Chapter XVI: Twilight Triumphs (3)

Tazewell, L. W., “mess,” 12;
and State portfolio, 41;
and War portfolio, 43;
and English mission, 50;
and rejection of Jackson’s nominations, 82;
joins Opposition, 115, 176;
and White for Cabinet, 128;
and Jackson organ, 159;
and conference on tariff, 194;
and legal basis of deposits controversy, 325.

_Telegraph._ _See_ _United States Telegraph_.

Tennessee, and White’s presidential candidacy, 426, 427;
and Democratic Convention (1835), 430;
in election of 1836, Jackson and canvass, 433, 448, 453, 455.

Territories, Tyler and slavery in, 78.

Texas, Jackson and, 480.

Theater, in Washington, 16, 17.

Thompson, George, Abolitionist crusade, 434.

Thornton, William, Octagon House, 8.

Travel, conditions, to Washington, 1-3.

Treasury Department. _See_ Duane, W. J.; Ingham,
S. D.; McLane, Louis; Taner, R. B.; Woodbury, Levi.

_Troy Sentinel_, in campaign of 1832, 248.

Turkey, treaty, 229.

Tyler, John, on Irving, 15;
career and character, 77-80, 441;
origin and development of hostility to Jackson, 78-80;
sectionalist, 78;
and Jackson’s Cabinet, 79;
appearance, 80;
and rejection of Jackson’s nominations, 82, 83, 85;
joins Opposition, 115, 176;
on Cabinet reorganization, 127, 130;
on Taney’s official propriety, 140 _n._;
and rejection of Van Buren, 180;
and tariff, 188;
caution in campaign of 1832, 230;
and Nullification, 261;
and Force Bill, 270, 282;
and compromise tariff, 278, 280, 281;
as leader of Opposition, 285;
and removal of deposits, 329;
and rejection of Stevenson, 352;
on attempt to assassinate Jackson, 376;
Poindexter investigation, 382;
vice-presidential candidacy, 433;
and instructions to expunge censure, resignation, 441, 442.

Union. _See_ Nullification; Sectionalism.

_United States Telegraph_, and spoils system, 65;
as Calhoun’s organ, 85, 91;
campaign extras (1832), 230, 239;
rescue by Whigs, 277;
and Abolitionism and sectionalism, 444.
_See also_ Green, Duff.

Upham, Timothy, peculation, dismissal, 75 _n._

Van Buren, John, campaign bets, 251.

Van Buren, Martin, and Butler, 1, 310;
and selection of Jackson’s Cabinet, 40, 42, 45;
presidential aspirations and Calhoun, 40, 85;
selection for State portfolio, 40;
and Hamilton, 41, 201;
political career and character, 53-57;
as lawyer, 53;
and civil service, 54, 68, 70, 74;
in War of 1812, 54;
and suffrage, 54;
as leader against Adams’s Administration, 55, 64;
appearance, 55;
manner, 56;
as orator, 56;
and Jackson-Calhoun break, beneficiary, 88, 110, 111, 114, 115, 179;
and Jackson’s Union toast, 100;
resignation from Cabinet, 116, 124;
and Mrs. Eaton, political effect, 121, 122;
and Louis McLane, 125, 359 _n._;
future (1830), 127;
and new Cabinet, 127-29;
and Kendall, 149;
on Lewis, 154;
and organ for Jackson, 159-61;
organ 172, 243;
as Minister, 177;
rejection by Senate, political effect, 178-82;
West Indian trade negotiations, 178;
and Bank, 205, 206;
and Bank veto, 218, 219;
on Webster’s Bank veto speech, 223;
campaign canard on (1832) 240;
and Nullification, 263, 264;
on compromise tariff, 280 _n._;
in New England tour, 289;
and removal of deposits, 290, 292-95, 297, 299-301, 310;
and Clay’s histrionics over distress, 335-37;
and French crisis, 398;
and Fortifications Bill, 404, 411;
and Cora Livingston, 406;
Adams on, 438, 450;
Jackson and succession, 423;
and vice-presidential candidates, 431;
and slavery issue, 435, 444, 446-48, 452;
Crockett’s biography, 436-38;
attitude during campaign, 438;
and Bell, 439;
Calhoun’s attack, 449;
and campaign queries, 452;
electoral vote, 454;
and results of election, 455, 456;
Cabinet, 473;
at Jackson’s last reception, 473;
Jackson at inaugural, 479.

Van Ness, J. P., residence, 8;
and reception of Jackson, 37.

Vaughan, C. R., and Mrs. Eaton, 121 _n._, 122.

Verplanck, G. C., “mess,” 13;
tariff bill, 267;
mayoral campaign, 355.

Vigne, G. T., on Arlington, 8 _n._;
on Supreme Court, 10 _n._

Villemain, A. F., on Livingston Code, 135.

Virginia, in campaign of 1832, 231;
and Nullification, 261-63, 284;
and removal of deposits, 329;
election of 1834, 356, 363, 364;
and Democratic vice-presidential nomination, 430, 431;
Senators and instructions to expunge censure, 441, 442.

Walker, R. J., election to Senate, 365;
and Abolitionist petitions, 444 _n._

War Department. _See_ Cass, Lewis; Eaton, J. H.

War of 1812, Van Buren’s attitude, 54;
Calhoun’s services, 89;
Webster’s attitude, 94, 95;
Taney’s attitude, 136.

Washington, Bushrod, and Mrs. Livingston, 22.

Washington in the thirties, condition of travel to, 1;
approach, 2;
hotels, 3;
streets, coach hire, lighting, 4, 5, 7;
lack of compactness, 5, 6;
avenues, 6;
special residences, 7, 8;
public buildings, 8;
Capitol, 8-11;
housing conditions, 11;
servants, slaves, 11;
cost of living, 12;
boarding-houses, messes, 12;
and celebrities, 13-15;
press letters from, 16;
theater, 16, 17;
dissipation, 18, 19;
social charm, 19;
fashions, 20;
society leaders, 21-25;
evening parties, 25-27;
foreign ministers in society, 27;
assemblies, opera, 28;
social character, 28;
Sunday in, 29;
unhealthfulness, 29;
and election of Jackson, 31, 35.
_See also_ White House.

_Washington Globe_, establishment as Jackson organ, 160, 161, 164;
daily, finances, 165;
political power, 166-68;
and foreign affairs, 168, 169;
lead in campaign of 1832, 228, 242, 248.
_See also_ Blair, F. P.

Washington Theater, 16.

Watkins, Tobias, peculation, dismissal, 75.

Webb, J. W., on Isaac Hill, 86;
and Bank controversy, 208, 228;
losses through Bank policy, 318;
names Whig Party, 357.
_See also New York Courier and Enquirer._

Webster, Daniel, and Harriet Martineau, 14;
and Mrs. Livingston, 22;
in society, 24;
on inauguration crowd (1829), 37;
on Jackson as president-elect, 38;
denunciation of Jackson’s removals, 76;
and Calhoun’s candidacy, 90;
Hayne debate as political, 92, 93, 98;
Union issue of debate, 93, 97, 99, 103;
political career and character, 94-96;
and War of 1812, 94, 95;
as orator, 95;
effect of Hayne’s speech, 96, 97;
reply, effect, 98;
Crawford investigation, 108;
and Clay’s return to Senate, 171;
and party leadership, 172, 173;
as anti-Jackson leader, 176;
and rejection of Van Buren, 178, 180;
and tariff (1832), 195;
and Bank recharter as issue, 210-12;
and forcing of recharter application, 213;
on veto message, 222, 223;
in campaign of 1832, 244;
attitude on Nullification, and Jackson, 260, 273-77, 288;
and compromise tariff, 278, 280;
and removal of deposits, 309;
advice to Bank, 310, 314;
and Bank retainers, 324;
and legal phase of removal, 325;
and distress petitions, 327;
Bank harangue, 330, 355;
and censure debate, 332;
compromise recharter measure, 333-35;
on Jackson’s Protest, 342;
and spring elections (1834), 354;
on elections of 1834, 365;
and expunging censure, 371, 469;
patronage inquiry, 383;
and Fortifications Bill, 403, 410, 412;
and Adams, 414;
presidential candidacy (1836), 432, 433, 452;
Adams on candidacy, 438, 450;
and confirmation of Taney, 441.

