Chapter XIX: Part 19

It is generally supposed by historians and others that races that disappear before the march of civilisation are mentally unfitted for it. The assumption is not supported by an iota of real evidence. To be mentally incapable a race must be of very defective memory. Recently a school of Australian natives, who belong to one of the “lowest” of races, took the first place in the colony. Negroes occupy a very inferior position in America, especially in Anglo-Saxon territories. But they are stamped by glaring physical differences, are treated with great contempt and jealousy by the whites, and their acquired mental attitudes, therefore, do not develop under good conditions. It is very possible that they are mentally inferior to the whites; but not so inferior as is commonly believed.

Russian peasants, though not sharply differentiated by physical peculiarities from the governing classes, are equally scorned by them, and show a mental development hardly, if at all, superior to the negroes of United States. The Latins of South America seem very incapable of orderly government, but they are the heirs of a civilisation older than our own. At any rate, while it is conceivable the American negroes and some other races are incapable of building up a highly-enlightened society by their own efforts, it is manifest that they are able to persist and multiply when civilised conditions are imposed on them. Not so the aborigines of the New World, some of whom--for example, the Maoris and the Polynesians--are admittedly of good mental type. They perish swiftly and helplessly of _bodily_ ailments.

Very clearly, then, human races are capable or incapable of civilisation, not because they are mentally, but because they are physically, fit or unfit.

G. ARCHDALL REID

BEING A HANDY DICTIONARY OF MANKIND

BY W. E. GARRETT FISHER]

An attempt is made in these pages to compile a dictionary of the main existing races of the world, arranged in alphabetical order. The accompanying Ethnological Chart on page 352, will enable the reader to see at a glance the relationship of the various main divisions, families, and stocks under which these races are distributed. The Dictionary and the Chart, if used in conjunction, will thus supply information about any race named in the list, and will tell the inquirer to what branch of the human race it belongs. It is obviously impossible to make the Dictionary inclusive of every tiny and out-of-the-way tribe of Africa or South America, but all important races are included. If the reader wants to know something about the Abyssinians, he will look them up in the Dictionary, and find that they are partly Semitic Himyarites, partly Hamitic Gallas, etc. The Chart will then show him that the Hamitic and Semitic families belong to the great Caucasic Division of mankind, that the Himyarites are one of the main stocks of the Semitic family, and that the Gallas belong to the Eastern branch of the Hamitic family. The student should familiarise himself with the names and places of the families and chief stocks of mankind, as given in the Chart, and so greatly facilitate the task of reference. The intention of both Chart and Dictionary is, of course, to serve as a kind of index to the History proper, which must be consulted for further information. As far as can be discovered, no previous attempt has been made to summarise the conclusions of modern ethnology in this convenient form. The illustrations depict some of the most interesting races.

=Ababua.= A tribe of Sudanese negroes in Central Africa. See
WELLE GROUP.

=Abaka.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Abkhasians.= A Western Caucasian tribe occupying the Black
Sea coast from Pitzunta to Mingrelia, akin to CIRCASSIANS
(_q.v._).

=Abo=, or =Ibo=. See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Abors.= An Assamese tribe in the Brahmaputra Valley,
belonging to the Tibetan branch of the Southern Mongolic family.
Wild jungle-dwellers.

=Absarakas.= See SIOUAN.

=Abukaya.= A negro tribe in the Sudan. See NILITIC
GROUP.

=Abunda.= A settled and fairly civilised race of Bantu
Negroes, occupying the seaboard and inland districts of Portuguese
West Africa, south of Ambriz.

=Abyssinians.= A mixed race of Hamitic, Semitic, and Negro
stock, inhabiting Abyssinia (from Arabic _habashi_--mixed). The
main racial element--Abyssinians proper--consists of brown-skinned
Semitic Himyarites, who probably emigrated from Arabia in
prehistoric times, and profess themselves descended from the
Queen of Sheba. Since the sixteenth century Abyssinia has been
over-run by the Hamitic Gallas (_q.v._), who have largely mingled
their blood with this older element. There is also a considerable
admixture of Sudanese Negro blood. Since the fourth century the
religion of Abyssinia has been a corrupt form of Christianity; the
mediæval myth of Prester John perhaps relates to this fact.

=Acadians.= French settlers of seventeenth century in Nova
Scotia.

=Achcæans.= See ARGIVES.

=Achinese.= A warlike Malay race of Sumatra, long at war with
the Dutch colonists.

=Accras.= See GA.

=Achuas=, or =Wochua=. A pygmy Negrito race,
well-proportioned, though dwarfish, inhabiting the forests of
the Welle and Aruwimi districts in Central Africa, and living by
hunting.

=Adamawa Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes inhabiting
the district of the Upper Benue in Northern Nigeria.

=Adansis.= Negro tribe on Guinea coast. See TSHI.

=Æolians.= See HELLENES.

