Chapter VII: Our Debt to the Savage (2)

Nandi, the, 175, 273, 310, 330

Nanumea, island of, 102

Narbrooi, a spirit or god, 60

Narcissus and his reflection, 94

Narrinyeri, the, 126 _sq._

Natchez, customs of manslayers among the, 181

_Nats_, demons, 90

Natural death of sacred king or priest, supposed fatal consequences of, 6,
7

Navajo Indians, 112 _sq._, 325, 385

Navel-string used to recall the soul, 48

Nazarite, vow of the, 262

Nelson, E. W., 228, 237

Nets to catch souls, 69 _sq._;
as amulets, 300, 307

New Britain, 85

—— Caledonia, 92, 141

—— everything, excites awe of savages, 230 _sqq._

—— fire made by friction, 286

—— Hebrides, the, 56, 127

—— names given to the sick and old, 319;
at initiation, 320

—— Zealand, sanctity of chiefs in, 134 _sqq._

Nias, island of, conception of the soul in, 29;
custom of the people of, 107;
special language of hunters in, 410;
special language employed by reapers in, 410 _sq._

Nicknames used in order to avoid the use of the real names, 321, 331

Nicobar Islands, customs as to shadows at burials in the, 80 _sq._

Nicobarese, the, 357;
changes in their language, 362 _sq._

Nieuwenhuis, Dr. A. W., 99

Night, King of the, 23

Nine knots in magic, 302, 303, 304

Noon, sacrifices to the dead at, 88;
superstitious dread of, 88

Nootka Indians, their idea of the soul, 27;
customs of girls at puberty among the, 146 _n._1;
their preparation for war, 160 _sq._

North American Indians, their dread of menstruous women, 145;
their theory of names, 318 _sq._

Norway, superstition as to parings of nails in, 283

Nose stopped to prevent the escape of the soul, 31, 71

Nostrils, soul supposed to escape by the, 30, 32, 33, 122

Novelties excite the awe of savages, 230 _sqq._

Novices at initiation, taboos observed by, 141 _sq._, 156 _sq._

Nubas, the, 132

Nufoors of New Guinea, 332, 341, 415

Obscene language in ritual, 154, 155

O’Donovan, E., 304

Oesel, island of, 42

Ojebways, the, 160

Oldfield, A., 350

Omahas, customs as to murderers among the, 187

Omens, reliance on, 110

One shoe on and one shoe off, 311 _sqq._

Ongtong Java Islands, 107

Onitsha, the king of, 123

Opening everything in house to facilitate childbirth, 296 _sq._

Orestes, the matricide, 188, 287

Oro, war god, 69

Orotchis, the, 232

Ot Danoms, the, 103

Ottawa Indians, the, 78

Ovambo, the, 227

Overshadowed, danger of being, 82 _sq._

Ovid, on loosening the hair, 311

Ox, purification by passing through the body of an, 173

Padlocks as amulets, 307

Painting bodies of manslayers, 175, 178, 179, 180, 186 _n._1

Palaces, kings not allowed to leave their, 122 _sqq._

_Pantang_, taboo, 405

Panther, ceremonies at the slaughter of a, 219

Parents named after their children, 331 _sqq._

—— -in-law, their names not to be pronounced, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342

Partition of spiritual and temporal power between religious and civil
kings, 17 _sqq._

Patagonians, the, 281

Paton, W. R., 382 _n._4, 383 _n._1

Pawnees, the, 228

Peace, ceremony at making, 274

Pelias and Jason, 311

Pentateuch, the, 219

Pepper in purificatory rites, 106, 114

Perils of the soul, 26 _sqq._

Perseus and the Gorgon, 312

Persian kings, their custom at meals, 119

Persons, tabooed, 131 _sqq._

Philosophy, primitive, 420 _sq._

_Phong long_, ill luck caused by women in childbed, 155

Photographed or painted, supposed danger of being, 96 _sqq._

Pictures, supposed danger of, 96 _sq._

Pig, the word unlucky, 233

Pigeons, special language employed by Malays in snaring, 407 _sq._

Pilgrims to Mecca not allowed to wear knots and rings, 293 _sq._

Pimas, the purification of manslayers among the, 182 _sqq._

Plataea, Archon of, forbidden to touch iron, 227;
escape of besieged from, 311

Pliny on crossed legs and clasped hands, 298;
on knotted threads, 303

Plutarch, 249

Poison, continence observed at brewing, 200

—— ordeal, 15

Polar bear, taboos concerning the, 209

Polemarch, the, at Athens, 22

Pollution or sanctity, their equivalence in primitive religion, 145, 158,
224

—— and holiness not differentiated by savages, 224

Polynesia, names of chiefs tabooed in, 381

Polynesian chiefs sacred, 136

_Pons Sublicius_, 230

Port Moresby, 203

Porto Novo, 23

Portraits, souls in, 96 _sqq._;
supposed dangers of, 96 _sqq._

Powers, S., 326

Pregnancy, husband’s hair kept unshorn during wife’s, 261;
conduct of husband during wife’s, 294, 295;
superstitions as to knots during wife’s, 294 _sq._

Pregnant women, their superstitions about shadows, 82 _sq._

Premature birth, 213. _See_ Miscarriage

Pricking patient with needles to expel demons of disease, 106

Priests to be shaved with bronze, 226;
their hair unshorn, 259, 260;
foods tabooed to, 291

Prisoners shaved, 273;
released at festivals, 316

Propitiation of the souls of the slain, 166;
of spirits of slain animals, 190, 204 _sq._;
of ancestors, 197

Prussians, the old, their funeral feasts, 238

_Pulque_, 201, 249

Puppets or dolls employed for the restoration of souls to their bodies, 53
_sqq._

Purge as mode of ceremonial purification, 175

Purification of city, 188;
of Pimas after slaying Apaches, 182 _sqq._;
of hunters and fishers, 190 _sq._;
of moral guilt by physical agencies, 217 _sq._;
by cutting the hair, 283 _sqq._

—— of manslayers, 165 _sqq._;
intended to rid them of the ghosts of the slain, 186 _sq._

Purificatory ceremonies at reception of strangers, 102 _sqq._;
on return from a journey, 111 _sqq._

Purity, ceremonial, observed in war, 157

Pygmies, the African, 282

Pythagoras, maxims of, 314 _n._2

Python, punishment for killing a, 222

Quartz used at circumcision instead of iron, 227

Queensland, aborigines of, 159 _n._

Ra and Isis, 387 _sqq._

Rabbah, siege of, 273

Rain caused by cut or combed out hair, 271, 272;
word for, not to be mentioned, 413

—— -charm by pouring water, 154 _sq._

—— -makers, their hair unshorn, 259 _sq._

Rainbow, the, a net for souls, 79

_Ramanga_, 246

Raven, soul as a, 34

Raw flesh not to be looked on, 239

—— meat, prohibition to touch or name, 13

Reapers, special language employed by, 410 _sq._, 411 _sq._

Reasoning, definite, at the base of savage custom, 420 _n._1

Rebirth of ancestors in their descendants, 368 _sq._

Recall of the soul, 30 _sqq._

Red, bodies of manslayers painted, 175, 179;
faces of manslayers painted, 185, 186 _n._1