Weed, Thurlow, and attacks on Mrs. Jackson, 33;
and rejection of Van Buren, 181;
as practical politician, 227;
and removal of deposits, 298;
on elections of 1834 and Bank, 366, 367.

Welles, Gideon, pre-inaugural conferences, 39.

West, and Clay’s public lands policy, 196;
Democrats and (1835), 431.

West Indies, American trade negotiations, 178, 229.

Whig (National Republican) Party, need of leader, 176;
and other elements of Opposition, 184;
origin, antagonistic elements, 285, 357;
assumes name, 357.

White, D. L., peculation, dismissal, 75 _n._

White, H. L., and Cabinet position, 127, 128;
and Calhoun and Webster-Hayne debate, 92, 93;
as Jacksonian leader, 176;
and tariff, 195;
hostility to Bank, 204;
on Bank veto, 222, 224;
on tension in Bank issue, 222;
and removal of deposits, 293, 334, 335;
and expunging censure, 370;
and Fortifications Bill, 403;
drift from Jackson, 423;
as logical anti-Van Buren candidate, 424, 425;
Whigs and candidacy, 424, 432;
Democratic efforts to suppress, 426;
character, 427;
Tennessee and candidacy, 427;
Blair’s denunciation, 428;
and slavery issue, 436;
and Crockett’s biography of Van Buren, 436;
Adams on, 438, 450;
and Abolitionist petitions, 445;
and Abolitionist mail bill, 448;
attack in Senate on Jackson, 448;
basis of candidacy, 449;
organ, 451;
on Jackson’s canvass in Tennessee, 453;
electoral vote, 454, 455.

White, Mrs. H. L., boarding-house, 12;
and husband’s presidential candidacy, 425.

White House, Jackson’s receptions, 47, 473;
pictures for, 385;
Jackson’s life in, 475-78.

Whitney, R. M., affair, 458-61.

Wilde, R. H., as Opposition leader, 177;
tariff speech, 268;
and Lewis, 324.

Wilkins, William, and tariff bill, 194, 195;
and Bank, 211 _n._, 217;
Force Bill, 269, 270.

Willis, N. P., on Washington, 5;
in Washington society, 15.

Wirt, William, and Mrs. Livingston, 22;
and defeat (1828), 35;
advances to Jackson, 38;
and Jackson-Calhoun break, 111-13;
Anti-Masonic candidacy, and Clay, 234, 249, 303.

Wise, H. A., on Jackson and distress petitions, 317;
and Fortifications Bill, 404;
and Adams’s speech against Senate, 419;
Whitney affair, 457-61;
on expunging censure, 471.

Wolf, George, and Bank, Senate resolution on, 318, 329.

Woodbury, Levi, “mess,” 12;
and Jackson (1829), 40;
selection as Secretary of the Navy, 129;
and Berrien, 129;
and Bank, 210, 217;
in New England tour, 289;
and removal of deposits, 293;
transfer to Treasury portfolio, 359.

Woodbury, Mrs. Levi, as social leader, 23.

Wright, Silas, and removal of deposits, 299;
and Webster’s recharter measure, 335;
Poindexter investigation, 382;
and vice-presidential candidates (1835), 431;
and Abolitionist mail bill, 448;
and expunging censure, 465.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Life of Binney_, 104.

[2] Benton’s explanation of the delay of the Bank messenger with the petition for a recharter. _Thirty Years’ View._

[3] Van Buren to Butler, _Retrospect of Forty Years_, by Butler, 39-43.

[4] _Washington Globe_, Nov. 17, 1832.

[5] Thomas Hamilton, _Men and Manners in America_, 14.

[6] Harriet Martineau, _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 143.

[7] _Retrospect of Forty Years_, 47.

[8] The present site of the National Hotel.

[9] Sargent’s _Public Men and Events_, I, 53-54.

[10] On the site of the present Metropolitan.

[11] Perley’s _Reminiscences_, I, 43.

[12] Present site of the Willard.

[13] _Retrospect of Forty Years_, 48.

[14] N. P. Willis, _American Scenery_, III, 49.

[15] _Men and Manners in America_, 20, note.

[16] Four o’clock.

[17] _Men and Manners_, 20.

[18] Frederick Seward’s _Reminiscences_, 17-19.

[19] _American Scenery_, III, 49.

[20] _Men and Manners_, 17.

[21] _Public Men and Events_, I, 54.

[22] _American Scenery_, II, 55.

[23] Captain Marryat, _A Diary in America_, 163.

[24] _Public Men and Events_, I, 55.

[25] _Public Men and Events_, I, 54.

[26] _Life of Crawford_, 183.

[27] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 160.

[28] _Ibid._, I, 144.

[29] _Public Men and Events_, I, 54.

[30] Godfrey T. Vigne, in _Six Months in America_, thought that “in the distance” Arlington “has the appearance of a superior English country residence.”

[31] The Octagon House still standing and being preserved by the Institute of American Architects.

[32] _Men and Manners_, 75.

[33] Miss Martineau tells of visits to the museum and the skylight, I, 159.

[34] William H. Seward’s _Autobiography_, I, 277.

[35] _Ibid._

[36] Miss Martineau comments severely upon the levity of the women, I, 180.

[37] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 179.

[38] _Men and Manners_, 16.

[39] _Ibid._, 65.

[40] _Six Months in America_, 64.

[41] Both Hamilton (_Men and Manners_) and Vigne, the English barrister (_Six Months in America_), were shocked at the utter lack of respect for the dignity of American courts, but were impressed with the solemnity and decorum in the Supreme Court.

[42] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 165.

[43] _Men and Manners_, 21.

[44] Senator Tazewell of Virginia was one of these.

[45] Van Buren to Butler, _Retrospect of Forty Years_, 39-43.

[46] _National Intelligencer_, Jan. 30, 1831, advertised a house in Georgetown on Gay Street, “convenient for the accommodation of a genteel family, having all necessary outhouses, stabling, etc.,” for $300 a year payable quarterly.

[47] _Public Men and Events_, I, 55.

[48] Hamilton, in _Men and Manners_, comments severely upon this incongruity.

[49] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 143.

[50] Peggy Eaton and Mrs. Hugh Lawson White.

[51] _Retrospect of Forty Years_, 59.

[52] Near Fourteenth Street on the north side of the street.

[53] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 8, 1834.

[54] _Ibid._, March 11, 1834.

[55] _Ibid._, March 12, 1834.

[56] Mrs. Margaret Bayard Smith, who recorded it in _First Forty Years of American Society_, Jan. 12, 1835, thought it exaggerated.

[57] Mrs. Seaton, wife of the editor of the _Intelligencer_.

[58] Mrs. Benjamin Ogle Tayloe lived in the house still standing on Lafayette Square, known in recent years as “The Little White House.” She was a famous hostess. President W. H. Harrison contracted the cold that killed him while walking through the slush from the White House to the Tayloes’ to offer a diplomatic post to the master of the house.

[59] _First Forty Years_, 356.

[60] _Ibid._, 368.

[61] _Men and Manners_, 17.

[62] Irving to Van Buren, Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 610.

[63] _Letters and Times._

[64] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 107.

[65] Story to Sarah Waldo Story, _Life and Letters of Story_, II, 117.

