Chapter VII: Our Debt to the Savage (3)

122 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der
Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) pp. 56-58. On
traces of the bird-soul in Mohammedan popular belief, see I.
Goldziher, “Der Seelenvogel im islamischen Volksglauben,” _Globus_,
lxxxiii. (1903) pp. 301-304; and on the soul in bird-form generally,
see J. von Negelein, “Seele als Vogel,” _Globus_, lxxix. (1901) pp.
357-361, 381-384.

M26 The soul is supposed to be absent in sleep.

123 K. von den Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens_, p.
340; E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, pp. 344 _sqq._

124 V. Fric, “Eine Pilcomayo-Reise in den Chaco Central,” _Globus_,
lxxxix. (1906) p. 233.

M27 The soul absent in sleep may be prevented from returning to the
body.

125 Shway Yoe, _The Burman, his Life and Notions_ (London, 1882), ii.
100.

126 R. Andree, _Braunschweiger Volkskunde_ (Brunswick, 1896), p. 266.

127 H. von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und Volksbrauch der Siebenbürger
Sachsen_ (Berlin, 1893), p. 167.

128 J. L. Wilson, _Western Africa_ (London, 1856), p. 220; A. B. Ellis,
_The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 20.

129 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes
en Papua_, p. 267. For detention of a sleeper’s soul by spirits and
consequent illness, see also Mason, quoted in A. Bastian’s _Die
Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. 387 note.

130 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 327. The Koryak of
North-Eastern Asia also keep awake so long as there is a corpse in
the house. See W. Jochelson, “The Koryak, Religion and Myths,”
_Memoir of the American Museum for Natural History, The Jesup North
Pacific Expedition_, vol. vi. part i. (Leyden and New York, 1905) p.
110.

131 G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” _Mitteilungen
der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xxiii. (1905) p. 18.

132 H. Ling Roth, “Low’s Natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1892) p. 112.

_ 133 Indian Antiquary_, vii. (1878) p. 273; A. Bastian, _Völkerstämme am
Brahmaputra_, p. 127. A similar story is told by the Hindoos and
Malays, though the lizard form of the soul is not mentioned. See
_Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 166, § 679; N. Annandale,
“Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani Fishermen,” _Fasciculi
Malayenses, Anthropology_, part i. (April 1903) pp. 94 _sq._

134 E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 27 _sq._ A similar
story is told in Holland (J. W. Wolf, _Nederlandsche Sagen_, No.
250, pp. 343 _sq._). The story of King Gunthram belongs to the same
class; the king’s soul comes out of his mouth as a small reptile
(Paulus Diaconus, _Hist. Langobardorum_, iii. 34). In an East Indian
story of the same type the sleeper’s soul issues from his nose in
the form of a cricket (G. A. Wilken, in _De Indische Gids_, June
1884, p. 940). In a Swabian story a girl’s soul creeps out of her
mouth in the form of a white mouse (A. Birlinger, _Volksthümliches
aus Schwaben_, i. 303). In a Saxon story the soul comes out of the
sleeper’s mouth in the shape of a red mouse. See E. Mogk, in R.
Wuttke’s _Sächsische Volkskunde_2 (Dresden, 1901), p. 318.

M28 Danger of awaking a sleeper suddenly before his soul has time to
return.

135 Shway Yoe, _The Burman_, ii. 103; M. and B. Ferrars, _Burma_
(London, 1900), p. 77; R. G. Woodthorpe, in _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxvi. (1897) p. 23; A. Bastian, _Die
Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. 389; F. Blumentritt, “Der
Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der Malaien des
Philippinen-Archipels,” _Mittheilungen der Wiener Geogr.
Gesellschaft_, 1882, p. 209; J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik-en
kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 440; _id._, “Die
Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” _Deutsche geographische Blätter_,
x. 280; A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en
maatschapelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege
het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) p. 4; K. von
den Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens_, pp. 340,
510; L. F. Gowing, _Five Thousand Miles in a Sledge_ (London, 1889),
p. 226; A. C. Hollis, _The Masai_ (Oxford, 1905), p. 308. The rule
is mentioned and a mystic reason assigned for it in the _Satapatha
Brâhmana_ (part v. p. 371, J. Eggeling’s translation).

136 Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author dated August 26, 1898.

137 K. von den Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens_, p.
340.

138 Hugh Miller, _My Schools and Schoolmasters_ (Edinburgh, 1854), ch.
vi. pp. 106 _sq._

M29 Danger of moving a sleeper or altering his appearance.

139 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der
Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 50.

140 N. Annandale, in _Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology_, part i.
(April 1903) p. 94.

_ 141 Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 116, § 530.

142 W. W. Rockhill, “Notes on some of the Laws, Customs, and
Superstitions of Korea,” _American Anthropologist_, iv. (1891) p.
183.

143 W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, pp. 117 _sq._; F.
S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_
(Münster i. W., 1890), p. 112. The latter writer tells us that the
witch’s spirit is also supposed to assume the form of a fly, a hen,
a turkey, a crow, and especially a toad.

144 Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” _Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen
Gesellschaft zu Dorpat_, vii. (1872) No. 2, p. 53.

145 P. Einhorn, “Wiederlegunge der Abgötterey,” etc., reprinted in
_Scriptores rerum Livonicarun_, ii. 645 (Riga and Leipsic, 1848).

146 A. de Nore, _Coutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France_
(Paris and Lyons, 1846), p. 88.

M30 The soul may quit the body in waking hours, thereby causing
sickness, insanity or death. Recalling truant souls in Australia,
Burma, China, Sarawak, Luzon and Mongolia.

147 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 387.

148 Bringaud, “Les Karens de la Birmanie,” _Missions Catholiques_, xx.
(1888) pp. 297 _sq._

149 A. Henry, “The Lolos and other tribes of Western China,” _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiii. (1903) p. 102.

150 C. Hose and W. M’Dougall, “The Relations between Men and Animals in
Sarawak,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901)
pp. 183 _sq._

151 De los Reyes y Florentino, “Die religiöse Anschauungen der Ilocanen
(Luzon),” _Mittheilungen der k. k. Geograph. Gesellschaft in Wien_,
xxxi (1888) pp. 569 _sq._

152 A. Bastian, _Die Seele und ihre Erscheinungswesen in der
Ethnographie_, p. 36.

M31 Recalling truant souls in Africa and America.

