Chapter XX: Part 20

=Gipsies.= A nomadic race, which was first described as
appearing in Europe in the fifteenth century, and is now found in
nearly all civilised countries. At first they were believed to come
from Egypt, and their name is a corruption of “Egyptians.” They
have a dark, tawny skin, black hair and eyes, are small-handed
and often very handsome, and live by tinkering, basket-making,
fortune-telling, and other arts which can be practised on the
road. Their chief characteristic is independence and love of a
wandering life. Their origin is still uncertain; though their
language, Romany, is known to be a corrupt dialect of Hindi, which
supports the older theory that they are of Indian descent. A later
and well-supported theory is that they are the descendants of the
prehistoric race which introduced metal-working into Europe. On
this view they must have existed in Europe from time immemorial,
without being noticed in literature. The gipsy problem still awaits
solution.

=Goajiris.= See TUPI-GUARANI.

=Golden Hordes.= See KIPCHAKS.

=Gonaquas.= Hottentot Negro half breeds on Kafirland frontier.

=Goads.= See DRAVIDAS.

=Goths.= One of the chief Teutonic races of ancient times,
who played a great part in European history from the third to
the eighth century, but have left no descendants as a distinct
race. They first appear in history in the third century, as a
confederation of German tribes who had made a settlement in the
district north of the Lower Danube. They soon split up into two
distinct peoples, the East Goths or Ostrogoths, and the West Goths
or Visigoths. There was a third and unimportant race of Mœsogoths,
settled in Mœsia, for whom Ulfilas made his famous translation of
the Scriptures. The Goths were extremely warlike and aggressive,
a typical race of German warriors. The Ostrogoths remained north
of the Danube, where they were subjugated for a time by the Huns
of Attila. Recovering their independence, they invaded Italy,
destroyed the Western Empire, and established a new kingdom under
Theodoric. This was conquered by the Byzantine Narses in 552,
after which the Ostrogoths disappear from history. The Visigoths,
unwilling to submit to the Huns, crossed the Danube and settled in
the Roman Empire, where they furnished many recruits for the army.
In 395 they rebelled, and under Alaric invaded Italy and besieged
Rome. Afterwards they founded kingdoms in the south of Gaul and in
Spain, where the Visigoths ruled till the invasion of the Saracens,
and where their blood is still found incorporated with that of
the older races. A branch of the Ostrogoths which settled in the
Crimea preserved its nationality and language down to the sixteenth
century, or even later. The Bastarnæ, Gepidæ, and perhaps the
Vandals (_q.v._), were branches of the Gothic race.

=Greeks.= (1) For ancient Greeks, see HELLENES. (2)
The modern Greeks are partly descendants of ancient Greeks, with a
large admixture of Albanian, Wallachian and Slavonic elements. They
are great in commerce, but not warlike.

=Griquas.= A race of Hottentot-Dutch half-breeds, also known
as Bastaards, in Griqualand.

=Guaicuris.= Central American Indians of Lower California.

=Guanches.= Aborigines of Canary Islands: so-called “White
Africans,” probably of Berber Hamitic stock.

=Guatemalans.= White natives of Guatemala, in Central America,
of Spanish descent.

=Guatusas.= Central American Indians of Costa Rica.

=Guebres.= See PARSEES.

=Gujeratis.= Natives of Gujerat in Western India, Aryans of
Hindu stock.

=Gurkas.= The dominant race of Nepal, who claim a Hindu
(Aryan) origin, but have probably acquired a Mongoloid tinge from
inter-marriages. They are of small stature, yet eminently warlike,
and supply some of the best troops to our Indian Army.

=Gypsies.= See GIPSIES.

=Hadendowas.= See BEJAS.

=Haidas.= North American Indians in British Columbia.

=Hamites.= A family of Caucasic Man, belonging to the
Melanochroid or dark type, ranging in colour from white to brown,
and even black; hair soft, straight or wavy; skull, medium
(mesocephalic); square-jawed (orthognathous); generally of fine
physical development. Divided into Eastern Hamites--_e.g._, Somali,
and Western Hamites--_e.g._, Berbers and Basques. Closely related
to Semites.

=Hau-Khoin.= See HEREROS.

=Hausas.= The most important Sudanese Negro race of Northern
Nigeria. Keen traders, physically well developed, they make
excellent soldiers, and are largely utilised for this purpose by
their British rulers. The Hausa States were over-run by the Hamitic
Fulahs (_q.v._) about 1800-1810, and now form part of the Empire of
Sokoto. The Hausa language is the common medium of commerce in the
Central Sudan.

=Hawaiians.= Natives of Hawaii, of brown Polynesian stock,
akin to Maoris. A remarkably fine and handsome race, steadily
decreasing since contact with European civilisation and diseases.
Peculiarly subject to leprosy.

=Haytians.= Natives of the negro republic of Hayti, descended
from negro slaves imported by the earlier Spanish and French
owners, who freed themselves at the time of the French Revolution.
The Spanish portion afterwards formed the Dominican Republic in
the eastern part of the island. Of mixed Bantu and Sudanese Negro
descent, with a cross of white blood.

=Hazaras.= Mountaineers of N.W. Afghanistan, a vigorous and
turbulent race of Mongolo-Persian descent, often troublesome to
British India.

=Hebrews.= See JEWS.

=Hellenes.= Inhabitants of ancient Greece, which they called
Hellas. The Proto-Hellenes, or aborigines, were probably of
Pelasgian origin, belonging to the Western Hamitic family, of
whom the ancient Cretans and Mycenæans (_q.v._) may represent the
ancestral type. These were followed by the true Hellenes--Achæans
or Argives--divided into three main branches--Dorians, Ionians, and
Æolians. Later they were divided into many local states, such as
Athens and Sparta. The modern Greeks are in part descended from the
Hellenes, crossed with Albanian, Wallachian, and Turkish blood. It
is to the Hellenes that we owe the first important developments of
civilisation in Europe.

=Helveti.= Ancient inhabitants of Switzerland in Cæsar’s time,
probably a German tribe, from whom the modern Swiss are in part
descended.

=Hereros=, or =Ovaherero=. Bantu Negroes inhabiting the
plains of Damaraland, or German South-West Africa. The Damaras or
Hau-Khoin are a cross between Hereros and the Hottentot aborigines.
A pastoral nation who migrated thither about two centuries ago from
the inland districts, and dispossessed the aboriginal Hottentots,
now represented by the Namas of Namaqualand, with whom they
are perennially at war. Recently they rose against the German
authorities, and have given them much trouble. A fine, warlike race.

=Highlanders.= The Gaelic-speaking inhabitants of Northern
Scotland, a branch of the Goidelic or Q Kelts, also known as Gaels.
They are descended from the ancient Scots (_q.v._), who originally
migrated from Ireland in the fifth century. One of the finest races
of the British Islands, who give them their finest soldiers.

=Himyarites.= A branch of the Semitic family (“Red Men,”
whence the Red Sea), formerly occupying Arabia Felix and Abyssinia;
they form the main stock of the Abyssinian race. They included the
kingdoms of the Minæans and Sabæans, the latter being identified by
some with the Biblical Sheba.