[66] Story wrote the following lines to Miss Kemble:

“Genius and taste and feeling all combine
To make each province of the drama thine.
She first to Fancy’s bright creation gives
The very form and soul; it breathes--it lives.
She next with grace inimitable plays
In every gesture, action, tone and gaze.
The last to nature lends its subtlest art
And warms and wins and thrills and melts the heart.
Go, lovely woman, go. Enjoy thy fame.
A second Kemble with a deathless name.”
_Life and Letters of Story_, II, 117.

[67] Hone’s _Diary_, March 3, 1834.

[68] “The public is most respectfully informed that, in consequence of the weather, the performance advertised for Thursday is postponed until Saturday evening, September 17th, 1831.” (_National Intelligencer_, Sept. 17, 1831.) “The Tyrolese Minstrels have to announce that, in consequence of the severity of the weather, their concert which was advertised for Saturday will be deferred until Monday evening.” (_Ibid._, Dec. 19. 1831.)

[69] Advertisement in the _Globe_.

[70] _Life of Binney_, 127.

[71] Quincy’s _Figures of the Past_.

[72] This charge was made on the floor by Henry A. Wise.

[73] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 120.

[74] _Men and Manners_, 20.

[75] _American Scenery_, II, 50.

[76] _Diary in America_, 163.

[77] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 143.

[78] A. Lafore, a coiffeur from Paris, had his establishment at Mrs. Doynes’s millinery store on the Avenue between Ninth and Tenth Streets, and advertised his skill in the local papers. _National Intelligencer_, Jan. 1, 1831.

[79] _First Forty Years_, Jan. 26, 1830.

[80] _National Intelligencer_, Jan. 2, 1831.

[81] _National Intelligencer_, Feb. 16, 1831.

[82] Miss Martineau thus describes the life of a lady of fashion, _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 145.

[83] _First Forty Years_, Nov. 7, 1831.

[84] Quoted by Ellet in _Court Circles of the Republic_, 163 n.

[85] Letter to Mrs. Sarah Waldo Story, _Life and Letters of Story_, II, 117.

[86] _Figures of the Past._

[87] Mrs. Wharton’s _Social Life of the Republic_, 139, 179.

[88] _First Forty Years_, Aug. 29, 1831.

[89] Ellet’s _Court Circles of the Republic_, 226.

[90] A poet describing one of the Adams parties referred to “Forsyth with her group of graces”--her beautiful daughters.

[91] _Retrospect of Forty Years_, 60.

[92] Quincy, in _Figures of the Past_, was thus impressed, particularly with the daughter of Calhoun.

[93] These descriptions of Miss Martineau’s are in harmony with those that sprinkle the pages of Mrs. Smith’s work.

[94] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_, Miss Martineau’s _Retrospect of Western Travel_, and Adams’s _Diary_ all indicate a gossipy city.

[95] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 152.

[96] The original from “Alphonse” in possession of Waddy Wood, Washington, D.C.

[97] This, too, in the possession of Waddy Wood.

[98] _Court Circles of the Republic_, 180.

[99] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 168.

[100] _Retrospect of Forty Years_, 60.

[101] Mary C. Crawford, _Romantic Days of the Early Republic_, 207.

[102] Francis Blair’s description, quoted in Rufus Rockwell _Wilson’s Washington, the Capital City_.

[103] Hamilton, in _Men and Manners_, describes such garb at a ball given by the French Minister to the members of Congress.

[104] _First Forty Years_, Jan. 1, 1829.

[105] Butler, in his _Retrospect of Forty Years_, refers to this peculiarity of Fox’s (p. 61), and Bodisco, who gave the most brilliant dinners and dances, figured in the celebrated marriage to a girl of seventeen during Van Buren’s Administration.

[106] _Washington Globe_, Feb. 1, 1833, announces these operas with Miss Hughes and Mrs. Anderson in leading rôles.

[107] Advertisement in _Washington Globe_.

[108] Announcing the opening of a spring school, and commenting on the general preference for the spring over the winter term, Carusi, in the _Globe_ of Jan. 3, 1831, explained the disadvantages of the winter term to be “the disagreeable and long walks ... the frequent inclemency of the weather, and the liability of sickness from exposure.”

[109] Advertisement of Birchard & Company’s Shows, _Washington Globe_, June 13, 1833.

[110] Chapman had not then been given the contract for the historical paintings in the Capitol rotunda, and exhibited fifty paintings on Pennsylvania Avenue, near Fourth Street, in the winter of 1833, charging twenty-five cents for admission and a catalogue. His advertisement in the _Globe_, Jan. 21.

[111] _Retrospect of Forty Years._

[112] _Six Months in America_, 101.

[113] _Figures of the Past._

[114] Weed’s _Autobiography_, 308-09.

[115] Bradley’s _Life of Isaac Hill_. This circular may be seen in the Congressional Library.

[116] Johnston and Woodburn’s _American Political History_.

[117] Adams’s _Memoirs_.

[118] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_, Jan. 1, 1829.

[119] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_, Jan. 1, 1829.

[120] _Ibid._, Jan. 12, 1829.

[121] _Ibid._

[122] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_.

[123] Webster’s _Correspondence_.

[124] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_.

[125] Buell, in his _Life of Jackson_, says he went to the Indian Queen, “where he was temporarily domiciled.” Mrs. Smith and President Adams, who were on the ground, agree that he stopped at Gadsby’s. It is possible that he went first to the Indian Queen and then removed to Gadsby’s.

[126] Webster’s _Correspondence_.

[127] Wirt wrote Monroe asking his advice about resigning, and Monroe advised this course, but expressed the opinion that Jackson would not want to dispense with his services.

[128] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 96.

[129] Amos Kendall’s _Autobiography_.

[130] Later in the Cabinet.

[131] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_, 283.

[132] Adams, Crawford, and Calhoun.

[133] Van Buren was thus known in his day.

[134] Van Buren in his _Autobiography_ ascribes his selection to the party managers.

[135] See letter of Tazewell to Ritchie regarding the establishment of a party organ in Washington in Ambler’s _Life of Thomas Ritchie_.

[136] See Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 101.

[137] See _ibid._, p. 97, on Ingham’s original ambition.

[138] Hamilton, in his _Reminiscences_, p. 99, makes this unqualified statement. Professor Bassett, in his admirable _Life of Jackson_, p. 416, says that Jackson told Calhoun to notify the delegation of his willingness to see them. Knowing the delegation to be opposed to the man he favored, and to prefer Van Buren’s candidate, it seems more probable that Hamilton was the emissary and not the Carolinian.

[139] The Carolinian’s opposition to Ingham was due to his tariff views.

[140] From speech of Branch, quoted in Haywood’s brochure on Branch, pp. 14-15.

[141] Adams knew of McLean’s treachery, and in his _Memoirs_ denounces him bitterly.

[142] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Feb. 24, 1829.

[143] _Ibid._, Feb. 28, 1829.

[144] Wilson’s _Washington, the Capital City_, I, 251.

[145] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_, 295.

[146] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 4, 1829.

[147] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 98.

[148] Sargent’s _Public Men and Events_, I, 165-66.

[149] Hamilton, in his _Reminiscences_, p. 100, tells of his report to Jackson on Barry’s application.

[150] Hamilton. See Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 90-91.

[151] Mrs. Smith thus writes in the _First Forty Years_, and her salon was the center of Whig gossip.

[152] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_.

[153] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 14, 1829.

[154] _First Forty Years_, March 12, 1829.

[155] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 12, 1829.

[156] American Statesmen Series.

[157] Adams’s _Memoirs_, April 4, 1829.

[158] Benton’s characterization of Van Buren’s Classification Bill; _Thirty Years’ View_.

[159] Ellet’s _Court Circles of the Republic_, 149.

[160] Senator Foote’s _Casket of Reminiscences_, 59.

[161] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 65.

