerals at night, 207

Gallas’ dance round sacred tree, 103

Game of Troy, 69, 71, 74

Games at funerals, 207

_Geranos_, 72

Ghosts of the dead, 29
propitiation of, 167 ff.

Gilbert islanders, funeral dance among, 212

Gilyaks, 18

Goddesses personated, 148

Golden calf, dance round the, 90

Grave a dwelling-place, the, 208

Greek influence on the Romans, 73 f.
pottery, 66
dances represented on, 5
vases, 10

Greeks, dancing of the, 65
funeral processions among the, 207
national temperament of the, 76

Grotta del Trichinio, 207

_Gymnopaediae_, 68 f.

_Ḥāgag_, 44, 48 ff., 92

_Ḥagg_, 49, 51, 94, 141

Halfa, 204

_Ḥalîl_, 52

Hallel, 93

_Haloa_, 147

Hand-drums, 7

_Hantu mĕnāri_, 130

Harmony, 53

Harp-players, 202

Harpokrates, 61

Harvest festivals, 39 f.
dancing at, 140 ff.

Ḥatḥor, 19, 60 f.

Head-hunters in Dutch New Guinea, 171 f.

Heavenly bodies, symbolic representation of movements of, 95

_Ḥebel_, 92, 108

Hebrew prophets, 33
terms for dancing, 44 ff., 197

Hebrews, festivals among the, 139 ff.
religious superiority of the, 139

Heliodorus, 117

Hell-gallop, 206

Henna-dance, 187 f.

Hera, 64

Herakles, Tyrian, 117

Hermes, 148

Herodotus, 124

Herodotus’ account of Egyptian worship, 62

Hezekiah, 58

Hieron, cylix of, 122

_Hikuli_ dance, 217 f.

Hindoo Koosh, natives of, 171

Hippodamia, Chorus of, 124

Hittite inscriptions, 10, 59 f., 109

Homer, 122

Honouring the departed by dance, 30, 203 f., 209, 211

Hosea, 136

_Ḥūl_, 44

Human victim, dance round to make crops grow, 103

Husain, 211

Iacchus, 124

Iamblichus, theory of, 117

Ideas, development of, 218

Identification, 25

Identity, change of, 29

_Iḥwy_, 60

Ilabistan, wells of, 90

_Imagines_, 208

Imitation, 25

Imitative magic, 3, 4, 23, 183
propensity in man, 14

Indian, ancient ritual at weddings, 186

Initiation rite, 68

Inscription on tomb at Benihassan, 203

Inscriptions, dancing depicted on, 10
Egyptian, 5
from Cyprus, 65, 98 f.
Hittite, 10

Inspiration gained by dancing, 128

Instinct of play, 7

Irish, procession round corpse, 201

Isaac, circumcision of, 145

_Isidis Navigium_, 62

Isis, worship of, 61

Israelite prophets, 38

Israelites and the nations of antiquity, 85
dancing, 7
religious uniqueness of, sometimes exaggerated, 31 f.
sacred dance among the, 31 ff.
stage of culture of the, 8 f.

Italian god of vegetation, 27

Jacob, 113, 118

Jahwe, 33, 36, 38, 54, 93, 94
possession by spirit of, 109

Jephthah, 141, 162

Jewish custom, post-biblical, 9
maidens, dance of, 143

Jews, Ashkenazic, 198
of post-biblical times, marriage dance among the, 181 f.
of the Caucasus, marriage dance among the, 183
Sephardic, 198

_Juno Regina_, 74

_Kaaba_, 49, 95, 115

_Kailang Nāg_, 133

Kamtchatka, 18

Kangaroo-dances, 18

Kayans of Sarāwak, 28, 102, 106

_Ḳazir_, 140

Kazwini, 90

Killing a god in animal form, 165

King’s week, 178

_Kinnôr_, 52

Knossos, dancing-floor in, 70

Kol tribes of Chota Nagpur, 210

Kore, 147

Korybantes, 121

Kouretes, 125

Kûkubûry, 116

_Kumbâz_, 180

Kybele, 121, 126, 127

Kybele-_temenos_, 99

Labyrinth, 27, 69 f.

Lacedaemonians, 67, 163

Laconia, 67

Lameness simulated in dance, 111 f.

Lares, 149

Latona, 68, 69

Lattuka, negro tribe in Soudan, 205 f.

Law, the, 32

Leaping high to make crops grow, 150
over threshold, 47

Leukosia, 98

Limping dance, 87
at sunrise, 113
of Syrian origin, 114
step, 38, 51

Lucian, 96, 147
on dancing, 64

_Lupercalia_, 101, 149 f.

_Luperci_, 101

Lustration by air, 99
by fire, 99

Lycosura, 147

Lycurgus, the son of, 201

Madagascar, ancient natives of, 170

Madonna and Child, 23

Maenads, 11, 121 ff., 125

Magic and religion, 41
circle, 28, 94
to keep in angry spirits, 206
dance, 160, 171
imitative, 3, 23, 28, 183
sympathetic, 24, 28
vegetation, 149

Magna Mater, 126

Maidens’ chorus, 66

Makarakâ, negro tribe in Soudan, 206

Malayans, wedding dance among the, 186

_Malbûs_, 116

Mana, conception of, 3, 17

Mandan Indians, dancing among the, 189