Chapter V: ) (1)

=Apple Berry.= See Billardiera.

=Apricot= (_Prunus Armeniaca_). _Rosaceæ._

The apricot thrives upon a variety of stocks. Apricot
stocks are used in apricot-growing regions, especially for
deep and rich well-drained soils. The pits grow readily if
given the same treatment as that detailed for the peach
(which see). The stocks are also handled in the same manner
as peach-stocks. Apricots upon apricot roots are not
largely grown outside of California, in this country. Apricot
stocks can be grown from root-cuttings the same as cherries
and other stone-fruits.

The apricot does well upon the peach, especially on light
soils. In the warmer parts of the country peach is much used.

Plum stocks are commonly used at the north, especially if
the trees are to be planted in moist or heavy soils. The
common plum is generally used, but some of the native
plum stocks are now coming into favor, especially in trying
climates. The Russian apricots, which are a hardy race of
_Prunus Armeniaca_, are grown in colder climates than the
common varieties, and they therefore demand hardy stocks.
Any of the native plums make good stocks, but the Marianna
is now coming into especial prominence. The myrobolan
plum can be used for all apricots, but it is not popular, particularly
in severe climates.

The almond, both hard and soft-shelled, is sometimes used
for the apricot, but the union is likely to be imperfect and it
is not recommended. Almond-rooted trees are best adapted
to light soils.

Varieties of apricots are usually budded, in the same way
as the peach, although they may be side-grafted at the crown
in the nursery row.

=Aquartia.= See Solanum.

=Aquilegia= (Columbine). _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds. They must be sown very thinly, soon
after being ripe, in a sandy soil or in pans in a cold-frame.
Division of the root is the only way to perpetuate any particular
variety with certainty.

=Arabis= (Wall Cress, Rock Cress). _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds sown in the border or in pans, in spring.
By divisions of the root, and by cuttings placed in a shady
border during summer.

=Arachis= (Pea-Nut, Ground-Nut). _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in heat; and,
when the plants have grown to a sufficient size, they should
be potted off singly. See under Pea-Nut.

=Arachnimorpha.= See Rondeletia.

=Aralia.= _Araliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings; also by stem
cuttings, in heat.

=Araucaria,= Eutacta. _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds sown in pans or boxes, with but gentle
heat. By cuttings from the leading shoots, placed firmly in
a pot of sand; they first require a cool place, but afterwards
may be subjected to a slight warmth. When rooted, pot off
into fibrous loam, mixed with leaf soil and sand.

=Arbor-vitæ.= See Thuya.

=Arbutus= (Strawberry Tree). _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in sand during
early spring, and by grafting, budding, or inarching upon _A.
Unedo._

=Arctotheca=. _Compositæ._

Propagated by divisions of the plant, or by cuttings in
spring.

=Arctotis.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which may be made at any time;
they should be pricked in pots of very sandy soil, and placed
in very gentle warmth. They must be kept uncovered and
moderately dry, or they will rot.

=Ardisia.= _Myrsineæ._

Propagated by seeds and cuttings.

=Areca= (Cabbage Palm). _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in a compost of
loam, peat, and leaf soil, in equal parts, with a liberal addition
of sand, and placed in a moist and gentle heat.

=Arenaria= (Sandwort). _Caryophylleæ._

Increased by seeds, division or cuttings; the last placed
under a hand-glass will root freely. Seeds should be sown
in spring in a cold-frame. The best time to divide the plant
is early spring, or during July and August.

=Aretia.= See Androsace.

=Argania.= _Sapotaceæ._

Increased by layers and cuttings. The latter require a
propagating-frame. Both should be made in autumn and
spring, and in a moderately heated greenhouse.

=Argemone.= _Papaveraceæ._

Increased by seeds, which may be sown out-doors in spring;
those of the rarer species in a hot-bed.

=Argyreia= (Silver-weed). _Convolvulaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which will do well in sand, with a
hand-glass over them, in a little bottom heat.

=Argyrochæta.= See Parthenium.

=Argyroxyphium.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Arisarum.= _Aroideæ._

Propagated in spring by seeds or divisions of the root.

=Aristea.= _Irideæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Aristolochia= (Birthwort). _Aristolochiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and layers, which are not very satisfactory.
Cuttings root freely in sand, under a bell-glass
with bottom heat. The seeds must be fresh.

=Aristotelia.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by layers, or by ripened cuttings, which root
freely if placed under a hand-glass.

=Armeria= (Thrift, Sea Pink). _Plumbagineæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring, in pots of sandy soil,
and placed in a cold-frame; by division, separate pieces
being planted as cuttings under hand-glasses.

=Arnatto.= See Bixa.

=Arnebia.= _Boragineæ._

Increased by seeds. Cuttings of the strong shoots should
be inserted in pots of sandy soil, and placed in gentle heat.

=Arnica.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in a cold-frame in spring, and
by divisions, which should be made in spring.

=Aronicum.= See Doronicum.

=Arracacha.= _Umbelliferæ._

Increased by divisions of the roots.

=Arrow-root.= See Calathea.

=Arrhostoxylum.= See Ruellia.

=Artabotrys.= _Anonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds; and by cuttings of ripened wood,
placed in early spring in sand under a frame, with bottom
heat.

=Artanema.= _Scrophulariaceæ._

Increased readily by seeds and cuttings.

=Artanthe.= See Piper.

=Artemisia= (Mugwort, Southernwood, Wormwood). _Compositæ._

The annuals by seeds; the herbaceous ones, by dividing
at the root; the shrubby kinds by cuttings.

=Arthropodium.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased freely by seeds and by divisions.

=Arthrostemma.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of small firm side shoots, which
will root, in April or August, under a hand-glass in sandy
soil.

=Artichoke= (_Cynara Scolymus_). _Compositæ._

Usually grown from seeds. Although the plant is perennial,
a new stock should be started about every other year.
It may be increased also by suckers or divisions of the stools.

=Artichoke=, Jerusalem (_Helianthus tuberosus_). _Compositæ._

Commonly increased by means of the tubers, which may
be planted whole or cut into eyes, after the manner of potatoes.
Seeds are very rarely used.

=Artocarpus= (Bread Fruit). _Urticaceæ._

Propagation is difficult. Suckers may be utilized when
procurable. The young and slender lateral growths are used
for cuttings.

=Arum.= _Aroideæ._

Propagated by seeds, but usually by division of the roots,
the best time being just as they begin their new growth,
securing as many roots as possible to each division. Any
rootless pieces should be placed in heat shortly after removal;
this hastens the formation of roots and excites top
growth. Arisæmas are treated in the same way.

