Chapter III: Killing the God (8)

465 Bernard Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der Neugriechen_, pp. 94 _sqq._,
119 _sq._; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 972; Rochholz,
_Deutscher Glaube und Brauch_, i. 62 _sqq._; E. Gerard, _The Land
beyond the Forest_, i. 331.

466 Schol. on Aristophanes, _Ran._ 293.

467 [Aristotle] _Mirab. Auscult._ 145 (157); _Geoponica_, xv. 1. In the
latter passage, for κατάγει ἑαυτήν we must read κ. αὐτόν, an
emendation necessitated by the context, and confirmed by the passage
of Damīrī quoted and translated by Bochart, _Hierozoicon_, i. c.
833, “_cum ad lunam calcat umbram canis, qui supra tectura est,
canis ad eam [scil. hyaenam] decidit, et ea illum devorat_.” Cp. W.
Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, i. 122.

468 Pausanias, viii. 38, 6; Polybius, xvi. 12, 7; Plutarch, _Quaest.
Graec._ 39.

469 B. Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der Neugriechen_, p. 196 _sq._

470 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 127.

471 W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der
Romänen Siebenbürgens_, p. 27; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the
Forest_, ii. 17 _sq._

472 E. H. Mann, _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, p. 94.

473 Williams, _Fiji_, i. 241.

474 James Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_ (London, 1887), p. 170.

475 Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne_
(Paris, 1880), p. 314. The Chinese hang brass mirrors over the idols
in their houses, because it is thought that evil spirits entering
the house and seeing themselves in the mirrors will be scared away
(_China Review_, ii. 164).

476 Callaway, _Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus_,
p. 342.

477 Arbousset et Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration au Nord-est de la Colonie
du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_, p. 12.

478 Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” in
_Journ. Anthrop. Instit._ x. 313.

_ 479 Fragmenta Philosoph. Graec._ ed. Mullach, i. 510; Artemidorus,
_Onirocr._ ii. 7; _Laws of Manu_, iv. 38.

480 See above, p. 125 _sq._

481 Wattke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 § 726.

_ 482 Ib._

_ 483 Folk-lore Journal_, iii. 281; Dyer, _English Folk-lore_, p. 109; J.
Napier, _Folk-lore, or Superstitious Beliefs in the West of
Scotland_, p. 60; Ellis, _History of Madagascar_, i. 238; _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, v. 215.

_ 484 Punjab Notes and Queries_, ii. 906.

_ 485 Folk-lore Journal_, vi. 145 _sq._; _Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii.,
No. 378.

_ 486 Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xv. 82 _sqq._

487 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117. The objection,
however, may be merely Puritanical. Professor W. Robertson Smith
informs me that the peculiarities of the Raskolniks are largely due
to exaggerated Puritanism.

488 A. Simson, “Notes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians,” in _Journ.
Anthrop. Inst._ ix. 392.

489 J. Thomson, _Through Masai Land_, p. 86.

490 Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, _Reise in das Innere Nord-Amerika_, i.
417.

_ 491 Ib._ ii. 166.

492 “A far-off Greek Island,” _Blackwood’s Magazine_, February 1886, p.
235.

493 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117.

494 James Napier, _Folk-lore: or, Superstitious Beliefs in the West of
Scotland_, p. 142. For more examples of the same sort, see R.
Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, Neue Folge
(Leipzig, 1889), p. 18 _sqq._

495 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 291 _sq._

496 Charles New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_, p.
432. Cp. _ib._ pp. 400, 402. For the demons on Mt. Kilimanjaro, see
also Krapf, _Travels, Researches etc. in Eastern Africa_, p. 192.

497 Pierre Bouche, _La Côte des Esclaves et le Dahomey_, p. 133.

498 C. A. L. M. Schwaner, _Borneo_, ii. 77.

_ 499 Ib._ ii. 167.

500 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 196.

501 Rosenberg, _Der Malayische Archipel_, p. 198.

502 Capt. John Moresby, _Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea_, p. 102
_sq._

503 R. I. Dodge, _Our Wild Indians_ (Hartford, Conn.; 1886), p. 119.

504 J. Crevaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_, p. 300.

505 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,
p. 78.

506 Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_, pp. 44, 54,
252; Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p. 49.

507 H. Grützner, “Ueber die Gebräuche der Basutho,” in _Verhandl. d.
Berlin. Gesell. f. Anthropologie_, etc. 1877, p. 84 _sq._

508 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in
_Verhandel. v. h. Batav. Genootsch. v. Kunsten en Wetenschappen_,
xxx. 26.

_ 509 Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, i. 35.

510 E. O’Donovan, _The Merv Oasis_ (London, 1882), ii. 58.

_ 511 Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and
Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 107.

_ 512 Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by Charles F. Hall._
Edited by Prof. J. G. Nourse, U.S.N. (Washington, 1879), p. 269
_note_.

513 J. A. Grant, _A Walk across Africa_, p. 104 _sq._

514 E. Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_,
p. 103.

515 N. von Miklucho-Maclay, “Ethnologische Bemerkungen über die Papuas
der Maclay-Küste in Neu-Guinea,” in _Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor
Nederlandsch Indie_, xxxvi. 317 _sq._

516 Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 134.

517 Scholiast on Euripides, _Phoeniss._ 1377. These men were sacred to
the war-god (Ares), and were always spared in battle.

518 John Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, being a Narrative of a
Second Journey in the Interior of that Country_, ii. 205.

519 Ladislaus Magyar, _Reisen in Süd-Afrika_, p. 203.

_ 520 Asiatick Researches_, vi. 535 _sq._ ed. 4to (p. 537 _sq._ ed. 8vo).

521 C. J. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_, p. 223.

522 François Valentyn, _Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën_, iii. 16.

523 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 305 _sq._

524 De Plano Carpini, _Historia Mongolorum quos nos Tartaros
appellamus_, ed. D’Avezac (Paris, 1838), cap. iii. § iii. p. 627,
cap. ult. § i. x. p. 744, and Appendix, p. 775; “Travels of William
de Rubriquis into Tartary and China,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and
Travels_, vii. 82 _sq._

525 Paul Pogge, “Bericht über die Station Mukenge,” in _Mittheilungen
der Afrikanischen Gesellschaft in Deutschland_, iv. (1883-1885) 182
_sq._

526 J. L. Krapf, _Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an
Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa_, p. 252 _sq._

527 Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 391.

528 Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton’s _Voyages
and Travels_, xvi. 583; Dapper, _op. cit._ p. 340; J. Ogilby,
_Africa_ (London, 1670), p. 521. Cp. Bastian, _Die deutsche
Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 288.

529 Bastian, _op. cit._ i. 268 _sq._

530 J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane-en Bila-Stroomgebied op het eiland
Sumatra,” in _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig
Genootschap_, ii. de Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling: meer uitgebreide
artikelen, No. 2, p. 300.

531 Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 249.

532 J. Richardson, “Tanala Customs, Superstitions and Beliefs,” in _The
Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, No. ii. p. 219.

533 Lieut. Cameron, _Across Africa_, ii. 71 (ed. 1877); _id._, in
_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ vi. 173.

534 “Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,
xvi. 330; Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 330; Bastian, _Die
deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 262 _sq._; R. F.
Burton, _Abeokuta and the Cameroons Mountains_, i. 147.