[162] Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_.

[163] _First Forty Years_, Feb. 25, 1829.

[164] Buell’s _Life of Jackson_.

[165] His message of 1819, found in Haywood’s brochure on Branch, deals with the strangely barbarous custom of the times of lopping off the ears of perjurers.

[166] Haywood relates this incident in his brochure.

[167] Ellet’s _Court Circles of the Republic_, 155.

[168] Senator Foote describes it, in his _Casket of Reminiscences_, p. 14.

[169] _Perley’s Reminiscences._

[170] _Sketches of Public Characters._ New York, 1830.

[171] Lucian Lamar Knight, _Reminiscences of Famous Georgians_.

[172] Northern’s _Men of Mark in Georgia_.

[173] This speech was incorporated in the 4th volume of _Elliot’s Debates_ as an exposition of the Constitution.

[174] Knight’s _Reminiscences_.

[175] Miller’s _Bench and Bar of Georgia_.

[176] Ellet’s _Court Circles of the Republic_, 148.

[177] “Every State in New England is now ruled by the same aristocracy that ruled in 1798--that ruled during the late war.... A band of New England Democrats have encountered the dominant party at vast odds--they have suffered every species of persecution and contumely. Shall these men not be protected by the Administration of the people under General Jackson? If that Administration fail to extend this protection, then indeed it will fail of one of the principal objects for which the people placed them in power by at least two to one of the votes of the Union.”

[178] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 307.

[179] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 98.

[180] _Ibid._

[181] Adams turned out but five.

[182] Quoted by Francis P. Blair to Buell, author of the _Life of Jackson_.

[183] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 98.

[184] McMaster’s _History of the People of the United States_.

[185] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 98.

[186] Samuel Swartwout to Jesse Hoyt, in Mackenzie’s _Life of Van Buren_.

[187] Ingham to Jesse Hoyt, Shepard’s _Life of Van Buren_, 210-11.

[188] Shepard’s _Life of Van Buren_, 210.

[189] Amos Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 286.

[190] _First Forty Years_, 283.

[191] Amos Kendall in a letter to his wife describes the extravagant lives of these clerks. _Autobiography_, 278.

[192] Schouler’s _History of the United States_, 457.

[193] Isaac Hill, quoted in Cyrus Bradley’s _Life of Hill_.

[194] _History of the United States._

[195] _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 160.

[196] Kendall’s _Autobiography_.

[197] Bradley’s _Life of Hill_.

[198] McKinney, _The Office-Holder’s Sword of Damocles_.

[199] Story related by William Allen to Buell.

[200] M. M. Cox.

[201] William Pinckney.

[202] John B. Swanton.

[203] Timothy Upham.

[204] D. L. White.

[205] J. Robertson.

[206] R. Arnold.

[207] Asa Rogerson.

[208] These facts are taken from Ritchie’s _Richmond Enquirer_, and are quoted in Professor Tyler’s _Letters and Times of the Tylers_.

[209] Lodge’s _Life of Webster_, 167.

[210] Professor Tyler’s _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 236.

[211] Letter to his wife, in _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 288.

[212] Letter to Dr. Curtis, in _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 305.

[213] _National Intelligencer_, Sept. 15, 1859.

[214] To Dr. Curtis.

[215] The prediction of Justice Baldwin of the Supreme Court.

[216] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 360.

[217] Letter to John Rutherford, in _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 378.

[218] G. P. R. James.

[219] _Letters and Times of the Tylers._

[220] Tyler’s term, in _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 408.

[221] _History of the United States._

[222] Henry S. Wise, _Seven Decades of the Union_, 99.

[223] Henry S. Wise, _Seven Decades of the Union_, 99.

[224] Letter to Richard T. Brown, in _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 409.

[225] Mrs. Smith, in _First Forty Years_, p. 253, refers to such conversations.

[226] Letter to R. W. Christian, in _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 408.

[227] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 408.

[228] Von Holst.

[229] Ritchie, in the _Richmond Enquirer_.

[230] General Bernard, chief of staff of the engineers.

[231] Von Holst, 58.

[232] Joseph Story.

[233] Adams’s _Memoirs_.

[234] Webster wrote to his brother: “I hope all of New England will support Mr. Calhoun for the Vice-Presidency.” (Webster’s _Correspondence_.)

[235] Von Holst, 62-63.

[236] Sargent’s _Public Men and Events_, I, 108.

[237] _Ibid._, 109.

[238] Sargent tells of his interview with Joseph McIlvaine, Recorder of Philadelphia, I, 108.

[239] Quincy’s _Figures of the Past_.

[240] Jefferson Davis in his _Memoirs_ describes Calhoun’s eyes as “yellow-brown,” while his contemporary biographer, Jenkins, tells us they were dark blue. It seems unlikely that Davis, who knew him well, could have been mistaken.

[241] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 13-40.

[242] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Feb. 28, 1830.

[243] March’s _Reminiscences of Congress_.

[244] _Philadelphia Gazette._

[245] March’s idea.

[246] Henry Cabot Lodge.

[247] Lodge’s _Life of Webster_, 118.

[248] Senator Foote, in _A Casket of Reminiscences_, 34-36, describes his early struggles to overcome defects in enunciation, and Ludwig Lewisohn, in his _History of Literature in South Carolina_, refers to his first oratorical triumph.

[249] March, an idolater of Webster, in his _Reminiscences of Congress_, is almost extravagant in his praise, and Benton, in his _Thirty Years’ View_, is even more complimentary.

[250] Sargent’s _Public Men and Events_, I, 172.

[251] March’s _Reminiscences of Congress_.

[252] March’s _Reminiscences of Congress_.

[253] Lodge’s _Life of Webster_, 177.

[254] _First Forty Years_, 310.

[255] _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 142.

[256] Adams, in his _Memoirs_, refers to the speech as “a remarkable instance of readiness in debate--a reply of at least four hours to a speech of equal length. It demolishes the whole fabric of Hayne’s speech, so that it leaves scarcely a wreck to be seen.”

[257] Letter from Washington Alston Hayne, grandson, to Jervey, Hayne’s biographer.

[258] Parton’s _Life of Jackson_.

[259] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_.

[260] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 414.

[261] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 415.

[262] Van Buren is authority for the statement that the President, who had prepared the toast as given in the text, really gave it--“Our Union--it must be preserved,” and that Hayne left his seat and hastened to him to beg him to insert the word “Federal.” “This,” says Van Buren, “was an ingenuous suggestion, as it seemed to make the rebuke less pungent, although it really had no such effect. The President cheerfully assented because, in point of fact, the addition only made the toast what he originally designed it to be--he having rewritten it in the bustle and excitement of the occasion, on the back of the list of regular toasts which had been laid before him, instead of using the copy in his pocket, and having omitted that word inadvertently.” (Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 415).

[263] Isaac Hill’s description.

[264] Hamilton to Forsyth, Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 369.

[265] This he afterwards amended to the extent of saying that Calhoun had urged a reprimand of some sort.

[266] Letter to Judge Tait, Shipp’s _Life of William H. Crawford_, 152.

[267] Crawford in his letter to Calhoun quotes Senator Noble of Indiana, who lived in the same lodging-house with Edwards, to this effect. Shipp’s _Life of Crawford_, 247.

[268] Crawford’s Washington country home was situated near Thomas Circle, five blocks from the Willard Hotel, and all beyond was farmlands.

[269] The scene at the Crawford home is elaborately described by an eye-witness in Shipp’s biography of Crawford.

[270] Van Buren, in his _Autobiography_, p. 376, convincingly exonerates himself from all complicity.

[271] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Jan. 30, 1831.

[272] _Memoirs_, Jan. 15, 1831.

[273] _Ibid._, Jan. 26. 1831.

[274] _Ibid._, Jan. 30, 1831.