=Arundinaria.= _Gramineæ._

Increased by division of the root.

=Arundo= (Reed). _Gramineæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions, spring being the best
time for either method. In early autumn, the canes can be
cut into lengths of 18 to 24 inches and partly buried in sand
in a gentle bottom heat, laying them horizontally.

=Asarum.= _Aristolochiaceæ._

Propagated easily by divisions in spring.

=Ascaricida.= See Vernonia.

=Ascium.= See Norantea.

=Asclepias= (Milkweed, Swallow-wort). _Asclepiadeæ._

Increased by seeds sown in pots in spring, pricked out
singly when large enough, and treated like cuttings. By
cuttings, which should be secured in spring, struck in gentle
heat, under a bell-glass, and as soon as they are well-rooted
potted into small pots. Seeds of _A. tuberosa_ must be sown
or stratified at once.

=Ascyrum.= _Hypericineæ._

Increased by seeds and by careful divisions of the roots in
spring.

=Ash.= See Fraxinus.

=Asimina.= _Anonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds procured from their native country.
The seedlings should be raised in pots, and sheltered carefully.
By layers made in autumn.

=Aspalathus.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by young cuttings of half-ripened wood, placed
in sand, in spring, under bell-glasses, which must be wiped
dry occasionally.

=Asparagus.= _Liliaceæ._

The common kitchen garden asparagus is best propagated
by means of seeds. These are sown in spring as soon as the
ground can be worked, usually in rows a foot or two apart.
Thin the young plants to two or three inches apart in the
row and give good culture, and the plants can be set in the
field the following spring, and they will give a fair crop after
growing there two seasons. Small growers nearly always
buy plants of nurserymen. Old asparagus crowns can be
divided, but seeds give better plants.

The ornamental species of asparagus are propagated by
seeds when they are obtainable; otherwise, by division.

=Asperula.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by divisions of the roots during
spring and early summer.

=Asphodeline.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by division.

=Asphodelus= (Asphodel). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division of the root in early
spring.

=Aspidistra.= _Liliaceæ._

=Aspidium.= See under Ferns.

=Asplenium.= See under Ferns.

Propagated by suckers.

=Assonia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated by young cuttings, which will root freely in
sand with strong bottom heat, if covered with a bell-glass.

=Astartea.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by young cuttings, in sand, in gentle heat, under
a bell-glass.

=Astelma.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in pots of light, open soil, in
gentle heat. By half-ripened cuttings, which will root
readily in sandy soil with a hand-glass over them.

=Astephanus.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by divisions; and by cuttings, in sandy soil, in
moderate heat.

=Aster= (Aster, Michælmas Daisy, Star-wort). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring, or by root divisions
made in autumn; also by cuttings, which root freely in
sandy soil under a hand-glass, with little heat.

=Asteracantha.= _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in August; and by divisions in
spring.

=Asteriscus.= See Odontospermum.

=Asterocephalus.= See Scabiosa.

=Asteropterus.= See Leyssera.

=Asterostigma.= See Staurostigma.

=Astilbe.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by division in early spring, and by seeds if
they are produced.

=Astragalus= (Milk Vetch). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds should be sown in pots of sandy soil placed in a
cold-frame, as soon as ripe, or early in the spring, as they may
lie a long time before germinating. The herbaceous perennials
also increase by divisions, and the shrubby kinds slowly
by means of cuttings placed in a cold-frame.

=Astrantia.= _Umbelliferæ._

Increased by seeds and root divisions in autumn or spring.

=Astrapæa.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young wood made in spring,
placed in a compost of loam and peat, or sand, under a bell-glass,
in heat.

=Astrocaryum=, Phœnicophorum. _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring in a hot-bed; or by
suckers, if obtainable.

=Astroloma.= _Epacrideæ._

Propagated by young cuttings placed in sandy soil, under
a bell-glass, in a cool house.

=Asystasia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young shoots, placed in sand,
under a bell-glass, with a strong bottom heat, in spring.

=Ataccia.= See Tacca.

=Atalantia.= _Rutaceæ._

Propagated by ripened cuttings, which will root freely in
sandy soil under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Atamasco Lily.= See Amaryllis.

=Athamanta.= _Umbelliferæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring, or by division.

=Athanasia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by means of cuttings taken from half-ripened
wood in spring, and placed in sand under a hand-glass.

=Atherosperma.= _Monimiaceæ._

Propagated readily by cuttings.

=Athlianthus.= See Justicia.

=Athrixia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young wood, under a bell-glass
in sandy soil.

=Athrotaxis.= _Coniferæ._

Increased by cuttings.

=Atragene.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds should be stratified, and sown in early spring, in
gentle heat. By layering in autumn; the layers should
not be separated for about a year, when they will be vigorous
plants. By cuttings, which should be set in light soil
and placed under a hand-glass.

=Atropa= (Belladonna). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds.

=Aubletia.= See Paliurus.

=Aubrietia.= _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in spring.
In early autumn carefully transplant to a cool shady border.
Also by divisions. Where a stock of old plants exists,
layer their long slender branches any time after flowering,
and cover with a mixture of sand and leaf soil; they
will then root freely and establish themselves in time for
spring blooming. Cuttings should be "drawn" or grown
in a frame until they are soft, before they are removed.

=Aucuba.= _Cornaceæ._

Readily increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe; or by
cuttings, inserted in spring or autumn in sandy soil, with or
without a covering.

=Audouinia.= _Bruniaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.

=Aulax.= _Proteaceæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, and
inserted in pots of sandy soil. These will root well under a
hand-glass, in a cool house.

=Auricula= (_Primula Auricula_). _Primulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown as soon as ripe or in spring, in
well-drained pots, filled with sandy soil, well watered previous
to sowing. Cover lightly with coarse sand, place a
pane of glass over the pot, and place the latter in a hand-glass.
By offsets, which should be removed when top-dressed,
as they are more likely to root. Arrange about
four offsets around the sides of well-drained three-inch pots,
filled with sandy soil, place under a bell-glass or in a close
hand-light, water very sparingly so as to prevent them
damping off. After becoming established, admit air, and pot
off singly.

=Australian Feather-palm.= See Ptychosperma.

=Australian Mint-bush.= See Prostanthera.

=Avens.= See Geum.

=Averrhoa.= _Geraniaceæ._

Increased in spring by half-ripened cuttings, which will
root in sand, under a hand-glass, with bottom heat.