=Hindus.= A stock of the Aryan family, comprising a large
proportion of the natives of India, described under the headings
of Kashmiris, Punjabis, Rajputs, Marathas, Bengalis, Sindis,
Gujeratis, Assamis, etc. The original Hindus entered India--hence
called Hindustan--from the north-west at some prehistoric time, and
soon became the predominant race in the peninsula.

=Hittites.= A forgotten but once mighty people of Semitic
race, who contested the entry of the Israelites into Canaan, and
waged war with Egypt and Assyria for many centuries. Little is
known about them, but they seem to have reared a mighty empire
between Lebanon and the Euphrates, which endured for more than a
thousand years, and was destroyed by the Assyrian Sargon II. in 717
B.C.

=Hondurans.= White natives of Honduras, of Spanish descent;
few in numbers, the population being mostly of mixed blood.

=Hor-Soks.= A primitive Mongol-Turki race of the Tibetan
plateau.

=Hottentots=, or =Khoi-Khoin=. The aboriginal Negro
inhabitants of South Africa, which they shared with the Bushmen
(_q.v._). Possibly the Bushmen are degraded Hottentots, or the
Hottentots are a cross between the Bantus from the north and the
Bushmen, who would on this view be the true aborigines. The only
surviving race of pure Hottentots are the Namas of Namaqualand: the
Damaras, Griquas, Gonaquas, and Koranas, are other races in which
Hottentot blood is mixed with that of Bantu Negroes or of Europeans
(mostly Boers). The Hottentots are a distinct branch of the Negro
family, marked by extremely long heads and high cheek-bones, a
brownish-yellow complexion, with other physical peculiarities
exemplified in the so-called “Hottentot Venus,” and also found in
the Bushmen. Their language is peculiar for its unique “clicks,”
which no European can pronounce, and which seem to stand between
articulate and inarticulate speech.

=Hovas.= The dominant Malagasy race of Madagascar, of Malay
descent, mixed with Bantu Negro blood from Africa. They stand
nearest to pure Malays of all Malagasy peoples. The existing French
Protectorate was only established after much fighting with the
warlike Hovas, who had conquered all the other native tribes.

=Huastec.= See MAYA-QUICHÉ.

=Hungarians.= See MAGYARS.

=Huns.= A nomad race of the Northern Mongolic family,
probably of Turki stock, who settled in the neighbourhood of the
Volga and the Urals about the dawn of the Christian era. In the
fourth century they conquered and dispossessed the Ostrogoths and
Visigoths on the Danube. Under Attila, in the fifth century, they
invaded Greece and Gaul, and pushed their arms as far as Rome,
which was only saved by the diplomacy of the Pope. Their cruel
fierceness in war caused their great leader to be known as the
Scourge of God. Like the Mongols, they were essentially a race of
horsemen, and their “deformed figures and hideous Mongolic faces”
added to the terror which they inspired. After Attila’s death in
453 the Huns fell to pieces, and soon were absorbed into other
nations--especially, perhaps, the Bulgars.

=Hunzas.= See DARDS.

=Hupas.= See ATHABASCAN.

=Hurons=, or =Wyandots=. A North American Indian race of
Iroquoian stock, formerly inhabiting the shores of Lake Huron.

=Hyksos.= A Northern Mongolic race who invaded Egypt
and established the dynasty of the Shepherd kings about 2000
B.C.

=Ibeas.= A Negro race which recently invaded the Cameroons
from the East: they bring down ivory from the unexplored interior.
Either Bantu, or Sudanese--perhaps connected with the Azandeh
(_q.v._).

=Iberi=, or =Iberians=. An ancient race of Western
Hamites, related to the fair Berbers of Mauritania. The Basques
are probably descended from them, and there is good reason
for identifying them with the Picts of Scotland and the Irish
aborigines.

=Ibo.= See ABO.

=Icelanders.= Inhabitants of Iceland, originally Norwegians,
who settled there about the end of the ninth century. A typical
tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed Scandinavian race. The Icelandic Sagas
form the chief part of ancient Scandinavian literature.

=Idumæans= or =Edomites=. A warlike Semitic race of
Canaanite stock, thought to be descended from Esau, who were
conquered by the Israelites under Saul and David, and again by
Judas Maccabæus in 165 B.C., after which they disappear
from history.

=Ife.= See YORUBAS.

=Igorrotes.= An industrious agricultural race of the
Philippine Islands. Indonesians of Malay descent, with a possible
Chinese or Japanese element.

=Illinois Indians.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Illyrians.= A savage piratical race of the eastern Adriatic
sea-board, who were conquered by the Romans, and were the last of
the Balkan peoples to be civilised. Probably the modern Albanians
are descended from them, and they were among the first Aryan
immigrants to Europe.

=Ilocanos.= A Malay race of the Philippine Islands.

=Imerians.= See GEORGIANS.

=Incas.= The chief of the six Indian races, including the
Quichuas and the warlike Chancas, which formerly occupied the
central mountain-region of Peru. The Incas became the dominant
race about 1000 A.D., and built up a vast and peaceful
civilisation, in which a purely socialistic government was
successfully administered. This Inca Empire was destroyed by the
Spanish under Pizarro in 1533, but the Inca Indians still survive
as a race in Central Peru, where they are known as industrious and
honest agriculturists.

=Indians.= Native races (1) of India; (2) of North, Central,
and South America.

=Indo-Chinese.= A section of the Southern Mongolic family,
inhabiting the countries between India and China.

=Indo-European, Indo-German.= See ARYAN.

=Indonesians.= The light-coloured, non-Malay inhabitants of
the Eastern Archipelago and South Sea Islands, who are of Caucasic
type, and are mostly brown-skinned Polynesians (_q.v._). They also
include the Batjans of Batjan I., the Burus, Korongui, and Suvu of
the Malay Archipelago, and the Mentawey Islanders (_q.v._).

=Ingushis.= See CHECHENZES.

=Innuits.= See ESKIMOS.

=Ionians.= (1) One of the three main Hellenic races of ancient
Greece. (2) Greek inhabitants of the coast districts and islands of
Western Asia Minor, forming the Ionian League, who passed in the
sixth century B.C. under the Persian sway.

=Iowa Indians.= See SIOUAN.

=Iranians.= Ancient inhabitants of the Asian plateau bounded
by the Indus, the Tigris, and the Hindu Kush. A stock of the Aryan
family, now including Persians, Afghans, Baluchis, Kurds, and
Armenians (_q.v._).

=Irish.= (1) The aborigines of Ireland, probably Iberians
(_q.v._). (2) The later Erse-speaking inhabitants of Ireland,
a branch of the Goidelic or Q Celts. (3) Modern inhabitants of
Ireland, mostly Celtic, but largely mixed with Teutonic elements in
the north.

=Iroquoian.= One of the families of North American Indians,
including the Iroquois, or “Six Nations,” who comprised the
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Tuscaroras and Cayugas;
the Hurons, or Wyandots, including the Eries, and the Cherokees.
Their territory was Upper Canada, round the great lakes, New York,
and the Virginian Highlands, and they played a large part in the
Franco-British warfare of the eighteenth century. They are now few
in numbers and confined to Indian Reservations in the U.S. and
Canada.

=Israelites.= See JEWS.

=Italians.= (1) Ancient inhabitants of Italy, of Ligurian
stock, probably Eastern Hamites, related to the Pelasgians [see
LATINS and ROMANS]. (2) Modern Italians, mostly
of Latin stock, crossed with Teutonic (Gothic and Lombard) blood.