153 H. Ward, _Five Years with the Congo Cannibals_ (London, 1890), pp.
53 _sq._

154 A. G. Morice, “The Western Dénés, their Manners and Customs,”
_Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Toronto_, Third Series, vii.
(1888-1889) pp. 158 _sq._; _id._, _Au pays de l’ours noir, chez les
sauvages de la Colombie Britannique_ (Paris and Lyons, 1897), p. 75.

155 Clicteur, in _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_,
iv (1830) p. 479.

M32 Recalling truant souls in Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

156 M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,”
_Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_,
xlvi. (1902) p. 408.

157 J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk
leven,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, li. (1907) pp. 98 _sq._ The writer gives
_tondi_ as the form of the Batak word for “soul.”

158 Dr. R. Römer, “Bijdrage tot de Geneeskunst der Karo-Batak’s,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, i. (1908)
pp. 212 _sq._

159 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _In Centraal Borneo_ (Leyden, 1900), i. 148, 152
_sq._, 164 _sq._; _id._, _Quer durch Borneo_ (Leyden, 1904-1907), i.
112 _sq._, 125.

160 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, ii. 481.

161 J. Perham, “Manangism in Borneo,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of
the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 19 (Singapore, 1887), p. 91, compare
pp. 89, 90; H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North
Borneo_, i. 274, compare pp. 272 _sq._

162 E. L. M. Kühr, “Schetsen uit Borneo’s Westerafdeeling,” _Bijdragen
tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvii.
(1897) pp. 60 _sq._

163 A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de
Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) p. 225.

M33 Wandering souls in popular tales.

_ 164 Pantschatantra_, übersetzt von Th. Benfey (Leipsic, 1859), ii. 124
_sqq._

165 J. Brandes, “Iets over het Pape-gaai-boek, zooals het bij de
Maleiers voorkomt,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde_, xli. (1899) pp. 480-483. A story of this sort is
quoted from the _Persian Tales_ in the _Spectator_ (No. 578, Aug. 9,
1714).

_ 166 Katha Sarit Ságara_, translated by C. H. Tawney (Calcutta, 1880),
i. 21 _sq._ For other Indian tales of the same general type, with
variations in detail, see _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_,
Nouvelle Édition, xii. 183 _sq._; _North Indian Notes and Queries_,
iv. p. 28, § 54.

167 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. 104.

168 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ vii. 174; Plutarch, _De genio Socratis_, 22;
Lucian, _Muscae encomium_, 7. Plutarch calls the man Hermodorus.
Epimenides, the Cretan seer, had also the power of sending his soul
out of his body and keeping it out as long as he pleased. See
Hesychius Milesius, in _Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum_, ed. C.
Müller, v. 162; Suidas, _s.v._ Ἐπιμενίδης. On such reported cases in
antiquity see further E. Rohde, _Psyche_,3 ii. 91 _sqq._

_ 169 Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth
Century by Evliyā Efendī_, translated from the Turkish by the Ritter
Joseph von Hammer (Oriental Translation Fund), vol. i. pt. ii. p. 3.
I have not seen this work. An extract from it, containing the above
narrative, was kindly sent me by Colonel F. Tyrrel, and the exact
title and reference were supplied to me by Mr. R. A. Nicholson, who
was so good as to consult the book for me in the British Museum.

M34 The wandering soul may be detained by ghosts.

170 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental
Society_, iv. (1854) p. 311.

171 A. R. McMahon, _The Karens of the Golden Chersonese_ (London, 1876),
p. 318.

172 F. Mason, “Physical Character of the Karens,” _Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal_, 1866, pt. ii. pp. 28 _sq._

173 R. G. Woodthorpe, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xxvi. (1897) p. 23.

174 C. J. S. F. Forbes, _British Burma_ (London, 1878), pp. 99 _sq._;
Shway Yoe, _The Burman_ (London, 1882), ii. 102; A. Bastian, _Die
Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. 389.

175 Guerlach, “Mœurs et superstitions des sauvages Ba-hnars,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xix. (1887) pp. 525 _sq._

176 J. H. Neumann, “De _begoe_ in de godsdienstige begrippen der
Karo-Bataks in de Doesoen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het
Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 27.

177 F. Grabowsky, in _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ii.
(1889) p. 182.

178 Fr. Boas, in _Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of
Canada_, p. 6 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British
Association for 1896_).

179 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes
en Papua_, p. 414.

180 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 221 _sq._

M35 Attempts to rescue the lost soul from the spirits of the dead who
are detaining it.

181 N. Ph. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Het heidendom en de Islam in
Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) pp. 263 _sq._

182 James Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_ (Melbourne, Sydney, and
Adelaide, 1881), pp. 57 _sq._

183 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_ (London, 1876),
pp. 171 _sq._

184 De Flacourt, _Histoire de la grande Isle Madagascar_ (Paris, 1658),
pp. 101 _sq._

M36 Rescuing the soul from the dead in Borneo and Melanesia.

185 E. L. M. Kühr, “Schetsen uit Borneo’s Westerafdeeling,” _Bijdragen
tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvii.
(1897) pp. 61 _sq._

186 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 138 _sq._

187 Bishop Hose, “The Contents of a Dyak Medicine Chest,” _Journal of
the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 39, June 1903,
p. 69.

188 R. H. Codrington, _op. cit._ p. 208.

189 R. H. Codrington, _op. cit._ pp. 146 _sq._

M37 Buryat mode of recovering a lost soul from the nether world.

190 V. M. Mikhailovskii, “Shamanism in Siberia and European Russia,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiv. (1895) pp. 69
_sq._

M38 American Indian modes of recovering a lost soul from the land of the
dead.

191 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) pp. 363 _sq._

192 Rev. Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of
Washington Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution
for 1887_, pt. i. pp. 677 _sq._

M39 Abduction of souls by demons in Annam, Cochin-China, and China.

193 A. Landes, “Contes et légendes annamites,” No. 76 in _Cochinchine
Française: excursions et reconnaissances_, No. 23 (Saigon, 1885), p.
80.

194 Guerlach, “Chez les sauvages Ba-hnars,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi.
(1884) p. 436, xix. (1887) p. 453, xxvi. (1894) pp. 142 _sq._

195 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, i. 243 _sq._

196 See above, p. 45.

M40 Abduction of souls by demons in the East Indies.

197 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der
Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 509.