=Aetas.= A Negrito race of the Philippine Islands, belonging
to the Oceanic family of Ethiopic Man. Short of stature,
black-skinned, with woolly hair, they present many points of
resemblance to the Negritoes of Central Africa. There are many
crosses between Aetas and Malays.

=Afars.= A nomadic Turki tribe of Persia. See also
DANAKILS.

=Afghans.= A race of Iranian stock, belonging to the great
Aryan family, who form about half the population of Afghanistan.
They are divided into various tribes, of which the Duranis are the
dominant one, the Ghilzais the most warlike, and the Yusufzais the
most turbulent. There are also large tribes known as Pathans, who
are of the same stock as the Afghans, but are classed separately.
The Afghans are a handsome and athletic race, inured to war from
their childhood, lawless and treacherous, but sober and hardy.
Throughout the nineteenth century they were a constant source of
trouble to British India, but a new era seems to have opened under
the present Amir. For non-Afghan inhabitants of Afghanistan, see
HAZARAS, KIZIL-BASHIS, and TAJIKS.

=Afridis.= A warlike and turbulent Pathan race, occupying the
neighbourhood of the Khyber Pass, and often at war with the English.

=Afrikanders.= Persons of European descent born and living in
South Africa.

=Agaos.= An indigenous Hamitic race of Northern Abyssinia.

=Ahoms.= Primitive inhabitants of Assam, belonging to the
Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family.

=Ainus.= An aberrant family of Caucasic Man in the Far East.
They were probably the aboriginal inhabitants of Japan, but are
now few in number, and confined to Yezo, the Kurile Islands, and
part of Sakhalin. They have regular and often handsome features
of Caucasic type, but are of low stature, and characteristically
marked by an abundance of coarse, black, wavy or crisp hair on
head, face, and body, whence they are commonly called the “Hairy
Ainus.”

=Akawais.= See CARIBS.

=Akkas.= A pygmy Negrito race of the Welle district in Central
Africa, akin to the Achuas (_q.v._), who are specially interesting
because they are represented on Egyptian monuments of 3400
B.C., with their existing racial characters.

=Akkads=, or =Akkadians=. An extinct Mesopotamian
race, founders of the oldest known civilisation in Babylonia,
who belonged to the Northern Mongolic family, and probably to
the Turki or Finno-Ugrian stock. They invented the cuneiform
alphabet, which was adopted by their Semitic successors--see
BABYLONIANS--and it is thought that they may have been the
ancestors of the Chinese.

=Akpas.= See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Alani.= A warlike nomadic race, probably belonging to the
Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family, and allied to the
Tartars (_q.v._). In the fifth century they made settlements in
Gaul and Spain, where they were absorbed by the Vandals and the
Visigoths respectively. The remnant left in the East of Europe were
conquered in the thirteenth century by the Golden Horde, and their
name disappeared from history.

=Albanians=, or =Arnauts=. The warlike race of
mountaineers who inhabit Albania, on the western coast of the
Balkan Peninsula. They are semi-civilised, live in a perpetual
state of tribal warfare, and make admirable soldiers, forming the
best part of the Turkish Army. They are probably the oldest of the
Balkan races, and represent the earliest Aryan immigrants into
Europe [see ILLYRIANS]. They are partly Christian, partly
Mohammedan.

=Albigenses.= A heretical sect, mostly of Provençal descent,
who appeared in the South of France about the eleventh century, and
were rigidly persecuted until they became extinct in the middle of
the thirteenth century.

=Alemanni.= An ancient German tribe on Upper Rhine, of
Teutonic stock, from whom the modern Swabians and Swiss are in
great part descended.

=Aleutians.= Natives of Aleutian Islands, belonging to Eskimo
stock of Northern American family.

=Alfuros.= A half-breed race between Malays and Papuans: in
Malaysia, a term given by Malays to their rude non-Mohammedan
neighbours.

=Algonquian.= A group of North American Indian tribes,
formerly inhabiting the Central and Southern States of America,
east of the Rocky Mountains, and as far south as South Carolina,
now gathered into Indian Reservations. They include the Algonquin,
Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Delaware, Fox, Illinois, Massachusett,
Mohican, Ojibway, Sac, Shawnee, and many smaller tribes.

=Alibamus.= See MUSKHOGEAN.

=Ali-Elis.= See TURKOMANS.

=Alsatians.= Natives of Alsace, of High German stock, allied
to the Swabians (_q.v._).

=Amadis.= See WELLE GROUP.

=Ama.= Prefix of many Bantu racial names, as Ama-Zulu,
Ama-Xosa. See ZULU, etc.

=American.= One of the four main divisions of the human race,
comprising three families, occupying North, Central, and Southern
America respectively. Typically red-skinned, with lank, black hair,
retreating foreheads, high-bridged noses, and either long or broad
skulls--dolichocephalic or brachycephalic.