[275] Attorney-General in Monroe’s and Adams’s Cabinets.

[276] _Memoirs_, Feb. 4, 1831.

[277] _Ibid._, Feb. 4. 1831.

[278] _Ibid._, Feb. 5, 1831.

[279] _Memoirs_, Feb. 12, 1831.

[280] This letter of Crawford’s was returned to the writer, according to Shipp’s _Life of Crawford_, p. 210, which contains the letter--a vicious philippic--and Calhoun’s brief note on returning it.

[281] _Memoirs_, Feb. 16, 1831.

[282] _Ibid._, Feb. 17, 1831.

[283] _Memoirs_, Feb. 21, 1831.

[284] _Ibid._, Feb. 22, 1831.

[285] It was not until Jackson had asked Hamilton for Forsyth’s letter that the latter told Van Buren of its contents. Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 373.

[286] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 168.

[287] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 122.

[288] _Perley’s Reminiscences._

[289] _First Forty Years_, 253.

[290] Haywood’s _Branch_.

[291] Rev. J. N. Campbell.

[292] Schouler, III, 492.

[293] _First Forty Years_, 311.

[294] Haywood’s _Branch_.

[295] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 18, 1830.

[296] Shepard.

[297] Vaughan of Great Britain and the Russian Minister.

[298] Mrs. Smith.

[299] Mary C. Crawford, _Romantic Days of the Early Republic_, 219.

[300] _Memoirs_, March 3, 1830.

[301] _Ibid._, July 8, 1829.

[302] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Feb. 6, 1830.

[303] Van Buren probably gives the true story in his _Autobiography_, 343-44.

[304] Adams’s _Memoirs_.

[305] Later Vice-President and noted as slayer of Tecumseh.

[306] Letter from Branch, in Haywood’s _Branch_.

[307] _First Forty Years_, 311.

[308] The story of the resignation is told in detail in Van Buren’s _Autobiography_.

[309] Hamilton, in his _Reminiscences_, p. 130, tells of the ride to Wilmington.

[310] Published in Haywood’s _Branch_.

[311] Letters published in Haywood’s _Branch_.

[312] During the Bank controversy Ingham attacked Jackson and defended the Bank. He died in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1860, never having held office after leaving the Jackson Cabinet.

[313] Berrien’s position is clearly disclosed in conversations with Francis Scott Key, who wrote Roger Taney. See Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[314] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 423.

[315] At Philadelphia, where he met Dallas, an intimate, Livingston appears to have discussed nothing more important than his rosebuds at Montgomery Place. Hunt’s _Life of Livingston_.

[316] _First Forty Years_, 252, 319.

[317] Letter from F. W. Armstrong, quoted in Nancy Scott’s _Memoir of Hugh Lawson White_.

[318] Nancy Scott’s _Memoir of Hugh Lawson White_.

[319] Van Buren commenced the cross-examination of Cass in a flippant manner, but was almost instantly sobered by the demeanor and dignity of the witness. Young’s _Life of Lewis Cass_.

[320] Key’s letter to Taney, Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[321] Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[322] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 423.

[323] Miller’s _Bench and Bar of Georgia_.

[324] Letter to Taney, Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[325] _First Forty Years_, 320.

[326] MS. letter of Arthur Schaaf to Senator John Forsyth, written from Georgetown June 25, 1831, furnished the author by Mr. Waddy Wood, Washington, D.C.

[327] _Memoirs_, April 25, 1831.

[328] Hamilton took the stump in a vain attempt to defeat his reëlection.

[329] Senator Beveridge, in his monumental work on John Marshall, gives in detail the legal phases of the controversy, IV, 100-16.

[330] Hunt’s _Life of Livingston_ describes in detail Livingston’s activities in connection with the battle of New Orleans.

[331] These came to be known as the “Coodies,” and Taney was known an “King Coodie” to indicate his unquestioned leadership. Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[332] Drayton was Congressman from Charleston during the Nullification fight and strongly supported Jackson.

[333] Tyler relates the incident of a personal friend of Taney’s, temporarily connected with the custom house in New York, sending him a box of cigars without his card, while he was Attorney-General. Not knowing who sent them, Taney put them aside. After leaving office, and learning the donor’s identity, he wrote an appreciative note enclosing the price of the cigars.

[334] See McLaughlin’s _Life of Cass_, 99, 100, for details of his fight against British insults and interference.

[335] See Smith’s _Life of Cass_ for letter.

[336] “France: Its King, Court and Government”; “Three Hours at St. Cloud’s”; and “The Modern French Judicature.” He also, on the request of Jackson, wrote the best account of the battle of New Orleans.

[337] See McLaughlin’s _Life of Cass_; Young’s biography, written during Cass’s lifetime, in Smith’s _Life of Cass_.

[338] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 73.

[339] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 156.

[340] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 175.

[341] Henry Watterson’s oration on Prentice, “Compromises of Life.”

[342] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 303.

[343] _Ibid._, 278.

[344] _Ibid._, 279.

[345] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 130.

[346] Rufus Rockwell Wilson, _Washington the Capital City_, I, 263.

[347] Kendall is thus described at forty-five.

[348] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 155-57.

[349] Sumner’s _Life of Jackson_.

[350] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 325.

[351] _Ibid._, 579.

[352] In the _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_ (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1919) are numerous letters between the banker and Lewis, indicative of a desire on the part of the latter to conciliate the former and save his chief from the hazards of a bitter fight.

[353] Professor J. S. Bassett’s _Life of Jackson_, II, 399.

[354] Professor Frederic Austin Ogg’s _Reign of Andrew Jackson_.

[355] Bradley’s _Life of Hill_.

[356] General Leavenworth’s letter, quoted in Bradley’s _Life of Hill_.

[357] Hill took notice of this brutality: “There is an Almighty Power Who tempers the wind to the shorn lambs, Who will preserve us from such a calamity, and Who will not suffer our intellectual vision to be dimmed until our work shall be accomplished.”

[358] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 541.

[359] Ambler’s _Thomas Ritchie_, 109.

[360] _Ibid._, 247.

[361] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 128, gives the version of the establishment of the _Globe_ which Van Buren in his _Autobiography_ quotes.

[362] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 370-74.

[363] George Baber’s _Blairs of Kentucky, Register of Kentucky Historical Society_, vol. XIV.

[364] George Baber’s _Blairs of Kentucky. Register of Kentucky Historical Society_, vol. XIV.

[365] _Globe_, Feb. 17, 1834.

[366] This is Kendall’s story in his _Autobiography_. He gives no hint that Jackson contributed a penny. George Henry Payne, in his _History of Journalism in the United States_, says that the establishment of the Globe cost Jackson $50,000 a year, but as this version is Green’s, it is not at all convincing or probable.

[367] Baber’s _Blairs of Kentucky_.

[368] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 323.

[369] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 191.

[370] _Cong. Globe_, April 14. 1836.

[371] _Ibid._, April 20, 1836.

[372] _Ibid._, May 13, 1836.

[373] Mr. Williams of Kentucky, _ibid._, May 30. 1836.

[374] _Cong. Globe_, June 3, 1836.

[375] Buchanan to Livingston. Buchanan’s _Works_, II, 899.

[376] Buchanan’s _Works_, II, 300-01.

[377] The public improvement feature of internal improvement was of less importance with the politician than the pork-barrel phase. See Schouler’s _History_.

[378] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 187.

[379] _First Forty Years_, Nov. 7, 1831.

[380] Adams’s _Memoirs_.

[381] Colton’s _Life and Correspondence of Clay_.

[382] Clay to Senator Johnson, Clay’s _Works_, IV, 265.

[383] Clay’s _Works_, IV, 275.

[384] _Ibid._, IV, 321.

[385] Jackson refers to his instructions in his Message of December, 1831.

