Chapter XII: Mother-Kin and Mother Goddesses (6)

Macrobius, on the mourning Aphrodite, i. 30;
on the Egyptian year, ii. 28 _n._ 3;
on Osiris as a sun-god, 121;
his solar theory of the gods, 121, 128;
on the influence of the moon, 132

Madagascar, vicarious sacrifice for a king in, ii. 221;
men dressed as women in, 254

Madonna and Isis, ii. 119

Maeander, the valley of the, subject to earthquakes, i. 194;
sanctuaries of Pluto in the valley of the, 205, 206

Mafuie, the Samoan god of earthquakes, i. 200

Magarsus in Cilicia, i. 169 _n._ 3

Magic and religion, combination of, i. 4

Magical ceremonies for the regulation of the seasons, i. 3 _sqq._

—— dramas for the regulation of the seasons, i. 4 _sq._

—— uses made of the bodies of the dead, ii. 100 _sqq._

Magnesia, on the Maeander, worship of Zeus at, ii. 238

Mahadeo and Parvati, Indian deities, i. 242, 251

Mahadeva, Indian god, i. 241

Mahdi, an ancient, i. 74

Mahratta, dancing-girls in, i. 62

Maia or Majestas, the wife of Vulcan, ii. 232 _sq._

Maiau, hero in form of crocodile, i. 139 _n._ 1

Maiden, the (Persephone), the descent of, ii. 41

Malagasy use of children of living parents in ritual, ii. 247

Malay Peninsula, the Mentras or Mantras of the, ii. 140

Mallus in Cilicia, deities on coins of, i. 165 _sq._

Malta, bilingual inscription of, i. 16;
Phoenician temples of, 35

Mamre, sacred oak or terebinth at, i. 37 _n._ 2

Mandingoes of Senegambia, their attention to the phases of the moon, ii.
141

Maneros, chant of Egyptian reapers, ii. 45, 46

Manes, first king of Lydia, i. 186 _n._ 5

Manetho, on the Egyptian burnt-sacrifice of red-haired men, ii. 97;
on Isis as the discoverer of corn, 116;
quoted by Diodorus Siculus, 120

Manichaeans, their theory of earthquakes, i. 197

Manichaeus, the heretic, his death, i. 294 _n._ 3

Manipur, the Tangkul Nagas of, ii. 57 _sq._

Mantinea, Poseidon worshipped at, i. 203 _n._ 2

Maori priest catches the soul of a tree, ii. 111 _n._ 1

Marash, Hittite monuments at, i. 173

March, festival of Attis in, i. 267

——, the twenty-fifth of, tradition that Christ was crucified on, i. 306

Marduk, human wives of, at Babylon, i. 71

Mariette-Pacha, A., on the burial of Osiris, ii. 89 _n._

Marigolds used to adorn tombstones on All Souls’ Day, ii. 71

Marks, bodily, of prophets, i. 74

Marriage as an infringement of old communal rights, i. 40;
of the Sun and Earth, 47 _sq._;
of women to serpent-god, 66 _sqq._;
of Adonis and Aphrodite celebrated at Alexandria, 224;
of Sky and Earth, 282 with _n._ 2;
of the Roman gods, ii. 230 _sqq._;
exchange of dress between men and women at, 260 _sqq._

——, sacred, of priest and priestess as representatives of deities, i. 46
_sqq._;
represented in the rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, 140;
in Cos, ii. 259 _n._ 4

—— customs of the Aryan family, ii. 235;
use of children of living parents in, 245 _sqq._;
to ensure the birth of boys, 262

Marriages of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, ii. 214 _sqq._;
their intention to keep the property in the family, 215 _sq._

Mars, the father of Romulus and Remus, ii. 235

—— and Bellona, ii. 231

—— and Nerio, ii. 232

Marsala in Sicily, Midsummer customs at, i. 247

Marseilles, Midsummer custom at, i. 248 _sq._

Marshall, Mr. A. S. F., on the felling of timber in Mexico, ii. 136 _n._ 3

Marsyas, his musical contest with Apollo and his death, i. 288 _sq._;
perhaps a double of Attis, 289

—— and Apollo, i. 55

——, the river, i. 289

Martin, M., on the cutting of peat in the Hebrides, ii. 138

Masai, of East Africa, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the
dead, i. 82, 84;
their ceremonies at the new moon, ii. 142 _sq._

—— boys wear female costume at circumcision, ii. 263

—— rule as to the choice of a chief, ii. 248

Masnes, a giant, i. 186

_Masoka_, the spirits of the dead, ii. 188 _sq._

Maspero, Sir Gaston, edits the Pyramid Texts, ii. 4 _n._ 1;
on the nature of Osiris, 126 _n._ 2

Masquerade at the Carnival in Thrace, ii. 99 _sq._

Masquerades at festivals of the dead, ii. 53

Massacres for sick kings of Uganda, ii. 226

Massaya, volcano in Nicaragua, human victims sacrificed to, i. 219

_Massebah_ (plural _masseboth_), sacred stone or pillar, i. 107, 108

Maternal uncle in marriage ceremonies in India, i. 62 _n._ 1

Maternity and paternity of the Roman deities, ii. 233 _sqq._

“Matriarchate,” i. 46

Maui, Fijian god of earthquakes, i. 202 _n._

Maundrell, H., on the discoloration of the river Adonis, i. 225 _n._ 4

Maury, A., on the Easter ceremonies compared with those of Adonis, i. 257
_n._ 1

Maximus Tyrius, on conical image at Paphos, i. 35 _n._

May, modern Greek feast of All Souls in May, ii. 78 _n._ 1

—— Day, ceremony at Meiron in Galilee on the eve of, i. 178

—— -pole or Midsummer-tree in Sweden and Bohemia, i. 250

Medea and her magic cauldron, i. 180 _sq._

Medicine-men of Zulus, i. 74 _n._ 4;
of Wiimbaio, 75 _n._ 4

Mefitis, Italian goddess of mephitic vapours, i. 204, 205

Megalopolis, battle of gods and giants in plain of, i. 157

Megassares, king of Hyria, i. 41

Meiners, C., on purification by blood, i. 299 _n._ 2

Meiron, in Galilee, burnings for dead Jewish Rabbis at, i. 178 _sq._

Mela’s description of the Corycian cave, i. 155 _n._, 156

Melanesia, belief in conception without sexual intercourse in, i. 97 _sq._

Melanesian magicians buried secretly, ii. 105

Melanesians, mother-kin among the, ii. 211;
of New Britain, their use of flowers and leaves as talismans, 242 _sq._

Melcarth, the god of Tyre, identified with Hercules, i. 16, 111;
worshipped at Amathus in Cyprus, 32, 117;
the burning of, 110 _sqq._;
worshipped at Gades, 112 _sq._, ii. 258 _n._ 5

Melchizedek, king of Salem, i. 17

_Melech_ and Moloch, ii. 219 _sq._

Meles, king of Lydia, banished because of a dearth, i. 183;
causes lion to be carried round acropolis, 184

Melicertes, a form of Melcarth, i. 113

Melite in Phthia, i. 291

Melito on the father of Adonis, i. 13 _n._ 2

Memnonium at Thebes, ii. 35 _n._

Memorial stones, ii. 203

Memphis, head of Osiris at, ii. 11;
oath of the kings of Egypt at, 24;
festival of Osiris in the month of Khoiak at, 108;
Apis the sacred bull of, 119 _n._;
the sanctuary of Serapis at, 119 _n._