Reflection, the soul identified with the, 92 _sqq._

Reflections in water or mirrors, supposed dangers of, 93 _sq._

Refuse of food, magic wrought by means of, 126 _sqq._

Regeneration, pretence of, 113

Reincarnation of the dead in their namesakes, 365 _sqq._;
of ancestors in their descendants, 368 _sqq._

Reindeer, taboos concerning, 208

Relations, names of, tabooed, 335 _sqq._

Relationship, terms of, used as terms of address, 324 _sq._

Release of prisoners at festivals, 316

Religion, passage of animism into, 213

Reluctance to accept sovereignty on account of taboos attached to it, 17
_sqq._

Remnants of food buried as a precaution against sorcery, 118, 119, 127
_sq._, 129

Resemblance of child to father, supposed danger of, 88 _sq._

Resurrection, cut hair and nails kept for use at the, 279 _sq._

—— of the dead effected by giving their names to living persons, 365
_sqq._

Rhys, Professor Sir John, 12 _n._2;
on personal names, 319

Rice used to attract the soul conceived as a bird, 34 _sqq._, 45 _sqq._;
soul of, not to be frightened, 412

—— -harvest, special language employed by reapers at, 410 _sq._, 411 _sq._

Ring, broken, 13;
on ankle as badge of office, 15

Rings used to prevent the escape of the soul, 31;
as spiritual fetters, 313 _sqq._;
as amulets, 314 _sqq._;
not to be worn, 314

—— and knots tabooed, 293 _sqq._

Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., 17

Rivers, prohibition to cross, 9 _sq._

Robertson, Sir George Scott, 14 _notes_

Roepstorff, F. A. de, 362 _sq._

Roman gods, their names not to be mentioned, 391 _n._1

—— superstition about crossed legs, 298

Romans, their evocation of gods of besieged cities, 391

Rome, name of guardian deity of Rome kept secret, 391

Roscoe, Rev. J., 85 _n._1, 145 _n._4, 195 _n._1, 254 _n._5, 277 _n._10

Roth, W. E., 356

Rotti, custom as to cutting child’s hair in the island of, 276, 283;
custom as to knots at marriage in the island of, 301

Roumanian building superstition, 89

Royal blood not to be shed on the ground, 241 _sqq._

Royalty, the burden of, 1 _sqq._

Rules of life observed by sacred kings and priests, 1 _sqq._

Runaways, knots as charm to stop, 305 _sq._

Russell, F., 183 _sq._

Sabaea or Sheba, kings of, 124

Sacred chiefs and kings regarded as dangerous, 131 _sqq._, 138;
their analogy to mourners, homicides, and women at menstruation and
childbirth, 138

Sacred and unclean, correspondence of rules regarding the, 145

Sacrifices to ghosts, 56, 166;
to the dead, 88;
at foundation of buildings, 89 _sqq._;
to ancestral spirits, 104

Sagard, Gabriel, 366 _sq._

Sahagun, B. de, 249

Sailors at sea, special language employed by, 413 _sqq._

Sakais, the, 348

Sakalavas of Madagascar, the, 10, 327;
customs as to names of dead kings among the, 379 _sq._

Salish Indians, 66

Salmon, taboos concerning, 209

Salt not to be eaten, 167, 182, 184, 194, 195, 196;
name of, tabooed, 401

—— -pans, continence observed by workers in, 200

Samoyeds, 353

Sanctity of the head, 252 _sqq._

—— or pollution, their equivalence in primitive religion, 145, 158, 224

Sankara and the Grand Lama, 78

Saragacos Indians, 152

_Satapatha Brahmana_, 217

Saturday, persons born on a, 89

Saturn, the planet, 315

Savage, our debt to the, 419 _sqq._

—— custom the product of definite reasoning, 420 _n._1

—— philosophy, 420 _sq._

Saxons of Transylvania, 294

Scapegoat, 214 _sq._

Scarification of warriors, 160 _sq._;
of bodies of whalers, 191

Scaring away the ghosts of the slain, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174 _sq._

Schoolcraft, H. R., 325

Scotch fowlers and fishermen, words tabooed by, 393 _sqq._

Scotland, common words tabooed in, 392 _sqq._

Scratching the person or head, rules as to, 146, 156, 158, 159 _n._, 160,
181, 183, 189, 196

Scrofula thought to be caused and cured by touching a sacred chief or
king, 133 _sq._

Sea, horror of the, 10;
offerings made to the, 10;
prohibition to look on the, 10;
special language employed by sailors at, 413 _sqq._

—— -mammals, atonement for killing, 207;
myth of their origin, 207

Seals, supposed influence of lying-in women on, 152;
taboos observed after the killing of, 207 _sq._, 209, 213

Seclusion of those who have handled the dead, 138 _sqq._;
of women at menstruation and childbirth, 145 _sqq._, 147 _sqq._;
of tabooed persons, 165;
of manslayers, 166 _sqq._;
of cannibals, 188 _sqq._;
of men who have killed large game, 220 _sq._

Secret names among the Central Australian aborigines, 321 _sq._

Sedna, an Esquimau goddess, 152, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213

Semangat, Malay word for the soul, 28, 35

Semites, moral evolution of the, 219

Seoul, capital of Corea, 283

Serpents, purificatory ceremonies observed after killing, 221 _sqq._

Servius, on Dido’s costume, 313

Seven knots in magic, 303, 304, 308

Sewing as a charm, 307

Shades of dead animals, fear of offending, 205, 206, 207

Shadow, the soul identified with the, 77 _sqq._;
injury done to a man through his, 78 _sqq._;
diminution of shadow regarded with apprehension, 86 _sq._;
loss of the, regarded as ominous, 88;
not to fall on a chief, 255

Shadows drawn out by ghosts, 80;
animals injured through their, 81 _sq._;
of trees sensitive, 82;
of certain birds and people viewed as dangerous, 82 _sq._;
built into the foundations of edifices, 89 _sq._;
of mourners dangerous, 142;
of certain persons dangerous, 173

Shamans among the Thompson Indians, 57 _sq._

—— Buryat, their mode of recovering lost souls, 56 _sq._

—— Yakut, 63

Shark Point, priestly king at, 5

Sharp instruments, use of, tabooed, 205

—— weapons tabooed, 237 _sqq._

Shaving prisoners, reason of, 273

Sheep used in purificatory ceremony, 174, 175;
shoulder-blades of, used in divination, 229

Shetland fishermen, their tabooed words, 394

Shoe untied at marriage, 300;
custom of going with one shoe on and one shoe off, 311 _sqq._

Shoulder-blades, divination by, 229

Shuswap Indians, the, 83, 142

Siam, kings of, 226, 241;
names of kings of, concealed from fear of sorcery, 375

Siamese children, ceremony at cutting their hair, 265 _sqq._

—— view of the sanctity of the head, 252 _sq._

Sick man, attempts to prevent the escape of the soul of, 30 _sqq._

Sick people not allowed to sleep, 95;
sprinkled with pungent spices, 105 _sq._

—— -room, mirrors covered up in, 95

Sickness explained by the absence of the soul, 42 _sqq._;
caused by ancestral spirits, 53

