Chapter V: ) (5)

=Phlomis.= _Labiatæ._

All of the species may be increased by seeds; the herbaceous
kinds by divisions, and the shrubby sorts also by cuttings.

=Phlox.= _Polemoniaceæ._

The annuals are grown from seeds sown in the open. The
perennials are grown from seeds, divisions, cuttings of stems
and roots. Cuttings made during summer, and handled in a
frame, do well. The roots are cut into short pieces, and are
then handled in pans or flats under cover.

=Phœnix=, Elate (Date Palm). _Palmæ._

Increased by imported seeds, sown in a sandy soil, in a
mild hot-bed. Also by suckers. See also Date.

=Phormium= (Flax Lily, or New Zealand Flax). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Also by division of the crowns before growth
commences in spring.

=Photinia=, including Eriobotrya. _Rosaceæ._

Stratified seeds or half-ripened cuttings under glass. The
loquat, _P. Japonica_, is grown from layers or cuttings of
ripe wood, and it is worked upon seedling stocks or upon
thorn or quince, after the manner of pears.

=Phylica.= _Rhamneæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing shoots may be inserted in
sandy soil, in a warm house.

=Phyllanthus=, including Xylophylla. _Euphorbiæceæ._

Increased by means of cuttings of hard shoots in heat.

=Phyllis.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds, or cuttings under glass.

=Phyllocactus=, including Phyllocereus and Disocactus (Leaf Cactus).
_Cacteæ._

Seeds germinate readily in sandy soil. Usually increased
by cuttings of the stems, five or six inches long, placed in
sandy soil, which is kept only slightly moist. See also
Cactus.

=Phyllocladus=, Thalamia (Celery-leaved Pine-Tree). _Coniferæ._

Cuttings of the ripened shoots under glass, in spring.
When the cuttings begin callusing, give mild bottom heat.

=Physalis= (Ground or Winter Cherry, Strawberry Tomato, Husk Tomato).
_Solanaceæ._

Seeds, sown out-doors or under cover. Perennials by
division and growing cuttings.

=Physianthus=, Schubertia. _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds, usually started in heat. Cuttings of firm shoots
usually side shoots, under glass.

=Physochlaina.= _Solanaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of soft wood.

=Phyteuma=, Rapunculus (Horned Rampion). _Campanulaceæ._

Easily increased by seeds or by divisions, in spring.

=Phytolacca= (Spoke, Skoke, Poke). _Phytolaccaceæ._

May be propagated by means of seeds, or by divisions.

=Picea.= _Coniferæ._

Propagated by seeds, sometimes by layers, or grafts. _P.
excelsa_ (Norway spruce) makes a good stock; the veneer
graft, under glass, in winter, succeeds better than any
method of out-door work practicable in our climate; if the
graft is inserted near the base in young plants, it is quite possible
to obtain them on their own roots after a few transplantings.
Side-shoots can be used as cions, and if started
in time will furnish good leaders; sometimes a leader is
developed more rapidly by bending the plant over at nearly
a right-angle, when a stout bud may start from the stem.
See Abies.

=Pickerel Weed.= See Pontederia.

=Picotee.= See Dianthus and Carnation.

=Pilea= (Artillery Plant, Stingless Nettle). _Urticaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, divisions or cuttings.

=Pilocereus.= See Cactus.

=Pimelea=, Banksia. _Thymelæaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing shoots in moderate heat.

=Pimpernel.= See Anagallis.

=Pinanga.= _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Pinckneya=, Pinknea. _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of the ripened shoots under glass.

=Pine-apple= (_Ananas sativa_). _Bromeliaceæ._

Pine-apples very rarely produce seeds, but when they are
produced they are sown for the purpose of obtaining new varieties.
The pine-apple is usually increased by suckers and
"crowns." If the root is left in the ground after the pine is
removed, suckers will start from it. The root is then taken
up and cut into as many pieces as there are suckers, each
piece being then permanently planted. The crown of the
fruit and the various offsets or "crownlets," which appear
on the sides and base of the fruit, may be removed and used
as cuttings. These offsets are commonly used in greenhouse
propagation. It is the usual practice to allow them to dry
several days before they are planted, and in pine-apple regions
they are often exposed to the sun for several weeks.
This operation is unnecessary, however, although it is not
objectionable. A good way to start the offsets is to pull off
the lowest leaves and insert the offsets in damp moss in shade--giving
bottom heat for greenhouse work--and as soon as
roots begin to form, which will occur in from two to six
weeks, plant them out permanently. In the tropics fruit can
be obtained in 20 months after the offsets are transplanted;
but fruit-bearing is often delayed three or four years under
poor treatment.

=Piney.= See Pæony.

=Pinguicula= (Butterwort). _Lentibularieæ._

The hardy and greenhouse species are increased by seeds.
divisions, or by leaf cuttings.

=Pink= (Dianthus, various species). _Caryophylleæ._

Seeds and divisions. Best results are obtained by raising
new plants from seed every two or three years. Seeds are
usually sown where the plants are to remain; or they may
be sown in a cold-frame and transplanted.

=Pinus= (Pine). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, which should be kept dry over winter, are commonly
employed. These are often started in pots, but for
most species they are sown in well-prepared beds out-doors.
The seedlings must usually be shaded the first season. Varieties,
as also species which do not produce seed freely, may
be grafted upon stocks of white or Austrian pine or other
species. This grafting may be done upon the tips of growing
shoots early in the season (page 90), but it is oftener performed
upon potted plants by the veneer method.

=Piper=, Cubeba (Pepper, Cubeb). _Piperaceæ._

Seeds. All are increased by means of cuttings of the growing
shoots, inserted in sandy soil under glass.

=Piscidia= (Fish Poison-tree, Jamaica Dogwood). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing shoots under glass.

=Pistacia.= _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds, cuttings and layers. The pistacio-nut or "green
almond" (_P. vera_) is usually grown from seeds, which are
planted where the trees are to stand. It is sometimes grafted
upon _P. terebinthus_, to give it greater vigor.

=Pitcairnia.= See Billbergia.

=Pitcher-plant.= See Nepenthes and Sarracenia.

=Pittosporum.= _Pittosporeæ._

Seeds, and by cuttings of the growing or ripe wood, under
glass.

=Planera= (Planer-tree). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be handled like elm
seeds.

=Plane-tree.= See Platanus.

=Plantago= (Plantain). _Plantagineæ._

Seeds. The perennial species also by division.

=Plantain= (fruit). See Banana.

=Platanus= (Plane-tree, Button-wood; Sycamore, improperly).
_Platanaceæ._

Usually propagated by seeds, but layers and ripe wood
cuttings may be employed.

=Platycerium= (Stag's-Horn Fern). _Filices._

Chiefly by division. See Ferns.

=Platycodon=, Wahlenbergia. _Campanulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and, when old plants are obtainable,
by division.

=Plectocomia.= _Palmæ._

Seeds. May be increased by suckers.

=Pleroma=, Lasiandra, including Melastoma. _Melastomaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated mostly by cuttings of growing shoots
in a close frame at any season.