=Axillaria.= See Polygonatum.

=Azalea.= _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or early the following
spring, in a large shallow frame containing from two
to three inches of peat, over which more peat must be spread
by means of a fine sieve; do not cover, but water thoroughly.
When the seedlings begin to appear they should have air,
shade, and a daily sprinkling of water; transplant in autumn
in boxes of peat and coarse sand, water, shade and keep close
until growth commences. Grafting is largely practiced to
increase the stock of named varieties or choice seedlings, the
stock most employed being _A. pontica_ for hardy sorts, and
some strong-growing variety of _A. Indica_, like "Phœnicia,"
for tender ones. Layering in spring, enclosing the part buried
with moss, is also practiced; but the layer must be left
two years before separating. Cuttings of the last year's
wood two or three inches long, taken with a heel, root readily
in sand; about the end of summer is the best time. When
placed outside they should be covered with a hand-light for
about two months, and at the end of that time air should be
given freely.

=Azara.= _Bixineæ._

Propagated by cuttings.

=Babiana.= _Irideæ._

Propagated quickly by seeds sown in pans, placed in a
gentle heat. These will grow at almost any time. The
young plants will require to be carefully transplanted each
season until they develop into blooming corms. By offsets
grown in boxes or planted out in light rich soil until large
enough for flowering.

=Babingtonia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young sterile shoots, which
may be planted in sand under a bell-glass, and kept in a
moderate heat until rooted, when they should be placed
singly in small pots, in a compost of equal parts loam and
peat, with a little sand.

=Baccharis= (Ploughman's Spikenard). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds and by cuttings.

=Backhousia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by half-ripened cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in a cool house, during spring.

=Bactris.= _Palmæ._

Increased by suckers, which are very easily produced.

=Badamea.= See Terminalia.

=Bæa=, Dorcoceras. _Gesneraceæ._

Propagated easily by seeds.

=Bæckea.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young wood, which will root freely
if placed in a pot of sand, with a bell-glass over them, in
a cool house.

=Bæria.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring.

=Bahia=, Phialis. _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions.

=Balbisia=, Ledocarpum. _Geraniaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings made from the half-ripened
wood, placed in sand, under a hand-glass.

=Baldingera.= See Premna.

=Balfouria.= See Wrightia.

=Balm= (_Melissa officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds sown out-doors in spring. Division.

=Balsam= (_Impatiens balsamina_). _Geraniaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in early spring, in pans of rich,
sandy soil, and placed in a gentle bottom heat of about 65°.
Or the seeds may be sown directly in the garden when the
weather becomes warm. Varieties increased by layers in
late summer, under glass, or by veneer grafting.

=Balsamodendron.= _Burseraceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from the ripe young wood, in
spring, and placed under a hand-glass, in bottom heat.

=Balsam-tree.= See Clusia.

=Bambusa= (Bamboo). _Gramineæ._

Propagated by careful division of well-developed plants,
in early spring, just as new growth is commencing; establish
the divisions in pots. If young shoots are layered, leave
only the end exposed.

=Banana= and =Plantain= (_Musa sapientum_, _M. paradisiaca_ and
others). _Scitamineæ._

Edible bananas rarely produce seeds. The young plants
are obtained from suckers, which spring from the main root-stock.
These suckers are transplanted when two or three
feet high. These plants themselves do not produce so good
crops as the suckers which arise from them, and are not
transplanted. Two or three suckers are sufficient for a plant
at a time; what others arise should be transplanted or destroyed.
The suckers should be set deep, as low as two feet
for best results. In fifteen or eighteen months the plants
will bloom, if they have had good care. The stem bears
fruit but once, but new stems arise to take its place.

=Baneberry.= See Actæa.

=Banisteria.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings from ripened wood, which will
root freely in sandy soil, under a hand-glass, in stove heat.

=Banksia.= _Proteaceæ._

Seeds are very unsatisfactory. Propagated by well-ripened
cuttings taken off at a joint, and placed in pots of sand without
shortening any of the leaves, except on the part that is
planted in the sand, where they should be taken off quite
close. The less depth the better, so long as they stand firm.
Place them under hand-glasses in a propagating house, but
do not plunge them in heat.

=Baphia= (Camwood, Barwood). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which should not be deprived of
any of their leaves. Place in sand under a hand-glass in
heat.

=Baptisia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in sand and
leaf-mould in the open, or in pots placed in a cold-frame.
By divisions.

=Barbadoes Gooseberry.= See Pereskia.

=Barbarea= (Winter Cress, American Cress, Upland Cress). _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds, divisions, suckers and cuttings.

=Barberry= (_Berberis vulgaris_). _Berberideæ._

Propagated by stratified seeds, or by suckers, layers and
cuttings of mature wood. Layers are usually allowed to remain
two years. Rare sorts are sometimes grafted on common
stocks.

=Barbieria.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood, which
should be placed in sand, under a glass, in strong heat.

=Barkeria.= _Orchideæ._

Propagated by divisions made just before new growth
commences. See under Orchids.

=Barklya.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds; also by half-ripened cuttings, which
should be placed in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in a cool
house.

=Barleria=. _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings made of the young wood, and
placed in a compost of loam and peat with a little rotten
dung, under a bell-glass, in stove temperature with bottom
heat.

=Barnadesia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in spring in heat. By offsets.
By cuttings made of half-ripened wood in spring, and
placed in sand, under a bell-glass.

=Barnardia.= See Scilla.

=Barosma=, Parapetalifera. _Rutaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, which root readily if taken from
ripened wood and placed in a pot of sand, in a shady place
in a cool house, with a bell-glass over them.

=Barrenwort.= See Epimedium.

=Barringtonia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from the lateral shoots, at a
joint, when the wood is ripe; place in sand and cover with a
hand-glass. The cuttings should not be stripped of any of
their leaves.

=Bartonia.= _Loaseæ._

Increased by seeds in spring, in gentle heat. The seedlings should be
potted singly into small, well-drained pots. In winter they should be
placed on a dry shelf in a greenhouse or frame.

=Barwood.= See Baphia.

=Basil= (_Ocymum Basilicum_ and _O. minimum_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, sown in a hot-bed or out-doors.

=Bassia.= _Sapotaceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from ripened wood; place in
sand, under a hand-glass, in a strong, moist heat.

=Basswood.= See Tilia.

=Bastard Balm.= See Melittis.

=Bastard Cedar.= See Cedrela.

