Chapter III: Part 3

In the mean time the Trojan woman went to the temple of
unfriendly Pallas with their hair about their ears.

How odd they must have looked. Here we take occasion to remind schoolboys never to lose an opportunity of giving a comic rendering to any word or phrase susceptible thereof, which they may meet with in the course of their reading. To say "crinibus passis",-- "with dishevelled hair" would be to give a very feeble and spiritless translation. Vir is literally construed _man_; some school-masters will have it called _hero_,-- we propose to translate it _cove_. So dapes may be rendered _grub_, or perhaps _prog_; aspera Juno, _crusty Juno_; animam efflare, to _kick the bucket_; capere fugam, to _cut one's stick_, or _lucky_; confectus, _knocked up_; fraudatus, _choused_; contundere, _to whop_, &c. &c.

THE ABLATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB.

Every verb admits an ablative case, signifying the instrument, or the cause, or the manner of an action, as

Pulvere nitrato Catilina senatum subruere voluit:

Catiline wished to blow up the Parliament. Catiline was a regular Guy.

A noun of price is put after some words in the ablative case, as

Ovidius solidis duobus fibulas siphonem ascendere fecit:

Ovid pawned his buckles for two shillings.

The _sipho_ was a tube, pipe, or spout, projecting from the shops of pawnbrokers, of whom there is every reason to believe that there were a great many in ancient Rome. Into this _sipho_ the pledges were placed in order to be conveyed to the _adytum_ or secret recess of the dwelling. _Vide_ Casaubon de Avunc: Roman.

Vili, at a low rate, paulo, for little, minimo, for very little, magno, for much, nimio, for too much, plurimo, for very much, dimidio, for half, duplo, for twice as much, are often put by themselves, the word, pretio, price, being understood, as

Vili venit cibus caninus:

Dog's meat is sold at a low rate.

These genitive cases put without substantives are excepted, tanti, for so much, quanti, for how much, pluris, for more, minoris, for less, quantivis, for as much as you please, tantidem, for just so much, quantilibet, for what you will, quanticunque for how much soever, as

Non es tanti: You're no great shakes.

Flocci, of a lock of wool, nauci, of a nut-shell, nihili, of nothing, assis, of a penny, pili, of a hair, hujus, of this, teruncii, of a farthing, are added very properly to verbs of esteeming, as

Nec verberationem flocci pendo, nec ferulâ percussionem pili æstimo:

I don't value a flogging a straw, nor do I regard a spatting a hair.

A boy who can say this, must have a brazen front, and an iron back, and be altogether a lad of _mettle_.

Verbs of abounding, of filling, of loading, and their contraries, are joined to an ablative case, as

Tauris abundat Hibernia:

Ireland aboundeth in bulls.

This circumstance it most probably was which gave rise to the _Tales_ of the O'Hara family.

We once heard a son of Erin, while undergoing the operation of bleeding from the arm, remark that that would be an easy way of _cutting one's throat_.

Some of these sometimes govern a genitive case, as

Optime ostrearum implebantur:

They had a capital blow out of oysters.

We are sorry to remark that these are the only _native_ productions patronized by great people.

Fungor, to discharge, fruor, to enjoy, utor, to use, vescor, to live upon, dignor, to think one's self worthy, muto, to change, communico, to communicate, supersedeo, to pass by, are joined to an ablative case, as

Qui adipisci c[oe]nas optimas volet, leonis fungatur officiis.

He who shall desire to obtain excellent dinners, should discharge
the office of a lion.

In which case he will come in for the "lion's share."

_Q._ Why is the lion of a party like one of the grand sources of prejudice mentioned by Lord Bacon?

_A._ Because he is the _Idol_ of the _den_.

Mereor, to deserve, with these adverbs, bene, well, satis, enough, male, ill, melius, better, pejus, worse, optime, very well, pessime, very ill, is joined to an ablative case with the preposition de, as

De libitinario medicus bene meretur:

The doctor deserves well of the undertaker.

Notwithstanding it might at first sight appear, that the doctor, in _furnishing funerals_, invades the undertaker's province.

Some verbs of receiving, of being distant, and of taking away, are sometimes joined to a dative case, as

Augustus eripuit mihi nitorem:

Augustus has taken the shine out of me.

_Last Dying Speech of M. Antony._

An ablative case, taken absolutely, is added to some verbs, as

Porcis volentibus lætissime epulabimur:

Please the pigs we'll have a jolly good dinner.

The pig had divine honours paid to it by the ancient Greeks. --Jos. Scalig. de Myst. Eleusin.

An ablative case of the part affected, and by the poets an accusative case, is added to some verbs, as

Qui animo ægrotat, eum aera risum moventem ducere oportet.

He who is sick in mind should breathe the laughing gas.

Much learned controversy has been expended in endeavouring to determine whether this gas was the exhalation by which it is supposed that the ancient Pythonesses were affected.

Rubet nasum:

His nose is red.

Candet genas:

His cheeks are pale.

Some of these words are used also with the genitive case, as

Angitur animi juvenis iste, et mundum indignatur.

That young man is grieved in mind and disgusted with the world.

Such a man is called by the ladies an interesting young man.

VERBS PASSIVE.

An ablative case of the doer (but with the preposition a or ab going before), and sometimes also a dative case, is added to verbs passive, as

Darius eleganter ab Alexandro victus est:

Darius was elegantly licked by Alexander.

The other cases continue to belong to verbs passive which belonged to them as verbs active, as

Titanes læsæ majestatis accusati sunt:

The Titans were indicted for high treason.

And being found guilty were _quartered_ in a very uncomfortable manner, as well as _drawn_ by various artists, whose skill in _execution_ has been much commended.

Vapulo, to be beaten, veneo, to be sold, liceo, to be prized, exulo, to be banished, fio, to be made, neuter passives, have a passive construction, as

A præceptore vapulabis. _Eton Gram._

You will be beaten by the master.

It appears to us that vapulo, to be beaten, is here at all events more susceptible of a passive construction than a funny one.