=Plum= (_Prunus_, many species). _Rosaceæ._

There are so many species of plums in cultivation, and
the varieties of the same species are often so different in
constitution and habit, that it is difficult to give advice concerning
their propagation. All the species grow readily from
fresh, well-ripened seeds. The pits should be removed from
the pulp and then stratified until spring. If they are allowed
to freeze, the germination will be more uniform, as the pits
will be more easily opened by the swelling embryo. Plum
pits are rarely cracked by hand. The strong-growing species
and varieties, especially southwards, will give stocks strong
enough to bud the first season; but the weaker ones must
stand until the next season after the seeds are planted. In
all the northern states, however, plum pits are usually sown
in seed-beds, in the same manner as apple and pear seeds.
The seedlings are taken up in the fall, and the following
spring set out in nursery rows, where they are budded in
August.

Plums are extensively grown from suckers, which spring
in great numbers from the roots of many species. In France
this method of propagation is largely used. So long as
graftage does not intervene, the sprouts will reproduce the
variety; and even in grafted or budded trees this sometimes
occurs, but it is probably because the tree has become own-rooted
from the rooting of the cion. It is a common notion
that trees grown from suckers sprout or sucker worse than
those grown from seeds. Layers are also extensively employed
for the propagation of the plum. Strong stools (page
35) are grown, and the long and strong shoots are covered in
spring throughout their length--the tips only being exposed--and
every bud will produce a plant. Strong shoots of vigorous
sorts will give plants strong enough the first fall to be
removed into nursery rows. Mound-layering is also employed
with good results. Root-cuttings, handled like those
of blackberry, grow readily, but some growers suppose that
they produce trees which sucker badly. Many plums grow
readily from cuttings of the mature recent wood, treated the
same as long grape cuttings. This is especially true of the
Marianna and its kin (_P. umbellata_), which are grown almost
entirely from cuttings. Some sorts of the common garden
plum (_P. domestica_) also grow from cuttings.

Plums are worked in various ways, but ordinary shield-budding
is usually employed in late summer or early fall, as
for peaches and cherries. Root-grafting by the common
whip method is sometimes employed, especially when own-rooted
trees are desired (page 78). In the north and east,
the common plum (_P. domestica_) is commonly worked upon
stocks of the same species. These stocks, if seedlings, are
apt to be very variable in size and habit, and sometimes half
or more of any batch, even from selected seeds, are practically
worthless. Stocks from inferior or constant varieties
are therefore essential. Such stocks are largely imported;
but there are some varieties which can be relied upon in this
country. One of the best of these domestic stocks is the
Horse plum, a small and purple-fruited variety of _Prunus
domestica_, which gives very uniform seedlings. This is largely
used in New York. The French stocks which are in most
common use are St. Julien and Black Damas. The Myrobolan
(_P. cerasifera_) is much used in California for standards,
but in the east it makes dwarf trees. The peach is often
used as a plum stock, and it is valuable in the south, especially
for light soils. In the north plum stocks are better.
Almond stocks, especially for the French prune and for light
soils, are considerably used in California. The apricot is
sometimes employed, but results appear to be poor or indifferent,
on the whole. Prunes thrive upon the above stocks
also.

Various stocks dwarf the plum. The chief dwarf stock at
present is the Myrobolan. This is usually imported. It is
easily grown, either from seeds or cuttings. The Mirabelle,
a foreign stock, is sometimes used. The many species of
native plums, of the _Prunus Americana_ and _P. angustifolia_
(Chickasaw) types, are good stocks for dwarf or intermediate
trees. In most cases, the bud or graft grows luxuriantly for
two or three years, and thereafter grows rather slowly. It
is best to bud or graft low upon these stocks. The Marianna
is at present the most popular native stock.

The native or American plums are budded upon native
seedlings, or rarely upon _Prunus domestica_ seedlings; or they
are grown from cuttings, as in the case of Marianna.

The Japanese plums are worked upon peach, common
plum or upon natives, preferably Marianna.

_Prunus Simoni_ works upon peach, common plum, Myrobolan
and Marianna.

The ornamental plums are worked upon the same stocks
as the fruit-bearing sorts. See Prunus.

=Plum, Coco.= See Chrysobalanus.

=Plumbago= (Leadwort). _Plumbagineæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings. Cuttings are made from
firm nearly mature wood, and should be given mild bottom
heat.

=Plumeria=, Himatanthus. _Apocynaceæ._

Seeds. Make cuttings of ripe shoots, and place under glass.

=Podalyria.= _Leguminosæ_

Readily increased by seeds. Divisions do not succeed well.
In spring, cuttings may be made of strong side shoots, and
planted in sand under glass.

=Podocarpus= _Coniferæ._

Usually grown from cuttings of firm wood under cover.

=Podophyllum= (May-Apple, Mandrake; erroneously Duck's Foot)
_Berberideæ._

Seeds and division.

=Poinciana.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagation by seeds.

=Poinsettia=, Euphorbia. _Euphorbiaceæ_

Cuttings of growing shoots, of two or three buds each,
handled upon a cutting bench or in a frame. Many propagators
prefer to let the cuttings lie exposed two or three days
before setting them. Cuttings of ripened wood can be used
to good advantage where the heat is rather low. See Euphorbia.

=Polanisia.= _Capparideæ._

Seeds, in-doors or in the open.

=Polemonium.= _Polemoniaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division.

=Polianthes= (Tuberose). _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by bulbels. Remove these from the parent bulb
in the fall, and keep in a warm, dry place until the following
spring. The soil should be light, rich and moist throughout
the summer. Before frost comes in the fall, take the bulbs
up, and when dry, cut off the leaves. The bulbs should be
kept as during the preceding winter, and the culture during
the following year is the same as during the first. The bulbs
usually flower the second or third summer.

=Polyanthus.= See Primula.

=Polycarpæa.= _Caryophylleæ._

The annuals are increased by seeds; perennials by cuttings.

=Polygala= (Milkwort). _Polygaleæ._

Seeds; sometimes by division, and by cuttings of young
shoots under cover, particularly for tropical species.

=Polygonatum= (Solomon's Seal). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seed and by divisions.

=Polygonum= (Knot-Grass or Weed). _Polygonaceæ._

Seeds. The perennials are also increased by divisions of
the root-stocks, and by cuttings.

=Polypodium= (Polypody). _Filices._

Divisions usually. See Ferns.

=Pomegranate= (_Punica granatum_). _Lythrœrieæ._

Largely by seeds, and all varieties are increased by cuttings,
suckers, layers, and scarce sorts by grafting on a common
sort.

=Pomelo=, Shaddock (_Citrus Aurantium_, var. _pomelana_). _Rutaceæ._

Usually grown from seeds, but it may be budded upon pomelo
or orange stocks, as in the Orange, which see.

=Pontederia= (Pickerel Weed). _Pontederiaceæ._

Seeds rarely. Mostly by divisions.

=Poppy.= See Papaver.

=Populus= (Poplar, Aspen, Cotton-wood). _Salicineæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe and raked in light soil. Suckers
are also used. Most often increased by cuttings of ripe
wood, taken in fall and spring. The weeping forms are
stock-grafted upon upright sorts, as P. grandidentata.

=Portugal Laurel.= See Prunus.

=Portulaca= (Purslane, Rose Moss). _Portulaceæ._

The annuals are raised from seed. Varieties are sometimes
propagated by cuttings.

=Potato= (_Solanum tuberosum_). _Solanaceæ._

Tubers, either whole or variously divided. Also rarely
stem cuttings. (See page 52.)

=Potentilla=, including Horkelia, Sibbaldia (Cinquefoil, Five-Finger).
_Rosaceæ._

Seeds, layers, divisions, green cuttings.