=Bastard Indigo.= See Amorpha.

=Batatas.= See Ipomæa and Sweet Potato.

=Batemannia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by divisions and offsets.

=Batschia.= See Lithospermum.

=Bauera.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by cuttings placed in sandy soil under a glass.

=Bauhinia= (Mountain Ebony). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which should be taken when the
wood is neither very ripe nor very young. The leaves must
be dressed off, and the cuttings planted in sand under a glass
in moist heat. Also by seeds.

=Bayberry.= See Myrica.

=Bean.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds; sow only after the weather is thoroughly settled
for out-door culture.

=Bean Caper.= See Zygophyllum.

=Bean, Sacred, or Water.= See Nelumbium.

=Beard-tongue.= See Pentstemon.

=Bear's Breech.= See Acanthus.

=Bear's Grass.= See Yucca.

=Beaucarnea.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased chiefly by seeds which have been imported from
their native country. By cuttings, when obtainable.

=Beaufortia=, including Schizopleura. _Myrtaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots; place in a
sandy soil under a glass, with very little heat.

=Beaumontia.= _Apocynaceæ._

Increased by cuttings placed in sand in bottom heat.

=Bedfordia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by cuttings, which should be dried a little before
inserting them in a light soil.

=Beech.= See Fagus.

=Beefwood.= See Casuarina.

=Beet= (_Beta vulgaris_). _Chenopodiaceæ._

Seeds, sown very early.

=Befaria=, Bejaria. _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young wood, placed in sandy
soil, in gentle heat.

=Begonia.= _Begoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds, well-ripened before they are gathered,
and kept very dry until sown. For the successful raising of
begonias, it is necessary to sow the seed in pans or pots of
well-drained, light, sandy soil, which should be well watered
before the seeds are sown. The seeds should not be covered
with soil, or they will fail to germinate. Place a pane of
glass over the pans, and set in a warm house or frame,
where a temperature of about 65° can be maintained, and
shade from the sun. As soon as the plants are large enough
they should be pricked off into pans of light leaf-mould soil,
in which they may remain until large enough to be placed
singly in pots. By divisions of the rhizomes. Also increased
by cuttings, which strike freely in pots of sand and leaf-mould,
and placed on a bottom heat of about 70°. Where
large quantities are required, a bed of cocoanut fiber in a stove
or propagating-frame may be used, and in this the cuttings may
be planted, and remain until well-rooted. Leaf cuttings succeed
best when laid on sand or cocoanut fiber, and shaded
from bright sunlight. Select old, well-matured leaves, and
make an incision with a sharp knife across the principal
nerves, on the under side. They should then be placed on
the sand or fiber, and held down by means of a few pieces
of crock. Under this treatment bulbils will form on the
lower ends of the nerves of each section of the leaf, and
these, when large enough, may be removed from the bed and
potted. Fan-shaped pieces of leaves are often used. Leaf
cuttings of begonia are described and figure in Chapter IV.
Species like _B. diversifolia_, etc., may be propagated by the
bulblets which form in the axils of the leaves. Tuberous begonias
are best propagated by seeds, as described above, but
stem-cuttings can be used with fair success, if they are cut just
below a joint.

=Bejaria.= See Befaria.

=Belenia.= See Physochlaina.

=Bellardia.= See Manettia.

=Bellevalia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown as soon as
ripe. By offsets.

=Bellflower.= See Campanula.

=Bellidiastrum.= _Compositæ._

Increased by divisions in early spring, or directly after
blooming.

=Bellis= (Daisy). _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in early spring.
By division after flowering, each crown making a separate
plant. The soil must be pressed about them moderately firm.

=Bellwort.= See Uvularia.

=Bellium.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds; also by divisions made in spring.

=Beloperone=, Dianthera. _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by young cuttings. They should be taken in
spring.

=Belvala.= See Struthiola.

=Belvisia.= See Napoleona.

=Bengal Quince.= See Ægle.

=Bennetia.= See Saussurea.

=Bent Grass.= See Agrostis.

=Benthamia.= _Cornaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown when ripe in a cool house, or
layering in autumn. By cuttings, and by grafting on the
dogwood.

=Benzoin= (_Lindera Benzoin_) _Laurineæ._

Seed.

=Berardia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring.

=Berberidopsis.= _Berberideæ._

Propagated by seeds in spring, by layering in autumn, or
by young cuttings in spring.

=Berberis.= See Barberry.

=Berchemia.= _Rhamneæ._

Propagated by layering the young shoots. By ripened
cuttings, and slips of the root planted under a hand-glass.

=Bergera.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by layers or by ripened cuttings, which should
be taken off at a joint and placed in sand under a hand-glass
in bottom heat.

=Berkheya.= _Compositæ._

The herbaceous perennials usually by divisions of the plant
in spring; the other species by cuttings placed under a glass.

=Bertolonia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and cuttings.

=Berzelia.= _Bruniaceæ._

Increased by young cuttings inserted in sand under a bell-glass,
in gentle heat.

=Besleria=, Eriphia. _Gesneraceæ._

Increased by cuttings placed in heat.

=Bessera.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by offsets.

=Betonica.= See Stachys.

=Betula= (Birch). _Cupuliferæ._

Increased by seeds, which must be sown as soon as gathered,
or else stratified. By grafting or budding upon seedling
stocks of the common kinds; the former should be done
in spring or late winter, and the latter in summer when the
buds are ready.

=Bidens= (Bur Marigold). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds or by divisions of the plant.

=Biebersteinia.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in April in a slight hot-bed. In
early summer by cuttings, placed under a hand-glass.

=Bigelovia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings.

=Bignonia= (Trumpet Flower). _Bignoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds or layering, or, in early spring, by cuttings
made from good strong shoots with two or three joints.
Place cuttings of tender sorts in a well-drained pot of sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, in bottom heat. Also by seeds. _B.
radicans_ propagates readily from root-cuttings.

=Billardiera= (Apple Berry). _Pittosporeæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings placed in a pot of
sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.

=Billbergia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

Propagated by suckers which are taken from the base of the
plant after flowering, when they have attained a good size.
The best method to adopt is as follows: Take the sucker in
the hand and gently twist it off the stem; next, trim the base
by the removal of a few of the lower leaves, and then insert
each sucker separately in a small pot, in sharp soil. A bottom
heat of about 80° will greatly facilitate new root growth;
failing this, they will root freely in the temperature of a
stove, if placed in a shaded position for two or three weeks,
after which they will bear increased light and sunshine during
the latter part of the day.