=Italic.= A stock of the Aryan family, including ancient and
modern Italians (with ancient Romans), modern French, Spanish,
Portuguese, and Roumanian, with Latin (Spanish and Portuguese)
Americans.

=Jallonké.= See MANDINGAN.

=Jangalis.= An aboriginal Indian tribe, inhabiting the forest
district north of Cuttack--the most primitive race in all India.
Perhaps an early Dravidian (_q.v._) stock.

=Japanese.= A race of the Northern Mongolian family, probably
originating in Korea, whence they spread to Japan and dispossessed
the Ainu aborigines, about the dawn of the Christian era. The
most enterprising and civilised people in Asia, often called “the
English of the Far East.” They possess a singularly high standard
of honour and patriotism, which was the main factor in their recent
victory over Russia, and they are eminently warlike, besides
producing industrious agriculturists and enterprising traders.
Of short but sturdy stature, white skin and yellow or sallowish
complexion, oblique eyes, black hair.

=Jats.= A numerous agricultural race of the Punjab in
North-west India. They are probably of an Aryan stock, but
ethnologists disagree as to their history, assigning them ancient
Scythian invaders, the Rajputs, or the Gipsies, for ancestors.

=Javanese.= A Malay race inhabiting Java, where they
dispossessed the Negrito aborigines [see KALANGS] in
prehistoric times. The Sundanese and Madurese are allied tribes,
possessing parts of the island of Java, now under Dutch rule.

=Jebus.= See YORUBAS.

=Jews=, =Hebrews=, or =Israelites=. The most
important of Semitic races, of the ancient Canaanite stock. The
Israelites descended from Abraham, who came from Mesopotamia to
Canaan about 2000 B.C.; thence they migrated to Egypt, and
returned to take possession of Palestine. Their history is familiar
to all from the Bible. After the Roman capture of Jerusalem under
Titus, 70 A.D., the Jews--as they were now called--were
dispersed through the world, but they have retained their racial
characteristics in remarkable purity through long persecutions, and
now play a great part in the commerce and finance of nearly all
civilised countries, though they have no national unity or racial
home.

=Jivaros.= South American Indians, in Peru, on the head-waters
of the Amazon.

=Jolofs.= See WOLOFS.

=Jutes.= Early inhabitants of Jutland, a Low German branch of
Teutonic stock, who invaded England in the fifth century and made
the first Teutonic settlement in that country, in Kent.

=Kabards.= A Western Caucasian race, allied to the Circassians
(_q.v._) and presenting a high standard of physical beauty.

=Kabyles.= See BERBERS.

=Kacharis.= Natives of the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas,
belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family.

=Kafirs=, or =Kaffirs=. Generic name of the fierce and
warlike Bantu Negro races which occupied the south-eastern seaboard
of South Africa when Europeans first colonised that country. They
then held all the coast lands from the Gamboos to the Limpopo.
The southern part (Kaffraria) belonged to the Kafirs proper, and
the northern (Zululand) to the Zulus, an allied race, but usually
distinguished from the Kafirs, or Ama-Xosa, whose chief tribes are
Galekas, Gaikas and Tembus (_q.v._). Throughout the greater part
of the nineteenth century the English settlers were engaged in
constant Kafir wars, which resulted in the gradual subjugation of
both Kafirs and Zulus.

=Kafirs.= Fair-skinned mountaineers of Kafiristan, between
the Kabul River and Hindu Kush. An offshoot of the Aryan family,
thought by some to be descendants in part of the Greek troops with
which Alexander the Great invaded India.

=Kakhyens.= A race of freebooters, inhabiting the northern
frontiers of Burma, whence they raid the more civilised
agriculturists of the plains and levy blackmail. A Southern
Mongolic race of Indo-Chinese stock.

=Kalangs.= A recently extinct Negrito race of Java, remnants
of the aborigines of that island; small, black and woolly-haired,
with very retreating forehead and projecting jaws. The most
ape-like of human beings, and the nearest approach yet found to the
“missing link” between man and ape. They belonged to the Oceanic
Negro family.

=Kalmuks.= The Western Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic
family, scattered through Central Asia, and extending into Southern
Russia. Nomadic pastors, owning large flocks and herds, and living
in tents on the great steppes, they include the tribes of the
Chorasses, Turguts, Khoshots, and Durbats. A large horde of Kalmuks
invaded Russia in 1650, and settled there for a century, but in
1771 most of them were expelled, and endured great sufferings on
the march to China, so brilliantly described by De Quincy. These
were mainly Khoshots and Durbats.

=Kamchadales.= A Siberian branch of the Northern Mongolic
family, inhabiting Kamchatka; a hardy race of hunters and fishers.

=Kanakas.= A name given to South Sea Islanders, generally
by sailors and traders, and especially to Polynesian labourers
imported to Queensland.

=Kanakas=, or =Bakanaka=. Negro aborigines of Angola,
probably akin to the Bushmen. Other similar tribes are the Korokas,
Kulabes, Kwandes and Kwisses.

=Kanarese.= Mongoloid aborigines of Mysore in India. See
DRAVIDIANS.

=Kanembu, Kanuris.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Kara-Kalpaks=, or =Black Bonnets=. A branch of the Turki
stock of the Northern Mongolic family, dwelling on the south-east
of the Aral Sea and in the Oxus basin. A pacific pastoral race,
dominated by their warlike relatives, the nomadic Kirghiz, and now
subject to Russia.

=Kara-Kirghiz.= See KIRGHIZ.

=Karelians.= An Eastern branch of Baltic Finns dwelling in
the eastern parts of Finland and adjoining provinces of Russia.
Probably a Slavo-Mongolic mixture in which the original Mongolic
element has been largely eliminated.

=Karens.= Inhabitants of Burma, of the Indo-Chinese branch
of the Southern Mongolic family. Largely Christianised. Formerly
oppressed by the Burmans, than whom they are less clever, but more
industrious. Agriculturists.

=Karons.= A Negrito race of New Guinea, of very degraded type,
and addicted to cannibalism.

=Kargos.= See NUBA GROUP.

=Kashmiris.= Natives of Kashmir, belonging to the Hindu
branch of the Aryan family. Of fine physique, but corrupt and
untrustworthy.

=Kassonké.= See MANDINGAN.

=Kazaks.= See KIRGHIZ.

A RED INDIAN CHIEF AND HIS FAMILY Underwood & Underwood
]

=Kelts=, or =Celts=. A stock of the Aryan family which
settled in France and the British Islands in prehistoric times. The
Gauls and Belgæ of Cæsar’s time and the early Britons represent
them. They are divided into two branches, Goidelic and Brythonic
Celts, respectively known also as Q and P Celts, from a linguistic
peculiarity. The former are represented in modern times by Irish,
Manx, and Scottish Highlanders; the latter by Welsh, Cornish,
and Bretons. The typical Celt was probably a tall, broad-headed
individual, with prominent nose, high cheek-bones, light hair and
eyes. The small, round-headed, dark race which is also classed as
Celtic, is more probably an earlier Hamitic type, allied to the
Basques (_q.v._).

=Khulkas.= A nomadic race of Eastern Mongols, occupying the
Gobi desert.

=Khamtis.= An Assamese race--Indo-Chinese stock of Southern
Mongolic family--in the Brahmaputra Valley.

