Chapter XII: Events on the Continent, 1798-1800

DISORDERS OF FRANCE UNDER THE DIRECTORY.—DISASTROUS WAR OF THE SECOND
COALITION.—ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONSULATE.—BONAPARTE OVERTHROWS
AUSTRIA AND FRAMES AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN THE ARMED NEUTRALITY OF
1800.—PEACE OF LUNÉVILLE WITH AUSTRIA.

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Hostilities of Naples against the French 1

Disastrous defeat of the Neapolitans 2

The French enter Naples 2

Piedmont annexed to France 2

Beginning of the war of the Second Coalition 3

Reverses of the French in Germany and Italy 3

Masséna falls back in Switzerland 4

Further French disasters in Italy 5

The French evacuate southern Italy 6

Battle of the Trebia won by Suwarrow 6

Loss of northern Italy by the French 7

The French defeated at the battle of Novi by Suwarrow 8

Change in the plans of the Coalition 8

Masséna defeats the allies at the battle of Zurich 9

Disastrous march of Suwarrow into Switzerland 9

Failure of the Anglo-Russian expedition against Holland 10

Loss of Bonaparte's conquests in Italy and of the Ionian Islands 10

Internal disorders of France 11

Bonaparte's return, and the revolution of Brumaire 18 15

Bonaparte's measures to restore order 15

His advances toward Great Britain and Austria to obtain peace 16

Reasons of the two governments for refusing 17

Prosperity of Great Britain 17

Russia abandons the coalition 19

Forces of France and Austria in 1800 19

Bonaparte's plan of campaign 20

Opening of the campaign in Italy 21

Masséna shut up in Genoa 21

Moreau's advance into Germany 21

Bonaparte crosses the Saint Bernard 22

Battle of Marengo, and armistice following it 23

Armistice in Germany 24

Diplomatic negotiations 25

Bonaparte's colonial and maritime anxieties 25

The Czar Paul I.'s hostility to Great Britain 26

Dispute between England and Denmark concerning neutral rights 26

Effect of this upon Bonaparte's plans 27

Policy of Russia and Prussia 28

Bonaparte undertakes to form a coalition against Great Britain 29

Factors in the question 29

Vacillations of Prussia 31

Bonaparte's advances to Russia 32

Hostile action of Paul I. toward Great Britain 33

His pretensions to Malta 33

Negotiations for a maritime truce 34

Their failure 35

Action of Prussia against Great Britain 35

Armed Neutrality of 1800 36

Its claims 37

Renewal of hostilities between Austria and France 38

Defeat of Austria at the battle of Hohenlinden 38

Peace of Lunéville 39

Terms of the treaty 40