535 Proyart’s “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton’s
_Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 584.

536 J. L. Wilson, _West Afrika_, p. 148 (German trans.); John Duncan,
_Travels in Western Africa_, i. 222. Cp. W. W. Reade, _Savage
Africa_, p. 543.

537 Paul Pogge, _Im Reiche des Muato Jamwo_ (Berlin, 1880), p. 231.

538 Capt. James Cook, _Voyages_, v. 374 (ed. 1809).

539 Heraclides Cumanus in Athenaeus, iv. 145 B-D.

540 Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, _Voyage au Darfour_ (Paris, 1845), p.
203; _Travels of an Arab Merchant_ [Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy] _in
Soudan_, abridged from the French (of Perron) by Bayle St. John, p.
91 _sq._

541 Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, _Voyage au Ouadây_ (Paris, 1851), p.
375.

542 H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara_. _Les Touareg du Nord_, p. 391
_sq._; Reclus, _Nouvelle Géographie Universelle_, xi. 838 _sq._;
James Richardson, _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_, ii. 208.
Amongst the Arabs men sometimes veiled their faces. Wellhausen,
_Reste Arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 146.

543 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 67 _sq._

544 Riedel, “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” in _Deutsche
Geographische Blatter_, x. 230.

545 A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Ceremonies of Initiation,” in
_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xiii. 456.

546 Compare μόνον οὐκ ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσι τὰς ψυχὰς ἔχοντας Dio
Chrysostomus, _Orat._ xxxii. i. 417, ed. Dindorf; _mihi anima in
naso esse, stabam tanquam mortuus_, Petronius, _Sat._ 62; _in primis
labris animam habere_, Seneca, _Natur Quaest_. iii. praef. 16.

547 See above, p. 112.

548 Bastian, _Die Loango-Küste_, i. 263. However, a case is recorded in
which he marched out to war (_ib._ i. 268 _sq._)

549 S. Crowther and J. C. Taylor, _The Gospel on the Banks of the
Niger_, p. 433. On p. 379 mention is made of the king’s “annual
appearance to the public,” but this may have taken place within “the
precincts of his premises.”

550 Strabo, xvii. 2, 2, σέβονται δ᾽ ὠς θεούς τοὺς βασιλέας,
κατακλείστους ὄντας καὶ οἰκουροὺς τὸ πλέον.

551 Strabo, xvi. 4, 19; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 47.

552 Heraclides Cumanus in Athenaeus, 517 B.C.

553 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_ (Paris, 1874), i.
xxiv-xxvi. The king sometimes, though rarely, leaves his palace.
When he does so, notice is given beforehand to the people. All doors
must be shut and each householder must kneel before his threshold
with a broom and a dust-pan in his hand. All windows, especially the
upper ones, must be sealed with slips of paper, lest some one should
look down upon the king. W. E. Griffis, _Corea, the Hermit Nation_,
p. 222.

554 Richard, “History of Tonquin,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,
ix. 746.

555 Shway Yoe, _The Burman_, i. 308 _sq._

_ 556 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 63; Taplin, “Notes on the
mixed races of Australia,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ iv. 53.

557 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 320 _sq._

558 Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 330.

559 Bosman’s “Guinea,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 487.

560 P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der
Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” in _Mededeelingen van wege het
Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1863) 126.

561 Kaempfer’s “History of Japan,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,
vii. 717.

_ 562 Old New Zealand_, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), p. 96 _sq._

563 W. Brown, _New Zealand and its Aborigines_ (London, 1845), p. 76.
For more examples of the same kind see _ib._ p. 77 _sq._

564 E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._
xix. 100.

_ 565 R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui: or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,2 p.
164.

566 A. S. Thomson, _The Story of New Zealand_, i. 101 _sqq._; _Old New
Zealand_, by a Pakeha Maori, pp. 94, 104 _sqq._

_ 567 Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ ix. 458.

568 W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” in
_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ ii. 268.

569 Alexander Mackenzie, _Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of
North America_, cxxiii.

_ 570 Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow,
Alaska_ (Washington, 1885), p. 46.

571 “Customs of the New Caledonian Women,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._
vii. 206.

572 S. Hearne, _A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to
the Northern Ocean_, p. 204 _sqq._

573 L. Alberti, _De Kaffers_ (Amsterdam, 1810), p. 76 _sq._; H.
Lichtenstein, _Reisen im südlichen Afrika_, i. 427.

_ 574 Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner_ (London,
1830), p. 122.

575 On the nature of taboo, see especially W. Robertson Smith, _Religion
of the Semites_, i. 142 _sqq._ 427 _sqq._

576 Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, iii. 102.

577 J. Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 226.

578 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_, i. xxiv. _sq._;
Griffis, _Corea, the Hermit Nation_, p. 219.

579 Macrobius, _Sat._ v. 19, 13; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ i. 448;
Joannes Lydus, _De mens._ i. 31.

_ 580 Acta Fratrum Arvalium_, ed. Henzen, pp. 128-135; Marquardt,
_Römische Staatsverwaltung_, iii.2 (_Das Sacralwesen_), p. 459 _sq._

581 Callimachus, referred to by the Old Scholiast on Ovid, _Ibis._ See
Callimachus, ed. Blomfield, p. 216; Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, p. 686.

582 Plutarch, _Aristides_, 21. This passage I owe to Mr. W. Wyse.

583 Theophilus Hahn, _Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi_,
p. 22.

584 J. G. Bourke, _The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona_, p. 178
_sq._

585 C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_ (ed. 1883), p. 195.

586 James Logan, _The Scottish Gael_ (ed. Alex. Stewart), ii. 68 _sq._

587 C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, p. 226; E. J. Guthrie, _Old
Scottish Customs_, p. 223.

588 1 Kings vi. 7; Exodus xx. 25.

589 Dionysius Halicarn. _Antiquit. Roman_, iii. 45, v. 24; Plutarch,
_Numa_, 9; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxxvi. § 100.

_ 590 Acta Fratrum Arvalium_, ed. Henzen, p. 132; _Corpus Inscriptionum
Latinarum_, i. No. 603.

591 Pliny, _l.c._

_ 592 Indian Antiquary_, x. (1881) 364.

593 Frank Hatton, _North Borneo_ (1886), p. 233.

594 Alexand. Guagninus, “De ducatu Samogitiae,” in _Respublica sive
Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae_ etc. (Elzevir,
1627), p. 276; Johan. Lasicius, “De diis Samogitarum caeterorumque
Sarmatum,” in _Respublica_, etc. (_ut supra_), p. 294 (p. 84 ed.
Mannhardt, in _Magazin herausgeg. von der Lettisch-Literär.
Gesellsch._ bd. xiv.)

595 E. J. Guthrie, _Old Scottish Customs_, p. 149; Ch. Rogers, _Social
Life in Scotland_ (London, 1886), iii. 218.

596 A. Leared, _Morocco and the Moors_, p. 273.

597 The reader may observe how closely the taboos laid upon mourners
resemble those laid upon kings. From what has gone before the reason
of the resemblance is obvious.

_ 598 Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. No. 282.

