Chapter XXII: Appendix: C

NOTE ON THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN SCOTLAND, AS IT AFFECTED THE
HANOVERIAN SUCCESSION

The Church of Scotland was, in the main, well affected to the Union and the consequences which it entailed as regards the Succession. But the friends of the House of Hanover had to guard against two distinct sources of weakness within the Establishment itself.

(I) Episcopacy in Scotland had never been more than a compromise, even in the districts where it had not been violently opposed. The best instance of this is Aberdeenshire, where protests against the government of Charles II are late in date and are confined to verbal expressions of sympathy with the persecuted Presbyterians. But the _Records of the Exercise_ [Presbytery] _of Alford_ (New Spalding Club, 1897), dealing with the period 1662-1688, show clearly enough that the episcopal function was ordination, and that the government and, in many respects, the public worship of the Church was Presbyterian. The effect of this was that, at the Revolution, Episcopal clergymen were permitted to remain in their parishes on condition of their taking the oath to William and Mary, although they were forbidden to take part in Presbyteries, Synods, or Assemblies. The tendency was for such men to conform to Presbytery, but they formed a distinct ‘left wing.’ They were most numerous in the north-east, and they were well represented in the Universities. Both the Universities of Aberdeen, for example, were Jacobite in sympathy. The result was that many ministers shared in, and urged their people to join, the ’15. They were deposed in 1716, and the Universities were ‘purged’ by the Commission of 1717.

(2) A section of the more robust Presbyterians in the Church sympathised with their brethren who had declined to accept the Revolution Settlement, and their feeling was accentuated by a gross breach of faith on the part of the British Parliament—the passing of the Patronage Act of 1712, which disturbed the Church for more than a century and a half. So strong was this tendency that, as late as 1745, the Provincial Synod of Moray considered it necessary to inform George II that ‘with pleasure we reflect that very few of the people who hold communion with us have joined those enemies of your Majesty’s crown and government.’ (Allardyce, _Jacobite Papers_.)

Episcopalian Jacobitism within the Church practically disappears in 1716, and the clergy, as represented in ecclesiastical and academic records, were devotedly loyal to George I and II, from that date.

Outside the Church we have a body who were not Dissenters in the English sense, for they approved of the constitution of the Church, but objected to the establishment of Episcopacy in England, and the toleration of Dissenters in Scotland. They were the men who had suffered most in the ‘killing time,’ and their only associations with the functions of government were connected with Grierson of Lagg and Bloody Mackenzie. They considered it possible that James Stewart might be turned from the error of his ways, and take the Covenant as Charles II had done. Their attitude, in fact, was precisely similar to that of their predecessors, who had crowned Charles II after fighting against Charles I. They declined to acknowledge the Revolution Settlement and the Union. They spoke of Queen Anne as ‘that wicked Jezabel the pretended Queen,’ and ‘the late woman.’ But even when they had little hope of the Pretender’s conversion, they protested against ‘the Prince of Hanover, who hath been bred and brought up in the Luthren religion, which is not only different from but even in many things contrar unto that purity in doctrine, reformation, and religion we in these nations had attained unto.’ (_Protestation against the Union._)

The Episcopalians, the largest section of Protestant Dissenters, were, almost without exception, High Tories. They had suffered for refusing the oath to William and Mary, and had undergone some trifling inconveniences as the defeated and unpopular party. The rising of 1715 was, therefore, very largely supported by Episcopalians, who found themselves ranged along with extreme Presbyterians and Roman Catholics. The religious aspect of the ’15 and the ’45 has never been satisfactorily examined. Mr. Blaikie said, not long since, that the ‘45 was much more Presbyterian than is commonly imagined. I hope he will work out the subject.

R. S. RAIT.

INDEX

Act for the further Security of the Protestant Succession, 370
Act of Precedence, 404, 406
Act of Security (1704), 372-3
Act of Settlement (1701), 7, 225 _note_, 321-2
Act of Union (1707), 373, 392
Addison, 388-9;
cited, 335 _note_
Adolphus John, Prince, 108-9
Alexander VII, Pope, 162
Amalia, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel, 97
Amalia, Raugravine (niece of Sophia), 102, 371
Amalia von Solms, Princess of Orange, 43, 56, 82
Anna Eleonora, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 115
Anna Maria, Duchess of Savoy, 225 _and note_, 301, 321
Anne, Queen (wife of James I), 13
Anne, Queen of England, suggested marriage of, with George Lewis,
189;
Bill of Rights (1689) as affecting, 217;
birth of her son the Duke of Gloucester, 219;
political intrigue (1700), 312;
attitude towards Sophia and relations with her, 363, 366 _and
notes_—9, 386-7, 390-1, 394, 396, 403, 404 _note_ 173, 408,
410;
attitude towards Hanoverian Succession, 366, 368-9, 391, 396,
409, 412-13;
towards her half-brother James, 369, 372, 392-3, 408;
proposed visit of Sophia to England opposed by, 370, 386;
death of her husband, 395;
ministerial crisis (1710), 396-8;
relations with Augustus II, King of Poland, 404 _note_ 173;
illness (1713), 414, 415;
speech at opening of Parliament (Feb. 1714), 416-17;
attack of erysipelas (Mar. 1714), 437 _note_;
letter to Sophia (Apr. 1714), 421-2;
attitude towards affair of delayed Parliamentary writ for
Electoral Prince, 419, 426;
letters to Hanover on the subject, 428-31;
dismisses Oxford, 437;
last illness, 437;
appoints Shrewsbury Lord Treasurer, 438;
death, 436, 438;
political incapacity, 368-9, 387;
Toryism, 368;
otherwise mentioned, 8, 293 _note_, 305, 307-8, 344, 347, 365,
389 _note_
Anne of Gonzaga (Princess Palatine), marriage and career of, 66-8;
schemes of, 126, 129, 166, 175, 176
Antony Ulric, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, ambition and career
of, 146-7;
conversion to Roman Catholicism, 176;
marriage scheme for his son, 185;
romance by, regarding Sophia Dorothea, 192 _and note_, 239 _and
note_, 283 _note_;
opposition regarding Hanoverian Electorate, 235-8;
_Mesopotamian Shepherdess_ by, 333 _note_; mentioned, 201, 203
Arcy, Marquis de, 193
Arundel, Lord, 71 _note_
Assing, Rosemunde von, 343 _note_
Attainder and Abjuration Acts (1702), 364-5
Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 145
Augustus II, King of Poland, 404 _and note_ 173
Augustus the Strong. _See_ Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony
Augustus Frederick, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 185, 189
Austria, Bavarian treaty with (1628), 48
Aveiro, Duke of, 106

Bahr, von, 282 Balati, Abbé, 164 _note_, 194 Bannier, Colonel, 278 Barclay, Robert, 122 Bard. _See_ Bellmont Bayle, 300 Behmen, Jacob, 343 Bellmont (Bellamont), Lady (Francesca Bard), 103, 375 _note_ Benedicta Henrietta (niece of Sophia), 69, 128, 166, 167 Berkeley, Earl of, 440 Berner, E., cited, 188 _note_ Bernhard of Weimar, Duke, 50, 60, 71 Bernstorff, Baron Andreas Gottlieb von, relations of, with de Robethon, 378; accompanies George Lewis to England, 442; estimate of, 376-7; otherwise mentioned, 185, 276, 351-2, 411 Berwick, Duke of, 321, 400, 409, 413; communication from, to Prince James quoted, 420 Bill of Rights (1689), 5, 7, 216-20 Blanche, Electress Palatine, 17 Blanche, Queen, 128 Bohemia: Frederick V elected king of, 31; deposed, 36-7 Heirship to, question as to, 21 _and note_ 8, 29-31 Böhme, Jacob, 34 _note_ Bolingbroke, —, attitude of, towards Bothmer, 405 _and note_ 175; policy of, 410; rivalry with Oxford, 418, 428, 434; misses his opportunity, 437-8; cited, 442; otherwise mentioned, 408, 413, 415, 416, 422, 426, 429 Boncour, de, 214 Borkowski cited, 313 _note_ Bossuet, 348 Bothmer, Hans Caspar von, Hanoverian envoy extraordinary in London, 399, 400-2; mission to England on Sophia’s death, 433-4; activities on Queen Anne’s death, 439 _and note_; estimate of, 378-9; otherwise mentioned, 313, 351, 362 _note_, 397, 404, 412, 419, 427, 438 Boufleurs, Marshal, 228 Bouillon, Duke of, 67 Boyer, 429 Brandenburg: Hanover, alliance with, 235-6, 289 Prussian kingdom, absorption into, 289 Brauns, Baron, 381 Brinon, Mme. de, 175, 177 _note_, 336; efforts of, to convert Sophia to Roman Catholicism, 348-9 Brisson, Mme. de, 135 Bromley, Secretary, 415 Brunswick, origin of Duchy of, 144 Buckingham, Duke of (1629), 46 Buckingham, — (1705), 387 Bülow, Minister von, 276 Bunbury, Selina, cited, 12 _note_ Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, action of, on Bill of Rights, 218; Sophia’s correspondence with, 342; her estimate of book by, 334; cited, 214-15, 323-4, 386-7; quoted, 312 Bussche, Frau von dem. _See_ Weyhe, Mme. von Bussche, Major-General von dem, 248