Men, make gods, ii. 211;
dressed as women at marriage, 262 _sqq._;
dressed as women to deceive dangerous spirits, 262 _sq._;
dressed as women at circumcision, 263

—— and women inspired by the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, ii. 171,
172, 192 _sq._

—— “of God,” prophets, i. 76

Men Tyrannus, Phrygian moon-god, i. 284;
custom as to pollution of death at his shrine, ii. 227

Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula, their tradition as to primitive
man, ii. 140

Mephitic vapours, worship of, i. 203 _sqq._

Mercurial temperament of merchants and sailors, ii. 218

Mesha, king of Moab, i. 15;
sacrifices his first-born, 110

Messiah, “the Anointed One,” i. 21

Meteor as signal for festival, i. 259

Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, i. 41

_Methide_ plant growing over grave of Osiris, ii. 111

Mexican calendar, its mode of intercalation, ii. 28 _n._ 3

Mexicans, their human sacrifices for the maize, ii. 107

Mexico, rule as to the felling of timber in, ii. 136

Meyer, Professor Eduard, on prophecy in Canaan, i. 75 _n._ 5;
on the Hittite language, 125 _n._;
on costume of Hittite priest or king, 133 _n._, 141 _n._ 1;
on the rock-hewn sculptures of Boghaz-Keui, 133 _n._;
on Anubis at Abydos, ii. 18 _n._ 3;
on the hawk as an Egyptian emblem, 22 _n._ 1;
on the date of the introduction of the Egyptian calendar, 36 _n._ 2;
on the nature of Osiris, 126 _n._ 2;
on the relation of Byblus to Egypt, 127 _n._ 1;
on the Lycian language, 213 _n._ 1

Michael Angelo, the Pietà of, i. 257

Michaelmas, 29th September, ii. 74

Midas, the tomb of, i. 286

—— and Gordias, names of Phrygian kings, i. 286

Midsummer, old heathen festival of, in Europe and the East, i. 249 _sq._;
divination at, 252 _sq._

—— bathing, pagan origin of the custom, i. 249

—— Bride and Bridegroom in Sweden, i. 251

—— Day or Eve, custom of bathing on, i. 246 _sqq._

—— fires and couples in relation to vegetation, i. 250 _sq._;
leaping over the fires to make flax or hemp grow tall, 251

Milcom, the god of Ammon, i. 19

Milk, serpents fed with, i. 84 _sqq._, 87;
offered at graves, 87

Mill, women mourning for Tammuz eat nothing ground in a mill, i. 230

Milne, Mrs. Leslie, on the Shans, ii. 136

Milton on the laments for Tammuz, i. 226 _n._

Minoan age of Greece, i. 34

Minucius Felix on the rites of Osiris, ii. 85 _n._ 3

Miraculous births of gods and heroes, i. 107

“Mistress of Turquoise,” goddess at Sinai, i. 35

Mitani, ancient people of Northern Mesopotamia, i. 135 _n._

Mithra, Persian deity, popularity of his worship in the Roman Empire, i.
301 _sq._;
identified with the Unconquered Sun, 304

Mithraic religion a rival to Christianity, i. 302;
festival of Christmas borrowed from it, 302 _sqq._

Miztecs of Mexico, their annual festival of the dead, ii. 54 _sq._

Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull, ii. 11

Moa, theory of earthquakes in, i. 198

Moab, Mesha, king of, i. 15;
the wilderness of, 52 _sq._;
the springs of Callirrhoe in, 214 _sqq._

——, Arabs of, their custom at harvest, ii. 48, 96;
their remedies for ailments, 242

Moabite stone, the inscription on the, i. 15 _n._ 3, 20 _n._ 2, 163 _n._ 3

Moabites burn the bones of the kings of Edom, ii. 104

Models in cardboard offered to the dead instead of the things themselves,
ii. 63 _sq._

Mohammedan peoples of North Africa, their custom of bathing at Midsummer,
i. 249

—— saints as givers of children, i. 78 _n._ 2

Mohammedanism, ii. 160

Mohammedans of Oude, their mode of drinking moonshine, ii. 144

Moire, sister of Tylon, i. 186

Moloch, meaning of the name, i. 15;
sacrifices of first-born children to, 178;
the king, ii. 219 _sqq._

—— and _Melech_, ii. 219 _sq._

Mommsen, Th., on the date of the festival of Osiris at Rome, ii. 95 _n._ 1

Mongols, funeral customs of the, i. 293

Monmouthshire, All Souls’ Day in, ii. 79

Monomotapa, a Caffre king, his way of prolonging his life, ii. 222 _sq._

Montanists, their view as to the date of Creation, i. 307 _n._ 2

Months, the Egyptian, table of, ii. 37 _n._

Moon, human victims sacrificed to the, i. 73;
albinoes thought to be the offspring of the, 91;
popularly regarded as the cause of growth and decay, ii. 132, 138;
practical rules based on a theory of the influence of the, 132 _sqq._,
140 _sqq._;
popularly regarded as the source of moisture, 137 _sq._;
worshipped by the agricultural Indians of tropical America, 138 _sq._;
viewed as the husband of the sun, 139 _n._;
Athenian superstition as to an eclipse of the, 141;
children presented to the, 144 _sqq._;
thought to have a harmful influence on children, 148

——, the new, ceremonies at, ii. 141 _sqq._;
dances at, 142;
custom of showing money to, or turning it in the pocket, 148 _sq._

——, the waning, theories to explain, ii. 130;
thought to be broken or eaten up, 130

—— Being of the Omahas, ii. 256

——, the infant god, ii. 131, 153

—— -god conceived as masculine, i. 73;
inspiration by the, 73;
in ancient Babylonia, ii. 138 _sq._

Moonshine drunk as a medicine in India, ii. 144;
thought to be beneficial to children, ii. 144

Móooi, Tongan god who causes earthquakes, i. 201

Moore, G. F., on the burnt sacrifice of children, ii. 219 _n._ 1

Moravia, the feast of All Souls in, ii. 73

Moret, Alexandre, on Amenophis IV., ii. 123 _n._ 1;
on the Sed festival, 155 _sq._

Mori, a district of Central Celebes, belief of the natives as to a spirit
in the moon, ii. 139 _n._

Moriah, Mount, traditionally identified with Mount Zion, ii. 219 _n._ 1

Morning Star, appearance of, perhaps the signal for the festival of
Adonis, i. 258 _sq._

Morocco, custom of prostitution in an Arab tribe in, i. 39 _n._ 3

Morrison, Rev. C. W., on belief of Australian aborigines as to childbirth,
i. 103 _n._ 3

Mostene in Lydia, double-headed axe at, i. 183 _n._

Mota, belief as to conception in women in, i. 97 _sq._

“Mother” and “Father” as epithets applied to Roman goddesses and gods, ii.
233 _sqq._

——, dead, worshipped, ii. 175, 185

—— Earth, festival in her honour in Bengal, i. 90;
fertilized by Father Sky, myth of, 282

—— Goddess of Western Asia, sacred prostitution in the worship of the, i.
36;
lions as her emblems, 137, 164;
her eunuch priests, 206;
of Phrygia conceived as a Virgin Mother, 281

—— -kin, succession in royal houses with, i. 44;
trace of, at Rome and Nemi, 45;
among the Khasis of Assam, 46, ii. 202 _sqq._;
among the Hittites, traces of, i. 141 _sq._;
and Mother Goddesses, ii. 201 _sqq._, 212 _sqq._;
and father-kin, 202, 261 _n._ 3;
favours the superiority of goddesses over gods in religion, 202 _sqq._,
211 _sq._;
its influence on religion, 202 _sqq._;
among the Pelew Islanders, 204 _sqq._;
does not imply that government is in the hands of women, 208 _sqq._;
among the Melanesians, 211;
in Africa, 211;
in Lycia, 212 _sq._;
in ancient Egypt, 213 _sqq._;
traces of, in Lydia and Cos, 259;
favours the development of goddesses, 259.
_See also_ Female kinship