599 Walter Gregor, _The Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland_, p.
206.

600 This is expressly said in _Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. No. 846.
On iron as a protective charm see also Liebrecht, _Gervasius von
Tilbury_, p. 99 _sqq._; _id._, _Zur Volkskunde_, p. 311; L.
Strackerjan, _Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg_, §
233; Wattke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_2, § 414 _sq._; Tylor,
_Primitive Culture_, i. 140; Mannhardt, _Der Baumkultus_, 132
_note_.

601 Bastian, _Die Völker des ostlichen Asien_, i. 136.

602 E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, i. 312; W. Schmidt, _Das
Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen
Siebenbürgens_, p. 40.

603 J. H. Gray, _China_, i. 288.

604 W. H. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 146; _id._ in _American
Naturalist_, xii. 7.

605 Jo. Meletius, “De religione et sacrificiis veterum Borussorum,” in
_De Russorum Muscovitarum et Tartarorum religione, sacrificiis,
nuptiarum, funerum ritu_ (Spires, 1582), p. 263; Hartknoch, _Alt und
neues Preussen_ (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1684), p. 187 _sq._

606 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p.
136.

607 Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und
Westpreussens_, p. 285; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 iii. 454; cp.
_id._ pp. 441, 469; Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen
und Mähren_, p. 198.

608 Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 110; Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 12.

609 J. Kubary, _Die socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer_ (Berlin, 1885),
p. 126 _sq._

610 F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem inneren und äussern Leben der Ehsten_ (St.
Petersburg, 1876), pp. 448, 478.

611 James Adair, _History of the American Indians_, pp. 134, 117.

612 E. Petitot, _Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié_, p. 76.

613 Leviticus xvii. 10-14. The Hebrew word translated “life” in the
English version of verse 11 means also “soul” (marginal note in the
Revised Version). Cp. Deuteronomy xii. 23-25.

614 Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ v. 79; cp. _id._ on _Aen._ iii. 67.

615 J. Wellhausen, _Reste Arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 217.

616 A. Goudswaard, _De Papoewa’s van de Geelvinksbaai_ (Schiedam, 1863),
p. 77.

617 Hamilton’s “Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and
Travels_, viii. 469. Cp. W. Robertson Smith, _Religion of the
Semites_, i. 349, _note_ 2.

618 De la Loubere, _A New Historical Account of the Kingdom of Siam_
(London, 1693), p. 104 _sq._

619 Pallegoix, _Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam_, i. 271, 365 _sq._

620 Marco Polo, trans. by Col. H. Yule (2d ed. 1875), i. 335.

621 Col. H. Yule on Marco Polo, _l.c._

622 Baron’s “Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen,” in Pinkerton’s
_Voyages and Travels_, ix. 691.

623 T. E. Bowdich, _Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee_ (London,
1873), p. 207.

624 Sibree, _Madagascar and its People_, p. 430.

625 C. T. Wilson and R. W. Felkin, _Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan_, i.
200.

626 Marco Polo, i. 399, Yule’s translation, 2d ed.

627 Sir Walter Scott, note 2 to _Peveril of the Peak_, ch. v.

_ 628 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 230; E. J. Eyre, _Journals of
Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia_, ii. 335; Brough
Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 75 _note_.

629 Collins, _Account of the English Colony of New South Wales_ (London,
1798), p. 580.

_ 630 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 224 _sq._; Angas, _Savage
Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_, i. 110 _sq._

631 Above, p. 20.

632 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p.
53.

633 Lieut. Emery, in _Journal of the R. Geogr. Soc._ iii. 282.

634 Ch. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_, p. 224.

635 Ch. New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_, p. 124;
Francis Galton, “Domestication of Animals,” in _Transactions of the
Ethnolog. Soc. of London_, iii. 135. On the original sanctity of
domestic animals, see above all W. Robertson Smith, _The Religion of
the Semites_, i. 263 _sqq._, 277 _sqq._

636 L. Linton Palmer, “A Visit to Easter Island,” in _Journ. R. Geogr.
Soc._ xl. (1870) 171.

637 R. Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui; or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,2 p.
164 _sq._

638 Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 112; Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 13.

639 Above, p. 61 _sq._

640 Cp. W. Robertson Smith, _op. cit._ p. 213 _sq._

_ 641 Dialis cotidie feriatus est_, Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 16.

642 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, c. 6. A myth apparently akin to this has
been preserved in some native Egyptian writings. See Ad. Erman,
_Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p. 364.

643 Bernardino de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la
Nouvelle-Espagne_, traduite par Jourdanet et Siméon (Paris, 1880),
p. 46 _sq._

644 See above, p. 34 _sq._

645 P. 35.

646 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_ (Melbourne and London, 1887), iii.
179.

647 H. B. Guppy, _The Solomon Islands and their Natives_ (London, 1887),
p. 41.

648 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in _Journal of the American Oriental
Society_, iv. (1854) 312.

649 Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iii. 230.

650 For the reason see Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the
New Zealanders_, pp. 112 _sq._, 292.

_ 651 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 186.

652 Mrs. James Smith, _The Booandik Tribe_, p. 5.

653 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,
p. 450.

654 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 139; cp. _id._ p. 209.

655 E. Dannert, “Customs of the Ovaherero at the Birth of a Child.” in
(South African) _Folk-lore Journal_, ii. 63.

656 F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem innern und äussern Leben der Ehsten_, p.
475.

657 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in _Journal of the American Oriental
Society_, iv. 311 _sq._

658 Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. 256, iii. 71, 230,
235 _sq._

659 Bastian, _op. cit._ ii. 150; Sangermano, _Description of the Burmese
Empire_ (Rangoon, 1885), p. 131; C. F. S. Forbes, _British Burma_,
p. 334; Shway Yoe, _The Burman_, i. 91.

660 J. Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 178, 388.

661 Duarte Barbosa, _Description of the Coasts of East Africa and
Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century_ (Hakluyt Society,
1866), p. 197.

662 David Porter, _Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean in the
U.S. Frigate Essex_ (New York, 1822), ii. 65.

663 Vincendon-Dumoulin et Desgraz, _Iles Marquises_, p. 262.

664 Langsdorff, _Reise um die Welt_, i. 115 _sq._

665 Capt. James Cook, _Voyages_, v. 427 (ed. 1809).

666 Jules Remy, _Ka Mooolelo Hawaii, Histoire de L’Archipel Havaiien_
(Paris and Leipzig, 1862), p. 159.

667 Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, iii. 102.

668 James Wilson, _A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean_
(London, 1799). p. 354 _sq._

669 R. Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui: or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants_, p.
165.

670 “Customs of the New Caledonian Women,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._
vii. 206; B. Hawkins, “Sketch of the Creek Country,” in _Collections
of the Georgia Historical Society_, iii. pt. i. (Savannah, 1848), p.
78; A. S. Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creek Indians_, i. 185;
_Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner_ (London,
1830), p. 122; Kohl, _Kitschi-Gami_, ii. 168.

671 R. Taylor, _l.c._

672 E. Shortland, _The Southern Districts of New Zealand_, p. 293;
_id._, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_, p. 107,
_sq._

673 J. Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du Monde et à la recherche de La
Pérouse, exécuté sous son commandement sur la corvette Astrolabe.
Histoire du Voyage_, ii. 534.

