Chapter VII: The Pharisees and Sadducees 130

I. The Meaning of the Terms “Pharisees” and “Sadducees” 130

(_a_) Pharisees 130

(_b_) Sadducees 132

II. The Sources 135

(_a_) Josephus 135

(_b_) Rabbinical sources 137

(_c_) The New Testament 138

(_d_) The Zadokite Fragments 138

III. The Doctrines of the Pharisees and Sadducees 139

(_a_) The doctrine of the Law 139

(_b_) The doctrine of God 144

(_c_) The doctrine of the Future Life 146

(_d_) The Sadducæan attitude regarding belief in
the existence of angels and spirits 147

(_e_) The doctrine of the Messiah 148

(_f_) The Sadducees and the Jewish Calendar 150

IV. Some Subsidiary Considerations 152

Summary 157

CHAPTER VIII

THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON 160

I. The Hebrew Canon in its Present Form 162

II. The Idea of a Canon 164

III. The Formation of the Hebrew Canon 169

IV. To Whom was the Final Fixing of the Hebrew Canon due? 174

Summary 176

Additional Note. The Conceptions underlying the Idea of
Levitical Impurity 177

CHAPTER IX

UNCANONICAL BOOKS (I) 183

I. The Meaning of the Term _Gānaz_ 183

II. The Meaning of the Term _Apokryphos_ 185

III. The Connexion between the Terms _Gānaz_ and
_Apokryphos_ 188

IV. How the Term “Apocrypha” came to be applied to
Sacred Books of the Second Rank 190

V. The Reading of Uncanonical Books 192

Summary 196

CHAPTER X

UNCANONICAL BOOKS (II). THE APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE 198

Preliminary Remarks 198

(_a_) The Book of Enoch 201

(_b_) The Sibylline Oracles 208

(_c_) The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 210

(_d_) The Psalms of Solomon 214

(_e_) The Book of Jubilees 216

(_f_) The Assumption of Moses 218

(_g_) The Ascension of Isaiah 219

(_h_) The Book of the Secrets of Enoch 220

(_i_) The Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch 222

(_j_) The Apocalypse of Moses (The Life of Adam
and Eve) 222

(_k_) The Greek Apocalypse of Baruch 223

CHAPTER XI

THE WISDOM LITERATURE; THE JEWISH CONCEPTION OF WISDOM 224

I. The Wisdom Literature 224

II. The Origin of the Hebrew Conception of Wisdom 226

III. The Jewish Conception of Wisdom 233

Summary 247

CHAPTER XII

THE DOCTRINAL TEACHING OF THE APOCRYPHA 251

Preliminary Remarks 251

(_a_) The doctrine of God 254

(_b_) The doctrine of the Law 260

(_c_) The doctrine of Sin 267

(_d_) The doctrine of Grace and Free-will 278

(_e_) The doctrine of the Messiah 281

(_f_) The doctrine of the Future Life 288

(_g_) The doctrine of Angels 300

(_h_) Demonology 304

Summary 305

_PART II_

INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA

INTRODUCTORY 319

CHAPTER I

THE WISDOM OF JESUS, THE SON OF SIRACH; OR ECCLESIASTICUS 321

I. The Title of the Book 321

II. The Author and his Book 322

III. The Date of the Book 327

IV. The Original Language of the Book; the recently found
Hebrew Manuscripts 329

V. The Authorized and Revised Versions of Ecclesiasticus 331

VI. The “Sadducæan” doctrinal standpoint in
Ecclesiasticus 334

VII. The Pharisaic Additions to Ecclesiasticus 340

VIII. The Value of the Book for the Study of the New
Testament 345

CHAPTER II

THE BOOK OF TOBIT 349

I. The Story of Achikar the Wise 350

II. The Relationship between the Book of Tobit and the
Story of Achikar the Wise 353

III. The Contents of the Book of Tobit 357

IV. The Religious Standpoint of the Writer 360

V. The Date of the Book, its Integrity and Place of
Origin 365

VI. The Value of the Book for New Testament Study 368

CHAPTER III

THE BOOK OF JUDITH 372

I. Contents and Character of the Book 372

II. Variety of Form of the Judith Story 379

III. The Teaching and Purpose of the Book 381

IV. The Date of the Book 382

V. The Original Language of the Book 384

CHAPTER IV

THE ADDITIONS TO THE BOOK OF DANIEL 385

I. Preliminary Remarks 385

II. The Prayer of Azariah 386

III. The Song of the Three Children 390

IV. The Story of Susanna 391

V. Bel and the Dragon 394

CHAPTER V

THE ADDITIONS TO THE BOOK OF ESTHER 398

I. The Nature and Object of the Additions 398

II. Authorship and Date of the Additions 403

CHAPTER VI

THE PRAYER OF MANASSES 404

I. The Contents of the Prayer 404

II. The Origin of the Prayer 405

III. The Date of the Prayer 409

IV. The Writer and the Language in which he wrote 410

CHAPTER VII

THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES 411

I. Title and Authorship of the Book 411

II. The Date of the Book 413

III. The Original Language and Literary Character of the