[386] Benton, by quoting the instructions and Gallatin’s report, shows the dishonesty of the simulated indignation. (_Thirty Years’ View_, I, 216-17.)

[387] Rufus King had furnished a precedent when he described the John Adams Administration to the British. (King’s _Works_.)

[388] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 217.

[389] Senator Holmes of Maine.

[390] Jervey’s _Robert Y. Hayne_.

[391] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 427.

[392] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Dec. 22, 1831.

[393] Weed’s _Autobiography_, 375.

[394] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 219.

[395] Bradley’s _Life of Hill_.

[396] So described by Senator Smith of Maryland.

[397] Clay to Brooke, Clay’s _Works_, IV, 314.

[398] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Dec. 22, 1831.

[399] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 46.

[400] Clay’s _Works_, IV, 328-29.

[401] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 438.

[402] Adams in his _Memoirs_ makes numerous references to these calls.

[403] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 2, 1832.

[404] _Ibid._, March 3, 1832.

[405] March, in his _Reminiscences of Congress_, describes him as “cold, passionless and inscrutable as the Egyptian sphinx, whose fate, too, his own resembled.”

[406] Brother of John C.

[407] O’Neall’s _Bench and Bar of South Carolina_.

[408] _Figures of the Past._

[409] _Public Men and Events_, I, 117.

[410] O’Neall’s _Bench and Bar of South Carolina_.

[411] “I know that he had no faith in Nullification.” (O’Neall.) “It would seem that he was willing to rest the case of the State upon the bare right of revolution.” (David F. Houston’s _Study of Nullification in South Carolina_.)

[412] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 81.

[413] Clay to Brooke, Clay’s _Works_, IV, 340.

[414] Clay’s _Works_, IV, 331.

[415] “He [King] has availed himself of another’s aid, and the hand of the Senator from Missouri is as visible in the composition, as if his name had been subscribed to the instrument.” (Clay’s speech of June 20, 1832.)

[416] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 150.

[417] Hill’s explanatory speech in the Senate, March 3, 1834, differs radically from the generally accepted story, and has the ring of truth.

[418] Schouler, IV, 44.

[419] In Reginald C. McGrane’s _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, see Biddle to John Harper, 67; to John Nichol, 72; to Robert Lenox, 72; to A. Dickens, 77; to Major Lewis, 80; to Samuel Jaudon, 82.

[420] Pray, _Memoirs of James Gordon Bennett_, I, 148.

[421] _Ibid._

[422] _Memoir of Hugh Lawson White_, 80.

[423] Parton, II, 654.

[424] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 88.

[425] _Ibid._, 91.

[426] Biddle to Samuel Smith, _ibid._, 94.

[427] _Ibid._, 97.

[428] Charles Augustus Davis, _ibid._, 101.

[429] Clay to Biddle, _ibid._, 105.

[430] Lewis to Biddle, _ibid._, 103.

[431] Roswell L. Colt, _ibid._, 104.

[432] Josiah Nichol to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 196.

[433] Biddle to Nichol, _ibid._, 107.

[434] Clay to Biddle, _ibid._, 110.

[435] Biddle to Clay, _ibid._, 115.

[436] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 124.

[437] _Ibid._, 126.

[438] See Biddle’s memorandum on conference, _ibid._, 128.

[439] Speech at Cincinnati, Clay’s _Works_, VII, 396.

[440] Commenting on it in the _Globe_, Jan. 14, 1832, Blair concludes: “The object of the Bank and politicians who build their hopes upon its power is at once to procure a new charter from a Congress which has not been elected by the people to pass upon that question.”

[441] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 234.

[442] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 235-36.

[443] _Ibid._, 234-35.

[444] Edward Shippen to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 136.

[445] _Ibid._, 138.

[446] Robert Gibbs to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 139.

[447] C. F. Mercer to Biddle, _ibid._, 140.

[448] Clay to Biddle, _ibid._, 142.

[449] Webster to Biddle, _ibid._, 145.

[450] Site of the Willard, 14th Street and the Avenue.

[451] These ten, Dickerson of New Jersey, Dallas and Wilkins of Pennsylvania, Smith of Maryland, Mangum of North Carolina, Forsyth of Georgia, Poindexter of Mississippi, Kane and Robinson of Illinois, and Hendricks of Indiana.

[452] For Cadwalader’s reports see _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 146-61.

[453] McLane to Biddle, _ibid._, 165.

[454] Webster to Biddle, _ibid._, 169.

[455] Weed’s _Autobiography_, I, 373.

[456] Weed’s _Autobiography_, I, 373.

[457] Ingersoll to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 187.

[458] _Ibid._, 188.

[459] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 243.

[460] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 244.

[461] Biddle to Cadwalader, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 191.

[462] _Ibid._, 192.

[463] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 192.

[464] Clay’s _Works_, IV, 340.

[465] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 243.

[466] Ingersoll to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 183.

[467] Van Buren’s _Political Parties in the United States_, 314.

[468] _Ibid._

[469] Buell.

[470] Van Buren’s _Political Parties in the United Slates_, 218.

[471] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 193.

[472] _Political Parties in the United States_, 313-14, and 317.

[473] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 196.

[474] Blair reproduced this in the _Globe_ of July 26th in the midst of the campaign.

[475] _Washington Globe_, July 14, 1832.

[476] _Memoir of Hugh Lawson White_, 80.

[477] _Political Parties in the United States_, 321.

[478] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_.

[479] _Globe_, Aug. 29, 1832.

[480] This document is in Amos Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 296-303.

[481] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 429.

[482] Judge Brooke.

[483] Clay to Brooke. Clay’s _Works_, IV, 332-33.

[484] _Globe_, Aug. 25, 1832.

[485] _Globe_, Aug. 29, 1832.

[486] _Ibid._, Sept. 5, 1832.

[487] _Ibid._, Sept. 7, 1832.

[488] Anti-Mason candidate for Governor.

[489] Clay to Bailbache, Clay’s _Works_, IV, 289.

[490] Richard Rush to Clay, Clay’s _Works_, IV, 299.

[491] Clay’s _Works_, IV, 304.

[492] _Ibid._, 306.

[493] _Ibid._, 307-08.

[494] See Kennedy’s _Life of Wirt_.

[495] Clay’s _Works_, IV, 316.

[496] Kennedy’s _Life of Wirt_, II, 314.

[497] _Ibid._, 318.

[498] William H. Seward’s _Autobiography_, 100.

[499] Clay to Brooke, Clay’s _Works_, IV, 339.

[500] Wirt to Carr, Kennedy’s _Life of Wirt_, II, 328-29.

[501] Kennedy’s _Life of Wirt_, II, 331.

[502] _Globe_, Oct. 8, 1832.

[503] McMaster, IV, 145.

[504] Van Buren’s _Political Parties_, 323.

[505] McMaster, IV, 146.

[506] See Biddle to James Hunter, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 127.

[507] John Tilford.

[508] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 197.

[509] _Globe_, Sept. 26, 1832.

[510] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 281.

[511] Van Buren’s _Political Parties_, 323.

[512] Editor of the _Intelligencer_.

[513] _Globe_, Sept. 15, 1832.

[514] _Ibid._, Feb. 1. 1832.

[515] Parton’s _Jackson_, III, 423; McMaster, IV, 147. Some of these cartoons may be seen at the Congressional Library.

[516] _Globe_, Sept. 26, 1832, affidavit of John C. Rives.

[517] _Globe_, July 28, 1832.

[518] Duff Green’s expression.

[519] _Globe_, Oct. 17, 1832.

[520] Clay’s home.

[521] _Globe_, Oct. 23, 1832.

[522] Sargent’s _Public Men and Events_, I, 248.

[523] M. Chevalier, as quoted by Sargent, _Public Men and Events_, I, 249.

[524] From the _Globe_.

[525] Description in the _Globe_.

