Chapter XXXV: Part III: Zoological Geography (15)

Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, 228

_Lebellula_, from the Lias, 167

Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, 90

_Limnæa_, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169

_Limnatornis_, European Miocene, 161

_Limnocyon_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Limnohyus_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Limnotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Limnotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Listriodon_, European Miocene, 119

_Lithomys_, European Miocene, 120

_Lithornis_, European Eocene, 163

Lizards, classification of, 99
Tertiary, 165
wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448

_Loncheres_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Lonchophorus_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Lophiodon_, European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 136

_Lophiotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 136

Lord Howe's Island, birds of, 453

_Loxomylus_, Pliocene of Antilles, 148

Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143

_Lutra_, European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121

_Lycæna_, Miocene of Greece, 115

Lyre bird, figure of, 441

M.

_Macacus_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
Indian Miocene, 121
supposed in European Eocene, 125

_Machairodus_, 110, 111
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Tertiary, 134
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146

_Macrauchenia_, S. American Pliocene, 146

_Macrotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121

Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164
description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
general remarks on insect fauna of, 284

Madeira, birds of, 208
land shells of, 208
beetles of, 210
wingless insects numerous in, 211
how stocked with animals, 213

Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, 353
comparison of mammalia, 354
of birds, 355

Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
illustration of zoology of, 278
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282, 289
insects of, 282
early history of, 286

Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 (_note_)

Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, 263
fauna, probable origin of, 359
resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, 361

Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114
formerly joined to Africa, 201
fossil elephants of, 201
birds of, 206 (_note_)

Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10
as limited by climate, 11
as limited by rivers, 12
how far limited by the sea, 13
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14
means of dispersal of aquatic, 15
of most importance in determining zoological regions, 57
classification of, 85
birthplace and migrations of some families of, 142, 153
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of the European sub-region, 192
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202
of the Siberian sub-region, 217
characteristic of Western Tartary, 218
of the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, 223
peculiar to Japan, 223
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 234
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of the Ethiopian region, 253
absence of certain important groups, 253
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 262
of S. Africa, 267
of Madagascar, 272
table of Ethiopian families of, 294
table of Ethiopian genera of, 300
of the Oriental region, 315
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, 322
of Ceylon, 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336
illustration of characteristic Malayan, 336
of the Philippine Islands, 345
table of Oriental families of, 365
table of Oriental genera of, 371
of Australian region, 390
of the Papuan Islands, 410
of the Moluccas, 417
of Timor group, 422
of Celebes, 427
of Australia, 439
illustration of, 439
of New Zealand, 450
table of families of Australian, 470
table of genera of Australian, 475

_Mammal_, the most ancient American, 134

_Mammalia_, extinct, of Old World, 107
extinct, of historic period, 110
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127
extinct, of the New World, 129 {498}
extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, 141
original birth-place of some families and genera, 142, 153
of the secondary period, 160

_Manatus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

Manchurian sub-region, description of, 220
mammalia of, 222
birds of, 223
reptiles and amphibia of, 227
fresh-water fish of, 227
insects of, 227
coleoptera of, 228

Marquesas Islands, birds of, 443

Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, 200
on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, 200

Marsupials, classification of, 91
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
European Miocene, 121
first migration to America, 155
diversified forms of, 391
of America prove no connexion with Australia, 399
list of Australian genera of, 476

_Martes_, N. American Tertiary, 135

Mascarene Islands, zoology of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
gigantic land-tortoises of, 289

_Mastodon_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Indian Miocene, 123
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138

Mauritius, zoology of, 280
reptiles of, 281

McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, 466

Mediterranean, recent changes in, 39
sub-region, description of, 199
mammalia of, 202
birds of, 203
reptiles and amphibia of, 204
fresh-water fish of, 205
insects of, 205
islands of, 206
sea not separating distinct faunas, 201

_Megacerops_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Megalomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Megalocnus_, fossil in Cuba, 148