=Poterium=, including Sanguisorba (Burnet). _Rosaceæ._

The herbaceous kinds are increased by seeds. The shrubs
are raised from soft cuttings, under glass.

=Premna=, Baldingera. _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds and soft cuttings.

=Prickly Ash.= See Zanthoxylum.

=Prickly Pear.= See Opuntia.

=Pride of India.= See Melia.

=Priestleya=, including Achyronia. _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of very young wood, under cover.

=Prim.= See Ligustrum.

=Primula=, Polyanthus (Primrose, Cowslip). _Primulaceæ._

Seeds, sown carefully in very fine soil, under glass. Some
rare sorts are increased by division.

=Prinos.= See Ilex.

=Pritchardia.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Privet.= See Ligustrum.

=Prostanthera= (Australian Mint). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of growing shoots, usually
by the last method.

=Protea=, Erodendron. _Proteaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing wood, under cover.

=Prune.= See Plum.

=Prunus=, Amygdalus. _Rosaceæ._

The dwarf almonds (_Amygdalus_) are increased by seeds,
divisions, cuttings, and by budding upon seedling plum or
peach stocks; also by root-cuttings. Peach stocks give larger
trees at first than plum stocks, but the trees are not so long-lived.
Perhaps ten years may be considered the average life
of most ornamental almonds upon the peach, while upon the
plum they may persist twenty-five years or more. The ornamental
cherries, peaches, etc., are propagated in essentially
the same manner as the fruit-bearing varieties. See Almond,
Apricot, Cherry, Peach, Plum. _P. Lauro-Cerasus_ and _P.
Lusitanica_, the cherry laurel and Portugal laurel, may be
propagated by short cuttings of ripened wood, in a cool
greenhouse in autumn. _P. Pissardii_ is said to be easily propagated
by cuttings of the soft wood. This method succeeds
well with many of the double-flowering plums and cherries,
if the wood is grown under glass.

=Pseudotsuga.= _Coniferæ._

Propagated the same as Abies, which see.

=Psidium.= See Guava.

=Psoralea.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots, placed
under glass. The tubiferous species, as the pomme blanche
or Indian potato (_P. esculenta_) are increased by tubers or
divisions of them.

=Ptelea= (Hop-tree). _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in autumn or stratified, or by layers.
The varieties may be grafted on the common forms.

=Pteris= (Brake, Bracken). _Filices._

Easily grown from spores. See Ferns.

=Pterocarya.= _Juglandeæ._

Increased by seeds, suckers and layers.

=Ptychosperma=, Seaforthia (Australian Feather-palm). _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Pulmonaria.= See Mertensia.

=Pumpkin= (_Cucurbita_, three species). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, when the weather is settled.

=Punica.= See Pomegranate.

=Puschkinia=, Adamsia. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by dividing the bulbs, which should be done
every two or three years.

=Pyrethrum.= See Chrysanthemum.

=Pyrola= (Shin-leaf, Wintergreen). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by division; very rarely from seeds.

=Pyrus.= _Rosaceæ._

The ornamental species and varieties of apples and crabs
are budded or grafted upon common apple stocks. The
mountain ashes are grown from stratified seeds, which usually
lie dormant until the second year, or the varieties are
budded or grafted upon stocks of the common species (_P.
Aucuparia_). Layers and green cuttings are occasionally employed
for various species and varieties of pyrus. See also
Apple, Pear, Quince. It is a good plan to obtain stocks as
nearly related to the plant which is to be propagated as possible;
_e. g._, Parkman's pyrus does better on _P. floribunda_
than on the common apple stock.

=Quamoclit.= See Ipomœa.

=Quassia.= _Simarubeæ._

Cuttings of ripe shoots under glass.

=Quercus= (Oak). _Cupuliferæ._

Stocks are grown readily from seeds, which may be sown in
the fall without stratification. The evergreen species are
sometimes grown from cuttings. Varieties are grafted on
stocks grown from wild acorns. The stocks are potted in
the fall and the grafting is performed in January and February,
or sometimes in August.

=Quince= (_Pyrus Cydonia_, _P. Japonica_, _P. Cathayensis_). _Rosaceæ._

All quinces can be grown from seeds, the same as apples
and pears; but seeds are not common in the market, and
are therefore little used in this country. The fruit-bearing
quinces are propagated most cheaply by means of cuttings
of mature wood. The cuttings are taken in the fall, and are
stored in sand, moss or sawdust until spring, when they are
planted out-doors. Long cuttings--10 to 12 inches--are usually
most successful, as they reach into uniformly moist earth.
Cuttings are usually made of the recent wood, and preferably
with a heel, but wood two or three years old will usually
grow. With some varieties and upon some soils, there is
considerable uncertainty, and layerage is therefore often employed.
Mound-layering (see page 35) is practiced where
extra strong plants are required. Long root-cuttings, treated
like those of the blackberry and raspberry, will also grow.
Many nurserymen bud or root-graft the better varieties
upon stocks of Angers or other strong sorts. These
stocks are imported or grown from seeds or cuttings. The
Chinese quince succeeds upon the common quince. In order
to secure extra strong plants and a uniform stand, some
growers graft quince cuttings upon pieces of apple or pear
roots. In such cases the plants should be taken up in the
fall, when the quince will be found to have sent out roots of
its own; the apple root should be removed, and the quince
replanted the following spring in the nursery row, otherwise
suckers frequently spring from the stock and interfere with
the growth of the quince. The union is sufficient to nurse
the cion for two or three years.

The flowering or Japanese quince is best propagated by
short root-cuttings, which are usually made in the fall, and
scattered in drills in frames or in a well-prepared border in
spring. Cuttings of firm, nearly mature wood, handled in
frames, will grow, but they are not often used. The double
varieties are root-grafted upon common stocks of _P. Japonica_
in winter. The plants are then grown on in pots. Common
quince (_P. Cydonia_) stocks are occasionally used, but they
are not in favor.

=Quisqualis.= _Combretaceæ._

Increased by heeled cuttings of young shoots in heat.

=Radish= (_Raphanus sativus_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, usually sown where the plants are to grow.

=Ragged Robin.= See Lychnis.

=Ramondia=, Myconia. _Gesneraceæ._

Propagated by seeds or division.

=Rampion= (_Campanula Rapunculus_). _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds, where the plants are to stand.

=Ranunculus= (Buttercup, Crowfoot). _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by divisions.

=Raphia.= _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Raphiolepis.= _Rosaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of the growing shoots
inserted under cover.

=Raspberry= (_Rubus neglectus_, _strigosus_ and _occidentalis_).
_Rosaceæ._

New varieties are obtained from seeds, which are washed
from the pulp and sown immediately, or stratified. The
black-cap varieties are grown mostly from root-tips (Fig. 18)
as described on page 32. If the ground is loose and mellow,
the tips will commonly take root themselves, but upon
hard ground the tip may have to be held in place by a stone
or clod. Some strong-growing varieties, like the Gregg,
especially in windy localities, may have to be held down.
The red varieties increase rapidly by means of suckers which
spring up from the roots. Better plants are obtained by
means of root-cuttings, however, as described under Blackberry
(see also Fig. 46). Black-caps may be increased by
root-cuttings. These cuttings are best handled in warm cold-frames
or mild hot-beds, being planted very early in spring.
By the time the weather is settled, they will be large enough
to plant in nursery rows.