—— of a god, i. 51, 52

—— of the gods, first-fruits offered to the, i. 280 _n._ 1;
popularity of her worship in the Roman Empire, 298 _sq._

—— Plastene on Mount Sipylus, i. 185

“Mother’s Air,” a tune on the flute, i. 288

“Mothers of the Clan” in the Pelew Islands, ii. 205, 206

Motlav, belief as to conception in women in, i. 98

Mournful character of the rites of sowing, ii. 40 _sqq._

Mourning for Attis, i. 272;
for the corn-god at midsummer, ii. 34

—— costume of men in Lycia, ii. 264;
perhaps a mode of deceiving the ghost, 264

Mouth of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, ii. 15

Moylar, male children of sacred prostitutes, i. 63

Mpongwe kings of the Gaboon, buried secretly, ii. 104

_Mugema_, the earl of Busiro, ii. 168

Mukasa, the chief god of the Baganda, probably a dead man, ii. 196 _sq._;
gives oracles through a woman, 257

_Mukuru_, an ancestor (plural _Ovakuru_, ancestors), ii. 185 _sq._

Müller, Professor W. Max, on Hittite name for god, i. 148 _n._

Mundas of Bengal, gardens of Adonis among the, i. 240

Mungarai, Australian tribe, their belief in the reincarnation of the dead,
i. 101

Murder of children to secure their rebirth in barren women, i. 95

Murli, female devotee, i. 62

Music as a means of prophetic inspiration, i. 52 _sq._, 54 _sq._, 74;
in exorcism, 54 _sq._;
and religion, 53 _sq._

Musquakie Indians, infant burial among the, i. 91 _n._ 3

Mutilation of dead bodies of kings, chiefs, and magicians, ii. 103 _sqq._;
to prevent their souls from becoming dangerous ghosts, 188

Mycenae, royal graves at, i. 33, 34

Mycenaean age of Greece, i. 34

Mylasa in Caria, i. 182 _n._ 4

Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, sacred prostitution in her worship, i. 36, 37
_n._ 1

Myrrh or Myrrha, the mother of Adonis, i. 43, 227 _sq._

—— -tree, Adonis born of a, i. 227, ii. 110

Mysore, sacred women in, i. 62 _n._;
the Komatis of, 81 _sq._

Mysteries of Sabazius, i. 90 _n._ 4;
of Attis, 274 _sq._

Myth and ritual of Attis, i. 263 _sqq._

Myths supposed to originate in verbal misapprehensions or a disease of
language, ii. 42

——, Italian, of kings or heroes begotten by the fire-god, ii. 235

Naaburg, in Bavaria, custom at sowing at, i. 239

“Naaman, wounds of the,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, i. 226

Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, i. 174

_Naga_, serpent god, i. 81

Naga-padoha, the agent of earthquakes, i. 200

Nahanarvals, a German tribe, priest dressed as a woman among the, ii. 259

Nahr Ibrahim, the river Adonis, i. 14, 28

Namal tribe of West Australia, their belief as to the birth of children,
i. 105

Names, royal, signifying relation to deity, i. 15 _sqq._;
Semitic personal, indicating relationship to a deity, 51;
Hebrew, ending in _-el_ or _-iah_, 79 _n._ 3

Nana, the mother of Attis, i. 263, 269, 281

Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their belief in serpents as
reincarnations of the dead, i. 82, 85;
their ceremony at the ripening of the eleusine grain, ii. 47;
boys dressed as women and girls dressed as men at circumcision among
the, 263

Nanjundayya, H. V., on serpent worship in Mysore, i. 81 _sq._

Naples, grotto _del cani_ at, i. 205 _n._ 1;
custom of bathing on St. John’s Eve at, 246

Narmer, the mace of, ii. 154

National character partly an effect of geographical and climatic
conditions, ii. 217

Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice, i. 303 _sqq._

Natural calendar of the husbandman, shepherd, and sailor, ii. 25

Nature of Osiris, ii. 96 _sqq._

Navel-string of the king of Uganda preserved and inspected every new moon,
ii. 147 _sq._

Navel-strings of dead kings of Uganda preserved, ii. 167, 168, 171;
ghosts of afterbirths thought to adhere to, 169 _sq._;
preserved by the Baganda as their twins and as containing the ghosts of
their afterbirths, 169 _sq._

Ndjambi, Njambi, Njame, Zambi, Nyambe, etc., name of the supreme god among
various tribes of Africa, ii. 186, with note 5

—— Karunga, the supreme god of the Herero, ii. 186

Nebseni, the papyrus of, ii. 112

Neith or Net, an Egyptian goddess, i. 282 _n._, ii. 51 _n._ 1

Nekht, the papyrus of, ii. 112

Nemi, Dianus and Diana at, i. 45

Nephthys, Egyptian goddess, sister of Osiris and Isis, ii. 6;
mourns Osiris, 12

Neptune and Salacia, ii. 231, 233

Nerio and Mars, ii. 232

New birth through blood in the rites of Attis, i. 274 _sq._;
savage theory of, 299;
of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, ii. 153, 155 _sq._

—— Britain, theory of earthquakes in, i. 201

—— Guinea, German, the Kai of, i. 96;
the Tami of, 198

—— Mexico, the Pueblo Indians of, ii. 54

—— moon, ceremonies at the, ii. 141 _sqq._

—— World, bathing on St. John’s Day in the, i. 249;
All Souls’ Day in the, ii. 80

—— Year’s Day, festival of the dead on, ii. 53, 55, 62, 65

—— Zealand, Rotomahana in, i. 207, 209 _n._

Newberry, Professor P. E., on Osiris as a cedar-tree god, ii. 109 _n._ 1

Newman, J. H., on music, i. 53 _sq._

Ngai, God, i. 68

Ngoni, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, i. 82

Nguruhi, the supreme god of the Wahehe, ii. 188 _sq._

Niambe, the supreme god of the Barotse, ii. 193

Nias, conduct of the natives of, in an earthquake, i. 201 _sq._;
head-hunting in, 296 _n._ 1

Nicaragua, Indians of, sacrifice human victims to volcanoes, i. 219

Nietzold, J., on the marriage of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt,
ii. 216 _n._ 1

Nigmann, E., on the religion of the Wahehe, ii. 188 _sq._

Nikunau, one of the Gilbert Islands, sacred stones in, i. 108 _n._ 1

Nile, the rise and fall of the, ii. 30 _sqq._;
rises at the summer solstice in June, 31 _n._ 1, 33;
commanded by the King of Egypt to rise, 33;
thought to be swollen by the tears of Isis, 33;
gold and silver thrown into the river at its rising, 40;
the rise of, attributed to Serapis, 216 _sq._

——, the “Bride” of the, ii. 38

Nilsson, Professor M. P., on custom of sacred prostitution, i. 37 _n._ 2,
57 _n._ 1, 58 _n._ 2;
on the sacrifice of a bull to Zeus, ii. 239 _n._ 1

Nineveh, the end of, i. 174

Njamus, the, of British East Africa, their sacrifices at irrigation
channels, ii. 38 _sq._

Normandy, rolling in dew on St. John’s Day in, i. 248

Northern Territory, Australia, beliefs as to the birth of children in the,
i. 103 _sq._