198 M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_
(Zalt-Bommel, 1870), pp. 26 _sq._

199 “Eenige bijzonderheden betreffende de Papoeas van de Geelvinksbaai
van Nieuw-Guinea,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Neêrlandsch-Indië_, ii. (1854) pp. 375 _sq._ It is especially the
souls of children that the spirit loves to take to himself. See J.
L. van Hasselt, “Die Papuastämme an der Geelvinkbai,” _Mitteilungen
der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, ix. (1891) p. 103; compare
_ib._ iv. (1886) pp. 118 _sq._ The mists seen to hang about
tree-tops are due to the power of trees to condense vapour, as to
which see Gilbert White, _Natural History of Selborne_, part ii.
letter 29.

M41 Abduction of souls by demons in the Moluccas.

200 Fr. Valentyn, _Oud- en nieuw Oost-Indiën_, iii. 13 _sq._

201 Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, gewoonten en
gebruiken, benevens de vooroordeelen en bijgelovigheden der
bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut, en van
een gedeelte van de zuidkust van Ceram,” in _Tijdschrift voor
Neêrlands Indië_, 1843, dl. ii. 511 _sqq._

M42 Abduction of souls by demons in Celebes and Siberia.

202 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en
maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege
het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) pp. 5-8.

203 A. Bastian, _Die Seele und ihre Erscheinungswesen in der
Ethnographie_ (Berlin, 1868), pp. 36 _sq._; J. G. Gmelin, _Reise
durch Sibirien_, ii. 359 _sq._ This mode of curing sickness, by
inducing the demon to swap the soul of the patient for an effigy, is
practised also by the Dyaks and by some tribes on the northern coast
of New Guinea. See H. Ling Roth, “Low’s Natives of Borneo,” _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1892) p. 117; E. L. M.
Kühr, “Schetsen uit Borneo’s Westerafdeeling,” _Bijdragen tot de
Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvii. (1897)
pp. 62 _sq._; F. S. A. de Clercq, “De West- en Noordkust van
Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea,” _Tijdschrift van het kon. Nederlandsch
Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) pp. 633 _sq._

204 V. Priklonski, “Todtengebräuche der Jakuten,” _Globus_, lix. (1891)
pp. 81 _sq._ Compare _id._, “Über das Schamenthum bei den Jakuten,”
in A. Bastian’s _Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde_, i. 218
_sq._

M43 Souls rescued from demons at a house-warming in Minahassa.

205 P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der
Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, vii. (1863) pp. 146 _sq._ Why the priest,
after restoring the soul, tells it to go away again, is not clear.

206 J. G. F. Riedel “De Minahasa in 1825,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische
Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xviii. 523.

207 N. Graafland, _De Minahassa_ (Rotterdam, 1869), i. 327 _sq._

M44 Souls carried off by the sun and other gods.

208 Fr. Kramer, “Der Götzendienst der Niasser,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxiii. (1890) pp. 490 _sq._

209 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 357.

210 G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 142 _sq._

M45 Lost souls extracted from a fowl.

211 J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane- en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland
Sumatra,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig
Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide
artikelen, No. 2 (1886), p. 302.

M46 Lost souls brought back in a visible form. Soul lost by a fall and
recovered from the earth.

212 R. H. Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, x. (1881) p. 281; _id._,
_The Melanesians_, p. 267.

213 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 229

214 Horatio Hale, _United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and
Philology_ (Philadelphia, 1846), pp. 208 _sq._ Compare Ch. Wilkes,
_Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_ (London,
1845), iv. 448 _sq._ Similar methods of recovering lost souls are
practised by the Haidas, Nootkas, Shuswap, and other Indian tribes
of British Columbia. See Fr. Boas, in _Fifth Report on the
North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 58 _sq._ (separate reprint from
the _Report of the British Association for 1889_); _id._ in _Sixth
Report_, etc., pp. 30, 44, 59 _sq._, 94 (separate reprint of the
_Report of the Brit. Assoc. for 1890_); _id._ in _Ninth Report_,
etc., p. 462 (in _Report of the Brit. Assoc. for 1894_). Kwakiutl
medicine-men exhibit captured souls in the shape of little balls of
eagle down. See Fr. Boas, in _Report of the U.S. National Museum for
1895_, pp. 561, 575.

215 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes
en Papua_, pp. 77 _sq._

216 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 356 _sq._

217 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 376.

218 Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 189; H.
Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i.
261. Sometimes the souls resemble cotton seeds (Spenser St. John,
_l.c._). Compare _id._ i. 183.

219 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het Eiland Nias,”
_Verhandel. van het Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_,
xxx. (Batavia, 1863) p. 116; H. von Rosenberg, _Der Malayische
Archipel_, p. 174; E. Modigliani, _Viaggio a Nías_ (Milan, 1890), p.
192.

220 “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan à son évêque sur les mœurs et
coutumes des Indiens soumis à ses soins,” _Bulletin de la Société de
Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, ii. (1834) p. 178.

221 W. Camden, _Britannia_ (London, 1607), p. 792. The passage has not
always been understood by Camden’s translators.

M47 Recovery of the soul in ancient Egypt.

222 A. Moret, _Le Rituel du culte divin journalier en Égypte_ (Paris,
1902), pp. 32-35, 83 _sq._

M48 Souls stolen or detained by sorcerers in Fiji and Polynesia.

223 Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_2 (London, 1860), i. 250.

224 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 171; _id._,
_Life in the Southern Isles_, pp. 181 _sqq._ Cinet, sinnet, or
sennit is cordage made from the dried fibre of the coco-nut husk.
Large quantities of it are used in Fiji. See Th. Williams, _Fiji and
the Fijians_,2 i. 69.

225 J. Williams, _Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea
Islands_ (London, 1838), pp. 93, 466 _sq._ A traveller in Zombo-land
found traps commonly set at the entrances of villages and huts for
the purpose of catching the devil. See Rev. Th. Lewis, “The Ancient
Kingdom of Kongo,” _The Geographical Journal_, xix. (1902) p. 554.

_ 226 Relations des Jésuites_, 1639, p. 44 (Canadian reprint, Quebec,
1858).

M49 Detention of souls by sorcerers in Africa.

227 L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Les Peuplades de la Sénégambie_ (Paris,
1879), p. 277.

228 Delafosse, in _L’Anthropologie_, xi. (1895) p. 558.

229 W. H. Bentley, _Life on the Congo_ (London, 1887), p. 71.

230 Mary H. Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_ (London, 1897), pp. 461
_sq._

M50 Taking the souls of enemies first and their heads afterwards.