Calixtus (theologian), 153 Camerarius, Ludwig, 45, 94 Carleton, Sir D. (Viscount Dorchester), 44 Carlisle, Earl of, 369 Caroline Matilda (daughter of George III), 280 _note_ 112 Caroline of Ansbach. _See_ Wilhelmina Caroline Carray (? Carr), Lady, 86 Cartignano, Count of, 15-16 Catharine d’Orléans, 129 Celle, Duchess of. _See_ Eleonora Celle, Duke of. _See_ George William Chapman, Rev. Alexander, 25 _note_ Charbonnier, 328 Charles, Duke of Lorraine, 195 Charles, Elector Palatine (nephew of Sophia), 8, 99, 101 _and note_, 230 Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, 214 Charles I, King of England, foreign policy of, 46-7; internal policy, 372 _note_; acknowledges Charles Lewis as Elector Palatine, 59; efforts for Palatine House, 71 _note_; execution of, 83 Charles II, King of England, rumour of projected marriage of, with Sophía, 82-5; relations with Sophía at the Hague, 84-5; with his aunt Elizabeth, 137-8 _and note_ 59; with Sophia during his reign, 209; death of, 210; otherwise mentioned, 8, 11, 114, 137 _note_ 59, 167, 183 _note_ Charles II, King of Spain, 178, 317 Charles III, King of Spain, 400 Charles VI, Emperor, 348 Charles X Gustavus, King of Sweden, 108 Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 15 Charles Lewis, Elector Palatine (brother of Sophia), birth of, 26; Sophia’s relations with, 57; visit to England (1635), 59; armed attempt on the Palatinate, 59-60; imprisoned by Richelieu, 60; renews attempt for the Palatinate, 60-1; suggestion of assuming British Crown, 61-2 _notes_; residence in England, 62; relations with his brother Philip, 80; position under Peace of Westphalia, 83; efforts for his subjects, 88-9 _and note_; relations with his mother, 93-4, 138, 140-1; quarrel with Rupert, 94-6 _and note_; marriage (1650), 97; domestic difficulties, 96-102; relations with Ferdinand III, 107; Sophia’s wedding (1658), 114; marriage of his daughter (1671), 89, 175; death of, 8, 196; characteristics of, 56-9; love of his country, learning and liberal-mindedness of, 90-2; cited, 333; otherwise mentioned, 52 _note_, 68, 122, 133, 137 _note_ 59, 138, 163 Charles Lewis, Raugrave (nephew of Sophia), 249 Charles Maurice (nephew of Sophia), 102 Charles Philip, Prince (son of Sophia), 171, 202, 222, 224, 228 Charlotte Elizabeth, Electress Palatine (sister-in-law of Sophia), conjugal difficulties and troubles of, 96-102, 116; characteristics of, 98, 104; attitude towards Sophia, 108 Charlotte Felicitas, Duchess of Modena (grandniece of Sophia), 167 Charlotte Sophia, Princess of Courland, 103 _and note_ Chéruel, M., cited, 67 Chevreau, Urban, 176 _and note_; cited, 336 Christian, Count of Anhalt, 19, 29-30 Christian, Duke of Brunswick, 42 _and note_ 22 Christian, Prince (son of Sophia), birth of, 171; at French Court (1687-9), 206; attitude towards George Lewis’ accession, 288; death of, 202-3, 339 _note_ 139 Christian of Halberstadt, 45-7, 145 Christian IV, King of Denmark, 47 Christian V, King of Denmark, 234, 236 Christian Lewis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 150-1, 162, 170 Christina, Queen of Sweden, 50 _note_, 59, 73, 77 _note_, 162, 335 Clarendon, Earl of (Lord Cornbury), 434 _and note_, 440 Clarendon, Lord Chancellor, 104; quoted, 65 Clement XI, Pope, 322-3, 363, 388 _note_ Clifford, H., cited, 41 _note_ Cocceius, Prof. Johannes, 118 Collins, Anthony, 342 Colt, Lady, Sophia’s correspondence with, 221 _note_ 92, 428 _note_ Colt, Sir William Dutton, 221 _and notes_, 222; despatches of, cited, 257 Combe Abbey, 12 _and note_–14 Conway, Lord, 44 Conway, Sir Edward, 35-6 Cowper, Lord, 423 Craggs, Secretary, 439 Craven, Earl of, armed attack by, on the Palatinate, 59; imprisonment and ransom, 60, 63; devotion to Elizabeth of Bohemia, 77-8, 137; correspondence with Sophia, 211; mission to Hanover after passing of Bill of Rights, 219; otherwise mentioned, 77 _note_ 39, 81 _note_, 86, 117 _note_, 140, 365 Cresset, James, envoy at Lüneburg Courts, 222-3; marriage of, 222 _note_; cited, 274, 280 _note_ 113, 286, 288 _note_; otherwise mentioned, 319, 367, 370-1, 375

Danckelmann, Eberhard von, 203, 296-7 Dartmouth, Lord, 212 Dawes, Archbishop, 415 Degenfeld, Louisa von, 58, 98-102 Della Rota, 45 Denmark: Danish War (1625-6), 47 Jealousy of, towards Sweden, 45 Lauenburg Succession question, 224-5, 237, 271 Descartes, correspondence of, with Elizabeth (sister of Sophia), 72-3 _and note_, 83-4; death of, 105 Devonshire, Duke of, 404 Digby, John, 14, 41 Doebner, Dr. R., cited, 183 Dohna, Achatius von, 31 Dohna, Alexander von, 313 _note_ Doncaster, Lord (Earl of Carlisle), 44 Donne, 44 Dormer, Jane, 41 _note_ Dorothea, Electress of Brandenburg, 151 Dorset, Earl of, 439-40 Dover, Lord, cited, 188 _note_ Dudley (son of Prince Rupert), 103 Dutton, Sir W. D., cited, 253-4