=Khasis.= An Indo-Chinese hill tribe of Southern Mongolic
family, in Khasi Hills of Assam.

=Khoi-Khoin.= The name given to themselves by the Hottentots
(_q.v._).

=Khoshots.= See KALMUKS.

=Kickapoos.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Kiowas.= A North American Indian race in Oklahoma.

=Kipchaks.= A Turki race of Northern Mongolic family, settled
in eleventh century between Urals and Don. In the middle of the
thirteenth century, Batu Khan, a son of Genghiz Khan, led them
to conquer all Central and South Russia, where they founded the
Empire of the Golden Horde. It was broken up by Tamerlane about
1390, and from its fragments arose the Khanates of Astrakhan, the
Crimea, etc., now absorbed by Russia. From the Eastern Kipchaks
are descended the Kirghiz (_q.v._), one of whose hordes is still
known as Kipchak. The modern Kipchaks are nomadic, and live by
stock-feeding in the steppes of western Turkestan.

=Kirantis.= A Tibetan race of East Nepal, of Southern Mongolic
family.

=Kirghiz.= A nomadic people of Central Asia, where they occupy
the vast steppes which lie to the north of Turkestan. They are
descended from the Kipchaks (_q.v._) of the Golden Horde. They
form a group of the Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family.
The Kara-Kirghiz, who inhabit the uplands between the Issik-Kul
and the Kuen-Lun, are the oldest Turki nomads of whom there is any
historical record, and are divided into On and Sol--right and left
wings. The Kirghiz proper, who call themselves Kazaks, or “riders,”
roam from Lake Balkash to the Volga, over the vast level steppes,
where they dwell in skin tents and support themselves by breeding
camels, horses, oxen, sheep and goats. They live in the saddle, and
were formerly a warlike people, who once could put 400,000 fighting
men in the field. They are divided into four hordes--Great, Middle
or Kipchak, Little, and Inner. They are all now under Russian
dominion.

=Kishis.= See CHECHENZES.

=Kissis.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.

=Kizil-Bashis.= Persianised Turkis of Afghanistan, belonging
to Turki branch of Northern Mongolic family, who supply the chief
commercial classes of Afghanistan.

=Kolajis.= See NUBA GROUP.

=Kolarians.= One of the three non-Aryan races to which the
primitive inhabitants of India belonged, of the Indo-Chinese stock
of the Southern Mongolic family. They entered Bengal from the
north-east, and are now represented by a few scattered tribes, like
the Santals, Mundas, Kurkus, and Bhils.

=Koranas.= See HOTTENTOTS.

=Koreans.= Natives of Korea, belonging to the Koreo-Japanese
stock of the Northern Mongol family. They stand midway between
Chinese and Japanese, the latter being probably their descendants,
and are taller, with lighter complexion and more regular features,
than the typical Mongol. Their civilisation is of Chinese origin.
They are not warlike, but are prosperous agriculturists.

=Korokas.= See KANAKAS.

=Korungas.= See WADAI GROUP.

=Koryaks.= An Arctic race of North-east Siberia, allied to the
Chukchis (_q.v._).

=Krej.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Krim-Tartars.= See TARTARS.

=Krus=, or =Krooboys=. Sudanese Negroes of Liberian
Group. Bold and skilful boatmen, employed for that purpose all
along the West African Coast.

=Kulabes.= See KANAKAS.

=Kulfans, Kunjaras.= See NUBA GROUP.

=Kurds.= Native of Kurdistan, partly nomad and pastoral,
partly settled and agricultural. A fierce and warlike people, they
are much given to raiding, and were utilised by the Sultan to
oppress the Armenians. They have settled in Kurdistan from time
immemorial, and belong to the Iranian stock of the Aryan family.

=Kurile Islanders.= See AINUS.

=Kurinis.= See LESGHIANS.

=Kurkus.= A broken Kolarian tribe, allied to the Santals of
Central India, belonging to the Indo-Chinese branch of Southern
Mongolic family.

=Kutchins.= See ATHABASCAN.

=Kwandes, Kwisses.= See KANAKAS.

=Ladakhis.= Natives of Ladakh in the Upper Indus Valley,
belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family,
conquered by Kashmir in seventeenth century.

=Lake Chad Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes,
inhabiting the districts round Lake Chad, including Kanembus,
Kanuris, Baghirmis (warlike slave-raiders), Mandaras, Yedinas,
Logons, Mosgus, Bulalas, Saras, etc.

=Lampongs.= Malay inhabitants of Southern Sumatra.

=Lamuts.= See TUNGUSES.

=Landumans.= Sudanese Negroes of Senegambia.

=Laos.= See SHANS.

=Lapps.= A branch of the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern
Mongolic family, inhabiting the parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland,
and Russia collectively known as Lapland. They are the shortest and
broadest-skulled people in Europe. Most of them are nomads, who
live by their vast reindeer herds, though some have become settled
and live by fishing and hunting. They are closely allied to the
Baltic Finns, and like them show traces of a mixture of Caucasic
blood.

=Lascars.= A term applied to sailors of Indian and Malay
seafaring races, employed on British vessels.

=Latins.= The ancient inhabitants of Latium, the district
of Central Italy which lay between the Tiber and the Liris, and
included the Roman Campagna. They absorbed the earlier allied races
of Oscans, Sabines, Samnites and Umbrians, and formed a league
of thirty cities, which warred for some generations with Rome and
then fell under the Roman dominion. Rome itself was originally a
Latin city. The ancient population of Italy was divided into three
grades: Roman citizens--not necessarily residents in Rome--Latins,
and Italians. The Latins are a branch of the Italic stock of the
Aryan family.

=Latin= or =Romance Races=. A name often given to the
modern races which speak a Romance language derived from Latin, and
belong in whole or part to the Italic stock of the Aryan family.
They include Italians, French (including Provençals), Spaniards,
Portuguese, and Roumanians.

=Latin Americans.= The white inhabitants of South America, of
Spanish or Portuguese descent, and speaking these languages.

=Lazes.= See GEORGIANS.

=Lencan.= A group of semi-civilised Central American Indian
tribes, including Chontals, Ramas, Payas, Wulwas, and Guatusas.

=Lepchas.= Natives of Sikkim and Bhutan, belonging to the
Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family.

=Lesghians.= A branch of the Eastern stock of the Caucasian
family, inhabiting the Eastern Caucasus. Wild mountain tribes,
who long offered an unavailing resistance to the Russian arms
under Shamyl (1859). Their chief tribes are the Avars (the most
cultivated and powerful), Andis, Dargos, Didis and Kurinis.

=Lettic.= A stock of the Aryan family, including Letts,
Lithuanians and the extinct Pruczi, Borussians, or Old Prussians,
from whom modern Prussia takes its name. The Letts and Lithuanians
in the fifteenth century formed a united people, inhabiting the
south-west of Russia, from Courland to Odessa. Afterwards they
passed under Polish and then Russian dominion. They are now mostly
peasant agriculturists. They are fair and well-built, with fine
features and blue eyes.

=Letts.= See LETTIC.

=Liberian Group.= Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting the Grain
Coast of West Africa. The Krus or Krooboys (_q.v._), Queahs and
Bassas are their chief tribes.

=Liberians.= Natives of the negro republic of Liberia on the
Guinea Coast, partly descended from freed slaves of all races, but
mainly belonging to the Liberian group.