231 E. L. M. Kühr, in _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ii.
(1889) p. 163; _id._, “Schetsen uit Borneo’s Westerafdeeling,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvii. (1897) pp. 59 _sq._ Among the Haida
Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands “every war-party must be
accompanied by a shaman, whose duty it was to find a propitious time
for making an attack, etc., but especially to war with and kill the
souls of the enemy. Then the death of their natural bodies was
certain.” See J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the
Haida” (Leyden and New York, 1905), p. 40 (_Memoir of the American
Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol.
v. part i.). Some of the Dyaks of south-eastern Borneo perform a
ceremony for the purpose of extracting the souls from the bodies of
prisoners whom they are about to torture to death. See F. Grabowsky,
“Der Tod, das Begräbnis, etc., bei den Dajaken,” _Internationales
Archiv für Ethnographie_, ii. (1889) p. 199.

M51 Injuries of various sorts done to captured souls by wizards.

232 A. Bastian, _Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde_ (Berlin, 1888),
i. 119.

_ 233 Relations des Jésuites_, 1637, p. 50 (Canadian reprint, Quebec,
1858).

234 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes
en Papua_ (the Hague, 1886), pp. 78 _sq._

235 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental
Society_, iv. (1854) p. 307.

M52 Abduction of human souls by Malay wizards.

236 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_ (London, 1900), pp. 568 _sq._

237 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 569 _sq._

238 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 574 _sq._

239 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 576 _sq._

M53 Athenian curse accompanied by the shaking of red cloths.

240 Lysias, _Or._ vi. 51, p. 51 ed. C. Scheibe. The passage was pointed
out to me by my friend Mr. W. Wyse. As to the mutilation of the
Hermae, see Thucydides, vi. 27-29, 60 _sq._; Andocides, _Or._ i. 37
_sqq._; Plutarch, _Alcibiades_, 18.

241 Above, p. 69.

M54 Extracting a patient’s soul from the stomach of his doctor.

242 J. B. McCullagh, in _The Church Missionary Gleaner_, xiv. No. 164
(August 1887), p. 91. The same account is copied from the “North
Star” (Sitka, Alaska, December 1888) in _Journal of American
Folk-lore_, ii. (1889) pp. 74 _sq._ Mr. McCullagh’s account (which
is closely followed in the text) of the latter part of the custom is
not quite clear. It would seem that failing to find the soul in the
head-doctor’s box it occurs to them that he may have swallowed it,
as the other doctors were at first supposed to have done. With a
view of testing this hypothesis they hold him up by the heels to
empty out the soul; and as the water with which his head is washed
may possibly contain the missing soul, it is poured on the patient’s
head to restore the soul to him. We have already seen that the
recovered soul is often conveyed into the sick person’s head.

243 Fr. Boas in _Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_,
p. 571 (_Report of the British Association for 1896_). For other
examples of the recapture or recovery of lost, stolen, and strayed
souls, in addition to those which have been cited in the preceding
pages, see J. N. Vosmaer, _Korte Beschrijving van het Zuid-oostelijk
Schiereiland van Celebes_, pp. 119-123 (this work, of which I
possess a copy, forms part of a Dutch journal which I have not
identified; it is dated Batavia, 1835); J. G. F. Riedel, “De
Topantunuasu of oorspronkelijke volksstammen van Central Selebes,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxv. (1886) p. 93; J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane-
en Bilastroom-gebeid,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch
Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling,
meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2 (1886), pp. 300 _sq._; J. L. van
der Toorn, “Het animisme bei den Minangkabauer,” _Bijdragen tot de
Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890)
pp. 51 _sq._; H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling Klein Mandailing Oeloe en
Pahantan,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvi. (1896) p. 529; C. Snouck Hurgronje, _De
Atjéhers_ (Batavia and Leyden, 1893-4), i. 426 _sq._; W. W. Skeat,
_Malay Magic_, pp. 49-51, 452-455, 570 _sqq._; _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxiv. (1895) pp. 128, 287; Chimkievitch,
“Chez les Bouriates de l’Amoor,” _Tour du monde_, N.S. iii. (1897)
pp. 622 _sq._; Father Ambrosoli, “Notice sur l’île de Rook,”
_Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xxvii. (1855) p. 364; A.
Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. 388, iii. 236; _id._,
_Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra_, p. 23; _id._, “Hügelstämme Assam’s,”
_Verhandlungen der Berlin. Gesell. für Anthropol., Ethnol. und
Urgeschichte_, 1881, p. 156; Shway Yoe, _The Burman_, i. 283 _sq._,
ii. 101 _sq._; G. M. Sproat, _Scenes and Studies of Savage Life_, p.
214; J. Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_, pp. 110 _sq._ (ed.
Paxton Hood); T. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_,2 i. 242; E. B.
Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_,
iv. (1854) pp. 309 sq.; A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) pp. 187
_sq._; _id._, “On Australian Medicine Men,” _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._
xvi. (1887) p. 41; E. P. Houghton, “On the Land Dayaks of Upper
Sarawak,” _Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London_, iii.
(1870) pp. 196 _sq._; L. Dahle, “Sikidy and Vintana,” _Antananarivo
Annual and Madagascar Annual_, xi. (1887) pp. 320 _sq._; C. Leemius,
_De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita et religione
pristina commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), pp. 416 _sq._; A. E.
Jenks, _The Bontoc Igorot_ (Manilla, 1905), pp. 199 _sq._; C. G.
Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_ (Cambridge,
1910), pp. 185 _sq._ My friend W. Robertson Smith suggested to me
that the practice of hunting souls, which is denounced in Ezekiel
xiii. 17 _sqq._, may have been akin to those described in the text.

M55 A man’s soul conceived as his shadow, so that to injure the shadow
is to injure the man.

244 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes
en Papua_, p. 440.

245 A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. 455.

246 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 340.

247 N. Adriani en A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Parigi, Sigi en Lindoe,”
_Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_,
xlii. (1898) p. 511; compare A. C. Kruijt, _ib._ xliv. (1900) p.
247.

248 A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de
Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _op. cit._ xliv. (1900) p. 226.

_ 249 Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, iv. (1830)
p. 481.

250 Rev. J. Roscoe, in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, May 26, 1904.

251 R. E. Dennett, “Bavili Notes,” _Folk-lore_, xvi. (1905) p. 372;
_id._, _At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind_ (London, 1906), p. 79.