Sierra Leone, priests and kings of, 14 _sq._, 18

—— Nevada of Colombia, 215, 216

Sigurd and Fafnir, 324

Sikhim, kings of, 20

Silkworms, taboos observed by breeders of, 194

Simpson, W., 125 _n._3

Sin regarded as something material, 214, 216, 217 _sq._

Singhalese, 297; their fear of demons, 233 _sq._

Sins, confession of, 114, 191, 195, 211 _sq._, 214 _sqq._;
originally a magical ceremony, 217

Sisters-in-law, their names not to be pronounced, 338, 342, 343

Sit, Egyptian god, 68

Sitting on the ground prohibited to warriors, 159, 162, 163

Skull-cap worn by girls at their first menstruation, 146;
worn by Australian widows, 182 _n._2

Skulls of ancestors rubbed as a propitiation, 197;
of dead used as drinking-cups, 372

Slain, ghosts of the, fear of the, 165 _sqq._

Slave Coast, the, 9

Slaves, runaway, charm for recovering, 305 _sq._

Sleep, absence of soul in, 36 _sqq._;
sick people not allowed to, 95;
forbidden in house after a death, 37 _sq._;
forbidden to unsuccessful eagle-hunter, 199

Sleeper not to be wakened suddenly, 39 _sqq._;
not to be moved nor his appearance altered, 41 _sq._

Smallpox not mentioned by its proper name, 400, 410, 411, 416

Smearing blood on the person as a purification, 104, 115;
on persons, dogs, and weapons as a mode of pacifying their souls, 219

—— bodies of manslayers with porridge, 176

—— porridge or fat on the person as a purification, 112

—— sheep’s entrails on body as mode of purification, 174

Smith, W, Robertson, 77 _n._1, 96 _n._1, 243 _n._7, 247 _n._5

Smith’s craft regarded us uncanny, 236 _n._5

Snakes not called by their proper names, 399, 400, 401 _sq._, 411

Snapping the thumbs to prevent the departure of the soul, 31

Snares set for souls, 69

Son-in-law, his name not to be pronounced, 338 _sq._, 344, 345

Sorcerers, souls extracted or detained by, 69 _sqq._;
make use of cut hair and other bodily refuse, 268 _sq._, 274 _sq._;
278, 281 sq. _See also_ Magic

Soul conceived as a mannikin, 26 _sqq._;
the perils of the, 26 _sqq._;
ancient Egyptian conception of the, 28 _sq._;
representations of the soul in Greek art, 29 _n._1;
as a butterfly, 29 _n._1, 41, 51 _sq._;
absence and recall of the, 30 _sqq._;
attempts to prevent the soul from escaping from the body, 30 _sqq._;
sickness attributed to the absence of the, 32, 42 _sqq._;
tied by thread or string to the body, 32 _sq._, 43, 51;
conceived as a bird, 33 _sqq._;
absent in sleep, 36 _sqq._;
in form of mouse, 37, 39 _n._2;
in form of lizard, 38;
in form of fly, 39;
caught in a cloth, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 64, 67, 75 _sq._;
identified with the shadow, 77 _sqq._;
identified with the reflection in water or a mirror, 92 _sqq._;
supposed to escape at eating and drinking, 116;
in the blood, 240, 241, 247, 250;
identified with the personal name, 319;
of rice not to be frightened, 412

Souls, every man thought to have four, 27, 80;
light and heavy, thin and fat, 29;
transferred to other bodies, 49;
impounded in magic fence, 56;
abducted by demons, 58 _sqq_.;
transmigrate into animals, 65;
brought back in a visible form, 65 _sqq._;
caught in snares or nets, 69 _sqq._;
extracted or detained by sorcerers, 69 _sqq._;
in tusks of ivory, 70;
conjured into jars, 70;
in boxes, 70, 76;
shut up in calabashes, 72;
transferred from the living to the dead, 73;
gathered into a basket, 72;
wounded and bleeding, 73;
supposed to be in portraits, 96 _sqq._

—— of beasts respected, 223

—— of the dead all malignant, 145;
cannot go to the spirit-land till the flesh has decayed from their
bones, 372 _n._5

—— of the slain, propitiation of, 166

Sovereignty, reluctance to accept the, on account of its burdens, 17
_sqq._

Spells cast by strangers, 112;
at hair-cutting, 264 _sq._

Spenser, Edmund, 244 _sq._

Spices used in exorcism of demons, 105 _sq._

Spirit of dead apparently supposed to decay with the body, 372

Spirits averse to iron, 232 _sqq._

—— of land, conciliation of the, 110 _sq._

Spiritual power, its divorce from temporal power, 17 _sqq._

Spitting forbidden, 196;
as a protective charm, 279, 286;
upon knots as a charm, 302

Spittle effaced or concealed, 288 _sqq._;
tabooed, 287 _sqq._;
used in magic, 268, 269, 287 _sqq._;
used in making a covenant, 290

Spoil taken from enemy purified, 177

Spoons used in eating by tabooed persons, 141, 148, 189

Sprained leg, cure for, 304 _sq._

Spring and summer, myths of divinities and spirits to be told only in, 384

Sprinkling with holy water, 285 _sq._

St. Sylvester’s Day, 88

Stabbing reflections in water to injure the persons reflected, 93

Stade, Hans, captive among Brazilian Indians, 231

Standard of conduct shifted from natural to supernatural basis, 213

Stepping over persons or things forbidden, 159 _sq._, 194, 423 _sqq._;
over dead panther, 219.
_See also_ Jumping

Stone knives and arrow-heads used in religious ritual, 228

Stones on which a man’s shadow should not fall, 80

Storms caused by cutting or combing the hair, 271, 282

Strange land, ceremonies at entering a, 109 _sqq._

Strangers, taboos on intercourse with, 101 _sqq._;
suspected of practising magical arts, 102;
ceremonies at the reception of, 102 _sqq._;
dread of, 102 _sqq._;
spells cast by, 112;
killed, 113

String or thread used to tie soul to body, 32 _sq._, 43, 51

Strings, knotted, as amulets, 309.
_See also_ Cords, Threads

“Strong names” of kings of Dahomey, 374

Sulka, the, 151, 331

Sultan Bayazid and his soul, 50

Sultans veiled, 120

Sumba, custom as to the names of princes in the island of, 376

Summer, myths of gods and spirits not to be told in, 385 _sq._

—— and winter, personal names different in, 386

Sun not allowed to shine on sacred persons, 3, 4, 6

—— -god draws away souls, 64 _sq._

Sunda, tabooed words in, 341, 415

Supernatural basis of morality, 213 _sq._

Supernatural beings, their names tabooed, 384 _sqq._

Superstition a crutch to morality, 219

Swaheli charm, 305 _sq._

Sweating as a purification, 142, 184

Swelling and inflammation thought to be caused by eating out of sacred
vessels or by wearing sacred garments, 4

Sympathetic connexion between a person and the severed parts of his body,
267 _sq._, 283

—— magic, 164, 201, 204, 258, 268, 287

Synonyms adopted in order to avoid naming the dead, 359 _sqq._;
in the Zulu language, 377;
in the Maori language, 381