_Megalonyx_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Megalostoma_, Eocene, 169

_Megamys_, S. American Eocene, 148

_Megaspira_, European Tertiary, 169

_Megatheridæ_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Megatherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Melania_, European secondary, 169

_Meleagris_, N. American Miocene, 163

_Mellivora_, Indian Miocene, 121

_Melolonthidium_, Oolitic insect, 167

_Meniscotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Menotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Mephitis_, in Brazilian caves, 144

_Merychus_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Merychippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Merychochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Merycodus_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Merycopotamus_, Indian Miocene, 122

_Merycotherium_ of Siberian drift, 112

_Mesacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Mesohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Mesonyx_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Mesopithecus_, Miocene of Greece, 115

Meyer, Dr. A. B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, 415

_Microlestes_, oldest European mammal, 160

_Micromeryx_, European Miocene, 120

_Microsyops_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Microtherium_, European Miocene, 120

Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, 219

Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, 185

Migration of animals, 10
general phenomena of, 18
of birds, 19
of birds in Europe, 19
probable origin of, 22
of birds in India and China, 23
of birds in N. America, 23
changes in extent of, 24
of birds in S. Temperate America, 25
general remarks on, 25

_Milvus_, European Miocene, 162

Miocene fauna of the Old World, 114
fauna of Greece, 115
fauna of Greece, summary of, 116
fauna of Central Europe, 117
deposits of Siwalik Hills, 121
faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, 123

_Miohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, 86
on classification of insectivora, 87
on classification of amphibia, 101

Moles almost wholly Palæarctic, 181

Mole-rat, of W. Tartary, 218

Mollusca, means of dispersal of, 30
classification of, 104
groups selected for study, 104

Moluccas, zoology of, 417
birds of, 419
reptiles of, 420
insects of, 420
peculiarities of fauna of, 421

Monkeys on the high Himalayas, 12
fossil in N. American Miocene
in E. Thibet, 222
abundance of in the Oriental region, 315

Monotremata, classification of, 91
list of Australian genera of, 477

"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, 442

_Morotherium_, N. American Pliocene, 140

_Motacilla_, European Miocene, 161

Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, 393

Moupin, position and zoology of, 221

_Muridæ_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, 60

_Mustela_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
S. American Pliocene, 146

_Mustelidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 144

_Mylodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Myogale_, European Miocene, 118

_Myomorphus_, fossil in Cuba

_Myopotamus_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Myoxus_, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126

_Mysarachne_, European Miocene, 118

_Mysops_, N. American Eocene, 140

_Myxophagus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

N. {499}

_Nanohyus_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Nasua_, in Brazilian caves, 144

Nearctic region, defined, 79
subdivisions of, 80
distinct from Palæarctic, 79

_Necrornis_, European Miocene, 161

Neotropical region, defined, 78
subdivisions of, 78
relations of W. African sub-region with, 265

_Nesodon_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Newton, Professor, on position of _Menuridæ_ and _Atrichiidæ_, 95
on birds of Iceland, 198

New Caledonia, birds of, 444

New Guinea, zoology of, 409
mammalia of, 410
birds of, 411
peculiarities of its ornithology, 413
illustration of ornithology of, 414
reptiles and amphibia of, 415
insects of, 416

New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, 62
extinct birds of, 164
sub-region, description of, 449
compared with British Isles, 449
mammalia of, 451
islets of, 453
illustration of ornithology of, 455
reptiles of, 456
amphibia of, 457
fresh-water fish of, 457
insects of, 458
Longicorns of, 458
Myriapoda of, 458
land-shells of, 459
ancient fauna of, 460
origin of fauna of, 460
poverty of insects in, 462
relations of insect-fauna and flora, 472

Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, 332

Nightingale, migration of the, 21

Norfolk Island, birds of, 453

North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene fauna of, 130
Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, 131
extinct birds of, 163

North Africa, zoological relations of, 202

_Notharctos_, N. American Tertiary, 133

Notornis of New Zealand, 455

_Nototherium_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

O.

_Ochotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Octodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Ophidia, classification of, 99

_Opisthocomus_, Brazilian caves, 164

_Opossum_, extinct, in European Miocene, 121

_Oreodon_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Oreodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 138

Oriental region, defined, 75
subdivisions of, 75
description of, 314
zoological features of, 315
mammalia of, 315
birds of, 316
reptiles of, 317
amphibia of, 317
fresh-water fishes of, 318
summary of vertebrata, 318
insects of, 318
sub-regions of, 321
concluding remarks on, 362
tables of distribution of animals of, 364

Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, 265

Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, 362

Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, 363

_Orohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Ostrich_, Miocene of N. India, 162

_Otaria_, European Miocene, 118

_Ovibos_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

Oxen, birthplace and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182

_Oxyæna_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Oxygomphus_, European Miocene, 118

_Oxymycterus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

P.

_Pachyæna_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Pachynolophus_, European Eocene, 126

_Pachytherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145

Palæarctic region, defined, 71
subdivisions of, 71
general features of, 180
zoological characteristics of, 181
has few peculiar families, 181
mammalia of, 181
birds of, 182
high degree of speciality of, 184
reptiles and amphibia of, 186
fresh-water fish of, 186
summary of vertebrata of, 186
insects of, 186
coleoptera of, 187
number of coleoptera of, 189
land-shells of, 190
sub-regions of, 190
general conclusions on the fauna of, 231
tables of distribution of animals of, 233

_Palæacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Palæetus_, European Miocene, 162

_Palægithalus_, European Eocene, 162

_Palælodus_, European Miocene, 162

_Palæocastor_, N. American Tertiary, 140

_Palæocercus_, European Miocene, 162

_Palæochoeus_, European Miocene, 119

_Palæohierax_, European Miocene, 162

_Palæolagus_, N. American Tertiary, 140

_Palæolama_, S. American Pliocene, 147

_Palæomephitis_, European Miocene, 118

_Palæomeryx_, European Miocene, 120

_Palæomys_, European Miocene, 121

_Palæontina oolitica_, Oolitic insect, 167

Palæontology, 107
how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, 168
as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution,
concluding remarks on, 169

_Palæonyctis_, European Eocene, 125

_Palæoperdix_, European Miocene, 161

_Palæophrynus_, European Miocene, 166

_Palæoreas_, Miocene of Greece, 116

_Palæortyx_, European Miocene, 161

_Palæoryx_, Miocene of Greece, 116

_Palæospalax_, 111
European Miocene, 117

_Palæosyops_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Palæotheridæ_, European Eocene, 125

_Palæotherium_, European Eocene, 125
S. American Eocene, 148

_Palæotragus_, Miocene of Greece, 116

_Palæotringa_, N. American Cretaceous, 164

_Palapterygidæ_ of New Zealand, 164 {500}

Palestine, birds of, 203

_Paloplotherium_, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 125

_Paludina_, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169

Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, 146

Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, 222
Himalayan, figure of, 331

_Panolax_, N. American Tertiary, 140

Papuan Islands, zoology of, 409

Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, 414

_Parahippus_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Paramys_, N. American Eocene, 140

Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, 415

Parrots, classification of, 96

Passeres, arrangement of, 94
range of Palæarctic genera of, 243
range of Ethiopian genera of, 306
range of Oriental genera of, 375
range of Australian genera of, 478

_Patriofelis_, N. American Tertiary, 134

Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, 184

_Pelagornis_, European Miocene, 162

_Pelonax_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Peratherium_, European Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 126

_Perchoerus_, N. American Tertiary, 137

Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, 122
probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, 362