Edward (brother of Sophia), conversion of, to Roman Catholicism, 9,
67;
at Heidelberg, 69 _note_, 105;
career of, 66-9 _and note_;
Charles Lewis’ allowance to, 94;
relations with Louisa Hollandina, 126-7;
Elizabeth’s bequest to, 141 _note_ 63
Eleonora d’Olbreuze (Mme. de Harburg, Countess of Wilhelmsburg),
Duchess of Celle, connexion of, with George William, Duke of
Celle, 168-71, 180-1, 184-6, 193;
styled Mme. de Harburg, 170;
jealousy against, 182 _note_ 76;
created Countess of Wilhelmsburg, 184;
honoured by Empress Eleonora, 185;
marriage with Duke of Celle, 186;
subsequent honours, 187;
attitude towards her daughter, 240, 282;
Sophia’s attitude towards, 168, 170, 187, 192, 240, 310, 337;
urges William III to decided course anent Hanoverian Succession,
308-9;
relations with Sophia on the subject, 310;
death of, 282;
otherwise mentioned, 221, 288, 377
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia (mother of Sophia):
Career, chronological sequence of:
Childhood at Combe Abbey, 12;
Roman Catholic plot regarding, 13;
youth, 22;
marriage, 12, 14, 23;
life at Heidelberg, 24-9;
birth of two sons and eldest daughter, 26;
attitude towards Bohemian Kingship question, 32-3;
at Prague, 34-7;
birth of third son, Rupert, 35;
flight from Prague, 37;
in Silesia, 37;
in Brandenburg, 38-9;
birth of fifth child, Maurice, 39;
at Berlin, 39;
at Wolfenbüttel, 40;
in the Netherlands, 40;
exile of, 2, 5, 6, 44;
loss of infant son Lewis (1624), 53;
of eldest son (1629), 25, 53;
of infant daughter Charlotte (1630), 53;
attitude towards Swedish Royal Family, 50 _note_;
towards Charles I of England (1644), 62 _note_ 30;
on departure of Louisa Hollandina (1658), 126-7;
visit to England (1661), 137-9;
death, 140, 142
Characteristics of:
Beauty, 43
Frivolity, 57
High spirit, 43
Self-consciousness, 29
Soldier-sympathy, power of attracting, 43
Vigour of mind and body, 52
Children, her own, attitude towards, 34, 54, 65 _note_ 33, 68
_note_, 78, 80-1;
their attitude towards her, 56-7, 141 _note_;
attitude towards children in general, 136
Debts of, 29, 56, 76, 93-4, 138
Family of, fate of, 8-9
Letters of, quoted, 50 _note_, 52 _note_
Portrait of, in C.C.C., Cambs., 25 _note_
Pursuits and interests of, 24, 25, 33, 52, 54, 57
Titles of: Queen of Bohemia, 52 _and note_;
Queen of Hearts, 41 _note_;
the King’s only sister, 52 _note_
Will of, 131, 141 _note_ 63
otherwise mentioned, 75, 86, 336 _note_
Elizabeth, Princess (sister of Sophia), birth of, 26;
childhood, 34, 39;
career, 9, 70-1;
relations with her mother, 57, 80-1;
affected by King Charles’ execution, 83;
visits to Heidelberg, 92, 105;
with Electress Charlotte, 116-17;
at Cassel, 117;
Abbess of Herford, 118-25;
death of, 125, 196;
inscription on tomb of, 125 _note_;
characteristics of, 70-3;
match-making propensities of, 70, 103;
mentioned, 141 _note_ 63
Elizabeth Charlotte (aunt of Sophia), 39
Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orleans (niece of Sophia), birth
of, 99;
with her aunt (1656-63), 99, 172;
nature of upbringing of, 244;
visit to her grandmother, 136, 157;
trip to Holland with her aunt, 157;
recalled to Heidelberg (1663), 173-4;
conversion of, to Roman Catholicism, 8, 68, 89, 174-7;
marriage, 89, 174-7;
subsequent career of, 178-9;
on Maximilian William, 204 _note_ 88;
on Ernest Augustus, 205, 206 _note_;
good offices for Christian and Ernest Augustus, 205-6;
attitude towards Sophia Dorothea, 248, 249;
Königsmarck affair, 279;
on George Augustus’ succession prospects, 206 _and note_, 441
_note_ 192;
characteristics of, 59;
lifelong attitude towards Sophia, 151 _note_, 173, 377;
Stewart sympathies of, 393;
cited, 33, 108, 132-5, 159 _note_, 333, 393;
quoted, 151 _note_, 176, 332 _note_ 134, 336;
Sophia’s correspondence with, 10, 414;
nature and value of her own correspondence, 179-80;
correspondence cited and quoted, 177, 188 _note_, 191, 192, 234,
244 _note_;
otherwise mentioned, 135, 213, 240 _note_, 243, 283, 337, 339-40,
380
Elizabeth Louisa, Countess Palatine, Abbess of Herford, 117
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (husband of Sophia):
Career, chronological sequence of:
First visit to Heidelberg, 107;
early acquaintance with Sophia, 107;
second visit to Heidelberg, 110;
George William’s arrangement in favour of, 112-13, 154-5, 181;
marriage with Sophia, 114;
intimacy with George William, 156;
jealousy of him, 157-8;
Bishop of Osnabrück, 158-9;
assists the United Provinces, 167;
operations against Sweden, 168;
conjugal infidelities of, 190-1 _and note_;
victory at Conz, 183;
attitude towards Sophia Dorothea, 247, 253-4;
at the defence of Frankfort (1689), 228;
proposal of, regarding conversion to Church of Rome, 232, 348;
Swedish treaty (1691), 263;
attainment of Electorate (1692), 222-3, 228-34;
investiture, 234-5;
last journey to Italy (1684), 247-8;
attitude towards the British Revolution, 212, 215;
adherence to Grand Alliance (1692), 267;
ill-health (1694), 245-6;
action in Königsmarck affair, 274-5;
Lauenburg claims (1694), 237;
last illness, 224, 286-7;
death, 212-13, 224, 238, 276, 287, 296
Dynastic policy of, 184, 193-4
Energy of, 163
Extravagance of, 198, 330
Estimate of, 156
Political attitude towards his wife, 241, 340
mentioned, 266
Ernest Augustus, Prince (son of Sophia), birth of, 171, 205;
devotion to his eldest brother, 205, 271;
at French Court (1687-9), 206;
remains in Hanover (1714), 441;
succeeds to Bishopric of Osnabrück, 441 _and note_ 193;
death of, 207;
estimate of, 206
Ernest Lewis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, 240 _note_
Estrées, Angélique d’, 128
Eugene, Prince, 425
Evelyn quoted, 56;
cited, 261 _note_

Falaiseau, 351
Feder cited, 114
Ferdinand, Archduke of Styria, 30-31
Ferdinand II, Emperor, 107 _note_, 161
Ferdinand III, Emperor, 60, 107
Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, 107-8
Ferrar, Nicolas, 24
Fischer, Prof. Kuno, cited, 331;
quoted, 340
Foley, Paul, 218
Fraiser, Sir Peter, 380
France:
Grand Alliance against. _See_ Grand Alliance
Hanoverian Succession recognised by, 405, 408
Huguenot persecutions in, 177 _note_
Palatinate’s troubles from (Orleans War), 90, 178
Partition Treaty (First) with England (1698), 307
Partition Treaty (Second) with England, 310, 317-18
Peace with, proposal of (1711), 400-1, 403, 407;
accomplished, 409
Savoy’s adhesion to (1696), 302
Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, 154
Frederick, Prince of Wales (great-grandson of Sophia), 359-60
Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg. _See_ Frederick I, King of
Prussia
Frederick I, Elector Palatine, 181 _note_
Frederick II, Elector Palatine, 16 _note_, 21 _note_ 9
Frederick III, Elector Palatine, 16 _note_, 18, 40
Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, 17, 19
Frederick V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (father of
Sophia), visit of, to England (1612), 21 _and note_ 8, 22;
marriage, 12;
difficulties as to court precedence, 27-8;
approves league with Savoy, 26;
elected King of Bohemia, 31;
deposed, 36-7;
under ban of the Empire, 38, 41;
secret visit to Palatinate (1627), 48;
meets Gustavus Adolphus (1632), 49;
death of, 50;
characteristics of, 20, 37;
devotion to his wife, 52-3;
estimate of, by Wotton, 27
Frederick I, King of Prussia (Frederick III, Elector of
Brandenburg), marriage of, to Sophia Charlotte, 203, 207, 292;
succeeds his father as Elector, 294;
concerts measures against Louis XIV, 227;
efforts regarding Hanoverian Electorate, 234-5, 238;
leagues of alliance with Ernest Augustus, 235-6;
at Cleves (1696), 303;
intrigue with Countess von Wartenberg, 299, 357;
coronation (1701), 289, 300;
relations with George Lewis, 358 _note_;
otherwise mentioned, 302, 330 _note_ 133, 341, 343
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 258
Frederick Augustus (Augustus the Strong), Elector of Saxony, King
of Poland, 237, 261, 272, 278, 289
Frederick Augustus, Prince (son of Sophia), birth of, 157;
jealousy of his elder brother, 201;
death of, 202, 221-2, 224, 228;
estimate of, 171, 172
Frederick Henry, Prince (brother of Sophia), birth of, 26;
marriages projected for, 45, 46;
death of, 25, 26, 53
Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, 21 _note_ 8, 40, 43, 55
Frederick Ulric, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 145
Frederick William (the Great), Elector of Brandenburg, sentiments
of, towards Sophia’s sister Elizabeth, 71, 72, 117;
efforts regarding _Wildfangsstreit_, 89 _note_;
marriage with Dowager Duchess Dorothea, 151;
attitude towards Hanoverian Court, 203;
favours William of Orange, 214;
on creation of ninth Electorate, 229-30;
opposes Duke John Frederick, 163
Frederick William I, King of Prussia (grandson of Sophia), birth
of, 294;
childhood, 299;
William III’s attitude towards (1700), 312-14, 317;
education, 313 _note_;
marriage with granddaughter of Sophia, 249, 284, 346 _note_ 145;
relations with George Lewis, 435
Fuchs, Paul von, 199, 227;
cited, 338