Taboo of chiefs and kings in Tonga, 133 _sq._;
of chiefs in New Zealand, 134 _sqq._;
Esquimaux theory of, 210 _sqq._;
the meaning of, 224

—— rajah and chief, 24 _sq._

Tabooed acts, 101 _sqq._

—— hands, 138, 140 _sqq._, 146 _sqq._, 158, 159 _n._

—— persons, 131 _sqq._;
secluded, 165

—— things, 224 _sqq._

—— words, 318 _sqq._

Taboos, royal and priestly, 1 _sqq._;
on intercourse with strangers, 101 _sqq._;
on eating and drinking, 116 _sqq._;
on shewing the face, 120 _sqq._;
on quitting the house, 122 _sqq._;
on leaving food over, 126 _sqq._;
on persons who have handled the dead, 138 _sqq._;
on warriors, 157 _sqq._;
on manslayers, 165 _sqq._;
imposed on murderers, 187 _sq._;
imposed on hunters and fishers, 190 _sqq._;
transformed into ethical precepts, 214;
survivals of, in morality, 218 _sq._;
as spiritual insulators, 224;
on sharp weapons, 237 _sqq._;
on blood, 239 _sqq._;
relating to the head, 252 _sqq._;
on hair, 258 _sqq._;
on spittle, 287 _sqq._;
on foods, 291 _sqq._;
on knots and rings, 293 _sqq._;
on words, 318 _sqq._, 392 _sqq._;
on personal names, 318 _sqq._;
on names of relations, 335 _sqq._;
on the names of the dead, 349 _sqq._;
on names of kings and chiefs, 374 _sqq._;
on names of supernatural beings, 384 _sqq._;
on names of gods, 387 _sqq._

—— observed by the Mikado, 3 _sq._;
by headmen in Assam, 11;
by ancient kings of Ireland, 11 _sq._;
by the Flamen Dialis, 13 _sq._;
by the Bodia or Bodio, 15;
by sacred milkmen among the Todas, 16 _sqq._

Tahiti, 255

Tahiti, kings of, 226;
abdicate on birth of a son, 20;
their names not to be pronounced, 381 _sq._

Tails of cats docked as a magical precaution, 128 _sq._

Tales, wandering souls in popular, 49 _sq._

Tara, the old capital of Ireland, 11

Tartar Khan, ceremony at visiting a, 114

Teeth, loss of, supposed effect of breaking a taboo, 140;
loosened by angry ghosts, 186 _n._1;
as a rain-charm, 271;
extracted, kept against the resurrection, 280.
_See also_ Tooth

Temple at Jerusalem, the, 230

Temporary reincarnation of the dead in their living namesakes, 371

_Tendi_, Batta word for soul, 45.
_See also_ Tondi

Tepehuanes, the, 97

Terms of relationship used as terms of address, 324 _sq._

Thakambau, 131

Thebes in Egypt, priestly kings of, 13

Theocracies in America, 6

Thesmophoria, release of prisoners at, 316

Thessalian witch, 390

Things tabooed, 224 _sqq._

Thompson Indians of British Columbia, 37 _sq._;
customs of mourners among the, 142 _sq._

Thomson, Joseph, 98

Thorn bushes to keep off ghosts, 142

Thread or string used to tie soul to body, 32 _sq._, 43, 51

Threads, knotted, in magic, 303, 304 _sq._, 307

Three knots in magic, 304, 305

Thumbs snapped to prevent the departure of the soul, 31

Thunderstorms caused by cut hair, 271, 282

Thurn, E. F. im, 324 _sq._

Tigers not called by their proper names, 401, 402, 403 _sq._, 410, 415;
called dogs, 402;
called jackals, 402, 403

Timines of Sierra Leone, 18

Timor, fetish or taboo rajah in, 24;
customs as to war in, 165 _sq._

Tin ore, Malay superstitions as to, 407

Tinneh or Déné Indians, 145 _sq._

Toboongkoos of Celebes, 48, 78

Todas, holy milkmen of the, 15 _sqq._

Togoland, 247

Tolampoos, the, 319

Tolindoos, the, 78

_Tondi_, Batta word for soul, 35.
_See also_ Tendi

Tonga, divine chiefs in, 21;
the taboo of chiefs and kings in, 133 _sq._;
taboos connected with the dead in, 140

Tonquin, division of monarchy in, 19 _sq._;
kings of, 125

_Tooitonga_, divine chief of Tonga, 21

Tooth knocked out as initiatory rite, 244.
_See also_ Teeth

Toradjas, tabooed names among the, 340;
their field-speech, 411 _sqq._

Touching sacred king or chief, supposed effects of, 132 _sqq._

Trading voyages, continence observed on, 203

Tradition, historical, hampered by the taboo on the names of the dead, 363
_sqq._

Transference of souls from the living to the dead, 73;
of souls to other bodies, 49;
of sins, 214 _sqq._

Transgressions, need of confessing, 211 _sq._
_See also_ Sins

Transmigration of souls into animals, 65

Transylvania, the Germans of, 296, 310

Traps set for souls, 70 _sq._

Travail, women in, knots on their garments untied, 294.
_See also_ Childbirth

Travellers, knots used as charms by, 306

Tree-spirits, fear of, 412 _sq._

Trees, the shadows of trees sensitive, 82;
cut hair deposited on or under, 14, 275 _sq._, 286

Tuaregs, the, 117, 122; their fear of ghosts, 353

Tumleo, island of, 150

Tupi Indians, their customs as to eating captives, 179 _sq._

Turtle catching, taboos in connexion with, 192

Tusks of ivory, souls in, 70

Twelfth Night, 396

Twins, water poured on graves of, 154 _sq._

—— father of, taboos observed by the, 239 _sq._;
his hair shaved and nails cut, 284

Tycoons, the, 19

Tying the soul to the body, 32 _sq._, 43

Tylor, E. B., on reincarnation of ancestors, 372 _n._1

Uganda, 84, 86, 112, 145, 164 _n._1, 239, 243, 254, 263, 277, 330, 369.
_See also_ Baganda

Ulster, kings of, 12

Unclean and sacred, correspondence of the rules regarding the, 145

Uncleanness regarded as a vapour, 152, 206;
of manslayers, of menstruous and lying-in women, and of persons who have
handled the dead, 169;
of whalers, 191, 207;
of lion-killer, 220;
of bear-killers, 221

Uncovered in the open air, prohibition to be, 3, 14

Unyoro, king of, his custom of drinking milk, 119;
cowboy of the king of, 159 _n._;
diet of the king of, 291 _sq._

Vapour thought to be exhaled by lying-in women and hunters, 152, 206;
supposed, of blood and corpses, 210 _sq._;
supposed to be produced by the violation of a taboo, 212

Varuna, festival of, 217

Veiling faces to avert evil influences, 120 _sqq._

Venison, taboos concerning, 208 _sq._

Vermin from hair returned to their owner, 278

Vessels used by tabooed persons destroyed, 4, 131, 139, 145, 156, 284

—— special, employed by tabooed persons, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 148, 160, 167, 185, 189, 197, 198