Nottinghamshire, harvest custom in, i. 238 _n._

November, festivals of the dead in, ii. 51, 54, 69 _sqq._;
the month of sowing in Egypt, 94

Novitiate of priests and priestesses, i. 66, 68

Nullakun tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of children, i.
101

Nut, Egyptian sky-goddess, mother of Osiris, i. 283 _n._ 3, ii. 6, 16;
in a sycamore tree, 110

Nutlets of pines used as food, i. 278 _n._ 2

Nutritive and vicarious types of sacrifice, ii. 226

Nyakang, the first of the Shilluk kings, worshipped as the god of his
people, ii. 162 _sqq._;
incarnate in various animals, 163 _sq._;
his mysterious disappearance, 163;
his graves, 163, 166;
historical reality of, 164, 166 _sq._;
his relation to the creator Juok, 164 _sq._;
compared to Osiris, 167

Nymphs of the Fair Crowns at Olympia, ii. 240

Nysa, in the valley of the Maeander, i. 205, 206 _n._ 1;
sacrifice of bull at, 292 _n._ 3

Nyuak, L., on guardian spirits of Sea Dyaks, i. 83

Oak or terebinth, sacred at Mamre, i. 37 _n._ 2

Oath of Egyptian kings not to correct the vague Egyptian year by
intercalation, ii. 26

Obelisk, image of Astarte, i. 14

Obelisks, sacred, at Gezer, i. 108

Obscene images of Osiris, ii. 112

Octennial cycle, old, in Greece, ii. 242 _n._

October, the first of, a great Saxon festival, ii. 81 _n._ 3

Odilo, abbot of Clugny, institutes feast of All Souls, ii. 82

Odin, hanged on a tree, i. 290;
human victims dedicated by hanging to, 290;
king’s sons sacrificed to, ii. 220

Oenomaus, king of Pisa, his incest with his daughter, i. 44 _n._ 1

Oeta, Mount, Hercules burnt on, i. 111, 116, 211

Offerings to dead kings, ii. 194

Oil, holy, poured on king’s head, i. 21;

poured on sacred stones, 36;
as vehicle of inspiration, 74

Olba, priestly kings of, i. 143 _sqq._, 161;
the name of, 148;
the ruins of, 151 _sq._

Old Woman of the corn, mythical being of the Cherokee Indians, ii. 46
_sq._

Olive of the Fair Crown at Olympia, ii. 240

—— -branches carried in procession and hung over doors at Athens, ii. 238

Olo Ngadjoe, the, of Borneo, i. 91

Olonets, Russian Government of, festival of the dead in, ii. 75

Olympia, the quack Peregrinus burns himself at, i. 181;
the cutting of the olive-branches to form the victors’ crowns at, ii.
240

Olympic festival based on an octennial cycle, ii. 242 _n._ 1

Olympus, Mount, in Cyprus, i. 32

Omahas, Indian tribe of North America, effeminate men among the, ii. 255
_sq._

Omonga, a rice-spirit who lives in the moon, ii. 139 _n._

Omphale and Hercules, i. 182, ii. 258

On, King of Sweden. _See_ Aun.

Oodeypoor, in Rajputana, gardens of Adonis at, i. 241 _sq._

Opening the eyes and mouth of the dead, Egyptian funeral rite, ii. 15

Operations of husbandry regulated by observation of the moon, ii. 133
_sqq._

Ops, the wife of Saturn, ii. 233;
in relation to Consus, 233 _n._ 6

Oracles given by the spirits of dead kings, ii. 167, 171, 172

Oraons of Bengal, their annual marriage of the Sun and Earth, i. 46
_sqq._;
gardens of Adonis among the, 240;
their annual festival of the dead, ii. 59

Orcus, Roman god of the lower world, his marriage celebrated by the
pontiffs, ii. 231

Ordeal of chastity, i. 115 _n._ 2

Orestes at Castabala, i. 115

Orgiastic rites of Cybele, i. 278

Oriental mind untrammelled by logic, i. 4 _n._ 1

—— religions in the West, i. 298 _sqq._;
their influence in undermining ancient civilization, 299 _sqq._;
importance attached to the salvation of the individual soul in, 300

Origen, on the refusal of Christians to fight, i. 301 _n._ 1

Origin of Osiris, ii. 158 _sqq._

Orion, appearance of the constellation, a signal for sowing, i. 290 _sq._

Orpheus, prophet and musician, i. 55;
the legend of his death, ii. 99

Orwell in Cambridgeshire, harvest custom at, i. 237 _n._ 4

Oschophoria, vintage festival at Athens, ii. 258 _n._ 6

Osirian mysteries, the hall of the, at Abydos, ii. 108

Osiris identified with Adonis and Attis, i. 32, ii. 127 _n._;
myth of, ii. 3 _sqq._;
his birth, 6;
introduces the cultivation of corn and the vine, 7, 97, 112;
his violent death, 7 _sq._;
at Byblus, 9 _sq._, 22 _sq._, 127;
his body rent in pieces, 10;
the graves of, 10 _sq._;
his dead body sought and found by Isis, 10, 50, 85;
tradition as to his genital organs, 10, 102;
mourned by Isis and Nephthys, 12;
invited to come to his house, 12, 47;
restored to life by Isis, 13;
king and judge of the dead, 13 _sq._;
his body the first mummy, 15;
the funeral rites performed over his body the model of all funeral rites
in Egypt, 15;
all the Egyptian dead identified with, 16;
his trial and acquittal in the court of the gods, 17;
represented in art as a royal mummy, 18;
specially associated with Busiris and Abydos, 18;
his tomb at Abydos, 18 _sq._, 197 _sq._;
official festivals of, 49 _sqq._;
his sufferings displayed in a mystery at night, 50;
his festival in the month of Athyr, 84 _sqq._;
dramatic representation of his resurrection in his rites, 85;
his images made of vegetable mould, 85, 87, 90 _sq._, 91;
the funeral rites of, described in the inscription of Denderah, 86
_sqq._;
his festival in the month of Khoiak, 86 _sqq._, 108 _sq._;
his “garden,” 87 _sq._;
ploughing and sowing in the rites of, 87, 90, 96;
the burial of, in his rites, 88;
the holy sepulchre of, under Persea-trees, 88;
represented with corn sprouting from his dead body, 89;
his resurrection depicted on the monuments, 89 _sq._;
as a corn-god, 89 _sqq._, 96 _sqq._;
corn-stuffed effigies of, buried with the dead as a symbol of
resurrection, 90 _sq._, 114;
date of the celebration of his resurrection at Rome, 95 _n._ 1;
the nature of, 96 _sqq._;
his severed limbs placed on a corn-sieve, 97;
human victims sacrificed by kings at the grave of, 97;
suggested explanations of his dismemberment, 97;
sometimes explained by the ancients as a personification of the corn,
107;
as a tree-spirit, 107 _sqq._;
his image made out of a pine-tree, 108;
his emblems the crook and scourge or flail, 108, 153, compare 20;
his backbone represented by the _ded_ pillar, 108 _sq._;
interpreted as a cedar-tree god, 109 _n._ 1;
his soul in a bird, 110;
represented as a mummy enclosed in a tree, 110, 111;
obscene images of, 112;
as a god of fertility, 112 _sq._;
identified with Dionysus, 113, 126 _n._ 3;
a god of the dead, 113 _sq._;
universal popularity of his worship, 114;
interpreted by some as the sun, 120 _sqq._, reasons for rejecting this
interpretation, 122 _sqq._;
his death and resurrection interpreted as the decay and growth of
vegetation, 126 _sqq._;
his body broken into fourteen parts, 129;
interpreted as the moon by some of the ancients, 129;
reigned twenty-eight years, 129;
his soul thought to be imaged in the sacred bull Apis, 130;
identified with the moon in hymns, 131;
represented wearing on his head a full moon within a crescent, 131;
distinction of his myth and worship from those of Adonis and Attis, 158
_sq._;
his dominant position in Egyptian religion, 158 _sq._;
the origin of, 158 _sqq._;
his historical reality asserted in recent years, 160 _n._ 1;
his temple at Abydos, 198;
his title Khenti-Amenti, 198 _n._ 2;
compared to Charlemagne, 199;
the question of his historical reality left open, 199 _sq._;
his death still mourned in the time of Athanasius, 217;
his old type better preserved than those of Adonis and Attis, 218