Malo a cive spoliari quam ab hoste venire. _Eton Gram._

I had rather be stripped by a citizen than sold by an enemy.

The Romans were regularly _sold_ by the enemy for once, when they had to go under the yoke.

VERBS OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

Verbs of the infinitive mood are put after some verbs, participles, and adjectives, and substantives also by the poets, as

Timotheus ursos saltare fecit:

Timotheus made the bears dance.

This was done in ancient as it is in modern times, by playing the Pandean pipes.

Inconcinnus erat cerni Telamonius Ajax;
Ajax (ut referunt) vir bonus ire minor:

The Telamonian Ajax was a rum un to look at;
The lesser Ajax (as they say) a good un to go.

The Grecians used to call Ajax senior, the _fighting cock_, and Ajax junior, the _running cock_.

Verbs of the infinitive mood are sometimes placed alone by the figure ellipsis, as

Siphonum de more oculis demittere fluctus Dardanidæ:

The Trojans (began understood) to pipe their eyes.

As for Æneas he might have been a town _crier_.

GERUNDS AND SUPINES

govern the cases of their own verbs, as

Efferor studio pulices industrios videndi:

I am transported with the desire of seeing the industrious fleas.

GERUNDS.

"When Dido found Æneas would not come,
She mourned in silence, and was Di-do-dum."

Gerunds in di have the same construction as genitive cases, and depend both on certain substantives and adjectives, as

Londinensem innatus amor civem urget edendi:

An innate love of eating excites the London citizen.

People are accustomed to utter a great deal of cant about the intellectual poverty of civic magistrates, and common councilmen in general; but it must be allowed that those respectable individuals have often _a great deal in them_.

Gerunds in do have the same construction with ablative, and gerunds in dum with accusative cases, as

Scribendi ratio conjuncta cum loquendo est:

The means of writing are joined with speaking.

Some things are written precisely after the writer's way of speaking. We once, for example, saw the following notice posted in a gentleman's preserve.

Whear 'as Gins and Engens are Set on
Thes Grouns for the Destruction Of
Varmint, Any trespussing Will be prossy-
Cuted a-cordin Too Law.

Locus ad agendum amplissimus:

A place very honourable to plead in.

It may be questioned whether Cicero would have said this of the Old Bailey.

When necessity is signified, the gerund in dum is used without a preposition, the verb est being added.

Cavendum est ne deprênsus sis:

You must take care you 're not caught out.

A piece of advice of special importance to schoolboys on many occasions, such as the following: shirking down town; making devils, or letting off gunpowder behind the school, or in the yard; conducting a foray or predatory excursion in gardens and orchards; emulating Jupiter, à la Salmoneus,-- in his attribute of Cloud-Compelling-- by blowing a cloud, or to speak in the vernacular, indulging in a cigar; hoisting a frog; tailing a dog or cat, or in any other way acting contrary to the precepts of the Animals' Friend Society; learning to construe on the Hamiltonian system; furtively denuding the birch-rods of their "budding honours." Cum multis aliis quæ nunc perscribere longum est.

Gerunds are also changed into nouns adjective, as

Ad faciendos versus molestum est:

It is a bore to make verses.

This being a self-evident proposition, we shall not enlarge upon it.

The supine in um signifies actively, and follows a verb expressing motion to a place, as

Spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsæ:

They come to see, they come that they themselves may be seen.

So said, or sung the poet Ovid. Was there an opera at Rome in his time?

The supine in u signifies passively, and follows nouns adjective, as

Quod olfactu f[oe]dum est, idem est et esu turpe:

That which is foul to be smelled, is also nasty to be eaten.

Except venison, onions, and cheese.

NOUNS OF TIME AND PLACE.

TIME.

Tempus-- time. There is a story, mentioned (we quote from memory) by the learned Joe Miller; of a fellow who seeing "Tempus Fugit" inscribed upon a clock, took it for the name of the artificer.

Persons who have lived a long _time_ in the world, are generally accounted _sage_; and are sometimes considered to have had a good _seasoning_.

Nouns which signify a part of time are put more commonly in the ablative case, as

Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit:

No mortal man is wise at all hours.

The excuse of a philosopher for getting married.

But nouns which signify the duration of time are commonly put in the accusative case, as

Pugna inter juvenem Curtium et Titum Sabinum tres horas perduravit.

The fight between young Curtius and Sabine Titus lasted three hours.

It is an error to suppose that Roman mills were only water-mills and wind-mills. The above mill must have been rather a "winder" though, and must have cost the combatants much _pains_.

We say also: in paucis diebus, in a few days: de die, by day, de nocte, by night, &c.

A jest upon the nouns of _Time_ would, perhaps, be somewhat ill timed: we hope, however, to have _Space_ for one presently.

THE SPACE OF A PLACE.

The space of a place is put in the accusative, and sometimes also in the ablative, as

Cæsar jam mille passus processerat, summâ diligentiâ.

Cæsar had now advanced a mile with the greatest diligence--

not on the top of the vehicle so named, as a young gentleman was once flogged for saying.

Qui non abest a scholâ centenis millibus passuum, balatronem novi.

I know a blackguard who is not absent a hundred miles from the school.

"Cantare et apponere" to sing and apply, is the maxim we would here inculcate on our youthful readers.

Every verb admits a genitive case of the name of a city or town in which any thing takes place, so that it be of the first or second declension, and of the singular number, as

Quid Romæ faciam? mentiri nescio:

What shall I do at Rome? I know not how to lie.

What a bare-faced perversion of the truth that cock and bull story is of Curtius jumping into the hole in the forum. How the Romans managed to get _credit_ from any body but the tailors is to us a mystery.

These genitive cases, humi, on the ground, domi, at home, militiæ, in war, belli, in war, follow the construction of proper names, as

Parvi sunt foris arma nisi est consilium domi:

Arms are of little worth abroad unless there be wisdom at home.

Cicero must have said this with a prospective eye to Canada.