252 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 84.

253 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 68.

254 C. W. Hobley, “British East Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 327 _sq._

255 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. 84 _sq._

256 E. Modigliani, _Viaggio a Nías_, p. 620, compare p. 624.

M56 Danger to a person of letting his shadow fall on certain things.
Animals and trees also may be injured through their shadows.

257 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 184.

258 R. H. Codrington, _op. cit._ p. 176.

259 Fr. Boas, in _Ninth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_,
pp. 461 _sq._ (_Report of the British Association for 1894_).

260 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, i. 94, 210 _sq._

261 E. H. Man, “Notes on the Nicobarese,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii.
(1899) pp. 257-259. Compare Sir R. C. Temple, in _Census of India,
1901_, iii. 209.

262 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 143.

263 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 54.

264 Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy, _Voyage au Darfour_, traduit de l’Arabe
par le Dr. Perron (Paris, 1845), p. 347.

265 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 306.

266 [Aristotle] _Mirab. Auscult._ 145 (157); _Geoponica_, xv. 1. In the
latter passage, for κατάγει ἑαυτήν we must read κατάγει αὐτόν, an
emendation necessitated by the context, and confirmed by the passage
of Damïrï quoted and translated by Bochart, _Hierozoicon_, i. col.
833, “_cum ad lunam calcat umbram canis, qui supra tectum est, canis
ad eam_ [scil. hyaenam] _decidit, et ea illum devorat_.” Compare W.
Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_,2 p. 129.

267 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 71.

M57 Danger of being overshadowed by certain birds or people.

268 W. Crooke, in _Indian Antiquary_, xix. (1890) p. 254.

269 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 612.

270 M. R. Pedlow, in _Indian Antiquary_, xxix. (1900) p. 60.

271 W. Cornwallis Harris, _The Highlands of Aethiopia_ (London, 1844),
i. 158.

272 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 313.

273 D. Kidd, _op. cit._ p. 356.

274 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 70.

_ 275 Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. p. 15, § 122.

M58 The shadows of certain persons are regarded as peculiarly dangerous.
The savage’s dread of his mother in-law.

276 Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_,
pp. 92, 94 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British
Association for 1890_); compare _id._ in _Seventh Report_, etc., p.
13 (separate reprint from the _Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1891_).

277 A. W. Howitt, “The Jeraeil, or Initiation Ceremonies of the Kurnai
Tribe,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) p.
316.

278 Miss Mary E. B. Howitt, _Folk-lore and Legends of some Victorian
Tribes_ (in manuscript).

279 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 266.

280 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 267.

281 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ pp. 256 _sq._

282 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ pp. 280 _sq._ Compare J. Dawson,
_Australian Aborigines_, pp. 32 _sq._

283 Partly from notes sent me by my friend the Rev. J. Roscoe, partly
from Sir H. Johnston’s account (_The Uganda Protectorate_, ii. 688).
In his printed notes (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xxxii. (1902) p. 39) Mr. Roscoe says that the mother-in-law “may be
in another room out of sight and speak to him through the wall or
open door.”

284 Father Picarda, “Autour du Mandera, Notes sur l’Ouzigoua, l’Oukwéré
et l’Oudoé (Zanguebar),” _Missions Catholiques_, xviii. (1886) p.
286.

285 Father Porte, “Les Réminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,”
_Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 318.

286 H. H. Romily and Rev. George Brown, in _Proceedings of the Royal
Geographical Society_, N.S. ix. (1887) pp. 9, 17.

287 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 43.

288 J. G. Bourke, _On the Border with Crook_, p. 132. More evidence of
the mutual avoidance of mother-in-law and son-in-law among savages
is collected in my _Totemism and Exogamy_; see the Index, _s.v._
“Mother-in-law.” The custom is probably based on a fear of incest
between them. To the almost universal rule of savage life that a man
must avoid his mother-in-law there is a most remarkable exception
among the Wahehe of German East Africa. In that tribe a bridegroom
must sleep with his mother-in-law before he may cohabit with her
daughter. See Rev. H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East
Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 312.

289 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 312; H. Ling Roth, _Great
Benin_, p. 119; _Missions Catholiques_, xv. (1883) p. 110; J.
Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 67.

M59 A man’s health and strength supposed to vary with the length of his
shadow. Fear of the loss of the shadow. Fear of the resemblance of a
child to its parents.

290 Dio Chrysostom, _Or._ lxvii. vol. ii. p. 230, ed. L. Dindorf.

291 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes
en Papua_, p. 61.

292 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, pp. 284 _sqq._

293 W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_
(London, 1906), ii. 110.

294 The Rev. J. Roscoe, in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, May 26,
1904.

295 T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration_ (Paris, 1842), p.
291; Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, pp. 83, 303; _id._, _Savage
Childhood_, p. 69. In the last passage Mr. Kidd tells us that “the
mat was _not_ held up in the sun, but was placed in the hut at the
marked-off portion where the _itongo_ or ancestral spirit was
supposed to live; and the fate of the man was divined, not by the
_length_ of the shadow, but by its _strength_.”

296 Theocritus, i. 15 _sqq._; Philostratus, _Heroic._ i. 3; Porphyry,
_De antro nympharum_, 26; Lucan, iii. 423 _sqq._; Drexler, _s.v._
“Meridianus daemon,” in Roscher’s _Lexikon der griech. und röm.
Mythologie_, ii. 2832 _sqq._; Bernard Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der
Neugriechen_, pp. 94 _sqq._, 119 _sq._; Georgeakis et Pineau,
_Folk-lore de Lesbos_, p. 342; A. de Nore, _Coutumes, mythes, et
traditions des provinces de France_, pp. 214 _sq._; J. Grimm,
_Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 972; C. L. Rochholz, _Deutscher Glaube
und Brauch_, i. 62 _sqq._; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_,
i. 331; “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan,” _Bulletin de la
Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, ii. (1834) p. 180; N.
von Stenin, “Die Permier,” _Globus_, lxxi. (1897) p. 374; D.
Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door die Javanen worden in
acht genomen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) p. 257.

297 Schol. on Aristophanes, _Frogs_, 293.

298 Pausanias, viii. 38. 6; Polybius, xvi. 12. 7; Plutarch, _Quaestiones
Graecae_, 39.

299 Th. Vernaleken, _Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Österreich_, p.
341; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Das festliche Jahr_, p. 401; A. Wuttke,
_Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 p. 207, § 314.