Osiris, Adonis, Attis, their mythical similarity, i. 6, ii. 201

—— and Adonis, similarity between their rites, ii. 127

—— and Dionysus, similarity between their rites, ii. 127

—— and the moon, ii. 129 _sqq._

“—— of the mysteries,” ii. 89

—— -Sep, title of Osiris, ii. 87

Ostrich-feather, king of Egypt supposed to ascend to heaven on an, ii.
154, 155

Otho, the emperor, addicted to the worship of Isis, ii. 118 _n._ 1

Oulad Abdi, Arab tribe of Morocco, i. 39 _n._ 3

Oura, ancient name of Olba, i. 148, 152

Ourwira, theory of earthquakes in, i. 199

Ovambo, the, of German South-West Africa, their ceremony at the new moon,
ii. 142;
the worship of the dead among the, 188

Ovid, on the story of Pygmalion, i. 49 _n._ 4

Owl regarded as the guardian spirit of a tree, ii. 111 _n._ 1

Ox substituted for human victim in sacrifice, i. 146;
embodying corn-spirit sacrificed at Athens, 296 _sq._;
black, used in purificatory ceremonies after a battle, ii. 251 _sq._

Ozieri, in Sardinia, St. John’s festival at, i. 244

Pacasmayu, the temple of the moon at, ii. 138

Padmavati, an Indian goddess, i. 243

Pagan origin of the Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), i. 249
_sq._

Paganism and Christianity, their resemblances explained as diabolic
counterfeits, i. 302, 309 _sq._

Παῖς ἀμφιθαλής, a boy whose parents are both alive, ii. 236 _n._ 2

Palatinate, the Upper, the feast of All Souls in, ii. 72

Palestine, religious prostitution in, i. 58;
date of the corn-reaping in, 232 _n._

Palestinian Aphrodite, i. 304 _n._

Palestrina, the harmonies of, i. 54

Pampa del Sacramento, Peru, earthquakes in, i. 198

Pampas, bones of extinct animals in the, i. 158

Pamyles, an Egyptian, ii. 6

Pandharpur, in the Bombay Presidency, i. 243

Panaghia Aphroditessa at Paphos, i. 36

Panku, a being who causes earthquakes, i. 198

Papas, a name for Attis, i. 281, 282

Paphlagonian belief that the god is bound fast in winter, ii. 41

Paphos in Cyprus, i. 32 _sqq._;
sanctuary of Aphrodite at, 32 _sqq._;
founded by Cinyras, 41

Papyrus of Nebseni, ii. 112;
of Nekht, 112

—— swamps, Isis in the, ii. 8

Parilia and the festival of St. George, i. 308

Parr, Thomas, i. 56

Parvati or Isa, an Indian goddess, i. 241, 242

Pasicyprus, king of Citium, i. 50 _n._ 2

Patagonia, funeral customs of Indians of, i. 294

Patagonians, effeminate priests or sorcerers among the, ii. 254

Paternity, primitive ignorance of, i. 106 _sq._;
unknown in primitive savagery, 282

—— and maternity of the Roman deities, ii. 233 _sqq._

Paton, W. R., on modern Greek feast of All Souls in May, ii. 78 _n._ 1

Patrae, Laphrian Artemis at, i. 126 _n._ 2

Pausanias on the necklace of Harmonia, i. 32 _n._ 2;
on bones of superhuman size, 157 _n._ 2;
on offerings to Etna, 221 _n._ 4;
on the Hanged Artemis, 291 _n._ 2

Payne, E. J., on the origin of moon-worship, ii. 138 _n._ 2

Pegasus and Bellerophon, i. 302 _n._ 4

Pegu, dance of hermaphrodites in, i. 271 _n._

Peking, Ibn Batuta at, i. 289

Pélé, goddess of the volcano Kilauea in Hawaii, i. 217 _sqq._

Pelew Islanders, their system of mother-kin, ii. 204 _sqq._;
predominance of goddesses over gods among them, 204 _sqq._;
customs of the, 253 _sqq._

—— Islands and the ancient East, parallel between, ii. 208;
prostitution of unmarried girls in, 264 _sq._;
custom of slaying chiefs in the, 266 _sqq._

Pelion, Mount, sacrifices offered on the top of, at the rising of Sirius,
ii. 36 _n._

Peloponnese, worship of Poseidon in, i. 203

Pelops restored to life, i. 181

Peneus, the river, at Tempe, ii. 240

Pennefather River in Queensland, belief of the natives as to the birth of
children, i. 103

Pentheus, king of Thebes, rent in pieces by Bacchanals, ii. 98

Peoples of the Aryan stock, annual festivals of the dead among the, ii. 67
_sqq._

Pepi the First, ii. 5;
his pyramid, 4 _n._ 1

Perasia, Artemis, at Castabala, i. 167 _sqq._

Peregrinus, his death in the fire, i. 181

Perga in Pamphylia, Artemis at, i. 35

Periander, tyrant of Corinth, his burnt sacrifice to his dead wife, i. 179

Perigord, rolling in dew on St. John’s Day in, i. 248

Peritius, month of, i. 111

Perpetual holy fire in temples of dead kings, ii. 174

—— fires worshipped, i. 191 _sqq._

Perrot, G., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, i. 138 _n._

Persea-trees in the rites of Osiris, ii. 87 _n._ 5;
growing over the tomb of Osiris, 88

Persephone, name applied to spring, ii. 41

—— and Aphrodite, their contest for Adonis, i. 11 _sq._

—— and Pluto, temple of, i. 205

Perseus, the virgin birth of, i. 302 _n._ 4

Persian reverence for fire, i. 174 _sq._

—— festival of the dead, ii. 68

Persian fire-worship and priests, 191

Personation of gods by priests, i. 45, 46 _sqq._

Peru, earthquakes in, i. 202;
sacrifice of sons in, ii. 220 _n._ 4

Peruvian Indians, their theory of earthquakes, i. 201

Pescara River, in the Abruzzi, i. 246

Pescina in the Abruzzi, Midsummer custom at, i. 246

Pessinus, image of Cybele at, i. 35 _n._ 3;
priests called Attis at, 140;
local legend of Attis at, 264;
image of the Mother of the Gods at, 265;
people of, abstain from swine, 265;
high-priest of Cybele at, 285

Petrarch at Cologne on St. John’s Eve, i. 247 _sq._

Petrie, Professor W. M. Flinders, on the date of the corn-reaping in Egypt
and Palestine, i. 231 _n._ 3;
on the Sed festival, ii. 151 _n._ 3, 152 _n._ 3, 154 _sq._;
on the marriage of brothers with sisters in Egypt, 216 _n._ 1