But if the name of a city or town shall be of the plural number only, or of the third declension, it is put in the ablative case, as

Aiunt centum portas Thebis fuisse:

They say there were an hundred gates at Thebes.

You needn't believe it unless you like.

Egregia Tibure facta videnda sunt:

Fine doings are to be seen at Tivoli.

The name of a place is often put after verbs signifying motion to a place in the accusative case without a preposition, as

Concessi Cantabrigiam ad capiendum ingenii cultum:

I went to Cambridge to become a fast man.

After this manner we use domus, a house, and rus, the country, as Rus ire jussus sum, I was rusticated. Domum missus eram, I was sent home.

Going _too fast_ at Cambridge sometimes necessitates, in two senses, a dose of country air.

The name of a place is sometimes added to verbs signifying motion from a place, in the ablative case without a proposition, as

Arbitror te Virginiâ veteri venisse:

I reckon you've come from old Virginny.

VERBS IMPERSONAL.

Verbs impersonal have no nominative case, as

Scenas post tragicas multum juvat ire sub umbras:

After a tragedy it is very pleasant to go under the _Shades_.

The worst of these "Shades" is, that people are now and then apt to get rather "too much in the sun" there.

These impersonals, interest, it concerns, and refert, it concerns, are joined to any genitive cases, except these ablative cases feminine, meâ, tuâ, suâ, nostrâ, vestrâ, and cujâ, as

Interest magistratûs tueri insulsos, animadvertere in acres.

It concerns the magistrate to defend the flats; to punish the sharps.

These genitive cases also, are added, tanti, of so much, quanti, of how much, magni, of much, parvi, of little, quanticunque, of how much soever, tantidem, of just so much; as

Tanti refert honesta agere;

Of such consequence is it to do honest things.

By this course of conduct, you certainly render yourself worthy of the protection of the magistrate; although whether you thereby constitute yourself a flat or not, is perhaps a doubtful question. Much may be said on both sides. Dishonesty, it is true, may lead to being taken up; but then honesty often leads to being taken _in_. Yet honesty is said to be the best policy. Policy is a branch of wisdom, and "wisdom" they say "is in the _wig_." Certain _wigs_ are retained at the _head_-- of affairs, by a good deal of _policy_; perhaps the _best_ they could adopt-- a fact that throws considerable doubt on the truth of the old maxim.

Impersonal verbs which are put acquisitively, require a dative case; but those which are put transitively an accusative, as--

A ministris nobis benefit:

We enjoy blessings from Ministers.

For instance-- No-- We cannot think of any just at present.

Me juvat per lunam errare, et "Isabellam" cantare:

I like to wander by moonlight, and sing "Isabelle."

The connexion between love and moonlight is as interesting as it is certain. We shrewdly suspect that the said planet has more to do with the tender passion than lovers are aware of.

But the preposition _ad_ is peculiarly _ad_ded to these verbs-- attinet, it belongs, pertinet, it pertains, spectat, it concerns, as

Spectat ad omnes bene vivere:

It concerns all to live well--

When they can afford it.

An accusative case with a genitive is put after these verbs impersonal-- p[oe]nitet, it repents, tædet, it wearies, miseret, miserescit, it pities, pudet, it shames, piget, it grieves, as--

"Nihil me p[oe]nitet hujus nasi"-- Trist: Shand:

"My nose has been the making of me."

A verb impersonal of the passive voice may be elegantly taken for each person of both numbers; that is to say, by virtue of a case added to it.

Thus statur is used for sto, stas, stat, stamus, statis, stant. Statur a me; it is stood by me, that is, I stand; statur ab illis: it is stood by them, or they stand.

King George the Fourth's statue at King's Cross is a _standing joke_.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES.

Participles govern the cases of the verbs from which they are derived, as--

Duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,
Talia voce refert:

Stretching forth his hands to heaven, he utters _such_ things.

This reminds us of the Italian opera.

A dative case is sometimes added to participles of the passive voice, especially when they end in dus, as--

Sollicito nasus rutilans metuendus amanti est:

A fiery nose is to be feared by an anxious lover.

Participles, when they become nouns, require a genitive case, as--

Vectigalis appetens, linguæ profusus:

Greedy of _rint_, lavish of blarney.

Exosus, hating, perosus, utterly hating, pertæsus, weary of, signifying actively, require an accusative case, as--

Philosophus exosus ad unam mulieres:

A philosopher hating women in general,

_i.e._ a Malthusian.

Exosus, hated, and perosus, hated to death, signifying passively, are read with a dative case, as

Com[oe]di sanctis exosi sunt:

The comedians are hated by the saints.

We mean the spiritual Quixotes, or Knights of the Rueful Countenance. We "calculate" that they will be the greatest patrons of rail roads, considering their dislike to the _stage_.

Natus, born, prognatus, born, satus, sprung, cretus, descended, creatus, produced, ortus, risen, editus, brought forth, require an ablative case, and often with a preposition, as--

Taffius, bonis prognatus parentibus, cerevisiam haud tenuem
de sese existimat:

Taffy, sprung of good parents, thinks no small beer of himself.

De Britannis Antiquis se jactat editum:

He boasts of being descended from the Ancient Britons.

_Q._ Why is the eldest son of a King of England like a Leviathan?

_A._ Because he is the Prince of _Wales_.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF ADVERBS.

En and ecce, adverbs of showing, are joined most commonly to a nominative case, to an accusative case but seldom, as

En Romanus: See the Roman (q. rum-un.)

Ecce Corinthium: Behold the Corinthian.

Modern Corinthians, we fear, know but little Greek, except that of the Ægidiac, or St. Giles's dialect.

En and ecce, adverbs of upbraiding, are joined most commonly to an accusative case only, as--

En togam squamosam!

Look at his scaly toga!

Ecce caudam! Twig his tail!

[Plate:
DOMESTIC ELOCUTION
"MY NAME IS NORVAL ON THE GRAMPIAN HILLS"]

Certain adverbs of time, place, and quantity, admit a genitive case, as

Ubi gentium est Quadra Russelliana?

Where in the world is Russell Square?