=Red-bud.= See Cercis.

=Red Cedar.= See Juniperus.

=Reinwardtia=, Linum in part, of gardeners. _Lineæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of strong shoots in heat.

=Renanthera.= See Ærides.

=Reseda= (Mignonette). _Resedaceæ._

Seeds. For winter flowering, seeds are sown in July.
Also grown from cuttings.

=Retinospora=, Chamæcyparis (Japanese Arbor-Vitæ). _Coniferæ._

Grown sometimes from seeds, which should be denuded of
pulp. Layers of tender branches are sometimes employed.
They are most commonly grown from cuttings. These are
made from tips of growing or ripened shoots, and are two or
three inches long, with all the leaves left on. They are
usually, from necessity, variously branched. The soft cuttings
are usually taken from forced plants and are handled
in a close frame or under a bell-glass, with bottom heat. In
commercial establishments the cuttings of ripe wood are
preferred. The following is the practice of one of the largest
nurseries in the country: Cuttings of the entire season's
growth, cut to a heel, are taken in October and November,
and are placed in sand in boxes in gentle heat, as in a propagating
house. By February the roots will be formed, and
the boxes are then placed in a cool house where the temperature
is about 50°. Early in spring (about April 1st) the
boxes are placed out-doors in cold-frames, where they remain
until May, until frost is over. The boxes are then removed
from the frames and are set on boards in a shady place,
where they are left until fall. In the fall--having been
nearly a year in the boxes--the plants are shaken out and are
heeled-in in a cellar. The next spring they are planted out
in beds, and during the following summer and winter they
are given some protection from sun and cold. Yews and
arbor-vitæs are handled in the same way.

Retinosporas are often grafted upon retinospora or common
arbor-vitæ stocks. This operation is usually performed
upon potted plants in winter by the veneer method.

=Rhamnus=, including Frangula (Buckthorn). _Rhamneæ._

The hardy kinds may be increased by means of seeds or
by layers. The stove and greenhouse species may be multiplied
by cuttings of growing parts. Seeds should be
stratified.

=Rhaphidophora.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by seeds; or by cuttings inserted in peaty soil
with bottom heat.

=Rhaphiolepis= (Indian Hawthorn). _Rosaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of firm shoots in a frame.

=Rheum= (Rhubarb, Pie-plant, Wine-Plant). _Polygonaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by divisions. Each division should
contain at least one bud on the crown. Seeds may be sown
where the plants are to stand, but will not reproduce the
varieties.

=Rhipsalis=, including Lepismium, Pfeiffera. _Cacteæ._

Cuttings, after having been dried for a few days, should be
inserted in coarse gravel or sand. See Cactus.

=Rhodanthe.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Rhodochiton.= _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated by seeds; and cuttings of the growing wood

=Rhododendron=, Azalea (Rose-Bay). _Ericaceæ._

Seeds are largely employed, but they are small and light
and must be carefully handled. They are sown in spring in
pans or boxes in a soil of sandy peat, care being taken to cover
them very lightly and not to dislodge them when applying
water. They are handled in cold-frames or in a cool house,
and the young plants must be shaded. The plants are commonly
allowed to remain a year in the boxes. Low growing
plants are often layered. Cuttings of growing wood, cut to a
heel, are sometimes employed, being made in summer and handled
in a frame, but the percentage of rooted plants will often
be small. Rhododendrons are extensively grafted, the veneer
method being most used. The operation is performed upon
potted plants in late summer or early fall, or sometimes in a
cool house in early spring. Most of the leaves are allowed
to remain upon the cion. The plants are then placed in
densely shaded cool frames, and are nearly covered with
sphagnum. Various stocks are employed, but for severe
climates the hardy species like _R. Catawbiense_ and _R. maximum_
are probably best. _R. Ponticum_ is extensively used in
Europe, but it is not hardy enough for the north.

=Rhodotypos.= See Kerria.

=Rhubarb.= See Rheum.

=Rhus= (Sumach). _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds, layers, suckers, root-cuttings, and cuttings of green
or ripe wood. Suckers are oftenest used.

=Rhynchosia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds and division.

=Rhynchospermum.= See Trachelospermum.

=Ribes= (Currant, Gooseberry). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, or else stratified
for new varieties. Commonly from ripe cuttings. See
Currant and Gooseberry.

=Richardia= (Calla) _Aroideæ._

Offsets, which should be removed and potted off when the
plants are at rest.

=Ricinus= (Castor Bean). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Seeds, which in the north are started in-doors.

=Rivina=, Piercea (Hoop Withy). _Phytolaccaceæ._

Readily propagated by seeds; also by cuttings, inserted
during spring in heat.

=Robinia= (Locust, Rose Acacia). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and which usually germinate
better if soaked in hot water previous to sowing. Also
grown from layers and root-cuttings. Named varieties are
grafted or budded, the common locust stock (_R. Pseudacacia_)
being preferred, even for the rose acacia (_R. hispida_).

=Rocambole= (_Allium Scorodoprasum_). _Liliaceæ._

"Cloves," or divisions of the bulb.

=Rocket=, ornamental sorts. See Hesperis.

=Rocket Salad= (_Eruca sativa_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to grow.

=Rock-Rose.= See Cistus.

=Romneya.= _Papaveraceæ._

Propagated by seeds in spring.

=Romulea.= _Irideæ._

Offsets.

=Rondeletia=, Willdenovia, Rogiera. _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in sand
under glass, in heat.

=Rosa= (Rose). _Rosaceæ._

New varieties and sometimes stocks are grown from seeds,
which are sown as soon as ripe, or kept in the hips until
spring. The hardy kinds are usually sown in well-prepared
beds out-doors. Roses are sometimes grown from layers,
and often from root-cuttings, after the manner of blackberries.
The common way of propagating roses, however, is
by means of short cuttings of firm or nearly mature wood,
handled under glass, with a mild bottom heat (of 65° or 70°).
They are commonly made in February or March from forced
plants. The cuttings are made in various fashions, some
allowing most of the leaves to remain, and some preferring
to cut most of them off, as in Fig. 56. They are commonly
cut to one-bud lengths. Long cuttings of ripened wood,
handled in a cool greenhouse or in frames, may also be employed
for the various perpetual and climbing roses. Most
growers feel that the best plants are obtained from cuttings,
but most varieties do well when budded upon congenial and
strong stocks. Budding by the common shield method is
considerably employed, and veneer-grafting is sometimes
used. The stocks are grown either from seeds or cuttings.
The commonest stock is the manetti (_Rosa canina_), which is
a strong and hardy species. The multiflora rose (_R. polyantha_)
is also a good stock, especially for early results. A stock
somewhat used about Boston for some of the hybrid perpetuals,
with excellent results, is _Rosa Watsonia_, a Japanese
species. "Worked" roses are in greater favor in Europe
than in this country.

=Rosemary= (_Rosmarinus officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Rubus= (Bramble). _Rosaceæ._

Seeds, which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe.
Root-cuttings and suckers are mostly employed. The seeds
of _R. deliciosus_ require two years for germination. See Blackberry,
Dewberry, Raspberry.

=Rudbeckia=, including Lepachys, Obeliscaria (Cone Flower). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Rue.= See Ruta.

=Ruellia=, including Dipteracanthus. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, inserted in a light rich soil, under glass.