=Libyans.= An ancient fair-haired and light-skinned race of
Northern Africa, akin to the modern Berbers, belonging to the
western stock of the Hamitic family. They are depicted on Egyptian
monuments of fifteenth century B.C.

=Ligures=, or =Ligurians=. An ancient race of the western
stock of the Hamitic family, probably the aborigines of North-West
Italy round Genoa, to whom the Siculi, Sards and Corsicans were
apparently akin.

=Limbas.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.

=Lithuanians.= See LETTIC.

=Livonians.= A branch of Baltic Finns, belonging to the
Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family; a dwindled
remnant now inhabits the Baltic provinces of Russia.

=Logons.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Lolos.= A fair-complexioned aboriginal race on the frontiers
of China and Tibet, belonging to the Chinese stock of the Southern
Mongolic family.

=Lombards.= A race of Teutonic stock, formerly settled in the
district of the Lower Elbe, who invaded Italy in 568, and there
founded a powerful Lombard kingdom under Alboin and his successors.
The Lombards were at first fierce warriors and little more; but
they soon fell under the influence of Italian civilisation, and
were merged into the Italian race when Charlemagne destroyed their
independence in 774. Their name and some traces of their racial
character still remain in Lombardy, between the Alps and the Po.

=Luchuans.= Natives of the Luchu or Liu-Kin Archipelago,
between Japan and Formosa, resembling the Japanese, but with
differences which are attributed to a cross of the aboriginal Ainu
blood. They belong to the Koreo-Japanese stock of the Northern
Mongolic family.

=Lushais.= A warlike race of Tibetan stock inhabiting the
Lushai Hills on the confines of Assam, Bengal and Burma.

=Mabas.= See WADAI GROUP.

=Macedonians.= A warlike people of ancient Greece, who
attained their greatest power under Alexander the Great. They were
not true Hellenes, but a race of wild mountain tribes probably
of Hamitic origin. Modern Macedonia is peopled by an extremely
mixed race of Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, etc., among whom some
descendants of the ancient Macedonians may no doubt be found.

=Macusis.= See CARIBS.

=Madis.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Madurese.= A Malay race inhabiting Java, and allied to the
Javanese (_q.v._).

=Magars.= A Tibetan tribe of Western Nepal.

=Magwangwaras.= A fierce predatory race of Bantu Negroes,
occupying the head-waters of the Rovuma River in East Central
Africa.

=Magyars.= A warlike and now highly civilised race belonging
to the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They
first appeared in Europe about a thousand years ago, being
probably Scythian (_q.v._) immigrants from the Caspian district.
They conquered the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Dacia, and
there founded the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000. They are
still the dominant race in Hungary, which now forms part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, and preserve their Finno-Ugrian speech.
They are a chivalrous and highly intelligent race, whose Mongolic
descent is no longer perceptible in their white skins and regular,
often handsome features. Probably this is due to frequent crossing
of blood with German, Slav and Roumanian neighbours.

=Mahrattas.= See MARATHIS.

=Makololos.= A warlike branch of the Basuto race of Bantu
Negroes who, in 1835, moved north and conquered the Barotses, only
to be reduced by them to vassalage about 1864.

=Makuas.= A savage cannibal race of Bantu Negroes, living
north of the Zambesi in Portuguese East Africa.

=Malagasy.= A Malayo-African people of mixed blood, inhabiting
Madagascar. The Hovas (_q.v._) are the dominant tribe.

=Malays.= The dominant native race of Malaysia, the chief
stock of the Oceanic Mongolic family. They are of a distinctly
Mongolic physical type, of low stature and yellowish colour,
with high cheek-bones, black lank hair and broad skulls. They
may be divided into three races: the Orang-Benua, or men of the
soil, the indigenous Malay tribes at a low stage of culture; the
Orang-Laut, or men of the sea, who live by fishing and piracy;
and the Orang-Malayu, or civilised Malays proper. They inhabit
the southern provinces of Sumatra, the native states of the Malay
Peninsula (Kelantan, etc.), the British Straits Settlements (Johor,
Perak, Selangor, etc.), parts of Borneo, Ternate, Tidor and the
Banda Islands, and many islands of the Malay Archipelago. They
have wandered as far as Madagascar, where the Malagasy (_q.v._)
are Malays crossed with Negro blood. They were formerly warlike
and much given to piracy, but are now the chief trading race
of South-eastern Asia. Their origin is dubious, but Sumatra is
generally regarded as their original home. Of kindred blood are
many so-called Proto-Malay races, such as the Achinese, Javanese,
Sundanese, Dyaks, etc. (_q.v._).

=Malayalim.= See DRAVIDIANS.

=Manchus.= The dominant native race of Manchuria, who
conquered China in the seventeenth century and founded the existing
Chinese dynasty. They are of the Mongol stock of the Northern
Mongolic family. They first appear in history in the thirteenth
century, when a number of nomad Manchu tribes were formed into
a single people. They probably originated in Siberia, where the
Tunguses (_q.v._) represent their primitive stock.

=Mandans.= See SIOUAN.

=Mandaras.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Mandingans.= The chief race of Sudanese Negroes in the
Western Sudan, with numerous branches between the Upper Niger and
the coast, including Mandé or Mandingoes, Bambaras, Jallonkés,
Kassonkés, Masinas, Sarakolés, Solimas, Susus, etc. Timbuctoo was
formerly the capital of the Mandingan empire, before it fell under
Berber domination. A large proportion of American Negroes are
descended from slaves of Mandingan origin.

=Mangbattu.= Sudanese negroes of Welle group, noted for their
pronounced cannibalism.

=Mangkassara.= Malay natives of Macassar, in Celebes, under
Dutch rule.

=Manipuris.= Natives of Manipur, between Burma and Assam,
mostly wild hillmen of mixed Burmese and Hindu blood, but classed
with the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family.

=Man-Tses.= Inhabitants of the mountain districts of Sze-chuen
in China, akin to Lolos (_q.v._). _m_

=Manx= or =Manxmen=. Inhabitants of the Isle of Man,
belonging to the Celtic stock of the Aryan family, and the Goidelic
or Q Celt branch of it. There is a strong Scandinavian element in
their blood, from the numerous invasions of the old Norse pirates.
Their customs are also strongly marked by the Scandinavian element.

=Manyuemas.= Warlike Bantu Negroes of the Upper Congo, long
allied with the Arab slave-traders.

=Maoris.= The aborigines of New Zealand, belonging to the tall
brown race of Polynesians (_q.v._), a branch of the Indonesian
family. A brave, generous and warlike people, who are said to have
reached New Zealand from the Pacific islands about a thousand
years ago, they are one of the few native races which promise to
assimilate western civilisation with success.

=Marathis=, or =Mahrattas=. A numerous Indian race of
mixed origin, probably of aboriginal (Dravidian) blood in the main,
with a Hindu element. They inhabit West and Central India, where
they became the dominant power under Sivaji in the seventeenth
century. The English had long and bloody contests with these wild
and warlike mountaineers, who founded several great native states,
some of which (Gwalior and Indore) survive to this day.

=Maronites.= A sturdy, warlike Christian race of mountaineers
in the Lebanon, belonging to the Syrian branch of the Aramæan stock
of the Semitic family. Implacable foes of the Druses, with whom
they are constantly at war.