674 R. A. Cruise, _Journal of a Ten Months’ Residence in New Zealand_
(London, 1823), p. 187; Dumont D’Urville, _op. cit._ ii. 533; E.
Shortland, _The Southern Districts of New Zealand_ (London, 1851),
p. 30.

675 Agathias i. 3; Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_, p. 239 _sqq._

676 G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands,”
in _Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-79_, p.
123 B.

677 P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der
Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” in _Mededeelingen van wege het
Nederlandsche Zendelingvenootschap_, vii. (1863) p. 126.

678 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,
p. 137.

679 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 292 _sq._

680 Diodorus Siculus, i. 18.

681 W. Robertson Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, p. 152
_sq._

682 Valerius Flaccus, _Argonaut_, i. 378 _sq._:—

“_Tectus et Eurytion servato colla capillo,_
_ Quem pater Aonias reducem tondebit ad aras._”

683 Homer, _Iliad_, xxiii. 141 _sqq._

684 D. Porter, _Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean_, ii. 120.

685 Paulus Diaconus, _Hist. Langobard._ iii. 7.

686 Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, iv. 387.

687 Numbers vi. 5.

688 J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch_, etc. _im Voigtlande_, p. 424; W.
Henderson, _Folk-lore of the Northern Counties_, p. 16 _sq._; F.
Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. 258; Zingerle,
_Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,2 Nos. 46, 72; J.
W. Wolf, _Beitrage zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. 208 (No. 45), 209
(No. 53); Knoop, _Volkssagen, Erzählungen_, etc. _aus dem östlichen
Hinterpommern_, p. 157 (No. 23); E. Veckenstedt, _Wendische Sagen,
Märchen und abergläubische Gebräuche_, p. 445; J. Haltrieh, _Zur
Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen_, p. 313; E. Krause,
“Abergläubische Kuren u. sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,”
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. 84.

_ 689 Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. No. 1092.

690 G. Gibbs, “Notes on the Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and
Russian America,” in _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution_,
1866, p. 305; W. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 202. The
reason alleged by the Indians (that if the girls’ nails were cut
sooner the girls would be lazy and unable to embroider in porcupine
quill-work) is probably a late invention, like the reasons assigned
in Europe for the similar custom (the commonest being that the child
would become a thief).

691 Knoop, _l.c._

692 Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. 209 (No. 57).

693 R. Taylor, _New Zealand and its Inhabitants_, p. 206 _sqq._

694 Richard A. Cruise, _Journal of a Ten Months’ Residence in New
Zealand_, p. 283 _sq._ Cp. Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du Monde
et à la recherche de La Pérouse. Histoire du Voyage_ (Paris, 1832),
ii. 533.

695 E. Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_,
p. 108 _sqq._; Taylor, _l.c._

696 J. Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 226 _sq._

697 See above, p. 111.

698 Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 468 _sq._

699 D. Porter, _Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean_, ii. 188.

700 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 36.

701 A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-men,” in _Journ. Anthrop.
Inst._ xvi. 27. Cp. E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” in
_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xiii. 293; James Bonwick, _Daily Life of the
Tasmanians_, p. 178; James Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, p.
187; J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_, i.
282; Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iii. 270;
Langsdorff, _Reise um die Welt_, i. 134 _sq._ A. S. Thomson, _The
Story of New Zealand_, i. 79, 116 _sq._; Ellis, _Polynesian
Researches_, i. 364; Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des
Tiroler Volkes_,2 No. 178.

702 Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, p. 509;
Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. 258; J. A. E. Köhler,
_Volksbrauch_ etc. _im Voigtlande_, p. 425; A. Witzschel, _Sagen,
Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 282; Zingerle, _op. cit._
No. 180; Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. 224 (No.
273).

703 Zingerle, _op. cit._ No. 181.

704 Zingerle, _op. cit._ Nos. 176, 179.

705 A. Krause, _Die Tlinkit-Indianer_. (Jena, 1885), p. 300.

706 Petronius, _Sat._ 104.

707 Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 231
_sq._; _id._, _Ein Besuch in San Salvador_, p. 117.

708 W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” in _Transact.
Ethnolog. Soc. of London_, i. 300.

709 François Pyrard, _Voyages to the East Indies, the Maldives, the
Moluccas, and Brazil_. Translated by Albert Gray (Hakluyt Society,
1887), i. 110 _sq._

710 Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_, p.
110.

711 Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_, i. 38 _sq._

712 James Wilson, _A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean_,
p. 355.

713 Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 15.

714 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xvi. 235; Festus, _s.v._ _capillatam vel
capillarem arborem_.

715 Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 § 464.

716 W. Mannhardt, _Germanische Mythen_, p. 630.

717 W. Henderson, _Folk-lore of the Northern Counties_, p. 17.

718 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,
p. 74.

719 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 265.

720 G. Heijmering “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Rottie,” in
_Tijdschrift voor Neêrland’s Indie_ (1843), _dl._ ii. 634-637.

721 W. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 54; F. Whymper, “The Natives
of the Youkon River,” in _Transact. Ethnolog. Soc. of London_, vii.
174.

722 E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, p.
509.

723 W. Mannhardt, _Germanische Mythen_, p. 630.

724 H. B. Guppy, _The Solomon Islands and their Natives_, p. 54.

725 Fargaard, xvii.

_ 726 Grihya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg (Oxford, 1886), vol. i.
p. 57.

727 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Madi or Moru tribe of Central Africa,”
in _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xii. (1882-84)
p. 332.

728 A. Steedman, _Wanderings and Adventures in the Interior of Southern
Africa_ (London, 1835), i. 266.

_ 729 Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and
Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 74.

730 J. L. Wilson, _West Afrika_, p. 159 (German trans.)

731 N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van
Bolaang Mongondou,” in _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 322.

732 Garcilasso de la Vega, _First part of the Royal Commentaries of the
Yncas_, bk. ii. ch. 7 (vol. i. p. 127, Markham’s translation).

_ 733 Mélusine_, 1878, c. 583 _sq._

_ 734 The People of Turkey_, by a Consul’s daughter and wife, ii. 250.

735 Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und
Gewohnheiten_, p. 139; F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem innern und äussern
Leben der Ehsten_, p. 491.

736 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the For tribe of Central Africa,” in
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xiii. (1884-86) p.
230.

737 Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,2 Nos.
176, 580; _Mélusine_, 1878, c. 79.

738 Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ i.
197; J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 36.

739 David Livingstone, _Narrative of Expedition to the Zambesi_, p. 46
_sq._

740 Zingerle, _op. cit._ Nos. 177, 179, 180.

741 M. Jahn, _Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern_, p. 15; _Mélusine_,
1878, c. 79.

742 E. H. Meyer, _Indogermanische Mythen_, ii. _Achilleis_ (Berlin,
1887), p. 523.

743 Above, p. 201.

744 Above, pp. 167, 169 _sqq._

745 W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” in
_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ ii. 268.

746 See G. A. Wilken, _Ueber das Haaropfer und einige andere
Trauergebräuche bei den Völkern Indonesiens_, p. 94 _sqq._; H.
Ploss, Das Kind in Branch und Sitte der Völker2 i. 289 _sqq._

747 Above, p. 194.

748 Above, p. 157 _sq._

749 Monier Williams, _Religious Thought and Life in India_, p. 375.

750 Above, p. 117.

751 Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, ii. 170. The
blood may be drunk by them as a medium of inspiration. See above, p.
34 _sq._

752 Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 336.