[526] _Globe_, Jan. 14, 1832.

[527] _Ibid._, Jan. 18, 1832.

[528] _Ibid._, July 21, 1832.

[529] _Globe_, Aug. 22, 1832. The _Globe_ published Hill’s speech in full, the only one thus noticed in the campaign except Forsyth’s tariff speech attacking Clay, and C. K. Ingersoll’s tribute to Jackson at Philadelphia.

[530] That this was done is disclosed in the _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_.

[531] Clay’s _Works_, IV. 337.

[532] _Life of Wirt_, II, 378.

[533] This story was related by William Allen of Ohio to Buell, who uses it in his _Life of Jackson_.

[534] Letters to Hamilton, _Reminiscences_, 231.

[535] Blair, as quoted by Buell.

[536] See Houston’s _Nullification in South Carolina_, 27-28.

[537] _Ibid._, 70.

[538] Stillé’s _Life and Services of Joel R. Poinsett_.

[539] For this letter in full see Calhoun’s _Works_, or Jenkins’s _Life of Calhoun_, 195-232.

[540] Poinsett’s letter to Jackson, Oct. 23, 1830. Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[541] Adams’s _Memoirs_, May 13, 1830.

[542] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 247.

[543] George Breathitt, brother of the Governor of Kentucky.

[544] Smith’s _Life of Cass_, 269-71.

[545] Cass to Scott, Smith’s _Life of Cass_.

[546] Jackson to Poinsett, Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[547] Letter to Poinsett, Feb. 7, 1833, _Life of Poinsett_.

[548] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 248.

[549] These letters, in possession of the Livingston family, were used by Hunt in his _Life of Livingston_.

[550] Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[551] Lodge’s _Life of Webster_, 208.

[552] Beveridge’s _John Marshall_, IV, 570-73.

[553] Letter to Richard Peters, _Life and Letters of Story_, II, 113.

[554] _Memoirs_, Dec. 25, 1832.

[555] Ambler’s _Thomas Ritchie_, 152.

[556] _Ibid._

[557] _Ibid._, 153.

[558] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 448.

[559] _Ibid._, 451.

[560] _Richmond Enquirer_, Dec. 13, 1832.

[561] _Diary_, Dec. 12, 1832.

[562] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 250.

[563] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 545-53.

[564] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 553.

[565] For Van Buren’s report, see _Autobiography_, 550-52.

[566] Jervey’s _Robert Y. Hayne_.

[567] _Memoirs_, Dec. 26, 1832.

[568] March’s _Reminiscences of Congress_.

[569] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Dec. 14, 1832.

[570] Jenkins, 246.

[571] _First Forty Years_, Dec. 25, 1832.

[572] March’s _Reminiscences of Congress_.

[573] Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[574] Letter to Jackson, Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[575] Poinsett to Drayton, Stillés _Life of Poinsett_.

[576] Letter to Poinsett, Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[577] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 460.

[578] Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[579] Instructions in letter of Cass to Scott, Smith’s _Life of Cass_.

[580] Jackson to Poinsett, Feb. 7, 1833, Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[581] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 140.

[582] March’s _Reminiscences of Congress_, and _Perley’s Reminiscences_.

[583] Story to Brazier, _Life and Letters of Story_, II, 124.

[584] March, in his _Reminiscences of Congress_, gives the best description of the Force Bill debate.

[585] Jackson to Poinsett, Feb. 17, 1833, Stillé’s _Life of Poinsett_.

[586] _Thirty Years’ View._

[587] _Life of Webster_, 214-15.

[588] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 201.

[589] _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 342.

[590] _Ibid._

[591] _Ibid._

[592] Comegys, _Memoir of Clayton_.

[593] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 467.

[594] _Thirty Years’ View._

[595] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 343.

[596] _Perley’s Reminiscences._

[597] _Perley’s Reminiscences_, I, 138.

[598] Clayton’s speech on the compromise tariff.

[599] Van Buren thought Clay’s action patriotic and Webster’s “bloody.” (_Autobiography_, 554-57.)

[600] _Globe_, Feb. 20, 1833.

[601] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 467.

[602] Jackson to Hamilton, Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_.

[603] Letcher’s character and status are discussed by Adams, _Memoirs_, March 5, 1831.

[604] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 467.

[605] Benton makes the point that Clayton, and not Clay or Calhoun, was the master of the situation. (_Thirty Years’ View_, I, 344.)

[606] _Globe_, March 2, 1833.

[607] _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 345.

[608] _Mohawk Gazette._

[609] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 2, 1833.

[610] _Autobiography_, 600.

[611] Professor Bassett credits the appointment to McLane (_Life of Jackson_), and Parton has it that it was a personal appointment of Jackson’s (Parton’s _Life of Jackson_, II, 632).

[612] See George Henry Payne’s _History of Journalism in the United States_, 176-89.

[613] These editorial comments were copied in the _Globe_ by Blair.

[614] Henry Lee, quoted by Bassett, _Life of Jackson_, II, 633.

[615] Thurlow Weed’s _Autobiography_.

[616] Hone in his Diary, hostile, recorded, after witnessing the ovation, that he was “certainly the most popular man we have ever known.” (June 13, 1833.)

[617] Josiah Quincy’s _Figures of the Past_.

[618] _Memoirs_, June 17, June 18, June 27, July 2, 1833.

[619] See Quincy’s _Figures of the Past_ for graphic description of the Massachusetts ovations.

[620] Hamilton had been previously warned of the plan by McLane. (Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 253.)

[621] Van Buren gives the impression that he actually helped Jackson work out his plans on this trip. (_Autobiography_, 602-03.)

[622] Hamilton’s story in his _Reminiscences_.

[623] _Memoirs_, July 2, 1833.

[624] Catterall’s _Second Bank of the United States_, 128.

[625] Cooper to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 208.

[626] _Globe_, March 23, 1833.

[627] Catterall, _Second Bank of the United Slates_, 290.

[628] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 251.

[629] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 374-75.

[630] See Theodore Roosevelt’s _Life of Benton_, 103 and 110, on Biddle’s character.

[631] Kendall’s _Autobiography_.

[632] Taney’s letter to Jackson at Rip Raps in August thus referred to this advice previously given. (Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.)

[633] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 376.

[634] Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 602.

[635] During this time Jackson was deluged by propaganda letters on behalf of the Bank from “friends.” (Blair to Van Buren, Van Buren’s _Autobiography_, 607.)

[636] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 214.

[637] Kendall’s _Autobiography_.

[638] Bennett soon afterwards established the _New York Herald_.

[639] Significantly enough, Van Buren overlooks this incident in his _Autobiography_.

[640] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 383.

[641] _Globe_, July 31, 1833.

[642] _Pennsylvanian._

[643] _Globe_, Sept. 7, 1833.

[644] Blair carefully collected all such threats and published them in the _Globe_.

[645] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 391.

[646] Letter to Stevenson, in Ambler’s _Thomas Ritchie_, 160.

[647] Diddle was trying to make it appear that the real fight was “between Chestnut Street and Wall Street--between a Faro Bank and a National Bank,” as shown in his letter to Dr. Cooper. (_Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 209.)

[648] Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[649] Catterall, _Second Bank of the United States_, 203.

[650] Kendall, in his _Autobiography_, gives no hint of such discouragement or advice.

[651] Letter in Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[652] The story of the added paragraph is told in Tyler’s _Life of Taney_.

[653] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 886.

[654] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 266.

[655] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 379.

[656] These notes are incorporated in the 5th Exhibit accompanying Duane’s _Address to the People of the United States_.

[657] Kendall charges that Duane hoped to “feather his nest.” (_Autobiography_, 385.)

[658] He served the Bank feebly during the fight that followed.

[659] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 216.