=Marquesans.= See POLYNESIANS.

=Masais.= A branch of the Eastern Hamites, settled in British
East Africa on the Tana River. A finely-built race, whom only
their chocolate colour and frizzy hair prevent from passing for
Europeans. Extremely warlike and intelligent, they are confirmed
raiders and cattle lifters.

=Mashonas.= Natives of Mashonaland, in South-eastern Rhodesia,
formerly the half-fabulous empire of the Monomotapa, and the home
of a forgotten civilisation, to which the ruins of Zimbabye and
other similar relics bear witness. The Mashonas are Bantu Negroes,
a peaceful, industrious people, who were subjugated about 1838 by
the Matabeles under Umsilikatzi, and are now under British rule.

=Massachusett Indians.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Massalits.= See WADAI GROUP.

=Matabeles.= A branch of the Zulu race of Bantu Negroes, which
was expelled from Zululand in 1838, and conquered the Mashonas, in
modern Rhodesia, under Umsilikatzi. Like the Zulus, they were proud
and fearless warriors, who were only subjugated with difficulty by
the English in 1893, and revolted unsuccessfully in 1896.

=Matacoans.= A South American Indian race on the Vermejo River
in Argentine.

=Mauri.= See MOORS.

=Maviti.= Bantu Negroes of the Upper Shiré in British South
Central Africa, of Zulu stock, who came as conquerors from the
south.

=Maya-Quiché.= A group of Central American Indian races,
mostly in Yucatan and Guatemala. It includes the Mayas of Yucatan,
Zendals and Zotzils of Chiapas, Quichés, Chols, Pokomans, and
Zutugils of Guatemala, Huastecs and Totonacs of Vera Cruz. Like the
Aztecs, the Mayas possessed an ancient civilisation and system of
picture writing.

=Maypuris.= See ARAWAKS.

=Mbengas.= Indigenous Bantu Negroes of French Equatorial
Africa, about Corisco Bay.

=Melanesians.= The indigenous natives of the Western Pacific
Islands, forming a distinct stock of the Oceanic Negro family of
Ethiopic Man. They are long-skulled, or dolichocephalic, with the
lowest cephalic index of all known races, prognathous, broad-nosed,
of a sooty-black colour, with black frizzy hair, and of low
stature. They are at a low stage of culture, being very savage,
bloodthirsty, and treacherous, mostly cannibals and head-hunters,
with little social organisation. They include the Fijians and the
natives of the New Hebrides, the Solomon, Admiralty, Bismarck,
and Loyalty Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, and
other islands of the Eastern Pacific. They are closely allied to
the Papuans (_q.v._), under which name some ethnologists prefer to
class the whole body of Melanesians.

=Melanochroi.= A suggested division of Caucasic Man, in which
a pale skin is typically accompanied by dark hair and eyes; it
would thus include the Hamitic and Semitic families, with the
Hellenic, Italic, and Celtic stocks of the Aryan family.

=Mendis.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.

=Mentawey Islanders.= A remnant of the aboriginal Polynesian
race dispossessed by the Malays, off the coast of Sumatra.

=Mestizos.= Cross-breeds between Europeans and Indians, in
Spanish and Portuguese America.

=Mexicans.= See AZTECS and NAHUANS. Also the
modern inhabitants of Mexico, who are of Spanish descent, with a
strong infusion of Indian blood.

=Micmacs.= An Indian race of Nova Scotia, in whom some
ethnologists think that a trace of Norse blood, dating from the
pre-Columbian discovery of America, is perceptible.

=Minæans.= See HIMYARITES.

=Mingrelians.= See GEORGIANS.

=Minh-huongs.= Franco-Annamese half-breeds in Cochin China, an
increasing race who make very valuable colonists.

=Minnetarees.= See SIOUAN.

=Mishmis.= A wild Tibetan hill tribe occupying the
jungle-covered hills through which the Brahmaputra flows, on the
northern border of Assam. Warlike and turbulent.

=Missouri Indians.= See SIOUAN.

=Mixtecs.= An ancient Mexican race, contemporary with the
Toltecs (_q.v._), probably represented by the modern Miztecs of
Oajaca.

=Moabites.= An ancient pastoral race of Semitic origin,
ethnologically cognate with the Israelites, who dwelt on the east
of the Dead Sea, and are now extinct.

=Mœsogoths.= See GOTHS.

=Mohawks.= See IROQUOIAN.

=Mohicans.= One of the most famous and warlike of redskin
races, immortalised by Fenimore Cooper. See ALGONQUIAN.

=Mojos=, or =Moxos=. A yellowish Indian race of Bolivia,
akin to the Chiquitos.

=Mokis.= See SHOSHONEAN.

=Mongolic.= One of the four great divisions of mankind.
Typically characterised by yellowish skin, broad, flat features
with prominent cheek-bones, broad skulls, mesognathous jaws, and
oblique, almond-shaped eyes, with black, lank and coarse hair. The
Manchus are a typical Mongolic race. The Mongolic races are mostly
found in Asia, which is chiefly peopled by their stocks. The name
“Mongolic” has replaced the older “Turanian.”

=Mongols.= A stock of the Northern Mongolic, otherwise known
as Mongolo-Tartar or Ural-Altaic, family, from whom the general
term of Mongolic is derived. The name seems originally to have
meant “brave,” and the Mongols have provided some of the most
fierce and warlike races of history. They originated as scattered
tribes in modern Mongolia. Under Genghiz Khan they were formed
into a confederacy which conquered the whole of Central Asia in
the thirteenth century, thanks to an unlimited supply of hardy and
very mobile horsemen. The existing Mongol tribes, nomad pastors
of Mongolia in Central Asia, are divided into Sharras or Eastern
Kalmuks, or Western Buriats, or Siberian Mongols, and Tunguses,
including Manchus (_q.v._).

=Montenegrins.= A Servian race of civilised mountaineers,
inhabiting the rugged district of Montenegro; the only Balkan race
which preserved independence and Christianity against the Turkish
conquerors. Their history is one of constant warfare with the
Turks, and they have thus preserved the primitive virtues of the
warrior in great perfection.

=Moors.= The ancient Moors, or Mauri, were the inhabitants
of the Roman province of Mauretania, roughly including the modern
Algeria and Morocco. They were probably of mixed descent, partly
Semitic from Arabia, partly Western Hamitic from indigenous
sources. In modern times the name is applied (1) to the invaders
and conquerors of Spain in the Middle Ages, who were mostly of Arab
and Berber stock; (2) to the present inhabitants of Morocco and
the Barbary States, of the same stocks, with a large infusion of
Sudanese Negro blood. The Moors have always been a turbulent and
warlike people, who furnished the most notorious pirates of modern
history, thanks to their commanding position on the great highway
of sea-borne commerce.

=Moquis.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.

=Mordvins.= A branch of the Finns (_q.v._), forming small
communities on the banks of the Volga.

=Mosgus.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Mossis.= See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Mpongwes.= A Bantu Negro race on the Gaboon Estuary in French
Equatorial Africa, given to drink and boasting, of little economic
value, though once powerful.

=Mulattos.= Half-breeds between whites and negroes.

=Mundas.= A Kolarian race of Lower Bengal, with possible
traces of Negroid blood.

=Mundrucus.= See TUPI-GUARANI.