300 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der
Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 459.

301 J. H. Weeks, “Notes on some Customs of the Lower Congo People,”
_Folk-lore_, xix. (1908) p. 422.

M60 The shadows of people built into foundations to strengthen the
edifices.

302 B. Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der Neugriechen_ (Leipsic, 1871), pp.
196 _sq._

303 Georgeakis et Pineau, _Folk-lore de Lesbos_, pp. 346 _sq._

304 A. Strausz, _Die Bulgaren_ (Leipsic, 1898), p. 199; W. R. S.
Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 127.

305 W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der
Romänen Siebenbürgens_ (Hermannstadt, 1866), p. 27; E. Gerard, _The
Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 17 _sq._ Compare F. S. Krauss,
_Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 161.

306 Mgr. Bruguière, in _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la
Foi_, v. (1831) pp. 164 _sq._; Pallegoix, _Description du royaume
Thai ou Siam_, ii. 50-52.

307 A. Fytche, _Burma, Past and Present_ (London, 1878), i. 251 note.

308 On such practices in general, see E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,2
i. 104 _sqq._; F. Liebrecht, _Zur Volkskunde_, pp. 284-296; F. S.
Krauss, “Der Bauopfer bei den Südslaven,” _Mittheilungen der
Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xvii. (1887) pp. 16-24; P.
Sartori, “Über das Bauopfer,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxx.
(1898) pp. 1-54; E. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the
Moral Ideas_ (London, 1906-1908), i. 461 _sqq._ For some special
evidence, see H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, pp. 363 _sqq._
(as to ancient India); Sonnerat, _Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à
la Chine_, ii. 47 (as to Pegu); Guerlach, “Chez les sauvages
Bahnars,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi. (1884) p. 82 (as to the
Sedans of Cochin-China); W. H. Furness, _Home-life of Borneo
Head-hunters_, p. 3 (as to the Kayans and Kenyahs of Burma); A. C.
Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” _Mededeelingen van wege het
Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlii. (1898) p. 56 note (as to
central Celebes); L. Hearn, _Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan_ (London,
1894), i. 148 _sq._; H. Ternaux-Compans, _Essai sur l’ancien
Cundinamarca_, p. 70 (as to the Indians of Colombia). These customs
are commonly called foundation-sacrifices. But the name is
inappropriate, as Prof. H. Oldenberg has rightly observed, since
they are not sacrifices but charms.

309 D. F. van Braam Morris, in _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde_, xxxiv. (1891) p. 224.

M61 Deification of a measuring tape.

310 J. H. de Vries, “Reis door eenige eilandgroepen der Residentie
Amboina,” _Tijdschrift van het koninklijk Nederlandsch
Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweedie Serie, xvii. (1900) pp. 612
_sq._

M62 The soul sometimes supposed to be in the reflection. Dangers to
which the reflection-soul is exposed.

311 E. H. Mann, _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, p. 94.

312 T. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_,2 i. 241. However, the late Mr.
Lorimer Fison wrote to me that this reported belief in a bright soul
and a dark soul “is one of Williams’ absurdities. I inquired into it
on the island where he was, and found that there was no such belief.
He took the word for ‘shadow,’ which is a reduplication of _yalo_,
the word for soul, as meaning the dark soul. But _yaloyalo_ does not
mean the soul at all. It is not part of a man as his soul is. This
is made certain by the fact that it does not take the possessive
suffix _yalo-na_ = his soul; but _nona yaloyalo_ = his shadow. This
settles the question beyond dispute. If _yaloyalo_ were any kind of
soul, the possessive form would be _yaloyalona_” (letter dated
August 26, 1898).

313 James Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_ (London, 1887), p. 170.

314 Father Lambert, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_
(Nouméa, 1900), pp. 45 _sq._

315 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der
Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 462.

316 B. de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne_
(Paris, 1880), p. 314. The Chinese hang brass mirrors over the idols
in their houses, because it is thought that evil spirits entering
the house and seeing themselves in the mirrors will be scared away
(_China Review_, ii. 164).

317 G. Vuillier, “Chez les magiciens et les sorciers de la Corrèze,”
_Tour du monde_, N.S. v. (1899) pp. 522, 524.

318 H. Callaway, _Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus_
(Natal and London, 1868), p. 342.

319 T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration au nord-est de la
colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_, p. 12; T. Lindsay Fairclough,
“Notes on the Basuto,” _Journal of the African Society_, No. 14
(January 1905), p. 201.

320 R. H. Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,”
_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ x. (1881) p. 313; _id._, _The Melanesians_,
p. 186.

M63 Dread of looking at one’s reflection in water.

_ 321 Fragmenta philosophorum Graecorum_, ed. F. G. A. Mullach, i. 510;
Artemidorus, _Onirocr._ ii. 7; _Laws of Manu_, iv. 38 (p. 135, G.
Bühler’s translation, _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxv.).

M64 Reason for covering up mirrors or turning them to the wall after a
death.

322 See above, p. 37.

323 A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 pp. 429 _sq._, § 726.

324 A. Wuttke, _l.c._; E. Monseur, _Le Folklore Wallon_, p. 40.

_ 325 Folk-lore Journal_, iii. (1885) p. 281; T. F. Thiselton Dyer,
_English Folk-lore_, p. 109; J. Napier, _Folk-lore, or Superstitious
Beliefs in the West of Scotland_, p. 60; W. Ellis, _History of
Madagascar_, i. 238. Compare A. Grandidier, “Des rites funéraires
chez les Malgaches,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, v. (1886) p. 215.

326 S. Weissenberg, “Die Karäer der Krim,” _Globus_, lxxxiv. (1903) p.
143; _id._ “Krankheit und Tod bei den südrussischen Juden,”
_Globus_, xci. (1907) p. 360.

_ 327 Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 169, § 906.

328 J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_,
p. 151, § 1097; _Folk-lore Journal_, vi. (1888) pp. 145 _sq._:
_Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 61, § 378.

329 J. G. Frazer, “On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the
Primitive Theory of the Soul,” _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xv. (1886) pp. 82 _sqq._ Among the heathen Arabs, when a
man had been stung by a scorpion, he was kept from sleeping for
seven days, during which he had to wear a woman’s bracelets and
earrings (Rasmussen, _Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante
Islamismum_, p. 65, compare p. 69). The old Mexican custom of
masking and the images of the gods so long as the king was sick
(Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique
et de l’Amérique-Centrale_, iii. 571 _sq._) may perhaps have been
intended to prevent the images from drawing away the king’s soul.