[660] Van Buren’s first choice was John Forsyth, or some Southerner, “if he is a speaking man.” (_Autobiography_, 606.) He tells of Daniel’s timidity in his _Political Parties in the United States_, 322.

[661] See Van Buren’s letter to Butler, in William Allen Butler’s _A Retrospect of Forty Years_, 39-43.

[662] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 280.

[663] Catterall, _Second Bank of the United States_, 318.

[664] _Ibid._

[665] _Diary_, Nov. 18, 1833.

[666] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 218.

[667] Hone’s _Diary_, Dec. 27, 1833.

[668] Hone’s _Diary_, Dec. 30, 1833.

[669] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 270.

[670] William Appleton.

[671] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 219.

[672] Catterall severely criticizes the banker for this attitude; for Catterall’s righteous sentence on this state of mind, see _Second Bank of the United States_, 229.

[673] _Second Bank of the United States_, 321.

[674] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 219.

[675] Notably James Watson Webb.

[676] Binney to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 220.

[677] _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 222.

[678] _Ibid._, 218.

[679] _Memoirs_, April 14, 1834.

[680] Hone’s _Diary_, Jan. 28, 1834.

[681] _Ibid._, Feb. 7, 1834.

[682] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 411.

[683] _History of the United States_, IV, 201.

[684] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 412.

[685] _Seven Decades of the Union_, 107.

[686] Catterall’s view, _Second Bank of the United States_, 344.

[687] Laborde.

[688] Wilson’s _Washington the Capital City_, I, 244.

[689] _Seven Decades of the Union._

[690] _Ibid._

[691] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Dec. 6, 1833.

[692] _Cong. Globe_, I, 20-21.

[693] _Cong. Globe_, 23.

[694] Written Dec. 30, 1833, and quoted by Catterall.

[695] Webster to Biddle, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 218.

[696] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Dec. 19, 1833.

[697] Story to Webster, _Life and Letters of Story_, II, 156-58.

[698] Clay’s _Works_, V, 379.

[699] Mrs. Smith, in _First Forty Years_, touches on this feature.

[700] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 424.

[701] _Cong. Globe_, I, 74 and 123.

[702] Van Buren vividly describes these scenes, in his _Autobiography_, 726-27.

[703] _Cong. Globe_, I, 101.

[704] Senator Frelinghuysen, _Cong. Globe_, I, 129.

[705] _Cong. Globe_, I, 203.

[706] _Cong. Globe_, I, 228.

[707] Clay’s _Works_, V, 377.

[708] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 484.

[709] _Cong. Globe_, I, 344.

[710] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 422.

[711] _Washington Globe_, Feb. 13, 1834.

[712] Clay’s _Works_, VII, 575-620.

[713] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Jan. 23, 1834; Mrs. Smith’s _First Forty Years_, 353.

[714] March’s _Reminiscences of Congress_.

[715] Catterall, _Second Bank of the United States_, 333.

[716] _Ibid._

[717] Clay’s _Works_, V, 377.

[718] Such is Catterall’s view.

[719] _Memoir of Hugh Lawson White_, 143.

[720] Catterall, _Second Bank of the United States_, 336.

[721] _Cong. Globe_, I, 264.

[722] “Our city is full of distress committees. The more the better.” (Clay to Brooke, _Works_, V, 377.)

[723] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 420.

[724] Van Buren’s statement to Senator Foote, as given in the _Casket of Reminiscences_.

[725] Clay’s speech, _Cong. Globe_, I, 269.

[726] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 424.

[727] See Richardson’s _Messages and Papers of the Presidents_.

[728] _Cong. Globe_, I, 317.

[729] _Ibid._, 318.

[730] _Ibid._

[731] _Ibid._, 321.

[732] _Ibid._, 323.

[733] Feb. 10, 1834.

[734] _Cong. Globe_, I, 328.

[735] _Ibid._, 368.

[736] Especially the famous passage inspired by memories of his emotions on the ramparts of Quebec.

[737] Sargent’s _Public Men and Events_, II, 213.

[738] _Cong. Globe_, I, 24.

[739] _Cong. Globe_, 25.

[740] _Ibid._, 43.

[741] Adams’s _Memoirs_, Dec. 23, 1833.

[742] _Cong. Globe_, I, 68.

[743] _Ibid._, 84-94.

[744] _Washington Globe_, June 3, 1834.

[745] Adams’s _Memoirs_, March 28, 1834.

[746] Adams refers to his “cadaverous look.”

[747] _Cong. Globe_, I, 272.

[748] Jenkins, _Life of Polk_.

[749] The report very clearly explained the reasons. (_Cong. Globe_, I, 446-48.)

[750] _Cong. Globe_, I, 409.

[751] _Cong. Globe_, I, 454.

[752] _Letters and Times of the Tylers._

[753] Hone’s _Diary_, March 4, 5, 6, 1834.

[754] Hamilton’s _Reminiscences_, 282.

[755] Hone’s _Diary_, March 21, 1834.

[756] _Ibid._, April 15, 1834.

[757] Hone’s _Diary_, April 23, 1834.

[758] _Ibid._, May 12, 1834.

[759] Professor Tyler, in _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 478, graphically shows the hotchpotch nature of the alliance.

[760] Ambler’s _Thomas Ritchie_.

[761] Van Buren, finding his friend treacherous, discusses the resignation and the character of McLane at length in his _Autobiography_, 611.

[762] Biddle to Appleton, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 240.

[763] Hamilton to Woodworth, _Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle_, 244.

[764] Hone’s _Diary_, Oct. 4, 1834.

[765] _Cong. Globe_, I, 318.

[766] _Diary_, Oct. 31, 1834.

[767] _Ibid._, Nov. 5, 1834.

[768] _Diary_, Nov. 6, 1834.

[769] Ambler’s _Thomas Ritchie_, 160.

[770] _Ibid._, 166.

[771] The story of the Mississippi contest is told by Senator Foote in _A Casket of Reminiscences_, 217-18.

[772] _Diary_, Nov. 5, 1834.

[773] Weed’s _Autobiography_, I, 372.

[774] _Albany Journal_, Nov. 15, 1834.

[775] Hone’s _Diary_, April 17, and Dec. 14, 1841.

[776] _Ibid._, Jan. 18, 1844.

[777] _Cong. Globe_, I, 176.

[778] _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 550.

[779] The words of the official reporter of the _Congressional Globe_.

[780] Professor MacDonald, in _Jacksonian Democracy_, p. 246, says that “a large part of the deficit, however, was fairly chargeable to the cost of the large number of post-offices and post-routes established in 1832.”

[781] _Cong. Globe_, I, 206.

[782] _Cong. Globe_, I, 283, merely refers to the excitement. Sargent’s _Public Men and Events_ gives the details.

[783] _Jacksonian Democracy_, 51.

[784] _A Casket of Reminiscences_, 65.

[785] Kendall’s _Autobiography_, 337.

[786] _Ibid._

[787] _Autobiography_, 351.

[788] Miss Martineau graphically describes the attempt in her _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 161.

[789] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, I, 509.

[790] _Washington Globe_, Feb. 2, 1835.

[791] _Cong. Globe_, I, 183-84.

[792] _Washington Globe_, Feb. 7. 1835.

[793] _Washington Globe_, Feb. 23, 1835, sets forth all these facts.

[794] _Retrospect of Western Travel_, I, 163.

[795] Sparks, _Memories of Fifty Years_, 335.

[796] Sparks, _Memories of Fifty Years_.

[797] Sparks, _Memories of Fifty Years_, 336-41; also, Foote’s _Casket of Reminiscences_, 218-20.

[798] _Washington Globe_, Feb. 28. 1835.

[799] _Forsyth of Nydie_, by Forsyth de Fronsac.

[800] J. F. H. Claiborne, in _The Cabinet: Past and Present._

[801] Knight’s _Reminiscences of Famous Georgians_.