Victims, sacrificial, carried round city, 188

Vine, prohibition to walk under a, 14, 248

Virgil, the enchantress in, 305;
on rustic militia of Latium, 311

Vow, hair kept unshorn during a, 261 _sq._, 285

Wabondei, the, 272

Wadai, Sultan of, 120

_Wakan_, mysterious, sacred, taboo, 225 _n._

Wakelbura, the, 31

Wallis Island, 140

Walrus, taboos concerning, 208 _sq._

Wanigela River, 192

Wanika, the, 247

Wanyamwesi, the, 112, 330

Wanyoro (Banyoro), the, 278

War, continence in, 157, 158 _n._1, 161, 163, 164, 165;
rules of ceremonial purity observed in, 157 _sqq._;
hair kept unshorn in, 261

—— chief, or war king, 20, 21, 24

—— -dances, 169, 170, 178, 182

Warm food tabooed, 189

Warramunga, the, 384

Warriors tabooed, 157 _sqq._

Washing the head, 253. _See_ Bathing

Water poured as a rain-charm, 154 _sq._;
holy, sprinkling with, 285 _sq._

—— -spirits, danger of, 94

Wax figure in magic, 74

Weapons of manslayers, purification of, 172, 182, 219

Wedding ring, an amulet against witchcraft, 314

Were-wolf, 42

Whale, solemn burial of dead, 223

Whalers, taboos observed by, 191 _sq._, 205 _sqq._

Wheaten flour, prohibition to touch, 13

White, faces and bodies of manslayers painted, 175, 186 _n._1;
lion-killer painted, 220

—— clay, Caffre boys at circumcision smeared with, 156

Whydah, king of, 129

Widows and widowers, customs observed by, 142 _sq._, 144 _sq._, 182 _n._2

Wied, Prince of, 96

Wife’s mother, the savage’s dread of his, 83 _sqq._;
her name not to be pronounced by her son-in-law, 337, 338, 343

—— name not to be pronounced by her husband, 337, 338, 339

Wild beasts not called by their proper names, 396 _sqq._

Wilkinson, R. J., 416 _n._4

Willow wands as disinfectants, 143

Windessi, in New Guinea, 169

Winds kept in jars, 5

Wine, the blood of the vine, 248;
called milk, 249 _n._2

Wing-bone of eagle used to drink through, 189

Winter, myths of gods and spirits to be told only in, 385 _sq._

Wirajuri, the, 269

Witch’s soul departs from her in sleep, 39, 41, 42

Witches make use of cut hair, 270, 271, 279, 282

Wollunqua, a mythical serpent, 384

Wolofs of Senegambia, 323

Wolves, charms to protect cattle from, 307;
not to be called by their proper names, 396, 397, 398, 402

Women tabooed at menstruation and childbirth, 145 _sqq._;
abstinence from, during war, 157, 158 _n._1, 161, 163, 164;
in childbed holy, 225 _n._;
blood of, dreaded, 250 _sq._

Women’s clothes, supposed effects of touching, 164 _sq._

“Women’s speech” among the Caffres, 335 _sq._

Words tabooed, 318 _sqq._;
savages take a materialistic view of words, 331

—— common, changed because they are the names of the dead, 358 _sqq._,
375,
or the names of chiefs and kings, 375, 376 _sqq._;
tabooed, 392 _sqq._

Wounded men not allowed to drink milk, 174 _sq._

Wrist tied to prevent escape of soul, 32, 43, 51
—— bands as amulets, 315

Wurunjeri tribe, 42

Xenophanes, on the gods, 387

Yabim, the, 151, 306, 354, 386

Yakut shaman, 63

Yams, Feast of, 123

Yaos, the, 97 _sq._

Yawning, soul supposed to depart in, 31

Yewe order, secret society in Togo, 383

Yorubas, rebirth of ancestors among the, 369

Zapotecs of Mexico, the pontiff of the, 6 _sq._

Zend-Avesta, the, on cut hair and nails, 277

Zeus on Mount Lycaeus, sanctuary of, 88

Zulu language, its diversity, 377

Zulus, names of chiefs and kings tabooed among the, 376 _sq._;
their superstition as to reflections in water, 91

FOOTNOTES

M1 Life of divine kings and priests regulated by minute rules. The
Mikado or Dairi of Japan.

1 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 332
_sqq._, 373 _sqq._

_ 2 The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 352 _sqq._

_ 3 Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century: from
recent Dutch Visitors to Japan, and the German of Dr. Ph. Fr. von
Siebold_ (London, 1841), pp. 141 _sqq._

4 W. G. Aston, _Shinto_ (_the Way of the Gods_) (London, 1905), p. 41;
Michel Revon, _Le Shintoïsme_, i. (Paris, 1907), pp. 189 _sqq._ The
Japanese word for god or deity is _kami_. It is thus explained by
the native scholar Motoöri, one of the chief authorities on Japanese
religion: “The term _Kami_ is applied in the first place to the
various deities of Heaven and Earth who are mentioned in the ancient
records as well as their spirits (_mi-tama_) which reside in the
shrines where they are worshipped. Moreover, not only human beings,
but birds, beasts, plants and trees, seas and mountains, and all
other things whatsoever which deserve to be dreaded and revered for
the extraordinary and pre-eminent powers which they possess, are
called _Kami_. They need not be eminent for surpassing nobleness,
goodness, or serviceableness alone. Malignant and uncanny beings are
also called _Kami_ if only they are the objects of general dread.
Among _Kami_ who are human beings I need hardly mention first of all
the successive Mikados—with reverence be it spoken.... Then there
have been numerous examples of divine human beings both in ancient
and modern times, who, although not accepted by the nation
generally, are treated as gods, each of his several dignity, in a
single province, village, or family.” Hirata, another native
authority on Japanese religion, defines _kami_ as a term which
comprises all things strange, wondrous, and possessing _isao_ or
virtue. And a recent dictionary gives the following definitions:
“_Kami_. 1. Something which has no form but is only spirit, has
unlimited supernatural power, dispenses calamity and good fortune,
punishes crime and rewards virtue. 2. Sovereigns of all times, wise
and virtuous men, valorous and heroic persons whose spirits are
prayed to after their death. 3. Divine things which transcend human
intellect. 4. The Christian God, Creator, Supreme Lord.” See W. G.
Aston, _Shinto_ (_the Way of the Gods_), pp. 8-10, from which the
foregoing quotations are made. Mr. Aston himself considers that “the
deification of living Mikados was titular rather than real,” and he
adds: “I am not aware that any specific so-called miraculous powers
were authoritatively claimed for them” (_op. cit._ p. 41). No doubt
it is very difficult for the Western mind to put itself at the point
of view of the Oriental and to seize the precise point (if it can be
said to exist) where the divine fades into the human or the human
brightens into the divine. In translating, as we must do, the vague
thought of a crude theology into the comparatively exact language of
civilised Europe we must allow for a considerable want of
correspondence between the two: we must leave between them, as it
were, a margin of cloudland to which in the last resort the deity
may retreat from the too searching light of philosophy and science.

5 M. Revon, _op. cit._ i. 190 n.2

M2 Rules of life formerly observed by the Mikado.