=Rulingia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings under glass.

=Ruscus= (Butcher's, Alexandrian Laurel). _Liliaceæ._

Root suckers. Also seeds, when obtainable.

=Rush.= See Juncus.

=Russelia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. Green cuttings under glass.

=Ruta.= Haplophyllum (Herb of Grace, Rue). _Rutaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings. Meadow
Rue, see Thalictrum.

=Sabal.= _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds, and by suckers, which should be
taken when about one foot long. If they have no roots they
must be carefully handled.

=Sabbatia= (American Centaury). _Gentianeæ._

May be raised from seeds, which should be sown thinly
in pans, or on a shady border.

=Saffron= (_Carthamus tinctorius_). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, in open air in spring. Saffron is also
_Crocus sativus_.

=Sage= (_Salvia officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to stand. Also
by division, but seeds give better plants. Sage plantations
should be renewed every two or three years. Good plants
are grown from cuttings.

=Sage Palm.= See Cycas.

=Saintfoin.= See Onobrychis.

=Saint John's Bread.= See Carob.

=Salisburia.= See Ginkgo.

=Salix= (Willow, Osier, Sallow). _Salicineæ._

All the willows grow readily from cuttings of ripe wood
of almost any age. The low and weeping varieties are top-worked
upon any common upright stocks.

=Sallow.= See Salix.

=Salpiglossis.= _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated by seeds in open air, or they may be started
under glass.

=Salsify= (_Tragopogon porrifolius_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to remain.

=Salvia=, including Sclarea (Sage). _Labiatæ._

May be increased by seeds, sown thinly and placed in a
little warmth. Also by cuttings; these will root readily in
heat, if they are quite soft and in a growing state.

=Sambucus= (Elder). _Caprifoliaceæ._

Seeds, handled like those of raspberries and blackberries.
Named kinds are grown from cuttings of mature wood, and
by layers.

=Sandoricum= (Sandal-tree). _Meliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in heat.

=Sanguinaria= (Blood-root, Red Puccoon). _Papaveraceæ._

Propagation is effected by means of seeds, or by divisions.

=Sanguisorba.= See Poterium.

=Sanseviera=, Salmia (Bowstring Hemp). _Hæmodoraceæ._

Young plants are obtained from suckers.

=Sapodilla= or =Sapodilla Plum=. See Sapota.

=Saponaria=, including Vaccaria (Bouncing Bet, Fuller's Herb,
Soapwort). _Caryophylleæ._

Increased by seeds and by divisions. The hardy annual
and biennial kinds may be simply sown in the open border.

=Sapota=, Achras. _Sapotaceæ._

Seeds and cuttings. In tropical countries the sapodilla
(_S. Achras_) is raised entirely from seeds.

=Sarracenia= (Indian Cup, Pitcher Plant, Side-saddle Flower. Trumpet
Leaf). _Sarraceniaceæ._

Increased by dividing the crowns. Sometimes by seeds,
sown in moss in a cool frame.

=Sassafras=. _Laurineæ._

Increased by seeds, and by suckers and root-cuttings.

=Satyrium.= _Orchideæ._

Division of the plants, as new growth is commencing.
(See also under Orchids.)

=Saurauja=, Palava, Reinwardtia. _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Seeds. Ripened cuttings should be inserted in sand, under
glass.

=Sauromatum.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Saussurea.= _Compositæ._

Seeds; division.

=Savin.= See Juniperus.

=Savoy.= See Cabbage.

=Savory= (_Satureia hortensis_, _S montana_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to remain; or the winter
savory (_S. montana_), which is a perennial, by division.

=Saxifraga= (Saxifrage, Rockfoil). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, divisions, and in some species (as _S. sarmentosa_, the
"strawberry geranium") by runners.

=Scabiosa= (Pin-cushion Flower). _Dipsaceæ._

Seeds, usually sown in the open, and sometimes by division

=Scævola.= _Goodenovieæ._

Seeds. Cuttings should be inserted in a compost of peat
and sand, under glass.

=Scheeria.= See Achimenes.

=Schelhammera=, Parduyna. _Liliaceæ._

Increased usually by divisions.

=Schinus.= _Anacardiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Schismatoglottis.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by divisions.

=Schizandra=, including Maximowiczia. _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds, when procurable. Propagation is effected by layers;
by ripened cuttings, which should be inserted in sand
under glass.

=Schizanthus= (Butterfly or Fringe Flower). _Solanaceæ._

The half-hardy kinds are increased by seeds sown in a little
heat in spring. The seed of the hardy sorts may be
sown in the open ground in early spring.

=Schizophragma.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated easily by cuttings of the ripened wood in a
cool house in autumn.

=Schizostylis.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division.

=Sciadophyllum=, Actinophyllum. _Araliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in moderate heat.

=Sciadopitys= (Umbrella Pine). _Coniferæ._

Slowly propagated by imported seeds. But cuttings of
the half-ripened shoots, taken off in summer and inserted in
sand, in heat, root readily.

=Scilla= (Squill, Wild Hyacinth). _Liliaceæ._

Slowly increased by seeds, usually by bulbels

=Scolopendrium.= See Ferns.

=Scorzonera= (Black Salsify). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand.

=Scotch Broom.= See Cytisus.

=Screw Pine.= See Pandanus.

=Scutellaria= (Skull-cap, Helmet Flower). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots under
cover.

=Seaforthia.= See Ptychosperma.

=Sea-kale= (_Crambe maritima_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, sown without being shelled, usually in a seed-bed.
When the young plants have made three or four leaves, they
should be removed to permanent quarters. Seedlings should
furnish crops in three years. By root-cuttings, four or five
inches long, taken from well established plants. These
should give plants strong enough for cutting in two years.

=Seaside Grape.= See Coccoloba.

=Sechium= (Choko). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds. Tubers.

=Sedge.= See Carex.

=Sedum=, including Rhodiola (Orpine, Stonecrop). _Crassulaceæ._

Propagation may be effected by seeds, by divisions of the
tufts, by cuttings of stems or leaves in spring.

=Selaginella.= _Lycopodiaceæ._

Spores. Short cuttings, inserted in very early spring, in
pots or pans.

=Sempervivum= (House-Leek). _Crassulaceæ._

Readily increased by seeds, or by the young plants which
appear around the old ones at the base.

=Senecio=, including Cacalia, Cineraria, Farfugium, Jacobea Kleina,
Ligularia (Groundsel, Ragweed). _Compositæ._

The annuals are propagated by seeds. Others may be
increased by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings both of the
roots and shoots.

=Sensitive Plant.= See Mimosa.

=Sequoia=, Wellingtonia (Redwood). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, which must be handled in a frame or half-shady
place. Layers, and cuttings handled like those of retinospora
and yew.

=Sericographis.= See Justicia.

=Sesamum= (Bene). _Pedaliaceæ._

Seeds, sown under glass, or in the south in the open
border.

=Sesbania=, including Agati (Pea-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds for annual species; the shrubby kinds by cuttings
of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in heat.

=Shad-bush.= See Amelanchier.

=Shaddock.= See Pomelo.

=Shallot= (_Allium Ascalonicum_). _Liliaceæ._

Grown from "cloves," which are formed by the breaking
up of the main bulb.

=Shell-bark Hickory= (Shag-bark). See Hicoria.