We must confess that this question is _exquisitely_ absurd.

Nihil tunc temporis amplius quam flere poteram:

I could do nothing more at that time than weep.

Talking of weeping-- how odd it is that an affectionate wife should cry when her husband is _transported_ for life.

Satis eloquentiæ, sapientiæ parum:

Eloquence enough, wisdom little enough.

This quotation applies very forcibly to domestic oratory as practised by small boys at the instigation of their mamma, for the _amusement_ of visitors. Those on whom "little bird with boothom wed," "deep _in_ the windingths _of_ a whale," or "my name is Nawval," and the like recitations are inflicted, have "satis eloquentiæ"-- enough of eloquence, in all conscience; and we cannot but think that "sapientiæ parum," "wisdom little enough" is displayed by all the other parties concerned.

Some adverbs admit the cases of the nouns from which they are derived, as

Juvenis benevolus sibi inutiliter vivit:

The good-natured young man lives unprofitably to himself--

Especially if he have a large circle of female acquaintance.

These adverbs of diversity, aliter, otherwise, and secus, otherwise; and these two, ante, before, and post, after, are often joined to an ablative case, as--

Plure aliter. More t'other.

Multo ante. Much before.

Paulo post. Little behind.

Those who are much _before_, are guilty of a great _waste_-- of time; and those who are little behind should make it up by a _bustle_.

Instar, like or equal to, and ergo, for the sake of, being taken as adverbs, have a genitive case after them, as--

Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte
Ædificant:

By the divine assistance of Pallas they build a horse
as big as a mountain.

This may appear incredible; yet the learned Munchausenius relates prodigies much more astonishing.

Mentitur Virgilius leporis ergo:

Virgil tells lies for fun.

As may be sufficiently seen in the example before the last, and also in the sixth book of the Æneid, passim.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS.

Conjunctions copulative and disjunctive, couple like cases, moods, and tenses, as

Socrates docuit Xenophontem et Platonem geographiam, astronomiam,
et rationem globorum:

Socrates taught Xenophon and Plato geography, astronomy,
and the use of the globes.

_Q._ How may a waterman answer the polite interrogation "Who are you?" correctly, and designate at the same time, an educational institution.

_A._ By saying A-cad-am-I.

The foregoing rule (not riddle) holds good, unless the reason of a different construction requires it should be otherwise, as

Emi librum centussi et pluris:

I bought a book for a hundred pence, and more,
"100d. are 8s. 4d." --Walkinghame.

The conjunction, quam, than, is often understood after amplius, more, plus, more, and minus, less, as

Amplius sunt sex menses:

There are more than six months.

For this interesting piece of information we are indebted to Cicero. The author to whom reference has just been made, has somewhere, if we mistake not, a similar observation. In thus _ushering_ the _Tutor's_ Assistant into notice, we feel that we are citing a work of which it is impossible to make too comical mention.

Thank goodness there are not more than six months in a half year!

TO WHAT MOODS OF VERBS CERTAIN ADVERBS
AND CONJUNCTIONS DO AGREE.

Ne, an, num, whether put doubtfully or indefinitely, are joined to a subjunctive mood, as--

Nihil refert fecerisne an persuaseris:

It matters nothing whether you have done it or persuaded to it--

as the school-master said when he got hold of the wrong end of the cane.

Here it may be remarked-- First, that the young gentlemen who play tricks with _tallow_ are likely to get more _whacks_ than they like on their fingers. Secondly-- That a master whose hand is in _Grease_ cannot be expected to be at the same time in _A-merry-key_.

Dum, for dummodo, so that, and quousque, until, requires a subjunctive mood, as--

Dum felix sis, quid refert?

What's the odds, so long as you're happy.

Qui, signifying the cause, requires a subjunctive mood, as

Stultus es qui Ovidio credas:

You are a fool for believing Ovid.

Ut, for, postquam, after that, sicut, as, and quomodo, how, is joined to an indicative mood; but when it signifies quanquam, although, utpote, forasmuch as, or the final cause, to a subjunctive mood, as

Ut sumus in Ponto ter frigore constitit Ister:

Since that we are in Pontus the Danube has stood frozen three times.

Were skating and sliding classical accomplishments? Ambition, we know, led many of the Romans to tread on _slippery_ ground: many of them struck out new paths, but none (that we have heard of) ever struck out a slide. Imagine Cato or Seneca "coming the cobbler's knock."

Te oro, domine, ut exeam:

Please, sir, let me go out.

Lastly, all words put indefinitely, such as are these, quis, who, quantus, how great, quotus, how many, require a subjunctive mood, as

Cave cui incurras, inepte:

Mind who you run against, stupid.

Such may have been the speech of a Roman cabman. A very curious specimen of the _tessera_, or badge, worn on the breast by this description of persons, has lately been discovered at Herculaneum.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PREPOSITIONS.

A preposition being understood, sometimes causes an ablative case to be added, as

Habeo pigneratorem loco avunculi; _i.e._ in loco:

I esteem a pawnbroker in the place of an uncle: that is, _in loco_.

A preposition in composition sometimes governs the same case which it also governed out of composition, as

Jupiter Olympo Vulcanum calce exegit:

Jupiter kicked Vulcan out of Olympus.

This was not only an ungentlemanly, but also an _ungodly_ act on Jupiter's part. Reasoning à posteriori, one would think it must have been very unpleasant to Vulcan.

Præteriit me in Quadrante insalutatum:

He cut me in the Quadrant.

Verbs compounded with a, ab, de, e, ex, in, sometimes repeat the same prepositions with their case out of composition, and that elegantly, as

Abstinuerunt a vino:

They abstained from wine.

This properly is an allusion to the Tiber-totallers. It should be remembered that tea was unknown in Rome, except as the accusative case of a pronoun.

In, for, erga, towards, contra, against, ad, to, and supra, above, requires an accusative case, as

Quietum
Accipit in pueros animum mentemque benignam:

He admits kind thoughts and inclinations towards the boys.