753 T. J. Hutchinson, _Impressions of Western Africa_ (London, 1858), p.
198.

754 G. Watt (quoting Col. W. J. M’Culloch), “The Aboriginal Tribes of
Manipur,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xvi. 360.

755 Meiners, _Geschichte der Religionen_, i. 48.

756 R. I. Dodge, _Our Wild Indians_, p. 112.

757 Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die relig. Anschauungen der
Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” in _Mittheilungen d. Wiener
Geogr. Gesellschaft_, 1882, p. 198.

758 Theophilus Hahn, _Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi_,
pp. 56, 69.

759 Diodorus, iii. 61; Pomponius Mela, ii. 7, 112; Minucius Felix,
_Octavius_, 21.

760 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 35; Philochorus, _Fragm._ 22, in
Müller’s _Fragm. Hist. Graec._ i. p. 387.

761 Porphyry, _Vit. Pythag._ 16.

762 Philochorus, _Fr._ 184, in _Fragm. Hist. Graec._ ii. p. 414.

763 Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, p. 574 _sq._

764 See above, p. 121 _sqq._

765 Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 163.

766 Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition_ (London,
1845), iii. 96.

_ 767 U. S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnology and Philology_, by H. Hale
(Philadelphia, 1846), p. 65. Cp. Th. Williams, _Fiji and the
Fijians_, i. 183; J. E. Erskine, _Journal of a Cruise among the
Islands of the Western Pacific_, p. 248.

768 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 335.

769 Martin Flad, _A Short Description of the Falasha and Kamants in
Abyssinia_, p. 19.

770 J. B. Labat, _Relation historique de l’Ethiopie Occidentale_, i. 260
_sq._; W. Winwood Reade, _Savage Africa_, p. 362.

771 Diodorus Siculus, iii. 6; Strabo, xvii. 2, 3.

_ 772 Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and
Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 91.

773 P. Guillemé, “Credenze religiose dei Negri di Kibanga nell’ Alto
Congo,” in _Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari_, vii.
(1888) p. 231.

774 Nathaniel Isaacs, _Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa_, i. p.
295 _sq._, cp. pp. 232, 290 _sq._

775 Above, p. 45 _sq._

776 Dos Santos, “History of Eastern Ethiopia” (published at Paris in
1684), in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 684.

777 Plutarch, _Agesilaus_, 3.

778 Herodotus, iii. 20; Aristotle, _Politics_, iv. 4, 4; Athenaeus,
xiii. p. 566. According to Nicolaus Damascenus (_Fr._ 142, in
_Fragm. Historic. Graecor._ ed. C. Müller, iii. p. 463), the
handsomest and bravest man was only raised to the throne when the
king had no heirs, the heirs being the sons of his sisters. But this
limitation is not mentioned by the other authorities. Among the
Gordioi the fattest man was chosen king; among the Syrakoi, the
tallest, or the man with the longest head. Zenobius, v. 25.

779 G. Nachtigal, _Saharâ und Sûdân_ (Leipzig, 1889), iii. 225; Bastian,
_Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 220.

780 Strabo, xvii. 2, 3; Diodorus, iii. 7.

781 Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy, _Voyage au Darfour_ (Paris, 1845), p.
162 _sq._; _Travels of an Arab Merchant in Soudan_, abridged from
the French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), p. 78; _Bulletin de la
Société de Géographie_ (Paris) IVme Série, iv. (1852) p. 539 _sq._

782 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Waganda Tribe of Central Africa,” in
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xiii. (1884-1886)
p. 711.

_ 783 Narrative of events in Borneo and Celebes, from the Journals of
James Brooke, Esq., Rajah of Sarawak._ By Captain R. Mundy, i. 134.

784 Simon Grunau, _Preussische Chronik_, herausgegeben von Dr. M.
Perlbach (Leipzig, 1876), i. p. 97.

785 Barbosa, _A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in
the beginning of the Sixteenth Century_ (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p.
172 _sq._

786 Alex. Hamilton, “A new Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton’s
_Voyages and Travels_, viii. 374.

787 Athenaeus, xiv. p. 639 c; Dio Chrysostom, _Orat._ iv. p. 69 _sq._
(vol. i. p. 76, ed. Dindorf). Dio Chrysostom does not mention his
authority, but it was probably either Berosus or Ctesias. Though the
execution of the mock king is not mentioned in the passage of
Berosus cited by Athenaeus, the omission is probably due to the fact
that the mention of it was not germane to Athenaeus’s purpose, which
was simply to give a list of festivals at which masters waited on
their servants. That the ζωγάνης was put to death is further shown
by Macrobius, _Sat._ iii. 7, 6, “_Animas vero sacratorum hominum
quos † zanas Graeci vocant, dis debitas aestimabant_,” where for
_zanas_ we should probably read ζωγάνας with Liebrecht, in
_Philologus_, xxii. 710, and Bachofen, _Die Sage von Tanaquil_, p.
52, _note_ 16. The custom, so far as appears from our authorities,
does not date from before the Persian domination in Babylon; but
probably it was much older. In the passage of Dio Chrysostom
ἐκρέμασαν should be translated “crucified” (or “impaled”), not
“hung.” It is strange that this, the regular, sense of κρεμάννυμι,
as applied to executions, should not be noticed even in the latest
edition of Liddell and Scott’s _Greek Lexicon_. Hanging, though a
mode of suicide, was not a mode of execution in antiquity either in
the east or west. In one of the passages cited by L. and S. for the
sense “to hang” (Plutarch, _Caes._ 2), the context proves that the
meaning is “to crucify.”

788 E. Aymonier, _Notice sur le Cambodge_, p. 61; J. Moura, _Le Royaume
du Cambodge_, i. 327 _sq._ For the connection of the temporary
king’s family with the royal house, see Aymonier, _op. cit._ p. 36
_sq._

789 Pallegoix, _Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam_, i. 250; Bastian,
_Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iii. 305-309, 526-528; Turpin,
_History of Siam_, in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, ix. 581
_sq._ Bowring (_Siam_, i. 158 _sq._) copies, as usual, from
Pallegoix.

790 Lieut. Col. James Low, “On the Laws of Muung Thai or Siam,” in
_Journal of the Indian Archipelago_, i. (Singapore, 1847) p. 339;
Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iii. 98, 314, 526 _sq._

791 C. B. Klunzinger, _Bilder aus Ober-ägypten, der Wüste und dem Rothen
Meere_, p. 180 _sq._

792 J. W. Boers, “Oud volksgebruik in het Rijk van Jambi,” in
_Tijdschrift voor Neêrland’s Indië_, iii. (1840), dl. i. 372 _sqq._

_ 793 Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. 674.

794 Aeneas Sylvius, _Opera_ (Bâle, 1571), p. 409 _sq._; Grimm, _Deutsche
Rechtsalterthümer_, p. 253. According to Grimm (who does not refer
to Aeneas Sylvius) the cow and mare stood beside the prince, not the
peasant.