6 Kaempfer, “History of Japan,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,
vii. 716 _sq._ However, Mr. W. G. Aston tells us that Kaempfer’s
statements regarding the sacred character of the Mikado’s person
cannot be depended on (_Shinto, the Way of the Gods_, p. 41, note
†). M. Revon quotes Kaempfer’s account with the observation that,
“_les naïvetés recèlent plus d’une idée juste_” (_Le Shintoïsme_,
vol. i. p. 191, note 2). To me it seems that Kaempfer’s description
is very strongly confirmed by its close correspondence in detail
with the similar customs and superstitions which have prevailed in
regard to sacred personages in many other parts of the world and
with which it is most unlikely that Kaempfer was acquainted. This
correspondence will be brought out in the following pages.

7 In Pinkerton’s reprint this word appears as “mobility.” I have made
the correction from a comparison with the original (Kaempfer,
_History of Japan_, translated from the original Dutch manuscript by
J. G. Scheuchzer, London, 1728, vol. i. p. 150).

8 Caron, “Account of Japan,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,
vii. 613. Compare B. Varenius, _Descriptio regni Japoniae et Siam_
(Cambridge, 1673), p. 11: “_Nunquam attingebant (quemadmodum et
hodie id observat) pedes ipsius terram: radiis Solis caput nunquam
illustrabatur: in apertum aërem non procedebat_,” etc. The first
edition of this book was published by Elzevir at Amsterdam in 1649.
The _Geographia Generalis_ of the same writer had the honour of
appearing in an edition revised and corrected by Isaac Newton
(Cambridge, at the University Press, 1672).

M3 Rules of life observed by kings and priests in Africa and America.

9 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_ (Jena,
1874-75), i. 287 _sq._, compare pp. 353 _sq._

10 H. Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), pp. 189,
268.

11 J. B. Labat, _Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale_ (Paris,
1732), i. 254 _sqq._

12 Ch. Wunenberger, “La Mission et le royaume de Humbé, sur les bords
du Cunène,” _Missions Catholiques_, xx. (1888) p. 262.

13 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 415
_sq._

14 Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique
et de l’Amérique-centrale_, iii. 29 _sq._; H. H. Bancroft, _Native
Races of the Pacific States_, ii. 142 _sq._

M4 The rules of life imposed on kings in early society are intended to
preserve their lives for the good of their people.
M5 Taboos observed by African kings.

15 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 355.

16 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_ (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 336.

17 O. Baumann, _Eine afrikanische Tropen-Insel, Fernando Póo und die
Bube_ (Wien und Olmütz, 1888), pp. 103 _sq._

M6 Taboos observed by African kings. Prohibition to see the sea.

18 G. Zündel, “Land und Volk der Eweer auf der Sclavenküste in
Westafrika,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_,
xii. (1877) p. 402.

19 Béraud, “Note sur le Dahomé,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), Vme Série, xii. (1866) p. 377.

20 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 263.

21 Bosman’s “Guinea,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 500.

22 A. Dalzell, _History of Dahomey_ (London, 1793), p. 15; Th.
Winterbottom, _An Account of the Native Africans in the
Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone_ (London, 1803), pp. 229 _sq._

23 J. B. L. Durand, _Voyage au Sénégal_ (Paris, 1802), p. 55.

24 W. S. Taberer (Chief Native Commissioner for Mashonaland),
“Mashonaland Natives,” _Journal of the African Society_, No. 15
(April 1905). p. 320.

25 A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), p.
113.

26 Father Porte, “Les Reminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,”
_Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 235.

27 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 32.

28 P. J. de Arriaga, _Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru_ (Lima,
1621), pp. 11, 132.

29 W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_ (London, 1811), p. 301.

M7 Taboos observed by chiefs among the Sakalavas and the hill tribes of
Assam.

30 A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_, p. 113, quoting De
Thuy, _Étude historique, géographique et ethnographique sur la
province de Tuléar_, Notes, Rec., Expl., 1899, p. 104.

31 T. C. Hodson, “The _genna_ amongst the Tribes of Assam,” _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) p. 98. The word for
taboo among these tribes is _genna_.

M8 Taboos observed by Irish kings.

32 The Duibhlinn is the part of the Liffey on which Dublin now stands.

33 The site, marked by the remains of some earthen forts, is now known
as Rathcroghan, near Belanagare in the county of Roscommon.

_ 34 The Book of Rights_, edited with translation and notes by John
O’Donovan (Dublin, 1847), pp. 3-8. This work, comprising a list both
of the prohibitions (_urgharta_ or _geasa_) and the prerogatives
(_buadha_) of the Irish kings, is preserved in a number of
manuscripts, of which the two oldest date from 1390 and about 1418
respectively. The list is repeated twice, first in prose and then in
verse. I have to thank my friend Professor Sir J. Rhys for kindly
calling my attention to this interesting record of a long-vanished
past in Ireland. As to these taboos, see P. W. Joyce, _Social
History of Ancient Ireland_, i. 310 _sqq._

M9 Taboos observed by Egyptian kings.

35 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 418
_sqq._

36 Diodorus Siculus, i. 70.

37 G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique_,
ii. 759, note 3; A. Moret, _Du caractère religieux de la royauté
Pharaonique_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 314-318.

38 (Sir) J. G. Scott, _Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States_,
part ii. vol. i. (Rangoon, 1901) p. 308.

M10 Taboos observed by the Flamen Dialis at Rome.

39 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. ii. pp. 191 sq.

40 Among the Gallas the king, who also acts as priest by performing
sacrifices, is the only man who is not allowed to fight with
weapons; he may not even ward off a blow. See Ph. Paulitschke,
_Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas: die geistige Cultur der Danâkil,
Galla und Somâl_, p. 136.

41 Among the Kafirs of the Hindoo Koosh men who are preparing to be
headmen are considered ceremonially pure, and wear a semi-sacred
uniform which must not be defiled by coming into contact with dogs.
“The Kaneash [persons in this state of ceremonial purity] were
nervously afraid of my dogs, which had to be fastened up whenever
one of these august personages was seen to approach. The dressing
has to be performed with the greatest care, in a place which cannot
be defiled with dogs. Utah and another had convenient dressing-rooms
on the top of their houses which happened to be high and isolated,
but another of the four Kaneash had been compelled to erect a
curious-looking square pen made of poles in front of his house, his
own roof being a common thoroughfare” (Sir George Scott Robertson,
_The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush_ (London, 1898), p. 466).

42 Similarly the Egyptian priests abstained from beans and would not
even look at them. See Herodotus, ii. 37, with A. Wiedemann’s note;
Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 5.

43 Similarly among the Kafirs of the Hindoo Koosh the high priest “may
not traverse certain paths which go near the receptacles for the
dead, nor may he visit the cemeteries. He may not go into the actual
room where a death has occurred until after an effigy has been
erected for the deceased. Slaves may cross his threshold, but must
not approach the hearth” (Sir George Scott Robertson, _op. cit._ p.
416).

44 Aulus Gellius, x. 15; Plutarch, _Quaest, Rom._ 109-112; Pliny, _Nat.
Hist._ xxviii. 146; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ i. 179, 448, iv. 518;
Macrobius, _Saturn._ i. 16. 8 _sq._; Festus, p. 161 A, ed. C. O.
Müller. For more details see J. Marquardt, _Römische
Staatsverwaltung_, iii.2 326 _sqq._

M11 Taboos observed by the Bodia of Sierra Leone.