The master does-- when he gives them a half holiday or a blow out. Mr. Squeers (vide Nicholas Nick: illustriss. Boz.) was in the habit of _making much_ of the young gentlemen intrusted to his care.

Sub, when it relates to time, is commonly joined to an accusative case, as

Sub idem tempus-- Isaaculus trans maria deportatus est:

About the same time-- Ikey was transported beyond the seas.

We say _beyond the seas_, lest it should be questioned whether Mr. I. was _transported_ as a necessary or contingent consequence of cheating.

Super, for, ultra, beyond, is put with an accusative case, for de, concerning, with an ablative case, as

Super et Garamantas et Indos
Proferet imperium:

He will extend the empire both beyond the Africans and the Indians.

A wide _rule_ expressed in poetical _measure_.

Quid de domesticis Peruviorum rebus censeas?

What may be your opinion concerning the domestic economy
of the Peruvians?

Tenus, as far as, is joined to an ablative case, both in the singular and plural number, as

Cervice, auribusque tenus Marius in luto inveniebatur:

Marius was found up to his neck and ears in mud.

What a lark! or rather a mud lark. But tenus is joined to a genitive only in the plural, and it always follows its case, as

Crurum tenus: up to the _legs_.

Which it is very necessary to be at Epsom and Ascot.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections are often put without a case, as

Spem gregis, ah! silice in nudâ connixa reliquit:

Having yearned, she left the hope of the flock, alas!
upon the bare flint stones.

And exposed to the _steely_-hearted world, which, as an Irishman remarked, was a dangerous situation for _tinder_ infancy. It must have been, to say the least, a most uncomfortable _berth_.

O! of one exclaiming, is joined to a nominative, accusative, and vocative case, as

O lex! Oh law! O alaudas! Oh larks! Oh meum! Oh my!
O care! Oh dear!

We cannot find out what is Latin for oh Crikey!

Heu! and proh! alas! are joined, sometimes to a nominative, sometimes to an accusative, and occasionally to a vocative case, as-- Heu bellis! Lack-a-_daisy_. Heu diem! Lack-a-_day_. Proh Clamor! Oh _cry_! Proh deos pisciculosque! Oh, ye gods and little fishes!

Heu miserande puer!

Oh, boy, to be pitied!

What boy is more to be pitied than a junior boy? The _Fagin_ system described in Oliver Twist is nothing compared to that adopted in public schools. People may say what they will of the beneficial effect which it produces on the minds of those who are subjected to it-- we contend that to breed a gentleman's son up like a _tiger_ is the readiest way to make a _beast_ of him.

Hei! and væ! alas, are joined to a dative case, as

Hei mihi quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis:

Woe is me that love is curable by no herbs.

[Plate:
HEU! MISERANDE PUER!]

Ovid never would have said that, if he had smoked a cigar or chewed tobacco. The ancients believed that love might be excited by certain articles taken from the vegetable kingdom. Why then should it be considered impossible to allay the same feeling in a similar manner? Every bane has its corresponding antidote; if so, there may be physic even for a philter. And for the pangs which a _virgin_ has inflicted, what remedy could be prescribed more reasonable than the _Virginian_ weed;-- besides, love generally ends in smoke.

Væ misero capiti, madefacto, sæpe fenestræ
Imbribus immundis, Lydia cara, tuæ:

Woe to my wretched head, often wetted, dear
Lydia, by the unclean showers of your window.

This would be a proper place for introducing a few remarks on the ancient mode of serenading; which we are prevented from doing by the very imperfect state of our present information on this interesting point. It is, however, pretty generally admitted that the Romans always took care to provide themselves with an umbrella on these occasions, and this for a reason which the above distich will have rendered sufficiently obvious. It appears to us that so salutary a precaution is well worthy of being sometimes adopted in these modern days-- and with this hint we conclude the Syntax.

+PROSODY.+

[Transcriber's Note:

As explained at the beginning of the e-text, vowels with macron ("long" mark) are shown as CAPITALS, while vowels with breve ("short" mark) are shown in {braces}. Long vowels that are already capitalized (very rare) are shown in [brackets].]

All you that bards of note would be,
Must study well your Prosody.

As Comparative Anatomy teaches what the sound of a cod-fish is; so Prosody teaches what is the sound of syllables.

Sound and quantity mean the same thing; though how that fact is to be reconciled with the proverb, "great _cry_ and little _wool_," we do not know.

Prosody is divided into three parts. Tone, Breathing, and Time. As to tone-- boys are usually required to repeat it in a loud one, without stammering or drawling; and with as little breathing and time, or breathing-time, as possible.

We shall leave tone to the consideration of pianoforte and fiddle-makers; and breathing to doctors and chemists, who can _analyze_ it a great deal better than we can. In this place we think proper to treat only of Time.

Now of Time a very great deal may be said, taking the word in all the senses in which it is capable of being used.

In the first place, Time flies-- but this we have had occasion to observe before; as also that Time is a very great eater.

In the second, Time is a very ill-used personage; he is spent, wasted, lost, kicked down, and killed-- the last as often as an Irishman is-- but for all that he never complains.

It is a question whether keeping Time, or losing Time, is the essential characteristic of dancing.

Then we might expatiate largely about the value of Time, and of the propriety of taking him by the forelock-- but for two reasons.

One of them is, that all this has been said long ago; the other, that it is nothing at all to the purpose.

We might also quote extensively from Dr. Culpeper's Herbal, and from Linnæus and Jussieu; but the _time_ we speak of, (although we hope it will be _twigged_ by the reader,) is no _plant_; nevertheless it is a necessary ingredient in grammatical _stuffing_.

Time in prosody is the measure of the pronouncing of a syllable.

Like whist, it is divided into Long and Short. A long time is marked thus, as sUmEns, taking: a short time thus; as p{i}l{u}l{a}, a pill.

A foot is the placing together of two or more syllables, according to the certain observation of their _time_, the organ of which should be well developed for that purpose.

Ordinary feet are long feet, short feet, broad feet, splay feet, club feet, and bumble feet, to which may be added cloven feet in the case of certain animals, and an "old gentleman."