Gabor, Bethlen, 47
Gargan (secretary to Sophia) cited, 310
Garnett, Dr. Richard, cited, 251 _note_
Gaultier, Abbé, cited, 415, 426
Geerds, Dr. Robert, cited, 259 _note_
Gentz, 353
George I, King of England. _See_ George Lewis
George II, King of England. _See_ George Augustus
George III, King of England, correspondence with Copenhagen
destroyed by order of, 280 _note_ 112;
letters of Sophia destroyed by order of, 393;
kindliness of, to Stewart family, 394 _note_
George IV, King of England, 394 _note_
George, Duke of Lüneburg, 148
George, Prince of Denmark, 189, 318, 337;
death of, 395
George Augustus, King George II of England (grandson of Sophia),
birth of, 195, 247;
his father’s attitude towards, 284, 441;
at Göhrde, 307;
Queen Anne’s opposition to his visiting England, 370;
marriage of, 359;
relations with his wife, 288, 359;
receives the Garter, 388, 404 _note_ 172;
created Duke of Cambridge, 388;
precedence for, 404;
suggestion of sending, over to England (1713), 418, 419, 422-3;
delay in transmission of Parliamentary writ for, 423-7;
Queen Anne’s letter to, 429, 431;
rumoured suggestion of passing over, in the English Succession,
206 _and note_, 441 _note_ 192;
characteristics of, 362;
attitude towards his mother, 284 _and note_;
domestic language of, as British sovereign, 55;
otherwise mentioned, 280, 299, 312
George Frederick of Waldeck, 163
George Lewis, King George I of England (son of Sophia):
Career, chronological sequence of:
Birth, 157;
victory at Conz (1675), 183;
visit to England (1680-1), 189, 210;
proposed match with Sophia Dorothea, 190 _note_ 79, 191-4;
the marriage, 194-5, 231, 239-41;
military exploits, 195;
at the defence of Frankfort, 228;
estrangement from his wife, 246, 249, 252-4;
campaigning against Turks, 248;
recreating at Florence and Naples, 248;
infidelity to his wife, 250;
relations with Melusina von der Schulenburg (Duchess of
Kendal), 251 _and note_;
the Königsmarck affair, 282-4;
divorce, 276;
succeeds his father as Elector, 289;
repulses Antony Ulric’s attack on Hanover, 238;
meets William III at Göhrde (1698), 307;
receives the Garter, 325;
strong position of (1705), 376;
relations with Frederick I of Prussia, 358 _note_;
expresses his views on residence in England, 391;
commands army of the Lower Rhine (1707), 395;
envoy of, admitted to Electoral College (1708), 238, 395;
on dismissal of Sunderland, 396-7;
refuses to oust Marlborough in supreme command, 398-9;
against proposed peace with France, 401, 403, 407;
instructions to von Schütz the younger, 413;
reply to Queen Anne’s letter (May, 1714), 422-3, 427;
affair of the delayed writ, 426-7;
death of his mother, 433-4;
has fresh instrument of Regency prepared, 435;
in friendly relations with German princes, 435;
accession of, as King George I of England, 439;
proclamation as king, 10;
leaves Hanover, 440;
sails for England, 442;
coronation, 443;
death, 206-7
Characteristics of:
Courage and military capacity, 242
Cynicism, 283 _note_
Firmness and impassivity, 355, 443
Loyalty, 242
Reserve, 171, 242
Self-restraint, 443
Sincerity, 242, 444
Stolidity, 195, 242
Court of, as Elector, tone of, 339 _note_ 138
Domestic language of, as British sovereign, 55
Herrenhausen gardens arranged to suit taste of, 328
Relations with:
Anne, Queen, 368, 369
Ernest Augustus (his youngest brother), 205, 271
Marlborough, Duke of, 375-6, 384, 398
Sophia (his mother), 171, 244 _and note_, 288, 340, 355
Sophia Charlotte (his sister), 297
Succession question, attitude towards, 309, 319, 323;
(1705), 379-80;
(1713-14), 412-13, 418-19, 423
otherwise mentioned, 110, 194 _note_, 352, 366 _note_ 157, 389
_note_, 393, 402, 441 _note_ 192
George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later of Celle), visit
of, to Heidelberg (1656), 109-10;
suitor for Sophia, 110;
breaks off his engagement, 111;
renunciation in favour of his younger brother, 112-13, 154-5,
181, 231;
his brother’s jealousy, 157-8;
difficulties made by John Frederick as to succession, 162-3;
assists the United Provinces, 167;
operations against Sweden, 168;
connexion with Eleonora d’Olbreuze, 168-71, 180-1, 185-6;
marriage with her, 186;
court of, 182 _note_ 75;
favours William of Orange, 214;
the Königsmarck affair, 275-6, 280 _and note_ 113, 281;
conference with William III at Göhrde, 307;
meeting with William III at the Loo (1700), 311, 312;
later interview with him (1701), 362;
death of, 376;
estimate of, 151-3;
otherwise mentioned, 150, 201, 303, 305, 309, 319, 366 _note_ 157
George William, Elector of Brandenburg, 38, 71
Giusti, Tommaso, 329
Gloucester, Duke of (son of Princess Anne), birth of, 219;
delicacy of, 308-9;
death of, 311
Godolphin, Earl of, 217, 369, 382, 399, 402
Goedeke, 439-40
Göhrde, the, 307 _and note_
Gondomar, Count, 24
Gourville, de, 166, 182, 292;
cited, 337, 345
Grana, Dossa, 329
Grand Alliance:
Conclusion of, 228
Hanoverian adhesion to, 222, 267
Savoy’s adhesion to (1695), 302;
abandonment of (1696), 225, 302
Saxony’s adhesion to, solicited, 221 _and note_ 93
Green, Mrs. Everett, work of, cited, 257, 265 _note_
Grote, Count Otto von, 233-6
Grote, Baron Thomas von, mission of, to London (1712), 405-6, 408;
death of, 411;
cited, 335;
mentioned, 352
Guelfs, German branch of, 143-5;
Leibniz’ History of, 243, 354
Gustavus (brother of Sophia), 53-4
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, landing of, in Pomerania, 11,
49;
death of, 50;
mentioned, 45, 148
Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden, 15
Gwynne, Sir Roland, 384, 390

Halberstadt, 42 _and note_ 21 Halifax, Lord (Charles Montagu), 388 and note–9, 391, 404 _note_ 172 Hamilton, Duke of, 84 Hammerstein, George Christopher von, 110, 115 Handel, 412 _note_ Hanmer, Sir Thomas, 386 Hanover, House of: Alliance of, with Brandenburg and Saxony, 232-3 Electorate conferred on, 222-3, 228, 234; investiture, 234-5; introduction of envoy to Electoral College, 236-9, 395 Rise of, 7, 10 Strong position of (1705), 376 Succession of, to British Crown: Significance of, to Britons, 3-4 Settlement of. _See_ Act of Settlement Hanover, Leine Palace at, 247 _note_, 281 Harburg, Mme. de. _See_ Eleonora, Duchess of Celle Harcourt, Lord, 423-5 Harding, Rev. Dick, 77 Hardwicke, Lord, 315 Harington, Lord and Lady, 12-13, 22, 24 Harley, Robert. _See_ Oxford Harley, Thomas, missions of, to Hanover, 404, 407, 410, 421-2, 426, 427 Harling, Frau von, 173, 280, 291, 299 Harrington, James, 81 _note_ Hartlip, S., quoted, 117 _note_ Haversham, Lord, 383 Hedwig, Princess of Denmark, 107 _note_ Hedwig Sophia, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel, 72, 117 Hedwig Sophia, Landgravine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 103 Hedwig Sophia, Princess, 301 Heidelberg Castle, 17-18 Heidelberg Catechism, 25 Heidelberg University, 18 Heiland, Hiskias Eleazar, 101 Helmont, Francis Mercurius von, 332 _and note_ 134 Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans (daughter of Charles I), 8, 175, 225 Henrietta Maria, Princess (sister of Sophia), characteristics and career of, 74-5; marriage of, 52 _note_, 106; death of, 9, 116 Henrietta Maria, Queen, 81, 130 Henry, Count of Nassau. _See_ Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange Henry, Duke of Bouillon, 20 Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 145 Henry, Prince (son of Charles I), 7-8 Henry, Prince of Wales (son of James I), 7, 22 Henry of Dannenberg, 181 _note_ Henry the Lion, 143 Henry Casimir of Nassau-Dietz, 189 Henry Frederick, Prince (brother of Sophia), 26 Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 145 Herbert, Colonel, quoted, 218 Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 44 Hereford, Lord, 395 Herford, 118-19 Herrenhausen, 327-9 Hervey, Lord, cited, 284 _note_ Hoffmann, memoranda of, cited, 424-5 Holstenius, 153-4 Hompesch, General, 304 Hoorn, Anna Maria van, 122 Howard, Mrs. Charles, 395 Howe, Brigadier-General Emmanuel Scroope, 141 _note_ 63, 392 _and note_ 168 Hughes, Margaret, 103, 392 _note_ 168 Hutton, Dr., 397