_Perissodactyla_, N. American Tertiary, 135

Persia, birds of, 204

_Phascolomys_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

_Phasianus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Post-Pliocene, 161

Pheasants, in European Miocene, 161
golden, of N. China, 226
eared, of Mongolia, 226

_Phenacodus_, N. American Tertiary, 138

Philippine Islands, mammals of, 345
birds of, 346
origin of peculiar fauna of, 348

_Phocidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 140

_Phyllomys_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Phyllostomidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 144

Physical changes affecting distribution, 7

_Physeter_, European Pliocene, 112

Picariæ, arrangement of, 95
range of Palæarctic genera of, 247
range of Ethiopian genera of, 309
range of Oriental genera of, 381
range of Australian genera of, 482

_Picus_, European Miocene, 161

Pigeons, classification of, 96
remarkable development of, in the Australian region, 395
crested, of Australia, figure of, 441

Pigs, power of swimming, 13

Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, 115

Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, 355

_Plagiolophus_, European Eocene, 126

_Planorbis_, European Secondary, 169
Eocene, 169

_Platycercidæ_, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, 394

_Platygonus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

_Plesiarctomys_, European Eocene, 126

_Plesiomeryx_, European Eocene, 126

_Plesiosorex_, European Miocene, 118

Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, 112

Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas, of Europe, general conclusions from,
113
of N. America, 132
of S. America, 146
of Australia, 157

_Pliohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Pliolophus_, European Eocene, 126

_Pliopithecus_, European Miocene, 117

_Poebrotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 138

Polynesian sub-region, description of, 442
birds of, 443
reptiles of, 447

Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, 110
remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, 111
fauna of N. America, 129
fauna of N. America, remarks on, 130

Potamogale of West Africa, figure of, 264

_Potamotherium_, European Miocene, 118

Potto of West Africa, figure of, 264

_Praotherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

Primates, classification of, 86
probable birthplace of, 153
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
range of Australian genera of, 475

_Primates_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 124
N. American Tertiary, 132
of Brazilian caves, 144

Prince's Island, birds of, 266

_Prionidium_, Oolitic insects, 167

_Pristiphoca_, in European Pliocene, 112

Proboscidea, classification of, 90
range of Ethiopian genus, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374

_Proboscidea_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Indian Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Procamelus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138

_Procyon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

_Procyonidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 144

_Promephitis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118

Promerops of East Africa, figure of, 261

_Propalæotherium_, European Eocene, 126

_Protemnodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

_Protohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Protomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Protopithecus_, in Brazilian caves, 144

_Prototomus_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Protornis_, European Eocene, 162

_Pseudælurus_, European Miocene, 118

_Pseudocyon_, European Miocene, 118

Psittaci, classification of, 96
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 383
range of Australian genera of, 484

_Psittacus_, European Miocene, 161

_Pterocles_, European Miocene, 161

_Pterodon_, European Eocene, 125

_Pupa_, Eocene, 169

_Pupa vetusta_, Palæozoic, 169

_Pythonidæ_, European Miocene, 165

R.

Racoon-dog of N. China, 226

_Rana_, European Miocene, 166

Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, 68 {501}
Arctic, why not adopted, 69
Palæarctic, defined, 71
Palæarctic, subdivisions of, 71
Ethiopian, defined, 73
Ethiopian, subdivisions of, 73
Oriental, defined, 75
Oriental, subdivisions of, 75
Australian, defined, 77
Australian, subdivisions of, 77
Neotropical, defined, 78
Neotropical, subdivisions of, 78
Nearctic, defined, 79
Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, 79
Nearctic, subdivisions of, 80

Regions, zoological, 50
zoological, how they should be formed, 53
zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, 54
zoological, by what class of animals best determined, 56
for each class of animals, not advisable, 58
zoological, proposed since 1857, 58
zoological, Mr. Sclater's, 59
zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, 61
zoological, proportionate richness of, 64
temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, 65
and zones, table of, 66
comparative richness of, 81
and sub-regions, table of, 81
order of succession of the, 173