There are several kinds of Latin feet; here, however, we shall only notice spondees and dactyls.

A spondee is a foot of two syllables, as InfAns, an infant.

A dactyl is a foot of three syllables, as Ang{e}l{u}s, an angel, pOrc{u}l{u}s, a little pig.

Scanning is measuring a verse as you are measured by your tailor-- by the _foot_, according to _rule_. To scanning there belong the figures called Synal[oe]pha, Ecthlipsis, Synæresis, Diæresis, and Cæsura.

Synal[oe]pha is the cutting off a vowel at the end of a word, before another at the beginning of the next; as

[O]cclUsIs EvAsi {o}c{u}lIs nAsOqu{e} cruEntO:

I came off with my eyes bunged up and a bloody nose.

We have here _knocked out an i_ in evasi, on the strength of a synal[oe]pha.

But heu and o are never cut off-- at least there are no cases on record in which this operation has been performed.

Ecthlipsis is as often as the letter m is cut off with its vowel; the next word beginning with a vowel, as

MOnstrum hOrrEndum InfOrme IngEns-- spectAv{i}m{u}s hOrtIs:

We saw a horrible, ugly, great monster in the gardens.

If every _bear_ and _boar_ were kept in a den-- what a fine world this would be.

Synæresis is the contraction of two syllables into one, as in alvearia, pronounced alvaria.

StrAv{i}t h{u}mI dEmEns cOnfErta AlveAr{i}{a} JUnO:

Mad Juno threw the crowded beehives on the ground.

Hydrophobia occurring in a queen bee from the bite of a dog would be an interesting case to the faculty.

Diæresis is the separation of one syllable into two, as evoluisse for evolvisse. Thus Ovid says, alluding probably to the _padding_ system adopted by dandies and theatrical artists,

DEb{u}{e}rant fUsOs Ev{o}l{u}Iss{e} s{u}Os:

They ought to have unwound their _spindles_.

Cæsura is when after a perfect foot (though not one like Taglioni's), a short syllable is made long at the end of a word, as

PEct{o}r{i}bUs {i}nh{i}Ans-- mOllEs, En, dEs{e}r{i}t AlAs:

Intent upon the breasts (of the fowls) lo! he deserts
the tender wings.

OF THE KINDS OF VERSES.

Should any one seek here for an account of every kind of verse used by the Latin poets, all we can say is-- we wish he may get it. As it behoveth no one to be wiser than the law, so it behoveth not us to be wiser than the Eton Grammar.

The verses which boys are commonly taught to make are hexameters and pentameters.

An hexameter verse consists of six feet. As the ancient heroes were at least six feet high, this is probably the reason why it is also called an _heroic_ verse.

The fifth foot in this kind of verse should be a dactyl, the sixth a spondee; the other feet may be either dactyls or spondees; as

[O]bstAntI pl{u}v{i}Is vEnIt cUm tEgm{i}n{e} SAmbO:

Sambo came with his Macintosh.

The fifth foot also is sometimes a spondee, as

ClAv{i}g{e}r [A]lcIdEs, mAgnUm J{o}v{i}s IncrEmEntUm.

Hercules, king of clubs, great offspring of Jupiter.

The last syllable of every verse is a _common_ affair.

An elegiac, lack-a-daisical, or pentameter verse, consists of four feet and two long syllables, one of which is placed between the second and third foot, and the other at the end of the verse. The two first feet may be dactyls, spondees, or both; the two last are always dactyls, as

REs Est InfElIx, plEn{a}qu{e} frAud{i}s {a}mOr:

Love is an unlucky affair, and full of humbug.

We feel compelled, notwithstanding what has been before said, to make a few additions to what is contained in the Eton Grammar with respect to verses.

The rhythm of Latin verses may be easily learned by practising (out of school), exercises on the principle of the examples following--

DUm d{i}dl{e}, dI dUm, dUm dUm, dEedl{e}dy, dEEdl{e} d{e}, dUm dum;
DUm d{i}dl{e}, dUm dum, dE, dEedl{e}d{y}, dEedl{e}d{y}, dUm.

N.B. The following familiar piece of poetry would not have been admitted into the Comic Latin Grammar, but that there being many various readings of it, we wished to transmit the right one to posterity.

Patres conscripti-- took a boat and went to Philippi.
Trumpeter unus erat qui coatum scarlet habebat,
Stormum surgebat, et boatum overset-ebat,
Omnes drownerunt, quia swimaway non potuerunt,
Excipe John Periwig tied up to the tail of a dead pig.

Here, also, this poetical curiosity may perhaps be properly introduced.

Conturbabantur Constantinopolitani,
Innumerabilibus sollicitudinibus.

OF THE QUANTITY OF THE FIRST SYLLABLE.

There is a river in Macedon and a river in Monmouth: in like manner there are positions in dancing and positions in Prosody.

The following vowels are long by position.

1. A vowel before two consonants, or before a double consonant in the same word-- as pInguis, fat, Ingens, great, [A]jax, the name of a hero.

2. A vowel coming before one consonant at the end of a word, and another at the beginning of the next, as

MajOr sUm quAm cui possIt tua virga nocere:

I'm a bigger boy than your rod is able to hurt.

The syllables _jor_, _sum_, _quam_, and _sit_, are long by position.

[Plate:
PATRES CONSCRIPTI TOOK A BOAT AND WENT TO PHILIPPI
TRUMPETER UNUS ERAT QUI COATUM SCARLET HABEBAT.]

3. Sometimes, but seldom, a short vowel at the end of a word placed before two consonants at the beginning of the next; as

OccultA spolia hi Croceo de Colle ferebant:

These persons brought the secret spoils from Saffron Hill.

A _short_ vowel before a mute, a liquid following, is rendered common, as in the word _patris_.

Sunt quibus ornatur Jenkins femoralia pAtris:

The breeches that Jenkins is rigged out in are his father's.

A vowel before another is always short, as t{u}a, thy, memor{i}a, memory.