Ibberville, despatches of, cited, 416 _note_ Ilten, Jobst von, 234, 237, 279, 313 Innocent X, Pope, 154 Innocent XI, Pope, 198 _note_ Innocent XII, Pope, 234, 322

Jambonneau, M. de, 69 _note_
James I, King of England (grandfather of Sophia), European
ambitions of, 14-16;
family pride of, 26-7;
attitude towards Bohemian Kingship question, 32, 36;
negotiations with Mansfeld and Halberstadt, 45-6;
otherwise mentioned, 13, 39, 41
James II, King of England (cousin of Sophia), accession of, 210;
relations with Sophia, 210-11, 317;
abdication of, 5;
hopes of regaining his kingdom, 303;
refuses aid towards securing Polish throne, 303 _note_;
Pope Clement XI’s letter to, 323;
death of, 363;
otherwise mentioned, 8, 139, 394 _note_
James, Prince of Wales (son of James II), birth of, 211;
calumnious doubts regarding, 211-12;
recognised by Louis XIV as king, 363;
Anne’s attitude towards, 369, 372, 392-3, 408;
letter to Pope Clement XI on coming of age, 388 _note_;
expedition to Scotland, 394;
rumours as to succession of, 402;
Berwick’s communication to (1712), 409;
Hanoverian protest against residence of, in Lorraine, 413, 422;
scheme for bringing over to England and Anglicanism (1713-14),
413, 415-16;
Berwick’s communication to (1714), quoted, 420;
proclamation against (July, 1714), 436;
otherwise mentioned, 8, 306, 315-16, 381, 400, 413
James, B. B., cited, 121 _note_
Jeffreys, Lord, 365
John Casimir, Administrator, 19
John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, disposition of his
father regarding, 150;
conversion of, to Roman Catholicism (1651), 153-4;
quarrel regarding Succession, 112, 162-3;
French sympathies and tastes of, 111, 165, 287;
Herrenhausen Palace begun by (1665), 327;
Leibniz engaged by, as librarian, 164-5, 197, 233, 354;
Electorate desired by, 165, 229;
career of, at Hanover, 164-5, 197;
marriage of, 166;
death of, 165, 180, 193;
estimate of, 112, 167
John George IV, Elector of Saxony, 237, 358
John Sobiesky, King of Poland, 303 _note_
Joseph I, Emperor (King of the Romans), 198 _note_, 231, 400

Kendal, Duchess of (Melusina der Schulenburg), 246 _note_, 251-2, 442 Keppel (Earl of Albemarle), 302, 304 Kielmannsegg, Baron von, 250-1 Kielmannsegg, Baroness von, 330 _note_ 133, 440, 442 Killigrew, Tom, 76 _and note_ King, Major-General (Lord Eythin), 60 Klopp, cited, 417 _note_ Knesebeck, Eleonora von dem, 237, 239 _note_, 264, 272, 273, 277, 284 Köcher, Prof. Adolf, cited, 240 _note_, 259 _note_ Königsmarck, Count von, 259 _note_ Königsmarck, Aurora von, 237, 255-6, 261-2, 278 Königsmarck, Count Charles John von, 260-1 Königsmarck, Count Philip Christopher von, 254-81, App. B Kreyenberg, von, 399, 411, 426, 438 Kufstein, Count, 63

La Manoelinière, Susan de, 191 _note_
Labadie and Labadists, 119-21, 343 _note_
Lassaye, Marquis de, 248-9
Lauderdale, Duke of, 84
Lauenburg Duchy claim, 225, 232, 237, 271
L’Hermitage, 411
Leibniz, position of, as librarian at Hanover, 164-5, 197, 233,
354;
expresses views on Electoral position, 229;
varied activities at Hanover, 354;
President of the Berlin Society of Sciences (1700), 298;
_Théodicée_ (1710), 290, 354-5;
political influence on the decline, 352, 397;
epigram on Queen Anne, 411;
Abbess Elizabeth’s correspondence with, 124;
Sophia’s friendship with, 9, 288, 327, 331, 350, 351, 354-6;
her correspondence with him cited, 204, 215, 216, 311, 344, 347,
381, 419, 424, 427, 432;
Sophia Charlotte the pupil of, 207;
her friendship with, 290, 297-8 _and note_, 356;
Caroline of Ansbach’s friendship with, 356, 358;
views and activities on the English Succession question, 305,
308, 309, 311, 319-20, 323, 350-2, 374-5, 384, 412;
philosophy of, 334;
estimate of, 353;
cited, 102, 114, 274, 389;
quoted, 341, 343, 344, 345-6;
otherwise mentioned, 153, 195, 212, 223, 227, 279, 300, 343
_note_, 364, 392, 396, 398, 402, 407, 431
Leopold, Emperor, 184, 211, 222, 233
L’Epinay, Colonel de, 78-80
Lewenhaupt, Count Axel, 261
Lewenhaupt, Countess, 255
Lewis Philip (son of Louisa Juliana), 39
Lexington, Lord, 224-5
Limbach, President von, 233, 238-9
Lippe-Bückeburg, Countess Johanna von der, 430 _and note:_ 186, 432
Lodensteyners, 118
Longueville, Mme. de, cited, 79
Lösenius, 29
Loretto, 161
Louis II, Elector Palatine, 17
Louis XIV, King of France, courtesy of, towards Sophia, 178, 291-2;
Orleans War, 227;
attitude towards suggested re-marriage of William III, 301;
offers James II aid towards securing Polish throne, 303 _note_;
Peace of Ryswyk and relations with William III, 306;
First Partition Treaty (1698), 307;
attitude towards Act of Settlement, 321;
recognises James Prince of Wales as King, 363;
lukewarm in his support, 416;
secret offers of assistance to Queen Anne, 435;
otherwise mentioned, 129, 165, 182, 188 _note_, 278
Louis Philip (uncle of Sophia), regent of Palatinate, 50
Louisa, Raugravine (niece of Sophia), Sophia’s correspondence with,
cited, 286, 305, 317, 367;
companionship with Sophia, 430;
position of, at Hanover, 102
Louisa Charlotte, Duchess of Courland (cousin of Sophia), 38
Louisa Dorothea, Electoral Princess of Brandenburg (granddaughter
of Sophia), 302, 304
Louisa Henrietta, Electress, 72, 105
Louisa Hollandina, characteristics and career of, 73-4, 81;
Montrose’s project of marriage with, 84;
conversion of, to Roman Catholicism (1658), 9, 66, 68, 126-7;
in France, 127, 129-31;
Abbess of Maubuisson, 131-5;
death of, 135;
mentioned, 125
Louisa Juliana, Electress (grandmother of Sophia), retirement of,
from Heidelberg, 28;
on Bohemian Kingship question, 32;
Frederick’s children entrusted to, 34, 39;
religious fervour of, 19-20;
death of, 61;
otherwise mentioned, 20 _note_, 49
Lowther, Sir John, 218
Lucia, Countess of Bedford, 12 _note_
Lüneburg, House of, 148 (_see also names of Dukes of
Brunswick-Lüneburg_)
Luttrell cited, 325

Macaulay cited, 217 _note_ Maccioni, Valerio, Bishop of Morocco, 164 _and note_ Macclesfield, Earl of (1701), 324 _and note_ Macpherson cited, 411 _note_ Maintenon, Mme. de, 179, 337 Malebranche, 124 Mansfeld, 41-2, 45-7 Maria Anne (niece of Sophia), 128 Maria Eleonora, Queen-Dowager of Sweden, 50 _note_ Maria Eleonora (wife of Regent Louis Philip), 50 Maria-Elizabeth, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, 359 Maria Elizabeth, Princess, of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, 126-7 Marie of Gonzaga, Queen of Poland, 68 Marlborough, Duke of, in favour with Queen Anne, 369, 382; relations with Elector George Lewis, 375-6, 384, 398; visits to Hanover (1704 and 1705), 375, 384; on the Gwynne letter, 390-1; overthrow of, 397-9; copies of Anne’s letters sent from Hanover to, 430 _and note_ 185; double dealing of, 435; otherwise mentioned, 283, 425, 437 Mary of Orange, Queen of England, marriage of, 209; attitude towards her father, 213; relations with Sophia, 213, 222, 224; Bill of Rights as affecting, 217; death of, 224, 301; otherwise mentioned, 8, 81, 82, 84, 214 Mary Beatrice, Queen (wife of James II), 213 Matilda (wife of Henry the Lion), 143 Matthias, Emperor, 30 Maubuisson, Abbey of, 127-9 Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse, 19, 20, 97 Maurice, Prince (brother of Sophia), birth of, 39; in the British Civil War, 61, 63-4; death of, 9; characteristics of, 65-6 Maurice, Raugrave, 330 _note_ 132 Maurice of Orange (Nassau), Stadholder, 28, 32, 40, 43, 53, 56 Mauro, Abbate Hortensio, 164 _note_, 198 Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, 30, 32, 36, 41, 45 Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria, 300 Maximilian William, Prince (son of Sophia), birth of, 171; early piety of, 204 _note_ 87; protest and revolt against principle of primogeniture, 202-3, 252-3; arrest of, 203; release and subsequent career, 204; conversion of, to Roman Catholicism, 204; attitude towards George Lewis’ accession, 288-9; estimate of, 204; otherwise mentioned, 267, 332 _note_ 134, 340, 341 Mazarin, Cardinal, 67 Melville, Lewis, cited, 246 _note_ Metternich, von, 234 Meysenbug, Clara Elizabeth von. _See_ Platen, Baroness von Meysenbug, Marie von. _See_ Weyhe Meysenbug family, 190 _note_ 80 Mohun, Lord, 324 Molanus, Abbot Gerhard Wolter, career and estimate of, 346 _and note_ 146; quoted, 334-5; mentioned, 343 _note_, 356 Moltke, von (Master of the Hunt at Hanover), 203-4, 252 Molyneux cited, 430 Montrose, Marquess of, 84 More, Dr. Henry, 117 _note_ Morton, Albertus, 29