795 Lasicius, “De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,” in
_Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae,
Livoniae_, etc. (Elzevir, 1627), p. 306 _sq._; _id._ edited by W.
Mannhardt in _Magazin herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literärischen
Gesellschaft_, xiv. 91 _sq._

796 Macrobius, _Saturn._ v. 19, 13.

797 See above, p. 172 _sqq._

798 Philo of Byblus, quoted by Eusebius, _Praepar. Evang._ i. 10, 29
_sq._

799 2 Kings iii. 27.

800 Porphyry, _De abstin._ ii. 56.

801 Diodorus, xx. 14.

802 Porphyry, _De abstin._ ii. 54.

803 Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 311.

804 Strachey, _Historie of travaille into Virginia Britannia_ (Hakluyt
Society), p. 84.

805 J. L. Krapf, _Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an
Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa_, p. 69 _sq._ Dr. Krapf,
who reports the custom at second hand, thinks that the existence of
the pillar may be doubted, but that the rest of the story harmonises
well enough with African superstition.

806 F. J. Mone, _Geschichte des Heidenthums im nördlichen Europa_, i.
119.

807 Above, p. 42 _sqq._

808 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in
_Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootschap van Kunsten en
Wetenschappen_, xxx. 85; Rosenberg, _Der Malayische Archipel_, p.
160; Chatelin, “Godsdienst en bijgeloof der Niassers,” in
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. 142
_sq._; Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,” in
_Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift_, xi. 445.

809 Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition_ (London,
1845), iv. 453; _U. S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and
Philology_, by H. Hale, p. 203.

810 D. G. Brinton, _Myths of the New World_, p. 270 _sq._

811 Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 685; Cicero, _In Verr._ ii. 5, 45; K.
F. Hermann, _Griech. Privatalterthümer_, ed. Blumner, p. 362 _note_
1.

812 Harland and Wilkinson, _Lancashire Folk-lore_, p. 7 _sq._

813 Fr. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. 235 _sq._; W.
Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 320 _sq._

814 E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, pp.
409-419; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 349 _sq._

815 E. Sommer, _Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen_,
p. 154 _sq._; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 335 _sq._

816 W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 336.

817 Reinsberg—Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 61; W.
Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 336 _sq._

818 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 263; W.
Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 343.

819 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 269 _sq._

820 See above, p. 92 _sq._

821 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 264 _sq._; W.
Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 353 _sq._

822 See pp. 243, 246.

823 See p. 15 _sqq._

824 See p. 243.

825 Above, p. 4.

826 Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, iii.2 323 _sq._

827 See above, p. 6.

828 Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ vi. 16; Adam of Bremen, _Descript. Insul.
Aquil._ c. 27; Olaus Magnus, iii. 6; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4
i. 35 _sqq._; Mone, _Geschichte des nordischen Heidenthums_, i. 69,
119, 120, 149, 187 _sq._

829 J. G. Bourke, _Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona_, p. 196 _sq._

830 Euripides, _Iphig. in Taur._ 1458 _sqq._

831 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in
_Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en
Wetenschappen_, xxx. 43.

832 J. A. Dubois, Moeurs, _Institutions et Cérémonies des Peuples de
l’Inde_, i. 151 _sq._

833 “The Rudhirádhyáyă, or sanguinary chapter,” translated from the
_Calica Puran_ by W. C. Blaquiere, in _Asiatick Researches_, v. 376
(8vo. ed. London, 1807).

834 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 281.

835 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 258 _sq._

836 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 645; K. Haupt, _Sagenbuch der
Lausitz_, ii. 58; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_,
p. 86 _sq._; _id._, _Das festliche Jahr_, p. 77 _sq._ The Fourth
Sunday in Lent is also known as Mid-Lent, because it falls in the
middle of Lent, or as _Laetare_ from the first word of the liturgy
for the day. In the Roman Calendar it is the Sunday of the Rose,
_Domenica rosae_.

837 See p. 244.

838 E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebraüche aus Schwaben_, p.
371.

839 J. Haltrich, _Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen_ (Wien, 1885),
p. 284 _sq._

840 Leoprechting, _Aus dem Lechrain_, p. 162 _sqq._; Mannhardt,
_Baumkultus_, p. 411.

841 E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_ p.
374; cp. Birlinger, _Volksthümlichesaus Schwaben_, ii. 55.

842 E. Meier, _op. cit._ p. 372.

843 E. Meier, _op. cit._ p. 373.

844 E. Meier, _op. cit._ pp. 373, 374.

845 A. Kuhn, _Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen_, ii. 130.

846 F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten_, p.
353.

847 E. Meier, _op. cit._ p. 374.

848 H. Pröhle, _Harzbilder_, p. 54.

849 Aug. Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 193.

850 Witzschel, _op. cit._ p. 199.

851 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 642.

852 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 90 _sq._

853 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _op. cit._ p. 91.

854 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 639 _sq._; Mannhardt,
_Baumkultus_, p. 412.

855 Grimm, _op. cit._ ii. 644; K. Haupt, _Sagenbuch der Lausitz_, ii.
55.

856 Grimm, _op. cit._ ii. 640, 643.

857 Vernalecken, _Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Oesterreich_, p. 294
_sq._; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 90.

858 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 640.

859 J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte
Ueberlieferungen im Voigtlande_, p. 171.

860 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Das festliche Jahr_, p. 80.

861 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 211.

_ 862 Ib._ p. 210.

863 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 652; H. Usener, “Italische
Mythen,” in _Rheinisches Museum_, N. F. xxx. (1875) p. 191 _sq._

864 G. Pitrè, _Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane_ (Palermo, 1881),
p. 207 _sq._

_ 865 Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari_, iv. (1885) p.
294 _sq._

866 H. Usener, _op. cit._ p. 193.

867 Vincenzo Dorsa, _La tradizione greco-latina negli usi e nelle
credenze popolari della Calabria citeriore_ (Cosenza, 1884), p. 43
_sq._

868 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 652; H. Usener, “Italische
Mythen,” in _Rheinisches Museum_, N. F. xxx. 1875, p. 191 _sq._

869 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 89 _sq._; W.
Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 156. This custom has been already
referred to. See p. 82.

870 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Das festliche Jahr_, p. 82; Philo vom Walde,
_Schlesien in Sage und Brauch_ (N.D. preface dated 1883), p. 122.

871 Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 192 _sq._

872 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 643 _sq._; K. Haupt, _Sagenbuch
der Lausitz_, ii. 54 _sq._; Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 412 _sq._;
Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 211.

873 Grimm, _op. cit._ ii. 644; K. Haupt, _op. cit._ ii. 55.

874 E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 47-49.

875 This is also the view taken of the custom by Mannhardt,
_Baumkultus_, p. 419.

876 Vernalecken, _Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Oesterreich_, p. 293
_sq._

877 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Das festliche Jahr_, p. 82.

878 Philo vom Walde, _Schlesien in Sage und Brauch_, p. 122.

879 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 640 _sq._

880 See above, p. 260.

881 K. Schwenk, _Die Mythologie der Slawen_, p. 217 _sq._

882 Above, p. 263.

883 See above, pp. 83, 263.

884 Above, p. 263, and Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 644;
Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 87 _sq._

885 Above, p. 263.

886 See above, p. 266 _sqq._

887 Above, pp. 257, 259, 265; and Grimm, _D. M._4 ii. 643.

888 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 88. Sometimes
the effigy of Death (without a tree) is carried round by boys who
collect gratuities. Grimm, _D. M._4 ii. 644.