Except the genitive cases of pronouns in ius, where the i is a common i, although alter{i}us has always a short _i_ and alIus a long _i_.

Except, likewise, those genitive and dative cases of the fifth declension where the vowel _e_, like Punch's nose, is made long between two _i_'s, as faciEi, of a face.

The syllable _fi_ also in fIo is long, except e and r follow together, as f{i}erem, f{i}eri.

FIent quæ "F{i}eri Facias" mandata vocantur:

The writ which is called "Fieri Facias" will be made.

Fi. fa. is a legal instrument that deprives a poor man of his mattress that a rich one may lounge on his ottoman. Ca. Sa. is a similar benevolent contrivance for punishing misfortune as felony.

DIus, heavenly, has the first syllable long;-- Diana, common: and so has the interjection Ohe!

Thus there's a common medium of connexion,
Between a goddess and an interjection.

A vowel before another in Greek words is sometimes long, as

Cærula, PIerides, sunt vobis tegmina crurum:

Oh, Muses, your stockings are blue.

Also in Greek possessives, as

Somniculosa fuit, pinguisque ÆnEia nutrix:

Æneas's nurse was sleepy and fat.

Æneas has often enough been represented in _arms_.

In Latin mark, that every dipthong
'S as long as any stage-coach whip-thong;
Except before a vowel it goes,
When 'tis as short as Elsler's clothes.

Words derived from others are tarred with the same stick, that is, are assigned the same quantity as those which they are derived from, with some few exceptions, which we must trouble the student to fish for.

Compounds follow the quantity of their simple words, as from l{e}go l{e}gis, to read, comes perl{e}go, to read through.

By the way, _reading_ does not always induce _reading through_; though we hope it may in the case of the C. L. G.

If to a preterperfect tense belong
Two only syllables, the first is long;
As vEni, vIdi, vIci, speech so cool.
Which Cæsar made to illustrate our rule;
To which we need not cite exceptions small.
Look in your Gradus and you'll find them all.

Consult also the Eton Grammar, and works of the poets, passim, as well for exceptions to the above as to the two following rules:

1. Words that double the first syllable of the preterperfect tense have the first syllable short-- as c{e}c{i}dI from c{a}d{o}, &c.

Fortis Higinbottom c{e}cidit terramque m{o}mordit:

Brave Higinbottom fell and bit the ground.

2. A supine of two syllables has the first syllable long--

As vIsum lAtum lOtum mOtum:

And many more if we could quote 'em.

OF THE QUANTITY OF THE LAST SYLLABLE.

We have had a poetical fit gradually growing upon us for some time-- 'tis of no use to resist-- so here goes--

Oh! Muse, thine aid afford to me,
Inspire my Ideality;
Thou who, benign, in days of yore,
Didst heavenly inspiration pour
On him, who luckily for us
Sang Propria Quæ Maribus;
Teach me to sound on quiv'ring lyre,
Prosodial strains in notes of fire;
Words' ends shall be my theme sublime,
Now first descanted on in rhyme.
Come, little boys, attention lend,
All words are long in a that end:
(In proof of which I'll bet a quart,)
Excepting those which must be short--
As put{a}, it{a}, poste{a}, qui{a},
Ej{a}, and every case in i{a};
Or _a_, save such as we must class
With Grecian vocatives in as,
And ablatives of first declension--
Besides the aforesaid, we may mention
Nouns numeral that end in ginta,
Which common, as a bit of flint are.
Some terminate in _b_, _d_, _t_;
All these are short; but those in _c_
Form toes-- I mean, form ends of feet
As long-- as long as Oxford Street.
Though n{e}c and don{e}c every bard
Hath written short as Hanway yard,
Fac, hic, and hoc are common, though
Th' ablative hOc is long you know.
Now "_e_ finita" short are reckon'd,
Like to a jiffey or a second,
Though we must call the _Gradus_ wrong,
Or these, of fifth declension, long.
As also particles that come
In mode derivative therefrom.
Long second persons singular
Of second conjugation are,
And monosyllables in _e_.
Take, for example, mE, tE, sE,
Then, too, adverbial adjectives
Are long as rich old women's lives--
If from the second declination
Of adjectives they've derivation:
PulchrE and doctE, are the kind
Of adverbs that I have in mind.
FermE is long, and ferE also--
Ben{e}, and mal{e}, not at all so.
Lastly, each final _eta_ Greek,
Is long on all days of the week--
To wit-- (for thus we render nempe)
LethE, AnchisE, cetE, TempE.
Those words as long we classify
Which end, like _egotists_, in _i_,
Rememb'ring mihi, tibi, sibi
Are common, so are ubi, ibi;
Nis{i} is always short, and quas{i}'s
Short also, so are certain cases
In i-- Greek vocatives and datives
(At least if we may trust the natives;)
Making their genitives in os,
For instance-- Phyllis, Phyllidos.
(A name oft utter'd with a sigh,)
Whereof the dative ends in {i}.
Words in _l_ ending short are all,
Save nIl for nihil, sAl, and sOl,
And some few Hebrew words t'were well
To cite; as MichaEl, RaphaEl.
Your n's are long, save forsit{a}n
{I}n, tam{e}n, attam{e}n, and {a}n
Veruntam{e}n and fors{a}n, which
Are short as any tailor's stitch;
These, therefore, we except, and then
Contractions "per apocopen"--
As vid{e}n'? m{e}n'? and aud{i}n?-- so in
Ex{i}n' and sub{i}n', de{i}n', pro{i}n'.
_An_, from a nominative in _a_
Ending a word is short, they say,
But every _an_ for long must pass
Derived from nominative in as.
Nouns, too, in en are short whose finis
Doth in the genitive make _inis_.
And so are n's that do delight {i}n
An _i_ and _y_-- Alex{i}n, It{y}n.
Greek words are short I'd have you know,
That end in _on_ with little _o_,
Common are terminating o's,
Cases oblique except from those,
Adverbial adjectives as falsO
Are long,-- take tantO,-- quantO also;
Save mutuo, sedulo, and crebro.
Common as vestment vending Hebrew.
Mod{o} and quomod{o} among
Short o's we rank-- nor to be long.
Nor cit{o}, eg{o}, du{o}; no nor
Amb{o} and Hom{o} ever prone are;
But monosyllables in _o_,
Are counted long. Example-- stO.
And omega, the whole world over,
'S as long as 'tis from here to Dover.
If _r_ should chance a word to wind up,
'Tis short in general, make your mind up;
But fAr, lAr, nAr, and vIr, and fUr
PAr, compAr, impAr, dispAr, cUr,
As long must needs be cited here,
With words from Greek that end in er;
Though 'mong the Latins from this fate are
These two exempted-- pat{e}r, mat{e}r;
Short in the final _er_ we state 'em,
Namely, "auctoritate vatum."
Now, s, the Eton Grammar says,
Ends words in just as many ways
As there are vowels-- five-- as thus
In order, _as_, _es_, _is_, _os_, _us_.
As, in a general way appears
Long unto all but asses' ears,
But some Greek words take care to mark as
Short,-- for example-- Pall{a}s, Arc{a}s--
And nouns increasing plural sport
An _as_ accusative that's short.
Es in the main's a long affair,
AnchisEs, such, and patrEs are,
Though of the third declension you
As short such substantives must view,
The genitives of which increase,
Derived from nominatives in es,
And have an accent short upon
The syllable that's last but one.
As mil{e}s, seg{e}s, div{e}s, (which
Means what a Poet is n't,)-- rich:
But pEs is long, with bipEs, tripEs,
Like to a hermit munching dry pease.
To these add CerEs, Saturn's cub,
(Name of a goddess, and for grub
The figure Metonymy through,)
And ariEs, abiEs, pariEs, too.
Sum with its compounds forming {e}s, }
Are short, join pen{e}s, if you please, }
Item Cyclop{e}s Naiad{e}s. }
Greek nominatives and plural neuters,
For lists of which consult your tutors.
Is, we call short, as Par{i}s, trist{i}s,
Save all such words as mensIs, istIs.
Plurals oblique that end in _is_,
Adding thereto for quibus quIs.
The _is_ in SamnIs long by right is
Because its genitive's SamnItis,
Where you observe a lengthened state
Of syllable penultimate.
The same to all such words applies,
And Is contracted, meaning _eis_,
Long too,-- and pray remember this
Are monosyllables in _is_.
Save {i}s the nominative pronoun,
And qu{i}s, and b{i}s, which last is no noun.
When verbs by _is_ concluded are,
In second person singular;
But in the plural _itis_ make,
The _is_ is long, and no mistake--
Provided always that the pe-
Nultimate plural long shall be.
Os, saving comp{o}s, imp{o}s, {o}s
Is long-- as honOs dominOs.
The Greek omicron 's short, and that in
All conscience must be so in Latin.
Words should be short in _us_, unless
Authority has laid a stress
On the penultimate of any
Word that increases in the geni-
Tive case when us is long, the same
Pronunciation nouns may claim--
Declined like gradUs or like manUs
Though here exceptions still detain us.
The first case and the fifth are those
Singular; short as monkey's nose.
Long are mUs, crUs, and thUs and sUs
All monosyllables in Us,
And Grecian nouns by diphthong _ous_,
Translated _us_ by men of _nous_.
Lastly, all words in _u_ are long,
And so we end our classic song.