Naturalisation Act (1705), 385-6, 388, 390
Netherlands, United Provinces of the:
Bishop of Münster’s attack on (1655-6), 167
Brunswick-Lüneburg, treaty with, 223
Elizabeth of Bohemia’s exile in, 2, 5, 6, 40, 44
English Succession, agreement as to, 388, 438
French invasion of (1672), 183
Nicholas, Secretary, 109
Nördlingen, battle of, 51, 59
Nottingham, Earl of, 423

Olbreuze, Mlle. d’. _See_ Eleonora, Duchess of Celle
Orleans, Duchess of. _See_ Elizabeth Charlotte
Orleans, Duke of (brother of Louis XIV), 175, 177
Orleans, Duke of (son of Elizabeth Charlotte), 177-8
Orleans War (1688-90), 90, 178, 227
Ormonde, 383, 401, 403, 420
Osnabrück, _See_ of:
English rumour as to, 348 _note_
Ernest Augustus (husband of Sophia), Bishop of, 157-8
Ernest Augustus (son of Sophia), Bishop of, 441 _and note_ 193
Lüneburg right regarding, 149, 192-3
Secular principality, proposed conversion into, 184
Otto the Child, 144
Oxford, Earl of (Robert Harley), attitude of, towards Bothmer, 405;
pronouncement of, against Hanoverian Succession, 415;
double-dealing of, 417;
rivalry with Bolingbroke, 418, 428, 434;
professes devotion to House of Hanover, 421, 429;
vacillation of, 436;
dismissed from office, 437;
policy of, 401-2;
estimate of, 396-7, 409;
otherwise mentioned, 370, 382, 406, 408, 413
Oxsordre, Mme. d’, 126

Paczkowski, Dr., 259 _note_
Palatinate:
Condition of (1627-32), 48-9;
(1633-4), 50-1;
(1635-44), 51, 60;
(1650), 88-9;
(1674-80), 89-90
Orleans War (1688-90), 90, 178, 227
_Wildfangsstreit_, 89 _note_
Palatine House, history of, and position in seventeenth century, 16
and note-17
Palmblad, Professor, 265 _note_
Penn, William, 122;
quoted, 123-4
Pepys quoted, 139
Peter the Great, Tsar, 191, 335
Peterborough, Earl of, 391
Philip, King of Spain (grandson of Louis XIV), 318, 363
Philip, Prince (brother of Sophia), career of, 80;
quarrel with de l’Epinay, 79;
death of, 9;
mentioned, 68
Platen, Count Ernest Augustus von, jealous of Colt, 221;
Hanoverian plenipotentiary at Augsburg, 231;
cited, 313;
otherwise mentioned, 248, 352, 367
Platen, Countess von (Clara Elizabeth von Meysenbug), mistress of
Elector Ernest Augustus, 190-1, 246;
opera-house built for, 199 _note_;
Königsmarck affair, 268-70, 272, 278, 280-1;
otherwise mentioned, 246 _note_, 248, 250, 262
Platen, Sophia Charlotte von. _See_ Kielmannsegg
Pless, Frau von, 28-9, 54
Podewils, Marshal von, 271
Poley, Edmund, 375 _note_
Polwarth, Lord, 426 _and note_
Portland, Earl of, 304, 365 _and note_

Quakers, 122 _and note_ Quarles, Francis, 24 Queensberry, Duke of, 373 Quirini zu Lynar, Count Rochus, 328, 329 _note_ 131

Rait, R. S., on religious condition of Scotland, App. C Rammingen, Pawel von, 94 Rantzau, Count Christopher von, 153 Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma, 112 Regency Act (1706), 387-8; Oxford’s proposed revision of, 417 Rheenen property, 56 _and note_, 96 _and note_ Richelieu, Cardinal, 60 Rivers, Earl, 397-8, 402-3 Robethon, Jean de, 351-2, 398, 406, 442; estimate of, 377-8; cited, 418, 426-7 Rochester, Earl of, 382 _and note_, 386 Roe, Sir Thomas, 60; services of, to Queen of Bohemia, 44; cited, 42, 62 Roxburghe, Earl of, 373 Rudolf Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 146 Rudolfine, Mme., 147 Rupert, Prince (brother of the Electress), birth of, 35; visit to England (1635), 59, 62; captured at Vlotho, 60, 63; in the British Civil War, 61, 63-4; buccaneering exploits, 65; quarrel with Charles Lewis, 94-6 _and note_; visits to Heidelberg, 99-100, 104-5; connexion with Francesca Bard, 103, 375 _note_; position in England, 139-40; death of, 9, 140; characteristics of, 64 Rupert III, Elector Palatine, 16 Rupert ‘England’ (son of Elector Palatine Louis II), 17 Ruperta (niece of Sophia), 103, 141 _note_ 62, 392 _note_ 168 Rusdorf, 45, 48