=Shepherdia= (Buffalo Berry). _Elæagnaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in the fall or stratified until
spring.

=Sibbaldia.= See Potentilla.

=Siberian Pea-tree.= See Caragana.

=Sideritis.= _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, cuttings.

=Side-saddle Flower.= See Sarracenia.

=Silene= (Campion, Catchfly). _Caryophylleæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds, by divisions, and by
cuttings.

=Silk-Cotton Tree.= See Bombax.

=Silphium= (Rosin-plant, Compass-plant). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seed and by divisions.

=Silver Bell.= See Halesia.

=Sisyrinchium= (Blue-eyed Grass, Pig Root, Rush Lily, Satin Flower).
_Irideæ._

It may be increased in spring by seeds or by divisions.

=Skimmia.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds, in a frame. Also by layers and by firm cuttings in
gentle heat.

=Skirret= (_Sium Sisarum_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, offsets, or divisions.

=Slipperwort.= See Campanula and Calceolaria.

=Smilacina= (False Solomon's Seal). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Division of roots.

=Smilax= (Green-Briar, American China Root). _Liliaceæ._

Young plants are obtained by seeds and by layers and
divisions of the root. For the "Smilax" or Boston-vine of
conservatories, see Myrsiphyllum.

=Snapdragon.= See Antirrhinum.

=Snowball-tree.= See Viburnum.

=Snowberry-tree.= See Symphoricarpus.

=Snowdrop.= See Galanthus.

=Snowflake.= See Leucoium.

=Soapwort.= See Saponaria.

=Solandra.= _Solanaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring; by cuttings, inserted in
mould or tan. If small flowering plants are desired, the cuttings
should be taken from flowering shoots.

=Solanum=, including Aquartia, Nycterium (Nightshade). _Solanaceæ._

The annuals, and most of the other species, are raised
from seeds. The tuberous kinds may be increased by tubers
or divisions of them. The stove and greenhouse shrubby
plants may be propagated by cuttings, inserted when young
in a warm frame.

=Soldanella.= _Primulaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by division.

=Solea.= See Ionidium.

=Solidago= (Golden Rod). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and by divisions.

=Solomon's Seal.= See Polygonatum.

=Sonerila.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by seeds; or by cuttings which should be
inserted singly in small pots during spring and placed in a
frame in a propagating house.

=Sophora=, including Edwardsia. _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, layers and cuttings of either ripened or growing
wood. The named varieties are grafted upon common stocks.

=Sorghum.= _Gramineæ._

Usually by seeds. Sometimes by cuttings as in Sugar
Cane.

=Sorrel= (Rumex, several species). _Polygonaceæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Sorrel-tree.= See Oxydendron.

=Sour Gum.= See Nyssa.

=Sowbread.= See Cyclamen.

=Spanish Bayonet.= See Yucca.

=Sparaxis.= _Irideæ._

Seeds. Usually by offsets.

=Sparmannia.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood in spring.

=Spathiphyllum,= including Amomophyllum. _Aroideæ._

Propagated sometimes by seeds sown in heat, or by divisions
of the root-stocks.

=Spearmint= (Mentha viridis). _Labiatæ._

Commonly grown from cuttings of the creeping root-stocks.

=Speedwell.= See Veronica.

=Sphæralcea=, Sphæroma (Globe Mallow). _Malvaceæ._

Seeds; by cuttings of the young growth under glass, and
kept shaded until rooted.

=Spiderwort.= See Tradescantia.

=Spinage= (_Spinacia oleracea_). _Chenopodiaceæ._

Seeds, sown usually where the crop is to stand, either in
fall or spring.

=Spiræa= (Spirea, Meadow-Sweet). _Rosaceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring.
Commonly increased by cuttings, either of mature or green
wood. Green cuttings usually make the best plants. These
are made in summer and handled in frames. Some sorts, as
_S. ariæfolia_, _S. opulifolia_ and varieties (Nine-bark, now
known as _Neillia_ or _Physocarpus opulifolia_) and _S. prunifolia_,
are usually grown from layers put down in spring. The herbaceous
kinds are often increased by division.

=Spondias= (Hog Plum, Otaheite Apple or Plum). _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds; by large cuttings of growing wood, which should
be inserted in sand or mould, in heat.

=Spruce.= See Picea and Abies.

=Squash= (_Cucurbita_, three species). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, when the weather becomes warm.

=Squill.= See Scilla.

=Stachys=, Betonica, Galeopsis (Hedge Nettle, Woundwort). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, or cuttings. Some species (as the Crosnes
or _S. tuberifera_ of recent introduction) are increased by
subterranean tubers.

=Staff-tree.= See Celastrus.

=Stanhopea.= _Orchideæ._

Division of the old roots. (See also under Orchids.)

=Stapelia= (Carrion Flower). _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds; commonly by cuttings in heat.

=Staphylea= (Bladder-nut). _Sapindaceæ._

Seeds sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring. By
suckers, layers, and cuttings of roots or of mature wood.

=Star Apple.= See Chrysophyllum.

=Star of Bethlehem.= See Ornithogalum.

=Statice= (Sea Lavender, Sea Pink). _Plumbagineæ._

The annuals and biennials may be increased by seeds
sown in early spring, in a frame. The perennials by seeds,
or by carefully made divisions. Greenhouse species should
be propagated by cuttings inserted in small single pots during
early spring, and placed under glass.

=Staurostigma.= _Aroideæ._

Seeds sown in bottom heat; or by division of the tubers.

=Stephanotis=, Jasminanthes. _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by seeds; also by cuttings of the previous
year's growth inserted singly in pots, in spring, and placed in
a close frame with a temperature of 60°.

=Sterculia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by ripened cuttings, which should be
taken with the leaves on, and placed under glass. Those of
the stove species should be placed in moist heat.

=Stevia.= _Compositæ._

May be increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings.

=Stigmaphyllon.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in sandy soil
under glass, in heat.

=Stillingia.= _Euphorbiaceæ._

Easily propagated by imported seeds.

=Stock.= See Mathiola.

=Stokesia.= _Compositæ._

Propagation by seeds and by division.

=Stonecrop.= See Sedum.

=Strawberry= (_Fragaria_). _Rosaceæ._

New sorts are grown from seeds, which are usually sown as
soon as ripe; or they may be kept until the following spring
either dry or in stratification. Varieties are commonly increased
by offsets, or plants formed at the joints of runners.
These runners appear after the fruit is off. If strong plants
are desired, the runner should be headed-in, and only one
plant allowed to form on each runner. The ground should
be soft and somewhat moist, to enable the young plants to
obtain a foothold. Plants strong enough for setting are obtained
in August and September of the same year in which
they start. Ordinarily, the runners will take root without
artificial aid; but in hard soils, or with new or scarce varieties,
the joints are sometimes held down with a pebble or bit
of earth. New varieties are often propagated throughout the
season from plants which are highly fertilized, and which are
not allowed to fruit. Very strong plants are obtained by
growing them in pots. A 3-inch pot is sunk below the runner,
and the joint is held upon it by a stone or clod. The
runner is then pinched off, to prevent further growth, and to
throw all its energy into the one plant. The pot should be
filled with soft, rich earth. Shouldered pots are best, because
they can be raised more easily than others, by catching
the spade or trowel under the shoulder. The plants will
fill the pots in three or four weeks, if the weather is favorable.
Old tin fruit cans, which have been heated to remove
the bottoms, can also be used.