Representative species, 4

Reptiles, means of dispersal of, 28
classification of, 98
Miocene of Greece, 116
of Indian Miocene deposits, 123
extinct Tertiary, 165
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186
of Central Europe, 195
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 204
of Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
table of Palæarctic families of, 236
of the Ethiopian region, 254
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 264
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 279
table of Ethiopian families of, 297
of the Oriental region, 317
of the Indian sub-region, 326
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340
table of Oriental families of, 368
of the Australian region, 396
of New Guinea, 415
of the Moluccas, 420
of the Polynesian sub-region, 447
of New Zealand, 456
table of Australian families of, 472

_Rhea_, in Brazilian caves, 164

_Rhinoceros_, Post-Pliocene, 112
European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, 122
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 136

Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, 339

_Rhinocerotidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 136

River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, 264
of Madagascar, figure of, 278

Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, 12
limiting the range of birds, 17

River-scene, in West Africa, 264

Rodentia, classification of, 90
range of Palæarctic genera of, 242
range of Ethiopian genera of, 304
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476

_Rodentia_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 139
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
of S. American Eocene, 148

Ruff, figure of, 195

S.

Sahara, a debatable land, 251

Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, 218

Samoa Islands, birds of, 443

Sandwich Islands, birds of, 445
probable past history of, 446
mountain plants of, 446
depth of ocean around, 447

Sand grouse, Pallas, of Mongolia, 226

_Satyrites Reynesii_, European Cretaceous insect, 167

Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, 229

_Scelidotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Schistopleurum_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, 252
on limits of W. African sub-region, 262 (_note_)

_Sciurus_, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126

_Sciuravus_, N. American Eocene, 140

Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, 59
why his six regions are adopted, 63
on birds of Sandwich Islands, 445

Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, 13

Seals, fossil in European Miocene, 118
of Lake Baikal, 218

Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, 159

Secretary-bird of Africa, figure of, 261

_Semnopithecus_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121

Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, 345

_Serpentarius_, European Miocene, 162

Seychelle Islands, zoology of, 281
amphibia of, 281

Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, 229

Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, 97
on birds of Cape Verd Islands, 215

Sheep, Palæarctic, 182

Siberia, climate of, 217

Siberian sub-region, description of, 216
mammalia of, 217
birds of, 219
reptiles and amphibia of, 220
insects of, 220

_Simocyon_, Miocene of Greece, 115

_Sinopa_, N. American Tertiary, 134 {502}

Sirenia, classification of, 89
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374
range of Australian genus of, 476

_Sirenia_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119

_Sivatherium_, Indian Miocene, 122

Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, 121

Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, 230

Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, 220

Snakes, classification of, 99
Eocene, 165
large proportion of venomous species in Australia, 396
of New Zealand, 457

Society Islands, birds of, 443

_Soricictis_, European Miocene, 118

_Soricidæ_, European Miocene, 118

South African sub-region, description of, 266
mammalia of, 267
birds of, 267
reptiles of, 268
amphibia of, 268
fresh-water fish of, 268
butterflies of, 268
coleoptera of, 268
summary of its zoology, 269

South America, fossil fauna of, 143
Pliocene deposits of, 146
supposed land connection with Australia, 398

South Australia, peculiar birds of, 441

Species, representative, 4

_Speothos_, in Brazilian caves, 144

_Spermophilus_, European Miocene, 120

_Sphenodon_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Sphinx_, in European Oolite, 167

St. Helena, zoological features of, 269
coleoptera of, 270
landshells of, 271

St. Thomas' Island, birds of, 266

Stations, definition of, 4

_Steneofiber_, European Miocene, 120

_Sthenurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

_Strix_, European Miocene, 162

Struthiones, arrangement of, 98
range of Ethiopian genera of, 313
range of Australian genera of, 485

Struthious birds, probable origin of, 287

_Stylinodontidæ_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Stylinodontia_, N. American Eocene, 139

Sub-regions, on what principle formed, 80
Palæarctic, 191
Ethiopian, 258
Oriental, 321
Australian, 408

_Suidæ_, European Miocene, 119

Sula Islands, fauna of, 433

_Sus_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122

Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, 332

_Symborodon_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Synaphodus_, European Miocene, 119

_Synoplotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 134

T.

Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, 177

_Talpa_, European Miocene, 117

_Tapir_, fossil in N. China, 123

Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, 154

Tapir, Malayan, figure of, 337

_Tapiridæ_, European Eocene, 125

_Tapirus_, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Miocene, 122
in Brazilian caves, 144

Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, 337

Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, 441

_Taxodon_, European Miocene, 118

_Telmatobius_, N. American Cretaceous, 164

_Telmatolestes_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Testudo_, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123

Testudo, great antiquity of the genus, 289

_Tetrachus_, European Miocene, 117

_Tetrao albus_, in Italian caverns, 161

_Thalassictis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118

_Theridomys_, European Miocene, 126
European Eocene, 126
S. American Eocene, 148

_Thinohyus_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Thinolestes_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Thylacinus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

_Thylacoleo_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

_Tillodontia_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Tillotheridæ_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Tillotherium_, N. American Eocene, 139

Timor, physical features of, 389
group, mammalia of, 422
birds of, 422
origin of fauna of, 424
insects of, 426

_Tinoceras_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Titanomys_, European Miocene, 121

_Titanotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Tomarctos_, N. American Tertiary, 135

Tonga Islands, birds of, 443

Tortoises, classification of, 100
of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, 289

Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, 264

_Toxodon_, S. American Pliocene, 137

_Toxodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, 147

_Trachytherium_, European Miocene, 119

_Tragocerus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120

Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, 331

Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, 337

Tree-kangaroo, figure of, 415

_Trichechus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, 393

_Trionyx_, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165

Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, 271

Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, 203

Trogon, European Miocene, 161

_Trogontherium_, Post-Pliocene of Europe, 111

_Trucijelis_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 129

Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, 216

_Tupaiidæ_, European Miocene, 118

Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, 90

_Tylodon_, European Eocene, 125

_Typotherium_, S. American Pliocene, 147

U.

_Uintacyon_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Uintatherium_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Uintornis_, N. American Eocene, 163

_Unio_, European Secondary, 169

Ungulata, classification of, 89
antiquity of, 151 {503}
of the Palæarctic region, 182
range of Palæarctic genera of, 241
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476

_Ungulata_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146

Urania of Madagascar, 282

_Ursidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144

_Ursitaxus_, Indian Miocene, 121

_Ursus_, Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121

V.

Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, 278

_Varanus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123

Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, 186
summary of Ethiopian, 255
summary of Oriental, 318
summary of Australian, 397

_Vespertilio_, European Eocene, 125

_Viperus_, European Miocene, 165

_Viverra_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118

_Viverridæ_, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125

W.

Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine Islands, 346
on birds of Celebes, 428

_Washakius_, N. American Tertiary, 134

Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, 90
on classification of marsupials, 91

West African sub-region, description of, 262
mammalia of, 262
birds of, 262
Oriental or Malayan element in, 263
river scene with characteristic animals, 264
reptiles of, 264
amphibia of, 264
Oriental and Neotropical relations of, 265
insects of, 265
land-shells of, 265
islands of, 265

West Australia, peculiar birds of, 441

Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, 264

Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, 209
on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, 211
on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, 214
on coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
on beetles of St. Helena, 270

X.

_Xenurus_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Xiphodontidæ_, European Miocene, 119

Z.

_Zeuglodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 140

_Zonites priscus_, Palæozoic, 169

Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, 181
Ethiopian region, 252
Oriental region, 315
Australian region, 390

Zoological regions, discussion on, 50

END OF VOL. I.

LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL.

Notes

[1] Marcel de Serres states this as a general fact for wading and swimming
birds. He says that the old birds arrive in the extreme north almost
alone, the young remaining on the shores of the Baltic, or on the
lakes of Austria, Hungary, and Russia. See his prize essay, _Des
Causes des Migrations_, &c. 2nd. ed., Paris, 1845, p. 121.

[2] Quoted in Lyell's _Principles of Geology_ (11th ed. vol. ii. p. 374),
from _Amoen. Acad. Essay 75_.

[3] This estimate has been made for me by Mr. Stanford from the materials
used in delineating the contours of the ocean-bed on our general map.
It embodies the result of all the soundings of the _Challenger_,
_Tuscarora_, and other vessels, obtainable up to August, 1875.

[4] Mr. John Hickman of Desborough.

[5] _Trans. Zool. Soc. of London_, vol. viii. p. 381.

[6] Malta is interesting as forming a resting-place for migratory birds,
while crossing the Mediterranean. It has only eight land and three
aquatic birds which are permanent residents; yet no less than 278
species have been recorded by Mr. E. A. Wright as visiting or passing
over it, comprising a large proportion of the European migratory
birds. The following are the permanent residents: _Cerchneis
tinnunculus_, _Strix flammea_, _Passer salicicola_, _Emberiza
miliaria_, _Corvus monedula_, _Monticola cyanea_, _Sylvia
conspicillata_, _Columba livia_, _Puffinus cinereus_, _P. anglorum_,
_Thalassidroma pelagica_.

[7] A remarkable confirmation of this theory, is furnished in the Report
to the Royal Society of the naturalist to the Kerguelen Island,
"Transit Expedition"--the Rev. A. E. Eaton. Insects were assiduously
collected, and it was found that almost all were either completely
apterous, or had greatly abbreviated wings. The only moth found,
several flies, and numerous beetles, were alike incapable of flight.
As this island is subject to violent, and almost perpetual gales, even
in the finest season, the meaning of the extraordinary loss of wings
in almost all the insects, can, in this case, hardly be misunderstood.

[8] The facts on which these statements rest, will be found more fully
detailed in the Author's Presidential Address to the Entomological
Society of London for the year 1871.

[9] _Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society_, 1874, p. 494.

[10] Dr. Schweinfurth has accurately determined the limits of the
sub-region at the point where he crossed the watershed between the
Nile tributaries and those of the Shari, in 4½° N. Lat. and 28½° E.
Long. He describes a sudden change in the character of the vegetation,
which to the southward of this point assumes a West-African character.
Here also the chimpanzee and grey parrot first appear, and certain
species of plants only known elsewhere in Western Africa.

[11] There are also some special resemblances between the plants of
Madagascar and South Africa, according to Dr. Kirk.

[12] As so many typical Malay groups are absent only from the Philippines,
I have adopted the term "Malaya," to show the distribution of these,
using the term "Indo-Malaya" when the range of the group includes the
Philippines. This must be remembered when consulting the tables of
distribution at the end of this chapter.

[13] See _Ann. Nat. Hist._, 1873, p. 418, where the species is said to
inhabit the Aru Islands and Celebes, which renders it not improbable
that it may have been carried to the former islands from the latter.

[14] I also find about this proportion in my Amazonian collections, even
counting all the humming-birds, parrots, and toucans as handsome
birds.

[15] The general form of the skull agrees best with that of _Cynocephalus
mormon_, the largest and most typical of the African baboons; while
the position of the nostrils brings it nearer the macaques.

[16] A new genus of Beetles (_Apterocyclus_) of the family Lucanidæ, has
recently been described from the Sandwich Islands, and it is said to
be most nearly related to a group inhabiting Chili,--an indication
either of the great antiquity of the fauna, or of the varied
accidental migrations from which it has had its origin.