889 Above, p. 243.

890 Wiedemann, _Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten_, p. 353;
Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” in _Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen
Gesellschaft zu Dorpat_, vii. Heft 2, p. 10 _sq._; W. Mannhardt,
_Baumkultus_, p. 407 _sq._

891 W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, pp. 417-421.

892 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 221.

893 Ralston, _op. cit._ p. 241.

894 Ralston, _op. cit._ p. 243 _sq._; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p.
414.

895 W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 414 _sq._; Ralston, _op. cit._ p.
244.

896 Ralston, _op. cit._ p. 245; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 416.

897 W. Mannhardt, _l.c._; Ralston, _l.c._

898 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 644.

899 J. G. von Hahn, _Albanesische Studien_, i. 160.

900 Captain R. C. Temple, in _Indian Antiquary_, xi. (1882) p. 297 _sq._

901 See above, p. 94 _sqq._

902 Above, p. 70 _sqq._

903 Baudissin, _Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_, i. 299; W.
Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p. 274.

904 Plutarch, _Alcibiades_, 18; Zenobius, _Centur._ i. 49; Theocritus,
xv. 132 _sq._; Eustathius on Homer, _Od._ xi. 590.

905 Besides Lucian (cited below) see Jerome, _Comment. in Ezechiel._
viii. 14, _in qua (solemnitate) plangitur quasi mortuus, et postea
reviviscens, canitur atque laudatur ... interfectionem et
resurrectionem Adonidis planctu et gaudio prosequens_.

906 Theocritus, xv.

907 W. Mannhardt, _op. cit._ p. 277.

908 Lucian, _De dea Syria_, 6. The words ἐς τὸν ἠέρα πέμπουσι imply that
the ascension was supposed to take place in the presence, if not
before the eyes, of the worshipping crowds.

909 Lucian, _op. cit._ 8. The discoloration of the river and the sea was
observed by Maundrell on 17/27th March 1696/1697. See his “Journey
from Aleppo to Jerusalem,” in Bohn’s _Early Travels in Palestine_,
edited by Thomas Wright, p. 411. Renan observed the discoloration at
the beginning of February; Baudissin, _Studien_, i. 298 (referring
to Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 283). Milton’s lines will occur
to most readers.

910 Ovid, _Metam._ x. 735, compared with Bion i. 66. The latter,
however, makes the anemone spring from the tears, as the rose from
the blood of Adonis.

911 W. Robertson Smith, “Ctesias and the Semíramis legend,” in _English
Historical Review_, April 1887, following Lagarde.

912 In the Alexandrian ceremony, however, it appears to have been the
image of Adonis only which was thrown into the sea.

913 Apollodorus, _Biblioth._ iii. 14, 4; Schol. on Theocritus, i. 109;
Antoninus Liberalis, 34; Tzetzes on Lycophron, 829; Ovid, _Metam._
x. 489 _sqq._; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ v. 72, and on _Bucol._ x.
18; Hyginus, _Fab._ 58, 164; Fulgentius, iii. 8. The word Myrrha or
Smyrna is borrowed from the Phoenician (Liddell and Scott, _Greek
Lexicon_, _s.v._ σμύρνα). Hence the mother’s name, as well as the
son’s, was taken directly from the Semites.

914 Schol. on Theocritus, iii. 48; Hyginus, _Astronom._ ii. 7; Lucian,
_Dialog. deor._ xi. 1; Cornutus, _De natura deorum_, 28, p. 163
_sq._ ed. Osannus; Apollodorus, iii. 14, 4.

915 Thus, after the autumnal equinox the Egyptians celebrated the
“nativity of the sun’s walking-sticks,” because, as the sun declined
daily in the sky, and his heat and light diminished, he was supposed
to need a staff with which to support his steps. Plutarch, _Isis et
Osiris_, 52.

916 Schol. on Theocritus, iii. 48, ὁ Ἄδωνις, ἤγουν ὁ σῖτος ὁ
σπειρόμενος, ἒξ μῆνας ἐν τῇ γῇ ποιεῖ ἀπὸ τῆς σπορᾶς, καὶ ἒξ μῆνας
ἔχει αὐτὸν ἡ Ἀφροδίτη, τουτέστιν ἡ εὐκρασία τοῦ ἀέρος. καὶ ἐκτότε
λαμβάνουσιν αὐτὸν οἱ ἄνθρωποι. Jerome on Ezech. c. viii. 14. _Eadem
gentilitas hujuscemodi fabulas poetarum, quae habent turpitudinem,
interpretatur subtiliter interfectionem et resurrectionem Adonidis
planctu et gaudio prosequens: quorum alterum in seminibus, quae
moriuntur in terra, alterum in segetibus, quibus mortua semina
renascuntur, ostendi putat._ Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 1, 11, _in
sollemnibus Adonidis sacris, quod simulacrum aliquod esse frugum
adultarum religiones mysticae docent_. Id. xxii. 9, 15, _amato
Veneris, ut fabulae fingunt, apri dente ferali deleto, quod in
adulto flore sectarum est indicium frugum_. Clemens Alexandr. _Hom._
6, 11 (quoted by W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p.
281), λάμβανουσι δὲ καὶ Ἄδωνιν εἰς ὡραίους καρπούς. Etymolog. Magn.
Ἄδωνις κύριον; δύναται καὶ ὁ καρπὸς εἶναι ἄδωνις; οἷον ἀδώνειος
καρπός, ἀρέσκων. Eusebius, _Praepar. Evang._ iii. 11, 9, Ἄδωνις τῆς
τῶν τελείων καρπῶν ἐκτομῆς σύμβολον.

917 D. Chwolsohn, _Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus_, ii. 27; _id._, _Ueber
Tammûz und die Menschenverehrung bei den alten Babyloniern_, p. 38.

918 The comparison is due to Felix Liebrecht (_Zur Volkskunde_, p. 259).

919 For the authorities see W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_,
p. 279, _note_ 2, and p. 280, _note_ 2; to which add Diogenianus, i.
14; Plutarch, _De sera num. vind._ 17. Women only are mentioned as
planting the gardens of Adonis by Plutarch, _l.c._; Julian,
_Convivium_, p. 329 ed. Spanheim (p. 423 ed. Hertlein); Eustathius
on Homer, _Od._ xi. 590. On the other hand Diogenianus, _l.c._ says
φυτεύοντες ἢ φυτεύουσαι.

920 Plutarch, _Alcibiades_, 18; _id._, _Nicias_, 13. The date of the
sailing of the fleet is given by Thucydides, vi. 30, θέρους
μεσοῦντος ἤδη.

921 In hot southern countries like Egypt and the Semitic regions of
Western Asia, where vegetation depends chiefly or entirely upon
irrigation, the purpose of the charm is doubtless to secure a
plentiful flow of water in the streams. But as the ultimate object
and the charms for securing it are the same in both cases, it has
not been thought necessary always to point out the distinction.

922 See above, p. 16.

923 W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 214; W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine
Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens_, p. 18 _sq._

924 G. A. Heinrich, _Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen
Siebenbürgens_ (Hermanstadt, 1880), p. 24; Wsissocki, _Sitten und
Brauch der Siebenbürger Sachsen_ (Hamburg, 1888), p. 32.