=Mundus.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Mushi-Kongo.= Bantu Negroes of Portuguese West Africa, still
in an absolutely savage state.

=Muskhogean=, or =Appalachian=. A group of North American
Indian tribes, formerly occupying the south-eastern corner of the
present United States, south of Tennessee, and east of Arkansas.
Formerly a powerful confederacy of warlike hunters, they are now
extinct or confined to Indian reservations. The chief tribes are
Alibamus, Apalachis, Chickasaws, Choktaws, Creeks or Muskhogees,
and Seminoles.

=Mycenæans.= The inhabitants of ancient Mycenæ, one of the
chief centres of prehistoric culture in Greece before the Homeric
age. Recent excavations, at Mycenæ itself, at Cnossos in Crete, and
other contemporary sites of government, have thrown light on the
remarkable civilisation which then existed. The Mycenæans, Cretans,
and their kindred peoples were probably a mixed Caucasic race,
with affinities to the later Aryan Achæans and to the aboriginal
Hamitic Pelasgians; but nothing is yet certainly known of their
ethnological place.

=Nagars.= See DARDS.

=Nagas.= Aborigines of the Naga Hills, in South Assam,
semi-savage and formerly accustomed to raid the British provinces;
now under British rule. They are of Tibetan stock.

=Nahuans=, or =Mexican Indians=. The aboriginal
inhabitants of modern Mexico, whose history dates back to the sixth
century. The oldest of the Nahuan races was that of the Toltecs,
who established a civilisation marked by architectural and
artistic monuments still existing, north of the valley of Anahuac.
They were followed by the ruder Chichimecs and the Aztecs (_q.v._).
Other branches of the same race are the Pipils and the Niquirans of
Nicaragua.

=Naimans.= (1) See SHARRAS. (2) A tribe of the Middle
Horde of the Kazaks. See KIRGHIZ.

=Nairs.= A Hindu tribe of Malabar, distinguished by their
peculiar marriage customs. They practise polyandry, and a Nair’s
property descends not to his own but to his sister’s children.

=Namas= or =Namaquas=. A Hottentot tribe of Namaqualand,
the true aborigines and the principal representatives of the
Hottentots (_q.v._). Scattered in small pastoral groups.

=Natchez Indians.= An extinct North American Indian race,
formerly inhabiting the region of the Lower Mississippi.

=Navajos.= See ATHABASCAN.

=Neanderthal Man.= A race of primitive man, represented
only by a skull and a few bones found in a limestone cave of the
Neanderthal in Rhenish Prussia in 1856. The most ape-like race yet
known, and probably the oldest.

=Negritoes.= A branch of Ethiopic Man, found in Central
Africa, and in the Andamans, the Malay Peninsula and the
Philippines, akin to negroes but of smaller stature and more
ape-like. Possibly the primitive stock from which the Negroes
(_q.v._) were developed.

=Negroes.= The most numerous branch of Ethiopic Man, divided
into African (Sudanese, Bantu, and Hottentot-Bushman) and Oceanic
(Papuan, Melanesian, and Australian) sections. American Negroes
are descended from African slaves, mostly of Sudanese origin. See
HAYTIANS.

=Nempés.= See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Nestorians.= A Syrian race, belonging to the Aramæan stock of
the Semitic family, distinguished by a special form of Christian
belief, who were driven out of the Roman Empire in the fifth
century, and whose descendants now form a special community in
the mountain ranges of Kurdistan. They are poor and illiterate. A
branch of Nestorians is found in Travancore, where they go by the
name of Syrian Christians.

=New Guinea Natives.= See PAPUANS.

=New Zealanders.= (1) Aborigines [see MAORIS]. (2)
White inhabitants of New Zealand, of Anglo-Saxon descent.

=Nez Percés.= A tribe of North American Indians, in British
Columbia and Idaho, part of whom are well advanced in civilisation.

=Niam-Niam.= See AZANDEH.

=Nicaraguans.= White natives of Nicaragua, in Central America,
of Spanish descent, with Indian and negro elements.

=Nicobarese.= Natives of the Nicobar Islands, of Malay blood
mixed with that of the Mongolic aborigines. Formerly given to
piracy.

=Nigerian Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, all of
allied stocks, inhabiting the Niger Delta, the Oil River, Lower
Benue, and Niger region, including the Niger Bend. Amongst them are
the people of Benin--noted for their vast human sacrifices--the
Abo, Nempé, Nupé, Akasa, Qua, Efik, Okrika, Akpa, Mossi, Sienereh,
and many other tribes.

=Nilitic Group.= Another group of Sudanese Negro tribes,
inhabiting the districts of the White Nile, Sobat, and the northern
slopes of the Nile-Congo divide. They include the Abaka, Abukaya,
Bongo, Shuli, Falanj, Madi, Bari, Nuer, Shilluk, Dinka, Mundu,
Rol, Mittu, Krej, and Fertit tribes. They are mainly hard-working
agriculturists, from whom the British draw material for excellent
soldiery.

=Niquirans.= See NAHUANS.

=Nogais.= A race of Caucasian Tartars (_q.v._) inhabiting the
steppes of the Kuma River; nomadic cattle-breeders.

=Normans.= Natives of Normandy, descended from the Norsemen
(_q.v._) who settled on the French coast under Rolf the Ganger in
the beginning of the tenth century. The history of the Normans, who
conquered England and Sicily, is well known. The modern Normans
still preserve many signs of their Scandinavian ancestry, which
distinguish them from their French or Breton neighbours.

=Norsemen= or =Northmen=. A name given in the Middle
Ages to the piratical emigrants from Denmark, Iceland, Sweden,
and Norway, who descended on the coasts of England, France,
Germany, and Southern Europe. They called themselves Vikings. These
sea-rovers came, in the first instance, for portable plunder, but
in many cases they were tempted by the look of the more fertile
lands of the south to make settlements, among which those of the
Danes in England and Ireland and of the Norwegians in Normandy,
England, and Sicily were the most lasting and important.

=Norwegians.= A branch of the Scandinavian stock of
the Aryan family. They are probably descended from Teutonic
immigrants--perhaps of Gothic race--who entered the Scandinavian
peninsula in prehistoric times, and drove out the aboriginal Lapps
or Finns. Another theory makes Scandinavia the original home of
the Aryans, of whom, on this view, the Norwegians would represent
the primitive stock. Their history begins in the ninth century,
when a Norwegian kingdom was established by Harold Fairhair.
The old Norwegians were extremely warlike and piratical [see
NORSEMEN]. Their modern descendants are a peaceful and
industrious race, the most simple and democratic people of Europe,
who recently threw off the Swedish rule and re-established the
ancient Norwegian kingdom.

=Nsakkaras.= See WELLE GROUP.

=Nuba Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, occupying
Nubia, Dar-Fur, and Kordofan, in the Egyptian Sudan. They include
the Furs, Nubas, Nile Nubians, Tumalis, Kargos, Kulfans, Kolajis,
and Kunjaras. They are an active and warlike race, in which the
primitive Negro blood has frequently been modified by Semitic
(Arab) and Hamitic influences. They supply many of our Sudanese
regiments.

=Nubians.= Ancient inhabitants of Nubia, probably identical
with Ethiopians (_q.v._), but modified by the infusion of Negro
blood. They established a Nubian kingdom in the Upper Nile basin
about the sixth century.

