Chapter XX: Serfs, Slaves, Social Classes, and Free Individuals

§ 1. The common man in ancient times 254

§ 2. The earliest slaves 256

§ 3. The first “independent” persons 259

§ 4. Social classes three thousand years ago 262

§ 5. Classes hardening into castes 266

§ 6. Caste in India 268

§ 7. The system of the Mandarins 270

§ 8. A summary of five thousand years 272

BOOK IV

JUDEA, GREECE, AND INDIA