=Bilberry.= See Vaccinium.

=Bindweed.= See Convolvulus.

=Biophytum.= _Geraniaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring on a hot-bed.

=Biota.= See Thuya.

=Biotia.= See Madia.

=Bird of Paradise Flower.= See Strelitzia.

=Bird's-tongue Flower.= See Strelitzia.

=Birch.= See Betula.

=Birthwort.= See Aristolochia.

=Bitter Sweet.= See Celastrus and Solanum.

=Bitter Vetch.= See Orobus.

=Bivonæa.= _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring where
the plants are intended to remain. They should be thinned
out to insure full growth.

=Bixa= (Arnatto). _Bixineæ._

Propagated by seeds sown when ripe, in bottom heat, or
by cuttings put in sand under a hand-glass, in heat; the
latter is the better method.

=Blackberry= (_Rubus villosus_ and vars.). _Rosaceæ._

New varieties are obtained from seeds, which may be sown
as soon as they are cleaned from the ripe fruit, or which may
be stratified until the next spring. If the soil is in prime condition,
fall sowing is preferable.

Varieties are multiplied by suckers and by root-cuttings.
The suckers spring up freely about the old plants, especially
if the roots are broken by the cultivator; but they have few
fibrous roots and are inferior. The best plants are obtained
from root-cuttings. Roots from one-fourth to three-eighths
inch in diameter are selected for this purpose. The roots
are dug in the fall, cut into pieces an inch or two long, and
stored until early spring. They may be buried in boxes of
sand after the manner of stratified seeds, or stored in a cool
cellar; callusing proceeds most rapidly in a cellar. The
pieces are planted horizontally an inch or two deep, in loose,
rich soil. It is best to put them in a frame and give them
slight bottom heat, although they will grow if planted in the
open in April or May, but the plants will make much less
growth the first season. Some varieties do not strike quickly
without bottom heat. When the variety is scarce, shorter
and slenderer pieces of root may be used, but these demand
bottom heat. The heat in the frames is usually supplied by
manure, or the heat of the sun under the glass may be sufficient.
In these frames the cuttings can be started in the
north late in March, or some six or eight weeks before the
plants can be set out-doors without protection. When the
weather has become somewhat settled, the plants may be
planted out, and by fall they will be two to three feet high.

=Black Boy.= See Xanthorrhœa.

=Bladder-nut Tree.= See Staphylea.

=Bladder-pod or -seed.= See Vesicaria.

=Bladder Senna.= See Colutea.

=Blakea.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from shoots that are about
ripe; plant in a pot of sand, and plunge in a moist heat,
under a hand-glass.

=Blandfordia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and offsets, or by division of the old
plants, which must be done when repotting.

=Blazing Star.= See Liatris.

=Bleeding Heart.= See Dicentra.

=Blephilia.= _Labiatæ._

Increased by division of the roots in early spring.

=Bletia.= _Orchideæ._

Propagated by divisions, which should be made after the
plants have finished flowering, or previous to their starting
into growth. These are terrestrial, and their flat, roundish
pseudo-bulbs are usually under ground. They bear division
well, especially _B. hyacinthina_, which may be cut up into
pieces consisting of a single pseudo-bulb. (See under Orchids.)

=Blood Flower.= See Hæmanthus.

=Blood-root.= See Sanguinaria and Hæmodorum.

=Blueberry.= See Vaccinium.

=Blue-eyed Grass.= See Sisyrinchium.

=Blumenbachia.= _Loaseæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in pots in spring, and placed in
a gentle heat.

=Blumia.= See Saurauja.

=Bobartia.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by separating the offsets during autumn.

=Bocconia.= _Papaveraceæ._

Some species grow well from seed. By young suckers,
taken from established plants during summer. Cuttings
taken from the axils of the large leaves during early summer
push freely, so that they will have plenty of roots before
winter sets in. Root-cuttings of _B. cordata_ strike freely.

=Bœbera.= _Compositæ._

Increased by cuttings made of young, rather firm shoots,
and placed in sand, under a glass.

=Bœhmeria.= _Urticaceæ._

Increased by divisions.

=Boleum.= _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in a pot in spring, placed in a
frame or in the open border during summer.

=Boltonia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by divisions of the root in March.

=Bomarea.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds, which may be sown in a warm house.
Also increased by careful division of the underground stem.
In making a division it is necessary to observe that the part
taken has some roots by which to live till new ones are
formed.

=Bombax= (Silk Cotton Tree). _Malvaceæ._

Plants raised from seeds brought from their native habitats
make the best trees. Increased by cuttings, which will
root readily if not too ripe. They should be taken off at a
joint, and placed in sand under a bell-glass, in moist heat.

=Bonapartea.= See Tillandsia.

=Bonjeania.= See Dorycnium.

=Bonnaya.= _Scrophularineæ._

The annual species by seeds, the others by divisions and
cuttings.

=Bonnetia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of firm, young shoots inserted in
sand, under a hand-glass, in a moderate heat.

=Borago.= _Boragineæ._

Propagated by seeds sown from spring or autumn in any
good garden soil. Also by divisions in spring, or by striking
cuttings in a cold-frame.

=Borassus.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a strong bottom heat.

=Borbonai.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings in spring. They should be half-ripened,
and placed in a sandy soil under a bell-glass, in a
cool house.

=Boronia.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seed. By young cuttings, or those made from
half-ripened wood. Place these in a thoroughly drained pot
of sandy soil, with one inch of sand on the surface, and cover
with a bell-glass; remove frequently and wipe dry.

=Borreria.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings. Those of the perennial kinds
strike root readily in a light soil, in heat. The annual kinds
require a similar treatment to other tender annuals.

=Bossiæa.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds should be sown on a slight hot-bed in March. Also
increased by half-ripened cuttings, which should be placed
in a pot of sand with a bell-glass over them, in a cool house.

=Boswellia= (Olibanum Tree). _Burseraceæ._

Increased easily by cuttings in sand under a glass.

=Botrychium.= See Fern.

=Botryanthus.= See Muscari.

=Bouchea.= _Verbenaceæ._

Increased during spring by cuttings, placed in sand under
a glass and in a gentle heat.

=Bougainvillea.= _Nyctagineæ._

Propagated by cuttings from the half-ripened wood. Place
in sandy soil, in a brisk heat. Also grown from root-cuttings.

=Bouncing Bet.= See Saponaria.

=Bourbon Palm.= See Latania.

=Boussingaultia.= _Chenopodiaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and easily by means of the tubercles
of the stem.