330 W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117. The
objection, however, may be merely Puritanical. W. Robertson Smith
informed me that the peculiarities of the Raskolniks are largely due
to exaggerated Puritanism.

M65 The soul sometimes supposed to be in the portrait. This belief among
the Esquimaux and American Indians.

331 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part I. (Washington,
1899) p. 422.

332 J. Owen Dorsey, “A Study of Siouan Cults,” _Eleventh Annual Report
of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1894), p. 484; _id._ “Teton
Folk-lore,” _American Anthropologist_, ii. (1889) p. 143.

333 Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, _Reise in das innere Nord-America_, i.
417.

_ 334 Ibid._ ii. 166.

335 C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 459 _sq._

336 A. Simson, “Notes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians,” _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, ix. (1880) p. 392.

337 D. Forbes, in _Journal of the Ethnological Society of London_, ii.
(1870) p. 236.

338 E. R. Smith, _The Araucanians_ (London, 1855), p. 222.

M66 The same belief in Africa.

339 Rev. A. Hetherwick, “Some Animistic Beliefs among the Yaos of
British Central Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xxxii. (1902) pp. 89 _sq._

340 W. A. Elmslie, _Among the Wild Ngoni_ (Edinburgh and London, 1899),
pp. 70 _sq._

341 J. Thomson, _Through Masai Land_ (London, 1885), p. 86.

342 E. Clodd, in _Folk-lore_, vi. (1895) pp. 73 _sq._, referring to _The
Times_ of March 24, 1891.

M67 The same belief in Asia and the East Indies.

343 L. A. Waddell, _Among the Himalayas_ (Westminster, 1899), pp. 85
_sq._

344 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p.
140.

345 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_ (Paris, 1874), i. p.
xxv. This account of Corea was written at a time when the country
was still almost secluded from European influence. The events of
recent years have naturally wrought great changes in the habits and
ideas of the people.

346 “Iets over het bijgeloof in de Minahasa,” _Tijdschrift voor
Nederlandsch Indië_, III. Série, iv. (1870) pp. 8 _sq._

347 J. Freiherr von Brenner, _Besuch bei den Kannibalen Sumatras_
(Würzburg, 1894), p. 195.

348 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. 314.

M68 The same belief in Europe.

349 “A Far-off Greek Island,” _Blackwood’s Magazine_, February 1886, p.
235.

350 J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte
Überlieferungen im Voigtlande_ (Leipsic, 1867), p. 423.

351 W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117.

352 Miss M. E. Durham, _High Albania_ (London, 1909), p. 107.

353 F. H. Groome, _In Gipsy Tents_ (Edinburgh, 1880), pp. 337 _sq._

354 James Napier, _Folk-lore, or Superstitious Beliefs in the West of
Scotland_, p. 142. For more examples of the same sort, see R.
Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, Neue Folge
(Leipsic, 1889), pp. 18 _sqq._

M69 Primitive conceptions of the soul helped to mould early kingships by
dictating rules to be observed by the king for his soul’s salvation.
M70 The general effect of these rules is to isolate the king, especially
from strangers. The savage fears the magic arts of strangers and
hence guards himself against them. Various modes of disenchanting
strangers.

355 Menander Protector, in _Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum_, ed. C.
Müller, iv. 227. Compare Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire_, ch. xlii. vol. vii. pp. 294 _sq._ (Edinburgh, 1811).

356 G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 291 _sq._

357 Charles New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_
(London, 1873), p. 432. Compare _ibid._ pp. 400, 402. For the demons
on Mt. Kilimanjaro, see also J. L. Krapf, _Travels, Researches, and
Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa_ (London, 1860), p. 192.

358 Pierre Bouche, _La Côte des Esclaves et le Dahomey_ (Paris, 1885),
p. 133.

359 A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), p.
42.

360 C. A. L. M. Schwaner, _Borneo_ (Amsterdam, 1853-54), ii. 77.

_ 361 Ibid._ ii. 167.

362 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, ii. 102.

363 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_ (Saigon, 1885), p. 196.

_ 364 Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IVme Série, vi.
(1853) pp. 134 _sq._

365 H. von Rosenberg, _Der malayische Archipel_ (Leipsic, 1878), p. 198.

366 D. W. Horst, “Rapport van eene reis naar de Noordkust van Nieuw
Guinea,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_,
xxxii. (1889) p. 229.

367 Capt. John Moresby, _Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea_ (London,
1876), pp. 102 _sq._

368 R. I. Dodge, _Our Wild Indians_ (Hartford, Conn., 1886), p. 119.

M71 Disenchantment effected by means of stinging ants and pungent
spices. Disenchantment effected by cuts with knives.

369 J. Crevaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1883), p. 300.

370 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes
en Papua_, p. 78.

371 J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxvi. (1892) p.
13. Mr. E. W. Lewis, of Woodthorpe, Atkins Rood, Clapham Park,
London, S.W., writes to me (July 2, 1902) that his grandmother, a
native of Cheshire, used to make bees sting her as a cure for local
rheumatism; she said the remedy was infallible and had been handed
down to her from her mother.

372 Father Baudin, “Le Fétichisme,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi. (1884)
p. 249; A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave
Coast_ (London, 1894), pp. 113 _sq._

373 A. Bastian, _Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde_ (Berlin, 1888),
i. 116.

374 J. B. de Callone, “Iets over de geneeswijze en ziekten der Daijakers
ter Zuid Oostkust van Borneo,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie_,
1840, dl. i. p. 418.

375 M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_, pp.
44, 54, 252; B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van
Zuid-Celebes_ (The Hague, 1875), p. 49.

376 H. Grützner, “Über die Gebräuche der Basutho,” in _Verhandlungen der
Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie, und
Urgeschichte_, 1877, pp. 84 _sq._

377 L. Decle, _Three Years in Savage Africa_ (London, 1898), p. 81.

378 P. Reichard, _Deutsch-Ostafrika_ (Leipsic, 1892), p. 431.

379 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in
_Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en
Wetenschappen_, xxx. (Batavia, 1863) p. 26.

M72 Ceremonies observed at the reception of strangers may sometimes be
intended to counteract their enchantments.