Petrified cascades of Hierapolis, i. 207

Petroff, Ivan, on a custom of the Koniags of Alaska, ii. 106

Phamenoth, an Egyptian month, ii. 49 _n._ 1, 130

Phaophi, an Egyptian month, ii. 49 _n._ 1, 94

Pharnace, daughter of Megassares, i. 41

Phatrabot, a Cambodian month, ii. 61

Phidias, his influence on Greek religion, i. 54 _n._ 1

Philadelphia, subject to earthquakes, i. 194 _sq._

Philae, Egyptian relief at, ii. 50 _n._ 5;
mystic representation of Osiris in the temple of Isis at, 89;
sculptures in the temple of Isis at, 111;
the grave of Osiris at, 111;
the dead Osiris in the sculptures at, 112

Philo of Alexandria on the date of the corn-reaping, i. 231 _n._ 3

Philocalus, calendar of, i. 303 _n._ 2, 304 _n._ 3, 307 _n._, ii. 95 _n._
1

Philosophy, school of, at Tarsus, i. 118

Philostephanus, Greek historian, i. 49 _n._ 4

Phoenician temples in Malta, i. 35;
sacred prostitution in, 37

—— kings in Cyprus, i. 49

Phoenicians in Cyprus, i. 31 _sq._

Phrygia, Attis a deity of, i. 263;
festival of Cybele in, 274 _n._;
indigenous race of, 287

Phrygian belief that the god sleeps in winter, ii. 41

—— cap of Attis, i. 279

—— cosmogony, i. 263 _sq._

—— kings named Midas and Gordias, i. 286

Phrygian moon-god, i. 73

—— priests named Attis, i. 285, 287

Phrygians, invaders from Europe, i. 287

_Pietà_ of Michael Angelo, i. 257

Pig’s blood used in exorcism and purification, i. 299 _n._ 2

Pigs sacrificed annually to the moon and Osiris, ii. 131.
_See also_ Swine

Pillars as a religious emblem, i. 34;
sacred, in Crete, 107 _n._ 2

Pindar on the music of the lyre, i. 55;
on Typhon, 156

Pine-cones symbols of fertility, i. 278;
thrown into vaults of Demeter, 278;
on the monuments of Osiris, ii. 110

—— seeds or nutlets used as food, i. 278

—— -tree in the myth and ritual of Attis, i. 264, 265, 267, 271, 277
_sq._, 285, ii. 98 _n._ 5
Marsyas hung on a, i. 288;
in relation to human sacrifices, ii. 98 _n._ 5;
Pentheus on the, 98 _n._ 5;
in the rites of Osiris, 108

Pipiles of Central America expose their seeds to moonlight, ii. 135

Piraeus, processions in honour of Adonis at, i. 227 _n._

Pirates, the Cilician, i. 149 _sq._

_Pitr Pāk_, the Fortnight of the Manes, ii. 60

Pitrè, G., on Good Friday ceremonies in Sicily, i. 255 _sq._

Placenta, Egyptian standard resembling a, ii. 156 _n._ 1
_See also_ Afterbirth.

Placianian Mother, a form of Cybele, worshipped at Cyzicus, i. 274 _n._

Plastene, Mother, on Mount Sipylus, i. 185

Plato, on gardens of Adonis, i. 236 _n._ 1

Plautus on Mars and Nerio, ii. 232

Pleiades worshipped by the Abipones, i. 258 _n._ 2;
the setting of, the time of sowing, ii. 41

Pliny, on the date of harvest in Egypt, ii. 32 _n._ 2;
on the influence of the moon, 132;
on the grafting of trees, 133 _n._ 3;
on the time for felling timber, 136 _n._

Plotinus, the death of, i. 87

Ploughing, Prussian custom at, i. 238;
and sowing, ceremony of, in the rites of Osiris, ii. 87

Ploughmen and sowers drenched with water as a rain-charm, i. 238 _sq._

Plutarch on the double-headed axe of Zeus Labrandeus, i. 182;
on the myth of Osiris, ii. 3, 5 _sqq._;
on Harpocrates, 9 _n._;
on Osiris at Byblus, 22 _sq._;
on the rise of the Nile, 31 _n._ 1;
on the mournful character of the rites of sowing, 40 _sqq._;
his use of the Alexandrian year, 49, 84;
on an Egyptian ceremony at the winter solstice, 50 _n._ 4;
on the date of the death of Osiris, 84;
on the festival of Osiris in the month of Athyr, 91 _sq._;
on the dating of Egyptian festivals, 94 _sq._;
on the rites of Osiris, 108;
on the grave of Osiris, 111;
on the similarity between the rites of Osiris and Dionysus, 127;
on the Flamen Dialis, 229 _sq._;
on the Flaminica Dialis, 230 _n._ 2

Pluto, the breath of, i. 204, 205;
places or sanctuaries of, 204 _sqq._;
cave and temple of, at Acharaca, 205

_Plutonia_, places of Pluto, i. 204

Pollution of death, ii. 227 _sqq._

Polo, Marco, on custom of people of Camul, i. 39 _n._ 3

Polyboea, sister of Hyacinth, i. 314, 316;
identified with Artemis or Persephone, 315

Polyidus, a seer, i. 186 _n._ 4

Polynesian myth of the separation of earth and sky, i. 283

Pomegranate causes virgin to conceive, i. 263, 269

Pomegranates forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, i. 280 _n._ 7

Pomona and Vertumnus, ii. 235 _n._ 6

Pompey the Great, i. 27

Pondomisi, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, ii. 177

Pontiffs, the Roman, their mismanagement of the Julian calendar, ii. 93
_n._ 1;
celebrated the marriage of Orcus, 231

Pontus, sacred prostitution in, i. 39, 58

Populonia, a Roman goddess, ii. 231

Port Darwin, Australia, i. 103

Porta Capena at Rome, i. 273

Poseidon the Establisher or Securer, i. 195 _sq._;
the earthquake god, 195, 202 _sq._

—— and Demeter, i. 280

Possession of priest or priestess by a divine spirit, i. 66, 68 _sq._, 72
_sqq._;
by the spirits of dead chiefs, ii. 192 _sq._

Potniae in Boeotia, priest of Dionysus killed at, ii. 99 _n._ 1

Pots of Basil on St. John’s Day in Sicily, i. 245

Potter in Southern India, custom observed by a, i. 191 _n._ 2

Potters in Uganda bake their pots when the moon is waxing, ii. 135

Praeneste, Fortuna Primigenia, goddess of, ii. 234;
founded by Caeculus, 235

Prague, the feast of All Souls in, ii. 73

Prayers to dead ancestors, ii. 175 _sq._, 178 _sq._, 183 _sq._;
to dead kings, 192

Pregnancy, causes of, unknown, i. 92 _sq._, 106 _sq._;
Australian beliefs as to the causes of, 99 _sqq._

Priestess identified with goddess, i. 219;
head of the State under a system of mother-kin, ii. 203

Priestesses more important than priests, i. 45, 46

Priesthood vacated on death of priest’s wife, i. 45;
of Hercules at Tarsus, 143

Priestly dynasties of Asia Minor, i. 140 _sq._

—— king and queen personating god and goddess, i. 45

—— kings, i. 42, 43;
of Olba, 143 _sqq._, 161;
Adonis personated by, 223 _sqq._

Priests personate gods, i. 45, 46 _sqq._;
tattoo-marks of, 74 _n._ 4;
not allowed to be widowers, ii. 227 _sqq._;
the Jewish, their rule as to the pollution of death, 230;
dressed as women, 253 _sqq._