=Bouvardia.= _Rubiaceæ._

The old plants should be cut back, placed in heat in a
stove or pit, and freely syringed, which will cause them to
break freely and produce a good supply of cuttings. They
will root from any surface of the stem, and should be about
two inches long. The cuttings should be dibbled pretty
thickly into pots about five inches across. A good watering
must be given without wetting and thereby injuring the foliage.
Plunge the pots in bottom heat of about 70° or 80°, and
cover with a bell-glass. Keep moist and shady during sunshine,
till rooted. They are also readily and more easily increased
by root-cuttings.

=Bowiea.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds or offsets.

=Bowstring Hemp.= See Sanseviera.

=Box Elder.= See Negundo.

=Box Thorn.= See Lycium.

=Box Tree.= See Buxus.

=Brachychiton.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Increased by young cuttings planted in sandy soil in gentle
heat.

=Brachycome= (Swan River Daisy). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in early spring in a gentle hot-bed,
or they may be sown thinly out-doors, late in spring.

=Brachylæna.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings from the half-ripened shoots, placed
in a well-drained pot of sandy soil, under a bell-glass.

=Brachyrhynchos.= See Senecio.

=Brachysema.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds sown in spring in heat. By layers. In summer
by cuttings from the half-ripened shoots, placed in sandy soil
under a bell-glass, in a gentle bottom heat.

=Brachystelma.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by divisions of the root, and by cuttings in
a sandy soil, in heat.

=Bradleia.= See Phyllanthus.

=Brahea.= _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds in heat.

=Brassia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by dividing the plant when growth has commenced.
(See under Orchids.)

=Bravoa.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, and by offsets
in autumn.

=Bread Fruit.= See Artocarpus.

=Bread Nut.= See Brosimum.

=Breakstone.= See Saxifraga.

=Bredia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings from the ripened shoots placed in
sandy loam, under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Brexia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Increased by cuttings, the leaves of which should not be
shortened. Place in sand under a hand-glass, in heat; or a
leaf taken off with a bud attached will grow.

=Briza= (Quaking Grass). _Gramineæ._

Propagated by seeds, which may be sown in spring or in
autumn.

=Broccoli.= See Cabbage.

=Brodiæa=, Hookera. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets, which should be left undisturbed with
the parent bulbs till they reach a flowering state, when they
may be divided and planted in autumn.

=Bromelia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

Some are propagated by seeds. All by cuttings inserted
in sand, in heat.

=Bromus.= _Gramineæ._

Increased by seeds sown outside in late summer or in
spring, thinning out when necessary.

=Brongniartia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young shoots, which, if firm
at the base, will root in sand under a bell-glass, in a cool
house.

=Brosimum= (Bread Nut). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripe wood with their leaves on. Place
in sand in moist heat.

=Broughtonia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by dividing the plant. (See under Orchids.)

=Broussonetia= (Paper Mulberry). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown when ripe or kept till the following
spring; and by suckers and cuttings of ripened wood,
inserted in autumn in a cool house.

=Browallia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. To have blooming plants by holidays they are propagated
by seeds, sown in spring or summer in pans or pots of
light, rich, sandy soil, and kept in a close frame or hand-light,
where they can be shaded till germination takes place.

=Brownea.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings from the ripened wood; place in
sand under a hand-glass, in moist heat.

=Brownlowia.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings made from ripe shoots; place in
sand, under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Brucea.= _Simarubeæ._

Increased by cuttings from ripened wood, which will root
freely in a pot of sand under a hand-glass, in moderate heat.

=Brugmansia.= See Datura.

=Brunfelsia=, Franciscea. _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated by cuttings placed in sand under a bell-glass
in moderate heat. When rooted, place in pots with a compost
of loam, leaf soil, peat and sand.

=Brunia.= _Bruniaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young shoots, which root freely
in sand under a hand-light in summer.

=Brunonia.= _Goodenovieæ._

Propagated by divisions in early spring before repotting.

=Brussels Sprouts.= See Cabbage.

=Brunsvigia.= _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by offsets of considerable size. They should be
potted carefully in a mixture of sandy loam and peat, with
good drainage, and kept tolerably warm and close until established;
water sparingly until root action has commenced.
The best place for growing the offsets into a flowering size is
on a shelf near the glass, in a temperature of from 50° to 55°.

=Brya.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds or cuttings placed in a hot-bed.

=Bryonia.= _Cucurbitaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions of the tuber.

=Bryophyllum.= _Crassulaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings; or by simply laying the leaf on
moist sand, and at each indentation upon the margin a plantlet
will appear.

=Bucco.= See Agathosma.

=Buceras.= See Terminalia.

=Bucida.= See Terminalia.

=Buckbean.= See Menyanthes.

=Buckeye.= See Æsculus.

=Bucklandia.= _Hamamelideæ._

Increased by cuttings of ripened shoots placed in sandy
loam under a hand-glass, in moderate heat. Water carefully,
for they are liable to rot off.

=Buckthorn.= See Rhamnus.

=Buckwheat= (_Fagopyrum esculentum_ and _Tartaricum_). _Polygonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Buffalo Berry.= See Shepherdia.

=Bugle.= See Ajuga.

=Bugle Lily.= See Watsonia.

=Bugwort.= See Cimicifuga.

=Bulbine.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased--the bulbous-rooted species by offsets, and the
herbaceous sorts by suckers and divisions. Also by cuttings.

=Bulbocodium.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets in a rich, sandy loam. Take up the
bulbs, divide and replant them every second year, handling
in autumn and renewing the soil or planting in new positions.

=Bulbophyllum=, Anisopetalum, Bolbophyllum, Tribrachium. _Orchideæ._

Propagated by division of the pseudo-bulbs.

=Bulbospermum.= See Peliosanthes.

=Bullrush.= See Typha and Juncus.

=Bumalda.= See Staphylea.

=Bunchosia.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots, placed in sand
under a bell-glass, in moist bottom heat. Good drainage is
essential.

=Buphthalmum= (Ox-eye). _Compositæ._

Propagated in spring or autumn by divisions.

=Bupleurum= (Hare's Ear). _Umbelliferæ._

The annuals by seeds sown in spring out-doors; the herbaceous
perennials may be increased by divisions made in
autumn or spring, and the greenhouse species by cuttings
made in spring.

=Burchardia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by offsets or divisions made just previous to
potting in spring. It is best to repot annually. Good drainage
should be allowed, and the plant must not be potted too
firmly.