45 Sir Harry Johnston, _Liberia_ (London, 1906), ii. 1076 _sq._,
quoting from Bishop Payne, who wrote “some fifty years ago.” The
Bodia described by Bishop Payne is clearly identical with the Bodio
of the Grain Coast who is described by the Rev. J. L. Wilson
(_Western Africa_, pp. 129 _sqq._). See below, p. 23; and _The Magic
Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. p. 353. As to the iron ring
which the pontiff wears on his ankle as the badge of his office we
are told that it “is regarded with as much veneration as the most
ancient crown in Europe, and the incumbent suffers as deep disgrace
by its removal as any monarch in Europe would by being deprived of
his crown” (J. L. Wilson, _op. cit._ pp. 129 _sq._).

M12 Taboos observed by sacred milkmen among the Todas of South India.

46 W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_ (London, 1906), pp. 98-103.

47 For restrictions imposed on these lesser milkmen see W. H. R.
Rivers, _op. cit._ pp. 62, 66, 67 _sq._, 72, 73, 79-81.

48 W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_, pp. 79-81.

M13 The effect of these burdensome rules was to divorce the temporal
from the spiritual authority.
M14 Reluctance to accept sovereignty with its vexatious restrictions.

_ 49 The Magic Art_, vol. ii. p. 4.

_ 50 Id._ vol. i. pp. 354 _sq._

51 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 354
_sq._, ii. 9, 11.

52 Zweifel et Moustier, “Voyage aux sources du Niger,” _Bulletin de la
Société de Géographie_ (Paris), VIme Série, xx. (1880) p. 111.

53 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_ (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 250.

54 J. Matthews, _Voyage to Sierra-Leone_ (London, 1791), p. 75.

55 T. Winterbottom, _Account of the Native Africans in the
Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone_ (London, 1803), p. 124.

_ 56 The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia_, collected and historically
digested by F. Balthazar Tellez (London, 1710), pp. 197 _sq._

M15 Sovereign powers divided between a temporal and a spiritual head.

_ 57 Manners and Customs of the Japanese_, pp. 199 _sqq._, 355 _sqq._

58 Richard, “History of Tonquin,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,
ix. 744 _sqq._

59 L. A. Waddell, _Among the Himalayas_ (Westminster, 1899), pp. 146
_sq._

60 W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, Second Edition (London,
1832-1836), iii. 99 _sqq._

61 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, pp. 293 _sqq._

62 The late Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author, dated August
26, 1898.

63 W. Mariner, _An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands_, Second
Edition (London, 1818), ii. 75-79, 132-136.

64 Strabo, vii. 3. 5, pp. 297 _sq._ Compare _id._ vii. 3. 11, p. 304.

65 Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, iii. 2. My friend Professor
Henry Jackson kindly called my attention to this passage.

66 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. p. 416, and
above, p. 6.

M16 Fetish kings and civil kings in West Africa.

67 Miss Mary H. Kingsley in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xxix. (1899) pp. 61 _sqq._ I had some conversation on this subject
with Miss Kingsley (1st June 1897) and have embodied the results in
the text. Miss Kingsley did not know the rule of succession among
the fetish kings.

68 T. J. Hutchinson, _Impressions of Western Africa_ (London, 1858),
pp. 101 _sq._; Le Comte C. N. de Cardi, “Ju-ju Laws and Customs in
the Niger Delta,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxix.
(1899) p. 51.

69 H. Goldie, _Calabar and its Mission_, New Edition (London, 1901), P.
43.

70 J. L. Wilson, _Western Africa_ (London, 1856), p. 129. As to the
taboos observed by the Bodio or Bodia see above, p. 15.

71 Miss Mary H. Kingsley, in _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xxix. (1899) p. 62.

M17 The King of the Night.

72 Marchoux, “Ethnographie, Porto-Novo,” _Revue Scientifique_,
Quatrième Série, iii. (1895) pp. 595 _sq._ This passage was pointed
out to me by Mr. N. W. Thomas.

73 O. von Kotzebue, _Entdeckungs-Reise in die Süd-See und nach der
Berings-Strasse_ (Weimar, 1821), iii. 149.

M18 Civil rajahs and taboo rajahs in the East Indies.

74 J. J. de Hollander, _Handleiding bij de Beofening der Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië_, ii. 606 _sq._ In other
parts of Timor the spiritual ruler is called _Anaha paha_ or
“conjuror of the land.” Compare H. Zondervan, “Timor en de
Timoreezen,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig
Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, v. (1888) Afdeeling, mehr uitgebreide
artikelen, pp. 400-402.

75 A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters, Black, White, and Brown_ (London,
1901), pp. 270-272.

76 Dr. Hahl, “Mittheilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf
Ponape,” _Ethnologisches Notizblatt_, ii. Heft 2 (Berlin, 1901), pp.
5 _sq._, 7. The title of the prime-minister is _Nanekin_.

M19 What is the primitive conception of death?
M20 Savages conceive the human soul as a mannikin, the prolonged absence
of which from the body causes death.
M21 The soul as a mannikin in Australia, America, and among the Malays.

77 R. Salvado, _Mémoires historiques sur l’Australie_ (Paris, 1854), p.
162; _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, vii. (1878) p. 282.
In this edifying catechism there is little to choose between the
savagery of the white man and the savagery of the black.

_ 78 Relations des Jésuites_, 1634, p. 17; _id._, 1636, p. 104; _id._,
1639, p. 43 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

79 H. Rink, _Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo_, p. 36. The Esquimaux
of Bering Strait believe that every man has several souls, and that
two of these souls are shaped exactly like the body. See E. W.
Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report
of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1899) p.
422.

80 Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_,
p. 44 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association
for 1890_).

81 Fr. Boas, in _Ninth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_,
p. 461 (_Report of the British Association for 1894_).

82 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_ (London, 1900), p. 47.

M22 The soul as a mannikin in ancient Egypt.

83 G. Maspero, _Études de mythologie et d’archéologie égyptiennes_
(Paris, 1893), i. 388 _sq._; A. Wiedemann, _The ancient Egyptian
Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul_ (London, 1895), pp. 10
_sqq._ In Greek works of art, especially vase-paintings, the human
soul is sometimes represented as a tiny being in human form,
generally winged, sometimes clothed and armed, sometimes naked. See
O. Jahn, _Archäologische Beiträge_ (Berlin, 1847), pp. 128 _sqq._;
E. Pottier, _Étude sur les lécythes blancs attiques_ (Paris, 1883),
pp. 75-79; _American Journal of Archaeology_, ii. (1886) pll. xii.,
xiii.; O. Kern, in _Aus der Anomia, Archäologische Beiträge Carl
Robert zur Erinnerung an Berlin dargebracht_ (Berlin, 1890), pp.
89-95. Greek artists of a later period sometimes portrayed the human
soul in the form of a butterfly (O. Jahn, _op. cit._ pp. 138
_sqq._). There was a particular sort of butterfly to which the
Greeks gave the name of soul (ψυχή). See Aristotle, _Hist. anim._ v.
19, p. 550 b 26, p. 551 b 13 _sq._; Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._ ii.
3. 2.