925 Matthäus Praetorius, _Deliciae Prussicae_, 55; W. Mannhardt,
_Baumkultus_, p. 214 _sq._ _note_.

926 Praetorius, _op. cit._, 60; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 215,
_note_.

927 A. H. Sayce, _Religion of the ancient Babylonians_ (Hibbert
Lectures, 1887), p. 221 _sqq._; W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und
Feldkulte_, p. 275.

928 According to Jerome (on Ezechiel, viii. 14), Thammuz was June; but
according to modern scholars the month corresponded rather to July,
or to part of June and part of July. Movers, _Die Phoenizier_, i.
210; Mannhardt, _A. W. F._ p. 275. My friend, Prof. W. Robertson
Smith, informs me that owing to the variations of the local Syrian
calendars the month Thammuz fell in different places at different
times, from midsummer to autumn, or from June to September.

929 A. H. Sayce, _op. cit._ p. 238.

930 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 259.

931 Above, p. 67.

932 Antonio Bresciani, _Dei costumi dell’ isola di Sardegna comparati
cogli antichissimi popoli orientali_ (Rome and Turin, 1866), p. 427
_sq._; R. Tennant, _Sardinia and its Resources_ (Rome and London,
1885), p. 187; S. Gabriele, “Usi dei contadini della Sardegna,”
_Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari_, vii. (1888) p.
469 _sq._ Tennant says that the pots are kept in a dark warm place,
and that the children leap across the fire.

933 See ch. i. p. 78 _sq._

934 P. 272.

935 L. Lloyd, _Peasant Life in Sweden_, p. 257.

936 W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 464; Leoprechting, _Aus dem
Lechrain_, p. 183.

937 G. Pitrè, _Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane_, p. 296 _sq._

938 G. Pitrè, _op. cit._ p. 302 sq.; Antonio de Nino, _Usi Abruzzesi_,
i. 55 _sq._; Gubernatis, _Usi Nuziali_, p. 39 _sq._ Cp. _Archivio
per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari_, i. 135. At Smyrna a
blossom of the _agnus castus_ is used on St. John’s Day for a
similar purpose, but the mode in which the omens are drawn is
somewhat different, _Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni
popolari_, vii. (1888) p. 128 _sq._

939 Matthäus Praetorius, _Deliciae Prussicae_, herausgegeben von Dr. W.
Pierson (Berlin, 1871), p. 56.

940 See p. 274 _sq._

941 G. Pitrè, _Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane_, p. 211. A similar
custom is observed at Cosenza in Calabria. Vincenzo Dorsa, _La
tradizione greco-latina_, etc., p. 50. For the Easter ceremonies in
the Greek Church, see R. A. Arnold, _From the Levant_ (London,
1868), i. 251 _sqq._

942 κήπους ὡσίουν ἐπιταφίους Ἀδώνιδι, Eustathius on Homer, _Od._ xi.
590.

943 Hippolytus, _Refut. omn. haeres._ v. 9, p. 168, ed. Duncker and
Schneidewin; Socrates, _Hist. Eccles._ iii. 23, §§ 51 _sqq._ p. 204.

944 That Attis was killed by a boar was stated by Hermesianax, an
elegiac poet of the fourth century B.C. (Pausanias, vii. 17); cp.
Schol. on Nicander, _Alex._ 8. The other story is told by Arnobius
(_Adversus nationes_, v. 5 _sqq._) on the authority of Timotheus, an
otherwise unknown writer, who professed to derive it _ex reconditis
antiquitatum libris et ex intimis mysteriis_. It is obviously
identical with the account which Pausanias mentions (_l.c._) as the
story current in Pessinus.

945 Pausanias, vii. 17; Julian, _Orat._ v. 177 B.

946 Ovid, _Metam._ x. 103 _sqq._

947 On the festival see especially Marquardt, _Römische
Staatsverwaltung_, iii.2 370 _sqq._; Daremberg et Saglio,
_Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines_, i. p. 1685 _sq._
(article “Cybèle”); W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p.
291 _sqq._; _id._, _Baumkultus_, p. 572 _sqq._

948 Julian, _Orat._ v. 168 c; Joannes Lydus, _De mensibus_, iv. 41;
Arnobius, _Advers. nationes_, v. cc. 7, 16 _sq._; Firmicus Maternus,
_De errore profan. relig._ 27.

949 Julian, _l.c._ and 169 C.

950 Trebellius Pollio, _Claudius_, 4; Tertullian, _Apologet_. 25. For
other references, see Marquardt, _l.c._

951 Diodorus, iii. 59; Firmicus Maternus, _De err. profan. relig._ 3;
Arnobius, _Advers. nat._ v. 16; Schol. on Nicander, _Alex._ 8;
Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ ix. 116; Arrian, _Tactica_, 33. The
ceremony described in Firmicus Maternus, c. 22 (_nocte quadam
simulacrum in lectica supinum ponitur et per numeros digestis
fletibus plangitur.... Idolum sepelis. Idolum plangis_, etc.), may
very well be the mourning and funeral rites of Attis, to which he
had more briefly referred in c. 3.

952 On the _Hilaria_ see Macrobius, _Saturn._ i. 21, 10; Julian, _Orat._
v. 168 D, 169 D; Damascius, _Vita Isidori_, in Photius, p. 345 A 5
_sqq._ ed. Bekker. On the resurrection, see Firmicus Maternus, 3,
_reginae suae amorem [Phryges] cum luctibus annuis consecrarunt, et
ut satis iratae mulieri facerent aut ut paenitenti solacium
quaererent, quem paulo ante sepelierant revixisse jactarunt....
Mortem ipsius_ [_i.e._ of Attis] _dicunt, quod semina collecta
conduntur, vitam rursus quod jacta semina annuis vicibus †
reconduntur_ [_renascuntur_, C. Halm]. Again cp. id. 22, _Idolum
sepelis_. _Idolum plangis, idolum de sepultura proferis, et miser
cum haec feceris gaudes_; and Damascius, _l.c._ τὴν τῶν ἱλαρίων
καλουμένην ἐορτήν; ὅπερ ἑδήλου τὴν ἑξ ἄδου γεγονυῖαν ἡμῶν σωτερίαν.
This last passage, compared with the formula in Firmicus Maternus,
c. 22

θαρρεῖτε μύσται τοῦ θεοῦ σεσωμένου;
ἔσται γὰρ ἠμῖν ἐκ πόνων σωτηρία,

makes it probable that the ceremony described by Firmicus, c. 22, is
the resurrection of Attis.

953 Ovid, _Fast._ iv. 337 _sqq._; Ammianus Marcellinus, xxiii. 3. For
other references see Marquardt and Mannhardt, _ll. cc._

954 Pausanias, vii. 17; Arnobius, _Adv. nationes_, v. 6.; cp.
Hippolytus, _Refut. omn. haeres._ v. 9, pp. 166, 168.

955 See above, p. 264 _sq._

956 Firmicus Maternus, 27.

957 Above, p. 81.

958 Hippolytus, _Ref. omn. haeres._ v. cc. 8, 9, pp. 162, 168; Firmicus
Maternus, _De errore prof. relig._ 3.

959 Julian, _Orat._ v. 174 A B.