=Burchellia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, not too ripe, planted in sand and
placed under a hand-glass, in a gentle heat.

=Burgsdorffia.= See Sideritis.

=Burlingtonia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by dividing the plant. (See under Orchids.)

=Burnet.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and division.

=Burning Bush.= See Euonymus.

=Bursaria.= _Pittosporeæ._

Increased by young cuttings put in sand under a bell-glass,
with a little bottom heat.

=Bursera.= _Burseraceæ._

Propagated by cuttings placed under a bell-glass, with
bottom heat.

=Burtonia.= _Leguminosæ._

Some of the species produce seed in abundance, and these
form the best means of increase. By young cuttings, which
root freely in sandy soil in a cool house, with a bell-glass
over them.

=Butcher's Broom.= See Ruscus.

=Butomus= (Flowering Rush). _Alismaceæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions of the roots in spring.

=Buttercup.= See Ranunculus.

=Butternut.= See Juglans.

=Butterwort.= See Pinguicula.

=Button-wood.= See Platanus.

=Buxus= (Box Tree). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, in any light,
well-drained soil. They can be increased by suckers and
divisions; by layers of young or old wood, made in autumn
or early spring; by cuttings made of the young shoots, from
four to six inches in length, in a sandy place in spring or
fall. The latter method is the better way in this country, and
in the north the cuttings should be handled under glass.

=Byrsonima.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under
a hand-glass, in moist bottom heat.

=Cabbage= (_Brassica oleracea_, and vars.). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds. They may be sown in the open ground in spring,
or in the fall and the young plants wintered in a cold-frame,
or in a hot-bed or forcing-house in late winter and spring.
Brussels sprouts, broccoli and cauliflower are treated in the
same manner.

=Cabbage Palm.= See Areca.

=Cabomba.= _Nymphæaceæ._

Propagated by root divisions.

=Cacalia.= See Senecio.

=Cacao.= See Theobroma.

=Cactus.= _Cacteæ._

Propagation by seeds is not often adopted, as it is a very
slow method. The seeds should be sown in very sandy soil,
and placed in a semi-shady position until germination commences,
when they may be exposed and very carefully
watered. Usually propagated by cuttings or offsets, which
should be made with a sharp cut, and laid upon a sunny
shelf or on dry sand until the wound is healed and roots emitted,
when they should be potted in sandy soil. Place with
the others, and keep syringed. Grafting is resorted to with
weak kinds, which will not grow freely except upon the stock
of a stronger species; and by this means, also, such kinds
can be kept from the damp soil, which frequently causes decay.
The stocks usually employed are those of _Cereus tortuosus_,
_C. peruvianus_, _Pereskia aculeata_, etc., according to the
species intended for working; they readily unite with each
other. If the scion and stock are both slender, cleft-grafting
should be adopted; if both are broad it is best to make
horizontal sections, placing them together and securing in
proper position by tying with matting, but not too tightly, or
the surface may be injured.

=Cæsalpinia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings, which are somewhat difficult to
root, but may succeed if taken from the plant in a growing
state and planted in sand with a hand-glass over them, in
heat.

=Cajanus.= _Leguminosæ._

Plants are usually raised from seeds obtained from the
West Indian Islands and India. Also grown from young
cuttings, put in sand with a hand-glass over them, in heat.

=Cakile= (Sea Rocket). _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring.

=Caladium.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by tubers, which have been kept dry or rested
for some time. Place in small pots in a stove or pit, where
the night temperature is maintained from 60° to 65°, and
syringed daily once or twice at least. Large tubers, if sound,
may be divided and the pieces potted. Some also by cuttings.

=Calamagrostis.= _Gramineæ._

Increased by seeds sown in autumn or spring. _C. arenaria_
(now _Ammophila arundinacea_), used for holding sands along
sea-shores, is propagated by division and can probably be
handled easily by root-cuttings.

=Calamintha.= _Labiatæ._

Increased by seeds, root divisions, or cuttings in spring.

=Calamus.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Calandrinia.= _Portulacaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in pots where they are intended
to flower, as transplantation, unless performed with more
than ordinary care, will check their growth or result in loss.

=Calanthe.= _Orchideæ._

As a rule, the natural annual increase in the number of
pseudo-bulbs meets the requirements of most cultivators.
Where a quick propagation is desired, it may be performed
by dividing the pseudo-bulbs transversely; after allowing
the raw surface to callus, the upper part should be set on
moist sand, and several buds will form around the base.
The bottom portion may be used in the ordinary way.
Another plan is to divide the pseudo-bulbs lengthwise into
two or more pieces. (See under Orchids.)

=Calathea.= _Scitamineæ._

Increased by division in summer or any time between that
and the spring months. When making divisions, see that
each crown is well furnished with roots.

=Calceolaria= (Slipperwort). _Scrophularineæ._

Herbaceous kinds increased by seeds sown from June to
August on pans of light, sandy soil, which should be soaked
with water before sowing. Care must be taken to make the
surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as evenly
as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet
of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed
in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold-frame until the
young plants show the first leaf. The glass can then be
gradually removed. The shrubby kinds, by seeds and by cuttings
in August. Place in a cold-frame facing the north, in
sandy soil, and when rooted, pot off into 3-inch pots. Place
in a light, sunny frame, where they may remain until the
middle of February.

=Caldcluvia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots planted
in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in a very gentle bottom
heat.

=Calectasia.= _Juncaceæ._

Propagated by divisions.

=Calendula= (Marigold). _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds and by cuttings, which thrive well in a
compost of loam and peat.

=Caliphruria.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by bulbels. After flowering, the plants should
have a slight heat, and when starting into new growth should
be repotted.

=Calliandra.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings of rather firm young wood, in sand
under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Calla.= See Richardia.

=Callicarpa=, Porphyra (French Mulberry). _Verbenaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions or by cuttings of the young
shoots, with the same treatment as Fuchsia.

=Callichroa.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring in a slight hot-bed, and
placed in the open border later; or if sown out-doors it will
still flower in the autumn.

=Callicoma.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, placed in sandy soil
under a hand-glass.

=Calligonum=, Pallasia, Pterococcus. _Polygonaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, which will root in spring or autumn
if placed under a hand-glass.

=Calliprora.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by offsets, which should not be removed from
the parent bulbs until they are of good size.

=Callipsyche.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds and bulbels.

=Callirhoe= (Poppy-Mallow). _Malvaceæ._

Perennials by seeds, divisions of roots, and cuttings; the
annuals by seeds only. Cuttings should be started in sandy
soil in a frame.