M23 The soul as a mannikin in Nias, Fiji, and India.

84 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_ (London, 1876),
p. 171.

85 H. Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,”
_Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift_, Bd. xi. October 1884, p. 453.

86 The late Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author, dated
November 3, 1898.

87 H. A. Rose, “Note on Female Tattooing in the Panjâb,” _Indian
Antiquary_, xxxi. (1902) p. 298.

M24 Attempts to prevent the soul from escaping from the body.

88 B. F. Matthes, _Over de Bissoes of heidensche priesters en
priesteressen der Boeginezen_ (Amsterdam, 1872), p. 24 (reprinted
from the _Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van
Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Deel vii.).

89 A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 439.

90 H. Ling Roth, “Low’s Natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1892) p. 115.

91 A. C. Haddon, _Head hunters_, pp. 371, 396.

92 H. Candelier, _Rio-Hacha et les Indiens Goajires_ (Paris, 1893), pp.
258 _sq._

93 R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, iii. 396.

94 G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands,”
_Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-1879_
(Montreal, 1880), pp. 123 B, 139 B.

_ 95 Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 114, § 665.

96 M. Radiguet, _Les Derniers Sauvages_ (Paris, 1882), p. 245; Matthias
G——, _Lettres sur Iles les Marquises_ (Paris, 1843), p. 115; Clavel,
_Les Marquisiens_, p. 42 note.

97 Gagnière, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xxxii. (1860) p.
439.

98 F. Blumentritt, “Das Stromgebiet des Rio Grande de Mindano,”
_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xxxvii. (1891) p. 111.

99 A. d’Orbigny, _L’Homme américain_, ii. 241; T. J. Hutchinson, “The
Chaco Indians,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of
London_, N.S., iii. (1865) pp. 322 _sq._; A. Bastian, _Culturländer
des alten Amerika_, i. 476. A similar custom is observed by the
Cayuvava Indians (A. d’Orbigny, _op. cit._ ii. 257).

100 E. Modigliani, _Un Viaggio a Nías_ (Milan, 1890), p. 283.

101 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ (London,
1904), p. 473.

102 Fr. Boas, “The Central Eskimo,” _Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau
of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1888), pp. 613 _sq._ Among the Esquimaux
of Smith Sound male mourners plug up the right nostril and female
mourners the left (E. Bessels in _American Naturalist_, xviii.
(1884) p. 877; cp. J. Murdoch, “Ethnological Results of the Point
Barrow Expedition,” _Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_
(Washington, 1892), p. 425). This seems to point to a belief that
the soul enters by one nostril and goes out by the other, and that
the functions assigned to the right and left nostrils in this
respect are reversed in men and women. Among the Esquimaux of Baffin
land “the person who prepares a body for burial puts rabbit’s fur
into his nostrils to prevent the exhalations from entering his own
lungs” (Fr. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,”
_Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History_, xv. part i.
(1901) p. 144). But this would hardly explain the custom of stopping
one nostril only.

103 G. F. Lyon, _Private Journal_ (London, 1824), p. 370.

104 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_ (The
Hague, 1875), p. 54.

105 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der
Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 56.

106 C. Hose and R. Shelford, “Materials for a Study of Tatu in Borneo,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) p. 65.

107 W. Jochelson, “The Koryak, Religion and Myths” (Leyden and New York,
1905), p. 103 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History,
The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. vi. part i.).

108 W. F. A. Zimmermann, _Die Inseln des Indischen und Stillen Meeres_
(Berlin, 1864-65), ii. 386 _sq._

109 Compare τοῦτον κατ᾽ ὤμου δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψυχὴ | αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ χειλέων
μοῦνον ἡ κακὴ λειφθῇ, Herodas, _Mimiambi_, iii. 3 _sq._; μόνον οὐκ
ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσι τὰς ψυχὰς ἕχοντας, Dio Chrysostom, _Orat._ xxxii.
vol. i. p. 417, ed. Dindorf; modern Greek μὲ τὴ ψυχὴ ᾽ς τὰ δόντια,
G. F. Abbott, _Macedonian Folklore_, p. 193 note; “_mihi anima in
naso esse, stabam tanquam mortuus_,” Petronius, _Sat._ 62; “_in
primis labris animam habere_,” Seneca, _Natur. quaest._ iii. praef.
16; “_Voilà un pauvre malade qui a le feu dans le corps, et l’âme
sur le bout des lèvres_,” J. de Brebeuf, in _Relations des
Jésuites_, 1636, p. 113 (Canadian reprint); “This posture keeps the
weary soul hanging upon the lip; ready to leave the carcass, and yet
not suffered to take its wing,” R. Bentley, “Sermon on Popery,”
quoted in Monk’s _Life of Bentley_,2 i. 382. In Czech they say of a
dying person that his soul is on his tongue (Br. Jelínek, in
_Mittheilungen der anthropolog. Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxi. (1891)
p. 22).

M25 The soul conceived as a bird ready to fly away.

110 Compare the Greek ποτάομαι, ἀναπτερόω, etc.

111 K. von den Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens_
(Berlin, 1894), pp. 511, 512.

112 Fr. Boas, in _Seventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_,
pp. 14 _sq._ (separate reprint of the _Report of the British
Association for 1891_).

113 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 207 _sq._

114 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ vii. 174. Compare Herodotus, iv. 14 _sq._;
Maximus Tyríus, _Dissert._ xvi. 2.

115 Br. Jelínek, “Materialien zur Vorgeschichte und Volkskunde Böhmens,”
_Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxi.
(1891) p. 22.

116 G. A. Wilken, “Het animisme bij de volken van den Indischen
Archipel,” _De Indische Gids_, June 1884, p. 944.

117 G. A. Wilken, _l.c._

118 E. L. M. Kühr, “Schetsen uit Borneo’s Westerafdeeling,” _Bijdragen
tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie_, xlvii.
(1897) p. 57.

119 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p.
33; _id._, _Over de Bissoes of heidensche priesters en priesteressen
der Boeginezen_, pp. 9 _sq._; _id._, _Makassaarsch-Hollandsch
Woordenboek_, _s.vv._ _Kôerróe_ and _soemāñgá_, pp. 41, 569. Of
these two words, the former means the sound made in calling fowls,
and the latter means the soul. The expression for the ceremonies
described in the text is _ápakôerróe soemāñgá_. So common is the
recall of the bird-soul among the Malays that the words _koer (kur)
semangat_ (“cluck! cluck! soul!”) often amount to little more than
an expression of astonishment, like our “Good gracious me!” See W.
W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 47, note 2.

120 B. F. Matthes, “Over de _âdá’s_ of gewoonten der Makassaren en
Boegineezen,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie
van Wetenschappen_ (Amsterdam), Afdeeling Letterkunde, Reeks iii.
Deel ii. (1885) pp. 174 _sq._; J. K. Niemann, “De Boegineezen en
Makassaren,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxviii.(1889) p. 281.

121 A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja’s,” _Verslagen en
Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_
(Amsterdam), Afdeeling Letterkunde, Reeks iv. Deel iii. (1899) p.
162.