Saint-Simon cited, 134
Salomon, Dr., cited, 387 _note_, 405 _note_ 175, 410 _note_, 411
_note_, 416 _note_, 417 _note_, 419 _note_
Sandys, Dr., 325
Sartorio, 327
Saxony, compact of, with Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 237
Say and Sele, Lord, 324
Schism Act, 436
Schlitz-Görz, Baron von, 442
Schönberg (Schombergh), Hans Meinhard von, 28
Schulenburg, General von der, 415, 419
Schulenburg, Melusina von der. _See_ Kendal, Duchess of
Schurmann, Anna Maria von, 120
Schütz, Baron von (son of Celle Chancellor), Hanoverian resident in
London, 319, 352, 366;
correspondence with Sophia, 183 _note_;
quoted, 293 _note_, 347;
cited, 319 _note_, 339 _note_ 125, 383, 385 _note_;
death of, 399
Schütz, Baron George William Helwig Sinold von (grandson of Celle
Chancellor), 412, 423-6
Schütz, Baron Lewis Justus von, distinguished services of, to Duke
of Celle, 183, 185-6;
estimate of, 185, 376-7
Scotland:
Act of Security (1704), 372-3
Act of Union (1707), 373, 392
Anti-English feeling in, as affecting Hanoverian Succession
question, 372-3, App. C
Assistance from, to the Palatinate, 50, 51 _note_
Scultetus, Abraham, 24-5, 35
Selz, Baron von, 137 _note_ 59
Seymour, Edward, 364
Shrewsbury, —, 438
Sichel cited, 437 _note_
Siegen, Ludwig von, 64 _note_
Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania, 75
Sintzendorf, Countess von, 240 _note_
Smith, L. Pearsall, cited, 36 _note_
Solms. _See_ Amalia von Solms
Somers, 402
Somerset, Duke of, 424
Sophia, Electress of Hanover (earlier Duchess of
Brunswick-Lüneburg):
Appearance of, 75-6
Career, chronological sequence of:
Birth, 11, 52, 53;
childhood at Leyden, 54-5;
at the Hague, 55, 56, 69-70, 73;
upbringing and education, 25, 224, 331;
services to her eldest sister, 73;
rumour of projected marriage with Prince Charles of England,
82-5;
starts for Heidelberg, 86;
life with her brother Charles Lewis, 87, 96-8, 103-7;
attitude towards him, 57;
matrimonial prospects, 106-12;
attack of small-pox, 106;
accepts Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 112;
marriage, 114;
companionship of ‘Liselotte,’ 99, 172-3;
at Hanover, 156;
difficulties with George William, 157;
visit to her mother at the Hague (1659), 136, 157;
birth of George Lewis, 157;
of Frederick Augustus, 157;
last meeting with her mother (1661), 137;
visit to Italy (1664), 161;
John Frederick’s _coup_, 162-3;
friendly relations with Roman Catholic dignitaries, 164 _note_;
at Osnabrück and Iburg, 158-9, 167-8;
affair of Mlle. Eleonora d’Olbreuze, 168-70;
Celle Succession question, 180, 185-7;
infidelities of her husband, 190-1 _and note_;
visit to Herford, 121;
interest in British affairs, 209;
visit to Maubuisson (1679), 135, 178;
visit to her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, 178;
attitude towards proposed match between George Lewis and Sophia
Dorothea, 190 _note_ 79, 191-2;
towards Countess of Wilhelmsburg (Eleonora d’Olbreuze), 192-4;
visit to French Court with her daughter (1679), 207, 291-2;
visit to Queen of Denmark (1680), 150;
last visit to Herford, 124;
death of her eldest sister and of her eldest brother (1680),
196;
life at Hanover, 197-200;
marriage of her eldest son (1682), 194-5, 240;
marriage of her daughter (1684), 207-8;
on William III’s accession, 215-16;
activity regarding the English Succession question (1689), 216,
218;
Bill of Rights (1689), 216, 218-20;
death of her son Charles Philip, 202;
investiture of her husband with Electorate (1692), 235;
Königsmarck affair, 245, 253, 268, 269, 278, 280 _and note_ 2,
285;
visit to Wiesbaden (1694), 224;
visit to the Loo (1696), 301, 303;
illness and death of her husband, 286-8;
accession of George Lewis, 289;
attitude towards Sophia Dorothea at Ahlden, 277, 284-5;
attitude towards the English Succession question (1698),
309-11, 314-17, 319-20, 323;
relations with Duchess of Celle on the subject, 310;
alleged ‘Jacobite letter,’ 315-16;
visit to Aix-la-Chapelle (1700), 300;
conference with William III at the Loo (1700), 300, 312;
meeting with William III at the Hague, 317;
Act of Settlement (1701), 321-2;
receives copy of Act of Settlement, 324-6;
relations with Queen Anne at latter’s accession, 366 _and note_
2-9, 371;
proposed visit to England opposed by Queen Anne, 370;
continued activities regarding the Succession question (1703),
374;
death of her son Christian (1703), 202-3, 339 _note_ 139;
Scottish Act of Security (1703-4), 372-3;
death of her daughter (1705), 356-8;
Tory attempt to bring her to England, 380, 382-3, 386-7;
naturalisation as English subject, 385 _and note_;
embassy of Lord Halifax with Naturalisation and Regency Acts
(1706), 388-91;
Act of Union (1707), 373-4;
ministerial crisis in England (1710), 396, 398;
attitude towards the Succession question (1711), 402;
visit of Thomas Harley (1712), 404, 407;
severe illness (Nov. 1713), 414;
Anne’s letter to (Apr. 1714), 421-2;
instructions to von Schütz regarding Parliamentary writ for
Electoral Prince, 423-7;
reply to Anne’s letter, 422-3, 427;
Anne’s letter on the writ affair, 428-31;
death, 428, 430-2;
obsequies, 433
Characteristics of:
Alertness of mind, 96, 341
Artistic capacity, 329-30
Coarseness, 58
Critical insight and true vision, 56, 333
Curiosity, intellectual, 331
Cynicism, 161, 336
Dignity, 2
Discretion and prudence, 2, 104
Enthusiasm, dislike of, 342
_Finesse_, intellectual, 211
Frankness and straightforwardness, 211, 245, 336
Freedom of spirit, 4
Geniality and affability, 270, 338
High spirit, 106 Hospitality, 338
Humour, sense of, 5, 58, 74, 290, 335, 338, 413
Kindliness of heart, 58
Maternal affection, 171-2, 201
Open-mindedness, 338 Reasonableness, 341
Religious feeling, 339 _note_ 139, 345;
opinions, 343-8, 350;
attitude towards Church of Rome, 348-9
Self-control, 4, 58
Sincerity, 2, 157, 245 Tact, 157, 338
Vivacity, 5, 74, 75
Walking, fondness for, 328-9, 360
Wit, 335-6
Coffin of, inscription on, 1
Correspondence of:
Cited, 167, 257, 372 _note_
Estimate of, 336
Quoted, 207, 321 _note_
Correspondence of, with:
Balati, Abbé, cited, 194
Bothmer, von, cited, 362 _note_
Brinon, Mme. de, quoted, 350
Burnet cited, 323-4, 342, 386
Canterbury, Archbishop of, cited, 386
Charles Lewis cited, 20 _note_
Colt, Lady, 221 _note_ 2, 428 _note_
Court of St. Germains, destruction of, 393
Craven, Earl of, 211
Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orleans, 10, 179-80, 414;
cited, 303 _note_
George William, 186
James II, 211
Leibniz cited, 204, 215, 216, 311, 344, 347, 381, 419, 424,
427, 432
Louisa, Raugravine, cited, 305, 317
Maccioni, 164 _note_
Portland, Earl of, quoted, 365 _note_
Schütz, von (the elder), 183 _note_;
quoted, 293 _note_, 374;
cited, 319 _note_, 339 _note_ 139, 383, 385 _note_
Schütz, von (the younger), 423-4 _and note_, 425
Sophia Charlotte, destruction of, 357
Strafford cited, 410
William III cited, 220
Estimate of, by Sir W. D. Colt, 253
Health of, 360
Income for, proposal as to, 362, 366, 368, 413, 422
Literary tastes of, 332-5
_Memoirs_ of:
Circumstances of compilation of, 196
Cited, 5, 53, 73, 74, 82, 87, 113, 169, 187
Political influence of, 241, 340-1
Relations with:
Anne, Queen, 363, 366 _and note_–9, 371, 386–7, 390-1, 394,
396, 403, 404 _note_ 2, 410
Caroline of Ansbach, 348, 359, 377
Charles II, 209
Charles Lewis, 57
Eleonora of Celle, 168, 170, 187, 192, 240, 310, 337
Elizabeth of Bohemia (her mother), 56-7, 136, 141 _note_
Ernest Augustus (her husband), 241, 340
George Lewis, 244 _and note_, 288, 340, 355
James II, 210-13, 216
Leibniz, 9, 288, 327, 331, 350, 351, 354-6
Marlborough, 375, 384
Mary of Orange, 213, 222, 224
Nephews and nieces, 87, 102, 249, 339
Sophia Charlotte, 171, 207, 230, 290, 294, 356-7
Sophia Dorothea, 195, 240, 243, 248, 268, 284-5
von Bernstorff, 377
William of Orange, 210, 215-16, 219-22
Succession question, attitude towards, 216, 218, 309-11, 314-17,
319-20, 323, 374, 402, 418-19;
views regarding right of succession, 389
Tories, attitude towards, and relations with, 383, 387 _and
note_, 399, 403, 418
Whigs, attitude towards, and relations with, 380-1, 387 _and
note_, 395, 399, 403, 418
otherwise mentioned, 25, 72, 176, 177, 226
Sophia, Princess (daughter of James I), 11-12
Sophia of Nassau-Dietz cited, 42
Sophia Amalia, Queen of Denmark, 149-50
Sophia Charlotte, Electress of Brandenburg, later Queen of Prussia
(daughter of Sophia), birth of, 171;
childhood, 207;
education, 291;
visit to French Court (1679), 207, 291-2;
marriage (1684), 38, 203, 207-8, 293;
sympathy with Maximilian, 289;
birth of eldest son, 294;
life and interests at Berlin and Brandenburg, 294-5;
at Lützenburg, 295-6;
family troubles, 298-9;
consulted by Sophia Dorothea (1692), 269;
visit to the Loo (1696), 301, 303;
visit to Aix-la-Chapelle, Brussels, and Holland (1700), 300;
conference at the Loo, 300, 312;
meeting with William III at the Hague, 317;
death of, 356-8;
characteristics of, 171, 290-1, 295;
indifference to politics, 230, 293-4;
religious views, 346;
her support of Leibniz, 355;
relations with her mother, 171, 207, 230, 290, 294, 356-7;
otherwise mentioned, 213, 313 _note_, 371 _note_
Sophia Dorothea, Electoral Princess, later Duchess of Ahlden
(daughter-in-law of Sophia), birth of, 171;
upbringing, 243-4;
wealth, 181;
suggested naturalisation in France, 182 _and note_ 2;
question of legitimation and marriage, 185;
suitors, 189;
proposed match with George Lewis, 190 _note_ 1, 191-4;
the marriage, 194-5, 231, 239-41;
estrangement from her husband, 246, 249, 252-4;
Court life, 247;
in Rome, 248;
alleged intrigue with de Lassaye, 248-9;
relations with Königsmarck, 254-9, 262-78, App. B;
repairs to her parents at Brockhausen, 273;
at Ahlden, 275-6;
divorce, 276;
von Bernstorff’s attitude in the affair, 377;
subsequent life, 281-2;
death, 283-4;
estimate of, 240;
romance by Antony Ulric regarding, 192 _and note_, 239 _and
note_, 283;
mentioned, 7
Sophia Dorothea, Queen of Prussia (granddaughter of Sophia), birth
of, 195, 249;
marriage, 195, 249, 284;
marriage-treaty, 346 _note_ 2;
attitude towards her mother, 280, 284;
at Göhrde, 307
Southwell, 304
Spain:
Charles I’s peace with (1630), 48
James I’s negotiations with, 46
Succession question, 310, 318
Spanheim, Ezechiel, 333;
cited, 20 _note_, 190 _note_ 1
Spinola, 36
Spinoza, 176 _note_ 1
Spittler cited, 113 _note_;
quoted, 331
Stamford, Lord, 366 _note_ 2
Steffani, Agostino, 198 _and note_
Steinghens, 415
Stepney, George, 225, 319-20, 371;
cited, 304;
his letter to Sophia (1700), 314-15
Stewart, House of:
Depression of, 6
Hanoverian sympathy with, 210-13, 216, 393-4 _and note_
Strafford, Earl of, 349, 403, 410, 414, 419, 422, 438
Sturmer, H. H., cited, 169 _note_
Suireau, Marie (Mère des Anges), 129
Sunderland, Earl of, 396-7, 402
Sutton, Anne, 28
Sweden:
Danish jealousy of, 45
Ernest Augustus’ operations against (1666), 168
Imperial war against (1675), 184