=Calliopsis.= See Coreopsis.

=Callistachys.= See Oxylobium.

=Callistemon.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by ripened cuttings in sand under
a glass.

=Callistephus=, Callistemma (China Aster). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown under cover
in spring, or seeds for late plants may be sown in the open.

=Callitris=, Frenela. _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings inserted under a hand-light
in autumn, and wintered in a cold pit.

=Calluna= (Heather). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the tender shoots inserted in
pure sand under glass in a cool house in autumn.

=Calochortus= (Mariposa Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, offsets, and by the tiny bulblets on the
upper portion of the stem. Sow seeds as soon as ripe, or
early in the year, thinly in pans, so that the young plants
may pass a second season in the seed pots on pans. Place
in a cool house or frame, and keep the plants close to the
glass during their early stages, as they are very liable to
damp off. Early the third season pot off and plant singly,
encouraging them to grow freely. The offsets are best removed
when the plants are in a dormant state, placed in pots
or pans, or planted out in pits or frames until they reach
flowering size.

=Calodendron.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood placed in sand
under a glass, in gentle bottom heat.

=Calophaca.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds. May be grafted on the common
laburnum.

=Calophanes.= _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by division of the roots in spring or fall.

=Calophyllum.= _Guttiferæ._

Increased by cuttings made from the half-ripened shoots,
which root freely in sand, if placed under a glass in bottom
heat.

=Calopogon.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by offsets taken from the tuberous roots.

=Calothamnus.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young wood, firm at the base.
Place in sand and cover with a hand-glass.

=Calotis.= _Compositæ._

Increased by divisions of the root.

=Calotropis.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by young cuttings thinly dibbled in a pot of
sand, placed under a hand-glass in heat. They must not receive
too much moisture, or they will rot.

=Caltha= (Marsh-Marigold). _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or by dividing
the roots in early spring, or in summer after flowering.

=Calycanthus= (Sweet-scented Shrub Allspice). _Calycanthaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a cold-frame; by divisions or
offsets, and by layers put down in summer.

=Calycophyllum.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, which will root
in sand, if placed under a bell-glass, in bottom heat.

=Calypso.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Calyptranthes.= _Myrtaceæ._

Propagated by layers, or by cuttings placed in heat.

=Calystegia= (Hedge Bindweed, Bearbind). _Convolvulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring, or by dividing the
plants.

=Calythrix.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young shoots placed in sand,
under a bell-glass in a cool house, in late spring.

=Camassia=, Sitocodium. _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in a warm situation out-doors,
or in pots or boxes under glass. The young plants should
remain at least two years in the seed beds. Also increased
by offsets, which are produced very freely, and should be removed
either when in a dormant condition, or just previously
to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines,
placing a little sand about them.

=Cambessedesia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in
a mixture of peat and sand, if placed under a glass, in heat.

=Camellia=, including Thea (Japanese Rose). _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

The single red camellia by either seeds, layers or cuttings.
Double and variegated camellias by layers, but cuttings will
succeed. Seeds give suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft
the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer
should be taken off in August. Two or three of the lower
leaves should be removed, and the cuttings planted firmly in
the soil with a dibble. The pans containing the cuttings
should be kept in a plant or cold-frame, without being covered
with glass, but shaded during bright sunshine. In
the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push,
when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. Inarching
or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences.

=Camœnsia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings, which will root in sandy loam, if
placed under a bell-glass.

=Camomile.= See Anthemis.

=Campanula= (Bellflower, Slipperwort). _Campanulaceæ._

Increased by seeds. The perennials are also propagated
by dividing the roots, or by young cuttings in spring.

=Campanumæa.= _Campanulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions.

=Camphora= (Camphor-tree). _Laurineæ._

Increased by cuttings and seeds.

=Campion.= See Silene.

=Camptopus.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings in sandy loam under a glass, in bottom
heat.

=Canarina=, Pernettya. _Campanulaceæ._

Propagated by divisions when repotted or by young cuttings
in a sandy soil, in gentle warmth.

=Candollea.= _Dilleniaceæ._

Increased sometimes by seeds, but usually by cuttings,
which will root if placed under a hand-glass in a compost of
equal parts loam and peat, with enough sand to render the
whole porous.

=Candytuft.= See Iberis.

=Canella.= _Canellaceæ._

Increased by well-ripened cuttings taken off at the joint.
They will root in sand under a hand-glass, with bottom heat,
in spring; but care should be taken not to deprive them of
any of their leaves.

=Canna=(Indian Shot). _Scitamineæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in heat in late winter. The
seeds are very hard, and germination will be materially stimulated
if they are soaked in tepid water for twenty-four
hours. They should be sown thinly in pans (a mixture of
sand and leaf-loam is best for them), and a covering of one
and one-half or two inches of earth is not excessive. It is a
good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots. Also increased
by divisions; they form a root-stock, each portion
of which, with bud and roots attached, may be converted
into an independent plant.

=Cannabis= (Hemp). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring.

=Cantua=, Periphragmos. _Polemoniaceæ._

Increased by cuttings placed in sand under glass.

=Capparis= (Caper-tree). _Capparideæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in
sand under glass, in moist heat.

=Caprifolium.= See Lonicera.

=Caragana= (Siberian Pea-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings; the low-growing
shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally increased
by grafting on _C. arborescens_, which is easily raised
from seeds, sown when ripe or in spring.

=Carapa.= _Meliaceæ._

Increased by ripe cuttings, which will root in sand under
glass, in a moist heat.

=Cardamine,= including Pteroneurum (Lady's Smock). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds. Propagated easily by division after flowering.

=Cardinal-flower.= See Lobelia.

=Carduncellus.= _Compositæ._

Seeds. Increased by divisions of the roots.

=Carex=(Sedge). _Cyperaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions. Seeds often lie dormant
the first year.

=Careya.= _Myrtaceæ._

Propagated by division, or by ripened cuttings, which root
freely if planted in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in
moist bottom heat.

=Carica= (Papaw-tree). _Passifloreæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots with their leaves on.
They root readily in a sandy soil, and in a gentle bottom
heat.

=Carissa.= _Apocynaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of ripe wood placed in sand under
glass, in bottom heat.

=Carlina.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring. With difficulty by
divisions.

=Carmichælia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened side shoots in sand
under a glass, in a cool house in late spring.

=Carnation.= _Caryophylleæ._