380 R. Parkinson, “Zur Ethnographie der Ontong Java- und Tasman-Inseln,”
_Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, x. (1897) p. 112.

381 T. S. Weir, “Note on Sacrifices in India as a Means of averting
Epidemics,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, i.
35.

382 E. O’Donovan, _The Merv Oasis_ (London, 1882), ii. 58.

_ 383 Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and
Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 107.

384 H. Ling Roth, _Great Benin_ (Halifax, England, 1903), p. 123.

_ 385 Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by Charles F. Hall_,
edited by Prof. J. G. Nourse, U.S.N. (Washington, 1879), p. 269,
note. Compare Fr. Boas, “The Central Eskimo,” _Sixth Annual Report
of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1888), p. 609.

386 J. A. Grant, _A Walk across Africa_, pp. 104 _sq._

M73 Ceremonies observed at entering a strange land to disenchant it.
Ceremonies at entering a strange land to disenchant it or to
propitiate the local spirits.

387 E. Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_2
(London, 1856), p. 103.

388 N. von Miklucho-Maclay, “Ethnologische Bemerkungen über die Papuas
der Maclay-Kuste in Neu-Guinea,” _Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor
Nederlandsch Indie_, xxxvi. 317 _sq._

389 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894),
p. 94.

390 R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 134.

391 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 403.

392 Ch. Hose, _Notes on the Natives of British Borneo_ (in manuscript).

393 A. C. Kruijt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes,
en zijne beteekenis,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Konikl.
Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, iv. Reeks, iii.
(1899) p. 204.

394 Scholiast on Euripides, _Phoenissae_, 1377, ed. E. Schwartz.

395 Conon, _Narrationes_, 18; Pausanias, iii. 19. 12; Francis Fleming,
_Southern Africa_ (London, 1856), p. 259; Dudley Kidd, _The
Essential Kafir_, p. 307.

396 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. ii. pp. 263
_sq._

M74 Purificatory ceremonies observed on the return from a journey.

397 John Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, being a Narrative of a
Second Journey in the Interior of that Country_ (London, 1822), ii.
205.

398 Ladislaus Magyar, _Reisen in Süd-Afrika_ (Buda-Pesth and Leipsic,
1859), p. 203.

399 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894),
p. 89.

400 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 62.

401 C. J. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_2 (London, 1856), p. 223.

402 Washington Matthews, “The Mountain Chant: a Navajo Ceremony,” _Fifth
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1887), p.
410.

_ 403 Asiatick Researches_, vi. 535 _sq._ ed. 4to (p. 537 _sq._ ed. 8vo).

404 François Valentyn, _Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën_, iii. 16.

405 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _In Centraal Borneo_, i. 165.

406 G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 305 _sq._

M75 Special precautions taken to guard the king against the magic of
strangers.

407 De Plano Carpini, _Historia Mongolorum quos nos Tartaros
appellamus_, ed. D’Avezac (Paris, 1838), cap. iii. § iii. p. 627,
cap. ult. § i. x. p. 744, and Appendix, p. 775; “Travels of William
de Rubriquis into Tartary and China,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and
Travels_, vii. 82 _sq._

408 Paul Pogge, “Bericht über die Station Mukenge,” _Mittheilungen der
Afrikanischen Gesellschaft in Deutschland_, iv. (1883-1885) pp. 182
_sq._

409 Coillard, “Voyage au pays des Banyais et au Zambèse,” _Bulletin de
la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), VIme Série, xx. (1880) p. 393.

410 J. L. Krapf, _Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an
Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa_ (London, 1860), pp. 252
_sq._

411 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_ (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 391.

412 Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton’s _Voyages
and Travels_, xvi. 583; Dapper, _op. cit._ p. 340; J. Ogilby,
_Africa_ (London, 1670), p. 521. Compare A. Bastian, _Die deutsche
Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 288.

413 A. Bastian, _op. cit._ i. 268 _sq._

414 See above, pp. 8 _sq._

415 L. von Ende, “Die Baduwis auf Java,” _Mittheilungen der
anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xix. (1889) pp. 7-10. As to
the Baduwis (Badoejs) see also G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de
vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_ (Leyden, 1893),
pp. 640-643.

M76 Spiritual dangers of eating and drinking and precautions taken
against them.

416 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 107.

417 J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane- en Bila- Stroomgebied op het eiland
Sumatra,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig
Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl. iii. (1886) Afdeeling, meer
uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2, p. 300.

418 J. Richardson, “Tanala Customs, Superstitions and Beliefs,” _The
Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, Reprint of the First
Four Numbers_ (Antananarivo, 1885), p. 219.

419 W. Cornwallis Harris, _The Highlands of Aethiopia_, iii. 171 _sq._

420 Th. Lefebvre, _Voyage en Abyssinie_, i. p. lxxii.

421 Lieut. V. L. Cameron, _Across Africa_ (London, 1877), ii. 71; _id._,
in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, vi. (1877) p. 173.

422 Ebn-el-Dyn el-Eghouâthy, “Relation d’un voyage dans l’intérieur de
l’Afrique septentrionale,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), IIme Série, i. (1834) p. 290.

423 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.

424 Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_.2 i. 249.

M77 Seclusion of kings at their meals.

425 “Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,
xvi. 330; O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 330; A. Bastian,
_Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 262 _sq._; R. F.
Burton, _Abeokuta and the Cameroons Mountains_, i. 147.

426 Proyart’s “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton’s
_Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 584.

427 J. L. Wilson, _Western Africa_, p. 202; John Duncan, _Travels in
Western Africa_, i. 222. Compare W. W. Reade, _Savage Africa_, p.
543.

428 Paul Pogge, _Im Reiche des Muata Jamwo_ (Berlin, 1880), p. 231.

429 F. T. Valdez, _Six Years of a Traveller’s Life in Western Africa_
(London, 1861), ii. 256.

430 A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _Up the Niger_ (London, 1892), p. 38.

431 Baron Roger, “Notice sur le gouvernement, les mœurs et les
superstitions des Nègres du pays de Walo,” _Bulletin de la Société
de Géographie_ (Paris), viii. (1827) p. 351.

432 G. Schweinfurth, _The Heart of Africa_, ii. 45 (third edition,
London, 1878); G. Casati, _Ten Years in Equatoria_ (London and New
York, 1891), i. 177. As to the various customs observed by Monbutto
chiefs in drinking see G. Burrows, _The Land of the Pigmies_
(London, 1898), pp. 88, 91.