—— of Astarte, kings as, i. 26

—— of Attis, the emasculated, i. 265, 266

—— of Zeus at the Corycian cave, i. 145, 155

Procession to the Almo in the rites of Attis, i. 273

Processions carved on rocks at Boghaz-Keui, i. 129 _sqq._;
in honour of Adonis, 224 _sq._, 227 _n._, 236 _n._ 1

Procreation, savage ignorance of the causes of, i. 106 _sq._

Procris, her incest with her father Erechtheus, i. 44

Profligacy of human sexes supposed to quicken the earth, i. 48

Property, rules as to the inheritance of, under mother-kin, ii. 203 _n._
1;
landed, combined with mother-kin tends to increase the social importance
of women, 209

Prophecy, Hebrew, distinctive character of, i. 75

Prophet regarded as madman, i. 77

Prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, ii. 192 _sq._;
inspired by gods, 207

Prophetic inspiration under the influence of music, i. 52 _sq._, 54 _sq._,
74;
through the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, ii. 171, 172, 192 _sq._

—— marks on body, i. 74

—— water drunk on St. John’s Eve, i. 247

Prophets in relation to _ḳedeshim_, i. 76;
or mediums inspired by the ghosts of dead kings, ii. 171, 172

——, Hebrew, their resemblance to those of Africa, i. 74 _sq._

Prophets of Israel, their religious and moral reform, i. 24 _sq._

Propitiation of deceased ancestors, i. 46

Prostitution, sacred, before marriage, in Western Asia, i. 36 _sqq._;
suggested origin of, 39 _sqq._;
in Western Asia, alternative theory of, 57 _sqq._;
in India, 61 _sqq._;
in Africa, 65 _sqq._

—— of unmarried girls in the Pelew Islands, ii. 264 _sq._;
in Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, 265 _sq._

Provence, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 248

Prussia, customs at ploughing and harvest in, i. 238;
divination at Midsummer in, 252 _sq._

Pteria, captured by Croesus, i. 128

Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt, i. 43

Ptolemy and Berenice, annual festival in honour of, ii. 35 _n._ 1

Ptolemy I. and Serapis, ii. 119 _n._

Ptolemy III. Euergetes, his attempt to correct the vague Egyptian year by
intercalation, ii. 27

Ptolemy V. on the Rosetta Stone, ii. 152 _n._

Ptolemy Soter, i. 264 _n._ 4

Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, their annual festival of the dead, ii. 54

Pumi-yathon, king of Citium and Idalium, i. 50

Punjaub, belief in the reincarnation of infants in the, i. 94

Puppet substituted for human victim, i. 219 _sq._

Purification by fire, i. 115 _n._ 1, 179 _sqq._;
by pig’s blood, 299 _n._ 2;
of Apollo at Tempe, ii. 240 _sq._

Purificatory ceremonies after a battle, ii. 251 _sq._

Pyanepsion, an Athenian month, ii. 41

Pygmalion, king of Citium and Idalium in Cyprus, i. 50

——, king of Cyprus, i. 41, 49

——, king of Tyre, i. 50

—— and Aphrodite, i. 49 _sq._

Pymaton of Citium, i. 50 _n._ 2

Pyramid Texts, ii. 4 _sqq._, 9 _n._;
intended to ensure the life of dead Egyptian kings, 4 _sq._;
Osiris and the sycamore in the, 110;
the mention of Khenti-Amenti in the, 198 _n._ 2

Pyramus, river in Cilicia, i. 165, 167, 173

Pyre at festivals of Hercules, i. 116;
at Tarsus, 126;
of dead kings at Jerusalem, 177 _sq._

—— or Torch, name of great festival at the Syrian Hierapolis, i. 146

Pythian games, their period, ii. 242 _n._ 1

Python worshipped by the Baganda, i. 86

—— -god, human wives of the, i. 66

Pythons worshipped in West Africa, i. 83 _n._ 1;
dead chiefs reincarnated in, ii. 193

“Quail-hunt,” legend on coins of Tarsus, i. 126 _n._ 2

Quails sacrificed to Hercules (Melcarth), i. 111 _sq._;
migration of, 112

Quatuordecimans of Phrygia celebrate the Crucifixion on March 25th, i. 307
_n._

Queen of Egypt the wife of Ammon, i. 72

—— of Heaven, i. 303 _n._ 5;
incense burnt in honour of the, 228

Queensland, aborigines of, their beliefs as to the birth of children, i.
102 _sq._

Quirinus and Hora, ii. 233

Ra, the Egyptian sun-god, ii. 6, 8, 12;
identified with many originally independent local deities, 122 _sqq._

Rabbah, captured by David, i. 19

Rabbis, burnings for dead Jewish, i. 178 _sq._

Rain procured by bones of the dead, i. 22;
excessive, ascribed to wrath of God, 22 _sq._;
instrumental in rebirth of dead infants, 95;
regarded as the tears of gods, ii. 33;
thought to be controlled by the souls of dead chiefs, 188

—— -charm in rites of Adonis, i. 237;
by throwing water on the last corn cut, 237 _sq._

—— -god represented with tears running from his eyes, ii. 33 _n._ 3

Rainbow totem, i. 101

Rainless summer on the Mediterranean, i. 159 _sq._

Rajaraja, king, i. 61

Rajputana, gardens of Adonis in, i. 241 _sq._

Rambree, sorcerers dressed as women in the island of, ii. 254

Rameses II., his treaty with the Hittites, i. 135 _sq._;
his order to the Nile, ii. 33

Ramman, Babylonian and Assyrian god of thunder, i. 163 _sq._

Rams, testicles of, in the rites of Attis, i. 269

Ramsay, Sir W. M., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, i. 134 _n._ 1,
137 _n._ 4;
on priest-dynasts of Asia Minor, 140 _n._ 2;
on the god Tark, 147 _n._ 3;
on the name Olba, 148 _n._ 1;
on _Hierapolis_ and _Hieropolis_, 168 _n._ 2;
on Attis and Men, 284 _n._ 5;
on cruel death of the human representative of a god in Phrygia, 285
_sq._

Raoul-Rochette on Asiatic deities with lions, i. 138 _n._;
on the burning of doves to Adonis, 147 _n._ 1;
on apotheosis by death in the fire, 180 _n._ 1

Ratumaimbulu, Fijian god of fruit-trees, i. 90

Readjustment of Egyptian festivals, ii. 91 _sqq._

Reapers, Egyptian, their lamentations, i. 232, ii. 45;
invoke Isis, 117

Rebirth of infants, means taken to ensure the, i. 91, 93 _sqq._;
of the dead, precautions taken to prevent, 92 _sq._;
of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, ii. 153, 155 _sq._

Red the colour of Lower Egypt, ii. 21 _n._ 1

—— -haired men burnt by Egyptians, ii. 97, 106

Reform, the prophetic, in Israel, i. 24 _sq._

Reformations of Hezekiah and Josiah, i. 25

Rehoboam, King, his family, i. 51 _n._ 2

Reincarnation of the dead, i. 82 _sqq._;
in America, 91;
in Australia, 99 _sqq._

Rekub-el, Syrian god, i. 16

Relations, spirits of near dead, worshipped, i. 175, 176;
at death become gods, ii. 180

Religion, volcanic, i. 188 _sqq._;
how influenced by mother-kin, ii. 202 _sqq._

—— and magic, combination of, i. 4;
and music, 53 _sq._

Religious ideals a product of the male imagination, ii. 211

—— systems, great permanent, founded by great men, ii. 159 _sq._

Remission of sins through the shedding of blood, i. 299

Remus, the birth of, ii. 235

Renan, E., on Tammuz and Adonis, i. 6 _n._ 1;
his excavations at Byblus, 14 _n._ 1;
on Adom-melech, 17;
on the vale of the Adonis, 29 _n._;
on the burnings for the kings of Judah, 178 _n._ 1;
on the discoloration of the river Adonis, 225 _n._ 4;
on the worship of Adonis, 235