Cuttings of the tips of runners are sometimes made and
handled in a frame, as an additional means of rapidly increasing
new kinds. These cuttings are really the cast-away
tips left from the heading-in or checking of the runners.

=Strawberry Geranium.= See Saxifraga.

=Strawberry Tree.= See Arbutus.

=Strelitzia= (Bird of Paradise Flower, Bird's-tongue Flower).
_Scitamineæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in light soil, and
the pots plunged in moist bottom heat. Also increased by
suckers and by division of the old plants.

=Streptocarpus= (Cape Primrose). _Gesneraceæ._

Readily propagated by seeds or by divisions.

=Strobilanthes=, including Goldfussia (Cone Head). _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in any light soil under glass, in heat.

=Struthiola.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Seeds, when obtainable. Cuttings in sand under a frame.

=Stuartia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

May be increased by seeds and layers, or by means of ripened
cuttings, inserted in sand under a hand-glass. Seeds
are oftenest used, where obtainable.

=Stylidium=, Candollea. _Stylidieæ._

Grown from seeds, or in a few cases, from divisions of the
roots. The shrubby kinds may be increased by cuttings.

=Stypandra.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by divisions.

=Styrax= (Storax). _Styraceæ._

Seeds, which must be stratified, or else sown as soon as
ripe. They usually lie dormant the first year. Also by layers
and cuttings of green-wood. Can be grafted upon other
storaxes, or upon _Halesia tetraptera_.

=Sugar Cane= (_Saccharum officinarum_). _Gramineæ._

Cuttings of the stems. The cuttings should possess a nope
or joint which bears one or more good buds. These cuttings
are planted directly in the field, and the plants will reach
maturity in two or three months. Propagation by seeds has
been supposed to be impossible, but recent experiments at
Kew indicate that it can be done.

=Sumach.= See Rhus.

=Sundew.= See Drosera.

=Sunflower.= See Helianthus.

=Sun Rose.= See Helianthemum.

=Swainsona.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Green cuttings under cover.

=Swan River Daisy.= See Brachycome.

=Sweet Brier.= See Rosa.

=Sweet Cicely.= See Myrrhis.

=Sweet Pea.= See Lathyrus.

=Sweet Potato= (_Convolvulus Batatas_). _Convolvulaceæ._

Sweet potato plants are grown in hot-beds, cold-frames or
forcing-houses, from sound tubers of medium size. The tuber
is laid upon a sandy or other loose bed, and is then covered
with sand or sandy loam to a depth of one or two inches.
Sometimes, to guard against rot, the tubers are not covered
until the sprouts begin to appear. The tubers may be laid
thickly upon the bed, but they are less apt to rot if they do
not touch each other. Sometimes the tubers are cut in two
lengthwise, the cut surface being placed down, in order to
place all the plant-giving surface uppermost. In four or
five weeks the young plants--three to five inches high--are
pulled off and planted, and others soon arise to take their
places. One hand should be held firmly upon the soil over
the tuber, while the sprout is pulled off to keep it in place.
Three or four crops of sprouts may be obtained from each
tuber.

=Sweet William= (_Dianthus barbatus_). _Caryophylleæ._

Seeds, sown in-doors or in the border. Division of the
plants. Best results are obtained by starting new seedlings
every other year.

=Swertia.= _Gertianeæ._

Seeds, usually started in heat.

=Sycamore.= See Platanus.

=Symphoricarpus= (Waxberry, St. Peter's Wort, Snowberry-tree, Indian
Currant). _Caprifoliaceæ._

Seeds, handled like those of blackberries. Also by suckers
and cuttings.

=Symphytum= (Comfrey). _Boragineæ._

May be increased by seeds and by division. Also by root-cuttings.

=Symplocos=, including Hopea. _Styraceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass.

=Syngonium.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by dividing the stems into lengths of about three
joints, and inserting them in pots in a brisk heat. The tops
of plants may be cut off and inserted as large cuttings.

=Syringa= (Lilac). _Oleaceæ._

New varieties and stocks are grown from seeds, which are
usually stratified until spring. Green cuttings, handled in
frames in summer, are largely used. Cuttings of mature
wood will grow; also cuttings of the roots. Layers and
suckers are often employed. Varieties are extensively grafted
upon privet (_Ligustrum_), and common lilacs. Flute-budding
is occasionally employed. Lilacs will grow for a time when
worked upon the ash. Grafting succeeds well when performed
in the open air.

=Tabernæmontana.= _Apocynaceæ._

Increased by green cuttings, under glass, in moist heat.

=Tacca=, Ataccia. _Taccaceæ._

Seeds and division of the roots.

=Tacsonia.= See Passiflora.

=Tagetes= (Marigold). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown either in-doors or out.

=Tamarack.= See Larch.

=Tamarindus= (Tamarind). _Leguminosæ._

Young plants may be obtained from seeds sown on a hot-bed
or out-doors in tropical countries. Cuttings, in sand
under glass in heat.

=Tamarix=, Tamarisk. _Tamariscineæ._

Increased by ripe cuttings under glass, the greenhouse
kinds in heat.

=Tansy= (Tanacetum vulgare). _Compositæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Taxodium=, Glyptostrobus (Bald Cypress). _Coniferæ._

Seeds are usually employed. Layers. Cuttings of young
wood in wet sand, or even water, under cover. The varieties
of glyptostrobus may be veneer-grafted in August or September
on _T. distichum_.

=Taxus= (Yew). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, sown when gathered or else stratified. Layers.
Cuttings of green-wood under glass in summer, or of mature
wood as recommended for retinospora. The named varieties
are veneer-grafted in August or early fall upon the upright
kinds.

=Tecoma= (Trumpet-Creeper). _Bignoniaceæ._

Seeds, layers, cuttings of firm shoots, but most commonly
by root-cuttings.

=Terminalia= (Tropical Almond). _Combretaceæ._

Seeds; also by cuttings of green-wood under glass.

=Ternstrœmia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in
bottom heat.

=Testudinaria= (Elephant's Foot). _Dioscoreaceæ._

Grown from imported roots or seeds.

=Teucrium= (Germander). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, and the shrubby kinds by cuttings under
cover.

=Thalictrum= (Meadow-Rue). _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, and divisions. The varieties by
cuttings.

=Thea.= See Camellia.

=Theobroma= (Cacao, Chocolate-tree). _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated by ripened cuttings, which should be placed in
sand, under glass, in heat.

=Thermopsis.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds and divisions.

=Thrift.= See Armeria.

=Thrinax.= _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Thunbergia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of firm wood in a frame.

=Thunia.= _Orchideæ._

As the form of the pseudo-bulbs suggests, this genus is
easily propagated by cuttings. These are made about six
inches long and inserted in pots of sand. After standing in
an ordinary propagating-frame or moist stove for a short
time young growths will appear at the nodes. When large
enough they are taken up and potted in ordinary compost.
Two years at least are needed for them to attain to flowering
size, but this is the best method where a large number of
plants are wanted. (See also under Orchids.)

=Thuya=, including Biota (Arbor-Vitæ, White Cedar erroneously).
_Coniferæ._

Seeds. Layers. Cuttings of green shoots in summer in a
cool frame. Cuttings of ripe wood, as recommended for
retinospora. The named varieties are often grafted on potted
common stocks in winter or early fall.