=Nuers.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Numidians.= An ancient Hamitic race, inhabiting the district
now known as Algeria. They were fine horsemen, warlike, but
treacherous, and were conquered by Rome B.C. 46. See
BERBERS.

=Nupés.= See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Nutkas.= A collective name given to the Indian tribes of
Vancouver Island and the adjoining districts of British Columbia.

=Obongos.= A Bushman-like race of pygmy Negritoes discovered
by Du Chaillu on the western coast of equatorial Africa, physically
and mentally degenerate.

=Ojibbeways.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Okrikas.= See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Olkhonese.= A tribe of Buriats (_q.v._) inhabiting the
district of Lake Baikal.

=Omaguas.= See TUPI-GUARANI.

=Omahas.= See SIOUAN.

=Onondagas.= See IROQUOIAN.

=Opata-Pima.= A group of Central American Indian races, allied
to the Nahuan group (_q.v._), but of lower mental and physical
type. It includes the Cora, Yuma, Papago, Tarahumara and Tepeguana
tribes.

=Orang-Benua, Orang-Lauts.= See MALAYS.

=Ordos.= See SHARRAS.

=Orochs.= A nomadic tribe of the Siberian Tunguses (_q.v._).

=Osages.= See SIOUAN.

=Oscans.= A primitive Italic race inhabiting Campania, who
were conquered by and amalgamated with the Samnites (_q.v._) in the
fifth century, B.C. Their language was a ruder form of
Latin.

=Osmanlis.= See TURKS.

=Ossets.= An isolated Aryan race inhabiting the Central
Caucasus, and differing in language and customs from their
Caucasian neighbours. They are probably allied to the Iranian
stock, though some suppose them to be descended from Gothic
settlers.

=Ostrogoths.= See GOTHS.

=Ostyaks.= A Ugrian race of Mongolic physical type, allied
to the Samoyedes (_q.v._), inhabiting the Obi basin in Western
Siberia. They are mainly nomads, hunters and reindeer breeders.
They are kind, gentle and honest, and show considerable artistic
power.

=Otoes.= See SIOUAN.

=Otomis.= An Indian race of Mexico, assumed on linguistic
grounds to represent the oldest of American Indian stocks.

=Ottomans.= See TURKS.

=Ovaherero.= See HEREROS.

=Ovampos.= The chief Bantu Negro race of German South-west
Africa, tall and well-proportioned, with regular features--a fine
Negro type. They are industrious agriculturists, given to raiding
and inter-tribal warfare.

=Oworos, Oyos.= See YORUBAS.

=Pampas Indians.= See PUELCHES.

=Pangasinans.= A semi-civilised Malayan race in the Philippine
Islands.

=Papagos.= See OPATA-PIMA.

=Papuans.= The savage aborigines of New Guinea and the
neighbouring islands of the Torres Strait and East Malaysia.
They belong to the Oceanic division of Ethiopic Man, and are
allied to the African Negro, though they stand at a somewhat
higher intellectual level. They are of Negroid physical type,
characterised specially by their mops of frizzy hair; colour,
a sooty brown to black, with projecting jaws, thick lips and
retreating foreheads; nose sometimes flat, but oftener hooked
and of Jewish appearance. The race has probably been modified by
Malayan and Polynesian intermixture. Probably the Melanesians and
the Australian aborigines are closely related to the Papuans. They
are a fierce and treacherous race, hostile to strangers, and given
to cannibalism and head-hunting. They show much agricultural skill,
and in some cases are susceptible of European civilisation.

=Paraguay Indians.= See TUPI-GUARANI.

=Parsees.= Followers of Zoroaster, of Persian descent, who
have settled in India, chiefly near Bombay, where they have become
one of the most thriving sections of the community, owing to their
marked ability for commerce. A small remnant of Parsees, known as
Guebres, is still to be found in Persia itself.

=Parthians.= A warlike people of the ancient world, inhabiting
a district of Northern Persia. They seem to have been of Scythian
(_q.v._) descent, and were noted for their habit of fighting
on horseback and discharging their most fatal arrows whilst in
pretended flight. Under Mithridates (171-138 B.C.), the
Parthians became supreme in Persia, and afterwards warred for long
successfully with the Romans.

=Patagonians= or =Tehuelches=. Natives of the most
southerly region of the American continent, noted for their great
stature, in many cases approaching the gigantic. They are one of
the physically strongest races of the earth, of a yellowish brown
colour, with well-formed and regular features. They are nomadic
tribes of Araucanian (_q.v._) descent, who live by fishing and
hunting; and peacefully disposed to strangers.

=Pathans.= See AFGHANS.

=Payaguas.= A South American Indian race, in the Argentine,
whose wealth of silver ornaments gave a name to the Rio de la Plata.

=Pawnees.= A brave warlike tribe of North American Indians,
akin to the Shoshonean group (_q.v._) and formerly settled in
Nebraska.

=Pechenegs.= An ancient Mongolic race of Turki stock, a branch
of the Kipchaks (_q.v._).

=Pelasgians.= The pre-Aryan inhabitants of Greece, apparently
the aborigines of that country, who were dispossessed by the
Aryan Hellenes. Little or nothing is known of their racial
characteristics and affinities; but the excavations recently made
at Mycenæ, Knossos, etc., show that they had reached a high stage
of civilisation in prehistoric times on the Ægean coast. Probably a
branch of the Western Hamitic family, resembling Berbers (_q.v._)
in physical type. See MYCENÆANS and ETRUSCANS.

=Permians.= A branch of the Finnish race, inhabiting the
district of Perm in Russia, and closely resembling the Karelians
(_q.v._).

=Persians.= The ancient Persians were the main branch of the
Iranian stock of the Aryan family, a civilised and warlike nation,
who taught their sons “to ride, to shoot with the bow, and to speak
the truth.” They reared a great empire under Cyrus (B.C.
537) and his successors, which was destroyed by Alexander the Great
and divided in 324 B.C. The modern Persians, known as
Tajiks, and as Tats on the west of the Caspian, are the descendants
of the ancient Persians with a considerable admixture of alien
blood, due to a long period of Arab and Turkish domination.
They present a fine Aryan type, however, and are cultivated and
commercial, though not warlike.

=Peruvian Indians.= See INCAS.

=Peruvians.= White natives of Peru, partly of pure Spanish
descent, partly crossed with Indian blood.

=Philippine Islanders.= The natives of the Philippines belong
to three distinct races--Negritoes, Indonesians and Malays.
The Negritoes are known as Aetas (_q.v._). The Indonesians are
confined to the island of Mindanao; they are light-skinned, tall
and well-developed physically. Their chief tribe is that of the
Igorrotes. The Malays are brown-skinned, with black hair and flat
noses, being crossed with Negrito blood. Their chief tribes are the
Visayans, Tagalogs, Bicols, Ilocanos, Cayagans, Pangasinans and
Pampangas. These are all Christianised and fairly civilised. The
interior is occupied by wild and savage tribes of similar race,
and by the dwarfish and nomadic Negritoes. Many of these tribes
practise head-hunting, cannibalism, and human sacrifices. The more
civilised tribes, with the Spanish-Indian half-breeds, known as
Filipinos, are turbulent and lawless, the source of much trouble to
the new American as to the old Spanish rulers.