Renouf, Sir P. le Page, on Osiris as the sun, ii. 126

Resemblance of the rites of Adonis to the festival of Easter, i. 254
_sqq._, 306

Resemblances of paganism to Christianity explained as diabolic
counterfeits, i. 302, 309 _sq._

Reshef, Semitic god, i. 16 _n._ 1

Resurrection of the dead conceived on the pattern of the resurrection of
Osiris, ii. 15 _sq._

—— of Attis at the vernal equinox, i. 272 _sq._, 307 _sq._

—— of Hercules (Melcarth), i. 111 _sq._

—— of Osiris dramatically represented in his rites, ii. 85;
depicted on the monuments, 89 _sq._;
date of its celebration at Rome, 95 _n._ 1;
symbolized by the setting up of the _ded_ pillar, 109

Resurrection of Tylon, i. 186 _sq._

Rhine, bathing in the, on St. John’s Eve, i. 248

Rhodes described by Strabo, i. 195 _n._ 3;
worship of Helen in, 292

Rhodesia, Northern, the Bantu tribes of, their worship of ancestral
spirits, ii. 174 _sqq._;
their worship of dead chiefs or kings, 191 _sqq._

Rhodians, the Venetians of antiquity, i. 195

Rice, the soul of the, in the first sheaf cut, ii. 239

Ridgeway, Professor W., on the marriage of brothers with sisters, ii. 216
_n._ 1

Rites of irrigation in Egypt, ii. 33 _sqq._;
of sowing, 40 _sqq._;
of harvest, 45 _sqq._

Ritual, children of living parents in, ii. 236 _sqq._;
of the Bechuanas at founding a new town, 249

—— of Adonis, i. 223 _sqq._

Rivers as the seat of worship of deities, i. 160;
bathing in, at Midsummer, 246, 248, 249;
gods worshipped beside, 289

Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., as to Melanesian theory of conception in women, i.
97 _sq._;
on the sacred dairyman of the Todas, ii. 228

Rizpah and her sons, i. 22

Robinson, Edward, on the vale of the Adonis, i. 29 _n._

Roccacaramanico, in the Abruzzi, Easter ceremonies at, i. 256 _n._ 2

Rock-hewn sculptures at Ibreez, i. 121 _sq._;
at Boghaz-Keui, 129 _sqq._

Rockhill, W. Woodville, on dance of eunuchs in Corea, i. 270 _n._ 2

Rohde, E., on purification by blood, i. 299 _n._ 2;
on Hyacinth, 315

Roman deities called “Father” and “Mother,” ii. 233 _sqq._

—— emperor, funeral pyre of, i. 126 _sq._

—— expiation for prodigies, ii. 244

—— financial oppression, i. 301 _n._ 2

—— _genius_ symbolized by a serpent, i. 86

—— gods, the marriage of the, ii. 230 _sqq._;
compared to Greek gods, 235

—— law, revival of, i. 301

—— marriage custom, ii. 245

—— mythology, fragments of, ii. 235, with _n._ 6

Romans adopt the worship of the Phrygian Mother of the Gods, i. 265;
correct the vague Egyptian year by intercalation, ii. 27 _sq._

Rome, high-priest of Cybele at, i. 285;
the celebration of the resurrection of Osiris at, ii. 95 _n._ 1

Romulus cut in pieces, ii. 98;
the birth of, 235

Roper River, in Australia, i. 101

Roscoe, Rev. John, on serpent-worship, i. 86 _n._ 1;
on the rebirth of the dead, 92 _sq._;
on potters in Uganda, ii. 135;
on the religion of the Bahima, 190 _sq._;
on the worship of the dead among the Baganda, 196;
on Mukasa, the chief god of the Baganda, 196 _sq._;
on massacres for sick kings of Uganda, 226

Rose, the white, dyed red by the blood of Aphrodite, i. 226

Rosetta stone, the inscription, ii. 27, 152 _n._

Roth, W. E., on belief in conception without sexual intercourse, i. 103
_n._ 2

Rotomahana in New Zealand, pink terraces at, i. 207, 209 _n._

Rugaba, supreme god in Kiziba, ii. 173

Rules of life based on a theory of lunar influence, ii. 132 _sqq._, 140
_sqq._

Rumina, a Roman goddess, ii. 231

Runes, how Odin learned the magic, i. 290

Russia, annual festivals of the dead in, ii. 75 _sqq._

Russian Midsummer custom, i. 250 _sq._

Rustic Calendars, the Roman, ii. 95 _n._ 1

Sabazius, mysteries of, i. 90 _n._ 4

Sacrament in the rites of Attis, i. 274 _sq._

Sacred harlots in Asia Minor, i. 141

—— marriage of priest and priestess as representing god and goddess, i. 46
_sqq._;
represented in the rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, 140;
in Cos, ii. 259 _n._ 4

“—— men” (_kedeshim_), at Jerusalem, i. 17 _sq._;
and women, 57 _sqq._;
in West Africa, 65 _sqq._;
in Western Asia, 72 _sqq._;
at Andania, 76 _n._ 3

—— prostitution, i. 36 _sqq._;
suggested origin of, 39 _sqq._;
in Western Asia, alternative theory of, 55 _sqq._;
in India, 61 _sqq._;
in West Africa, 65 _sqq._

—— slaves, i. 73, 79

—— stocks and stones among the Semites, i. 107 _sqq._

—— women in India, i. 61 _sqq._;
in West Africa, 65 _sqq._;
in Western Asia, 70 _sqq._;
at Andania, 76 _n._ 3

Sacrifice of virginity, i. 60;
of virility in the rites of Attis and Astarte, 268 _sq._, 270 _sq._;
other cases of, 270 _n._ 2;
nutritive and vicarious types of, ii. 226

Sacrifices to earthquake god, i. 201, 202;
to volcanoes, 218 _sqq._;
to the dead distinguished from sacrifices to the gods, 316 _n._ 1;
offered at the rising of Sirius, ii. 36 _n._;
offered in connexion with irrigation, 38 _sq._;
to dead kings, 101, 162, 166 _sq._;
to ancestral spirits, 175, 178 _sq._, 180, 181 _sq._, 183 _sq._, 190;
of animals to prolong the life of kings, 221;
without shedding of blood, 222 _n._ 2

Sacrifices, human, offered at earthquakes, i. 201;
offered to Dionysus, ii. 98 _sq._;
at the graves of the kings of Uganda, 168;
to dead kings, 173;
to dead chiefs, 191;
to prolong the life of kings, 220 _sq._, 223 _sqq._

Sadyattes, son of Cadys, viceroy of Lydia, i. 183

Saffron at the Corycian cave, i. 154, 187

Sago, magic for the growth of, ii. 101

Sahagun, B. de, on the ancient Mexican calendar, ii. 28 _n._

St. Denys, his seven heads, ii. 12

St. George in Syria, reputed to bestow offspring on women, i. 78, 79, 90;
festival of, and the Parilia, 308, 309

St. John, Sweethearts of, in Sardinia, i. 244 _sq._

St. John, Spenser, on reasons for head-hunting in Sarawak, i. 296

St. John’s Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), custom of bathing on, i. 246
_sqq._

—— Midsummer festival in Sardinia, i. 244 _sq._

—— wort gathered at Midsummer, i. 252 _sq._