=Thyme= (_Thymus vulgaris_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Thyrsacanthus=, Odontonema (Thyrse Flower). _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds; cuttings made in spring, and placed in a close,
warm frame.

=Tiarella.= _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Tigridia= (Tiger Flower). _Irideæ._

May be increased by seeds, or generally by offsets.

=Tilia= (Basswood, Linden, Lime-tree). _Tiliaceæ._

Stocks are grown from stratified seeds. Layers may be
made, and cuttings may be employed, but the named sorts
are usually grafted on strong common stocks. Mound-layering
is sometimes practiced.

=Tillandsia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, and by suckers which should
be allowed to grow large before being detached from the
parent and should then be inserted singly in pots, in a compost
of loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Keep moderately moist
and well shaded. _T. usneoides_ is the "Spanish Moss" of the
south; rarely propagated, but may be grown from seeds or
divisions of the moss.

=Tobacco.= See Nicotiana.

=Tolu Balsam-tree.= See Myroxylon.

=Tomato= (_Lycopersicum esculentum_). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds, usually started under glass. Cuttings of growing
shoots.

=Torenia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in a warm frame.

=Torreya.= _Coniferæ._

Increased the same as Thuya and Retinospora.

=Trachelium= (Throatwort). _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds and cuttings.

=Trachelospermum=, Rhynchospermum. _Apocynaceæ._

Seeds. Firm cuttings, in a frame.

=Trachycarpus.= _Palmæ._

Seeds and suckers.

=Tradescantia.= _Commelinaceæ._

Usually by cuttings; also by seeds and divisions.

=Trapa= (Water Caltrops). _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds.

=Tree of Heaven.= See Ailanthus.

=Trichilia.= _Meliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of the ripened wood, with leaves, or
under glass in heat.

=Trichopilia.= _Orchideæ_.

Divisions of the plants. (See also under Orchids.)

=Trichosanthes= (Snake Gourd). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, either in-doors or out.

=Tricyrtis.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds rarely. Offsets and divisions.

=Trillium= (American Wood-Lily, Indian Shamrock, Wake-Robin).
_Liliaceæ_.

Propagated by seeds and by divisions.

=Triteleia= (Triplet Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by offsets.

=Tritoma.= See Kniphofia.

=Tritonia=, Aletris, including Montbretia. _Irideæ._

Young plants are raised from seeds; but generally increased
by divisions.

=Trollius= (Globe Flower, Globe Ranunculus). _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds. Divisions in early autumn or spring. The seeds
should be sown fresh or a long time will be required for germination.

=Tropæolum= (Nasturtium, Canary-bird Flower, Indian Cress).
_Geraniaceæ_.

Seeds, started in-doors or in the garden. Tuberiferous
species by tubers or divisions of roots. Perennials sometimes
by cuttings in a frame.

=Trumpet Creeper.= See Tecoma.

=Tuberose.= See Polianthes.

=Tulipa= (Tulip). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds may be sown in boxes of light sandy soil, in late
winter, and placed in a cold-frame. The next season the
young bulbs should be planted in a prepared bed outside.
Bulbels may be detached from established bulbs when they
are lifted, and grown by themselves. This is the usual
method.

=Tulip-tree.= See Liriodendron.

=Tupelo-tree.= See Nyssa.

=Turnera.= _Turneraceæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings.

=Turnip= (_Brassica_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, where the plants are to remain.

=Tydæa.= See Gesnera.

=Typha= (Bullrush, Cat's Tail, Reed Mace). _Typhaceæ._

Propagation may be effected by seeds sown in a pot
plunged in water nearly to the level of the soil; or by
divisions.

=Ulex= (Furze, Gorse, Whin). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds or by cuttings.

=Ulmus= (Elm). _Urticaceæ._

Usually propagated by stratified seeds. Layers are sometimes
made, and suckers may be taken. The varieties are
grafted on common stocks.

=Unicorn Plant.= See Martynia.

=Uvularia=, including Oakesia (Bellwort). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds; usually by divisions.

=Vaccinium= (Swamp Huckleberry, Whortleberry, Blueberry, Bilberry,
Cranberry). _Vacciniaceæ._

Seeds, layers, root-cuttings, and divisions of the old plants.
Some species by hard-wood cuttings, for which see Cranberry.
Huckleberry seeds are small and somewhat difficult
to grow. The seeds should be washed from the fruits and
stored in sand in a cool place until late in winter. They are
then sown in pans or flats on the surface of a soil made of
equal parts sand and loam. Cover with fine sphagnum and
keep in a cool house or frame, always keeping the seeds moist.
Seeds treated in this way may be expected to germinate in a
month or two, although they may lie dormant a year. Transplant
frequently and keep shaded until large enough to shift
for themselves. Layers should be tongued. Cuttings, two
or three inches long, of the best roots, made in fall and
placed in mild bottom heat in early spring, often give fair
satisfaction. Native plants can be obtained from the woods
and fields which will give good satisfaction if small specimens
are taken.

=Valeriana= (Valerian). _Valerianeæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Vallota.= _Amaryllideæ._

Bulbels, which usually appear above the surface of the
pot. Division of the bulbs.

=Vanda.= _Orchideæ._

The majority are propagated in the same way as described
for aërides, but two species--_V. teres_ and _V. Hookeri_--both
tall and quick growing, may be cut into lengths of a few
inches. The practice of the most successful cultivators is to
start them every year as cuttings about a foot long. (See
also under Orchids.)

=Vanilla.= _Orchideæ._

Division and cuttings. The vanilla of commerce (_V. planifolia_)
is propagated from cuttings which are planted at the
base of trees, upon which the plant climbs. (See also under
Orchids)

=Vegetable Oyster.= See Salsify.

=Veitchia.= _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Veltheimia.= =Liliaceæ.=

By fresh seeds or separation of the bulbs.

=Veratrum= (False or White Hellebore). _Liliaceæ._

Young plants are obtained by seeds or by divisions.

=Verbascum= (Mullein). _Scrophularineæ._

All are raised from seeds sown in any ordinary soil, except
_V. nigrum_ and _V. pinnatifidum_, which should be increased by
divisions and cuttings respectively.

=Verbena= (Vervain). _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds; also by cuttings of vigorous shoots. Some species
by divisions.

=Vernonia=, including Ascaricida (Ironweed). _Compositæ._

May be raised from seeds, divisions, or cuttings, depending
on the character of the plant.

=Veronica= (Speedwell). _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds and divisions. Shrubby sorts often by cuttings.

=Vesicaria= (Bladder-pod). _Cruciferæ._

Annuals by seeds; perennials by division.

=Vetch= (Vicia sativa). _Leguminosæ._

By seeds in open air.

=Viburnum.= _Caprifoliaceæ._

Seeds, which should be stratified. They usually remain
dormant the first year. Layers usually make the best plants.
Green cuttings made in summer and handled in frames give
excellent results. _V. plicatum_ is propagated by cuttings.
Ripe cuttings are sometimes used for the soft-wooded species.
The snowball or guelder-rose (_V. Opulus_) is rapidly increased
by layers. It is also a good stock for closely related species.
_V. Lantana_ and _V. dentata_ are good stocks on which varieties
difficult to handle can be worked by the veneer-graft during
winter.

=Victoria= (Royal Water Lily, Water Platter). _Nymphæaceæ._