And not our song only, but our work-- the companion of our solitude-- the object of our cares-- for which alone we live, for which we consumed our midnight oil; and not only that, but also burnt a great deal of daylight.-- Our work, we say, is ended-- and such as it is we commit it to the world. Horace says Carm. Lib. iii, Ode XXX. (an ode which by some strange association of ideas, is always connected in our mind with the visionary image of a jug of ale,) "Exegi monumentum ære perennius," I have perfected a work more durable than brass. Whether our production is characterized by the _durability_ of that metal or not, is a question which we leave to the decision of posterity; we cannot, however, help thinking that, considering the boldness of our attempt, it possesses figuratively at least, something in common with the substance in question-- and we would fain hope that that something does not consist in _hardness_.

And now farewell to the reader-- farewell, "a word that must be and hath been"-- said a great many times when once would have been quite sufficient. We need not, therefore, repeat it; nor need we say how much we hope that we have amused, instructed him, and so forth; that being as much an understood thing to put at the end of a book, as "Love to papa, mamma, brothers and sisters," in a holiday letter.

Nothing, then, remains for us now to do, but to kick up our hat and cry

"ALL OVER."

FINIS

LIST OF ETCHINGS.

1. Vocative case (schoolmaster spatting a boy) _to face page_ 2.

2. Schoolmaster beating a drum, and boys singing in chorus, text damaged, 22

3. Ingenuas pugni didicisse fideliter artes (fight) 52

4. Prometheus Vinctus (vagabond in the stocks) 72

5. Smelling a Pig (boys at supper in the bed room) 74

6. Domestic Oratory (small boy spouting in a chair) 135

7. Heu miserande Puer (boy tossed in a blanket) 144

8. Patres conscripti 152

Coe, Printer, 27, Old Change, St. Paul's.

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4. +LE BYRON DES DAMES;+ or, Portraits of the principal Female Characters in Lord Byron's Poems. Containing Thirty-nine highly-finished Plates, each illustrated by Critical Remarks and Poetical Extracts. 3l., or plain, 1l. 11s. 6d.

5. +FLORA'S GEMS;+ or, THE TREASURES OF THE PARTERRE. In Twelve splendid Groups of Flowers drawn and coloured by JAMES ANDREWS. The Plates of this work are all coloured in the most finished style, so as to equal first-rate Drawings, and are accompanied with Poetical Illustrations. By LOUISA TWAMLEY. 2l. 2s.

6. +THE GALLERY OF THE GRACES.+ Thirty-six Beautiful Female Heads, illustrating celebrated Passages in Modern British Poets, with accompanying Extracts. 3l.; or plain, 31s. 6d.