Tallard, Count, 307
Taranto, Princess of, 97, 168
Tavernier, 199
Thynne, Thomas, murder of, 260-1
Tilly, 47
Toland, Sophia Charlotte’s
attitude towards, 295;
visit to Hanover (1701), 324;
Sophia’s attitude towards, 342, 367-8, 380-1;
her repartee to, 336;
cited, 325, 329, 339 _note_ 1, 348 _note_, 362
Torcy, de, 405, 415, 420
Treaties:
Austro-Bavarian (1628), 48
Brandenburg and Hanover, between, 235-6, 289
Britain and France, between. _See subheading_ Partition Treaty
Britain and Netherlands, between (1654), 93
Britain and Netherlands, between, as to Hanoverian Succession,
388, 438
Brunswick-Lüneburg and Britain, between, 223
Brunswick-Lüneburg and Netherlands, between (1692), 223
Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sweden, between (1691), 263
Electoral compact (1692), 233
Grand Alliance. _See that title_
Nürnberg settlement, 93, 95, 96
Partition Treaty between England and France—First (1698), 307;
Second, 310, 317-18
Prague, Peace of (1634), 51, 145, 148
Ryswyk, Peace of (1697), 306
Utrecht, Peace of (1713), 407-8, 412
Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 45, 83, 97, 146, 149, 192, 229
Trumbull, Sir William, 304
Tunbridge, Lord, 324
Turenne, Marshal, 67, 80, 183
Tweeddale, Marquis of, 373
Tyndall, Humphrey, Dean of Ely, 21 _note_ 1

Vane, Sir Harry, 61 Velasco, Don Alonso de, 21 Vere, Sir Horace, 41 Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, 225, 301-2, 321 _and note_ Villiers, Lady Mary, 46

Wallenstein, 47
Waller, Sir William, 104
Walpole, Horace, cited, 260, 280-1
Walpole, Sir Robert, 281
Ward, Nathaniel, 63
Wartenberg, Cardinal Francis William von, 158
Wartenberg, Countess von, 299-300, 357
Wartenberg, Kolbe von, 299
Weber, O., cited, 405 _note_ 1
Weston, Sir Richard, 35-6
Weyhe, General von, 246
Weyhe, Mme. von (Marie von Meysenbug, Frau von dem Bussche), 242,
246 _and note:f103#_, 248
Wharton, Lord, 385
Wilhelmina (great-granddaughter of Sophia), 298-9
Wilhelmina Caroline of Ansbach, Queen (wife of George II),
childhood of, 358;
marriage, 359;
influence with her husband, 288;
birth of eldest son, 359;
relations with Sophia, 348, 359, 377;
otherwise mentioned, 280-1, 355, 395, 429, 431, 441
Wilhelmsburg, Countess of. _See_ Eleonora
Wilkins, W. H., cited, 246 _note_, 257, 258 _note_, 265 _note_, 280
_note_ 112
William II, Prince of Orange, 57
William III, Prince of Orange (King William III of England),
marriage of, 209;
visit to Hanover (1680), 209-10;
on James II’s accession, 210;
relations with Sophia, 210, 213, 215-16, 219-22;
expedition to England, 212, 214-15;
Bill of Rights (1689) as affecting, 217;
correspondence with Sophia on Bill of Rights, 219-20;
appealed to regarding Lauenburg claims, 237-8;
Succession policy, 225-6;
attitude towards the Savoy Succession, 225, 301;
death of his wife, 224, 301;
suggestions as to re-marriage, 301-4, 312;
the Assassination Plot (1696), 302;
ill-health, 303, 311;
visit to Cleves, 304 _and note_;
attitude towards admission of Elector of Hanover to Electoral
College, 305;
secret negotiation with France, 306;
First Partition Treaty with France (1698), 307;
conference at Göhrde with George William of Celle (1698), 307;
interview with Duchess of Celle regarding English Succession
question, 308-9;
relations with Sophia on the question, 309-10, 314, 317;
attitude towards Electoral Prince of Brandenburg (1700), 312-14,
317;
at the Hague with the two Electresses, 317;
relations with his Parliament, 310;
meeting with Duke George William and Prince George Augustus at
the Loo (1701), 362;
death of, 365;
title of, to British Crown, 8;
otherwise mentioned, 102, 110, 153, 163, 189, 190 _note_ 1, 193,
300, 344, 369, 378, 385 _note_
William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, 97
Wimbledon, Lord, 47
Winchelsea, Lord, 337, 367
Withypol (Wittepole), Lady, 86
Wladislaw IV, King of Poland, 70-1 _and note_
Woods, Mrs., cited, 262 _note_
Worthington, Dr., 117 _note_
Wotton, Sir Henry, visit of, to Heidelberg Court, 26-8 _and note_;
mission to Vienna, 35-6;
devotion to Queen of Bohemia, 43-4;
cited, 52 _note_;
mentioned, 15, 161

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Transcriber’s Note

Appendix B contains a series of letters in French. The editor comments (p. #447): “The spelling of the words in the Letters, the way in which those words are run into one another...have ... been left as they stand in the transcript.” With that approach, with three exceptions (obvious transpositions of letters), no corrections have been made.

Likewise, there are frequent quotations from contemporary sources, and any deviations from our standard spellings are left untouched, but noted here: mesages (44.23), l’esperane 495.6, contrar (552.8).

At 10.11, there is an error. the Electress Sophia died in 1714 not 1712, two months before Britain’s Queen Anne died and Sophia’s son George became George I of England.

In the Index, references to a note on a given page, may include the original note number (e.g., ‘323 _note_ 1’) should there be more than one. In those cases the original number is changed to the resequenced number.

The Index entry on p. 101 for Charles (Elector Palatine does not exist. . Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original. or, if in a note, to the page, note and line within the note.

2.26 of militant Protestan[t]ism Inserted.

71.15 the hand of [his/her] elder sister Replaced.

140.15 the Round Tow[n/er] at Windsor Castle Replaced.

188.4 in her _[ç/c]i-devant_ lover Replaced.

319.19 at the Court of St. James.[’] Removed,

371.159.2 May 27th, 1[9/7]02 Replaced.

401.18 no warrant for either as[s]umption; Inserted.

460.10 je soufri[ar/ra]ÿ pour vous Transposed.

461.16 des remaide indi[ng/gn]e d’un honest homme Transposed.

466.15 comme je pouraÿ postai[ts/st]re recevoir Transposed.

503.30 for its sake[.] Added,

522.6 obedient servant’ser[vant].[1] Removed,
spurious.

540.1.1 in the immediate vi[nc/cin]ity Replaced.

563.14 40[1/4] _note_ Replaced.