=Americans.= The English-speaking white inhabitants of the
United States, mainly of Anglo-Saxon descent. See also LATIN
AMERICANS.

=Amharas.= Natives of Central Abyssinia, of Hamitic descent.

=Amorites.= A branch of the ancient Libyan race, of Semitic
origin, inhabiting Canaan before the arrival of the Israelites from
Egypt.

=Anatolian Turks.= See TURKS.

=Andamanese.= Natives of Andaman Islands, a race belonging to
the Oceanic Negrito family, possibly representing the primitive
type from which both Negroes and Papuans have sprung. They exhibit
the lowest stage of civilisation.

=Andis.= See LESGHIANS.

=Angles.= A Teutonic race of Low German stock, who formerly
inhabited the country round Schleswig, in North Germany. In the
fifth century they migrated in large numbers to Britain, and with
the Jutes and Saxons formed the stock of the Anglo-Saxon or English
people.

=Anglo-Saxons.= A general name now given to the
English-speaking races of English, Scotch, and even Irish and Welsh
descent, who inhabit the British Empire; in a wider sense, to all
people of British descent.

=Annamese.= Natives of Annam, or Cochin-China, belonging to
the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family; now under
French rule.

=Apaches.= See ATHABASCAN.

=Appalachis.= See MUSKHOGEAN.

=Arabs.= One of the main branches of the Semitic family,
inhabiting the Arabian peninsula. They are usually divided into
two branches, the Ishmaelites of the north and the Joktanides of
the south. The latter probably represent the oldest Arab stock,
and may be of African origin. The primitive Arabs were nomadic
horse-breeders and shepherds, very warlike, and of fine physical
development. Under Islam they reared an enduring religious
civilisation, which has had the greatest influence on the world
after Christianity.

=Arakanese.= Natives of Arakan, in Lower Burma, of
Indo-Chinese stock.

=Aramæans.= One of the main groups of the Semitic family,
Syro-Chaldeans, who anciently inhabited Syria, Palestine, and the
Euphrates Valley. The modern Syrians (_q.v._) belong to it.

REPRODUCED FROM THE FAMOUS DRAWINGS

BY SIR DAVID WILKIE, R.A.]

=Araucanians.= The chief Indian race of Chili, possessing an
ancient civilisation like those of Peru and Mexico, though less
advanced. The Araucanians are probably the finest native race of
the New World. They are a fierce and warlike people, who have
always preserved their independence.

=Arawaks.= A group of South American Indian tribes in the
Guianas, including Maypuris, Wapisianas, Atorais and others.

=Arcadians.= A race of ancient Greece, inhabiting the central
highlands of the Peloponnesus, whose seclusion from the world
caused them to be identified with the quality which we still call
Arcadian simplicity.

=Arecunas.= See CARIBS.

=Argentines.= White natives of the Argentine Republic in South
America, mainly of Spanish descent.

=Argives.= Natives of Argos, the most important state of
Homeric Greece: hence a generic term for Greeks or Hellenes in the
Homeric Age. Achæans is another term similarly used.

=Armenians.= Natives of Armenia, the mountainous country round
Mount Ararat, now divided between Russia, Persia, and Turkey.
They belong to the Iranian stock of the Aryan family, blended
with Semitic blood, and with a still older unknown but probably
non-Aryan element. They are not warlike, but of quick intelligence
and specially successful in commerce.

=Arnauts.= See ALBANIANS.

=Aryans.= The most important family of Caucasic Man, to
which all the chief civilisations of modern times belong. A
tall, fair-skinned, long-headed race, whose origin is still
doubtful--though it was probably in Central Asia--and who
spread in prehistoric times over the whole of Europe and parts
of Asia and Africa. Almost all modern Europeans are of Aryan
descent. The family is also called INDO-EUROPEAN or
INDO-GERMANIC, but these names are open to objections from
which the term Aryan is free.

=Ashantis.= See TSHI.

=Assamese.= Natives of Assam, between India and Burma,
belonging to the Hindu stock of the Aryan family.

=Assinaboins.= See SIOUAN.

=Assyrians.= One of the main branches of the Semitic family.
The Assyrians founded a great empire in the northern part of
Mesopotamia, of which Nineveh was the capital, and afterwards
conquered the older Babylonian state (710 B.C.) and Egypt
(671 B.C.), thus forming the first world-empire known to
history. Within a century Assyria had become a Median province, and
its people ceased to have an independent existence.

=Athabascan= or =Tinney=. A group of North American
Indian tribes, formerly inhabiting Alaska and the greatest part of
Canada. It includes the Apaches, Chippewayans, Hupas, Kutchins,
Navajos, Tacullis, and Umbquas.

=Athenians.= The most important race of ancient Greece, whose
city of Athens was the earliest centre of civilisation in the
historical age of Europe.

=Australians.= The aborigines of Australia, a branch of the
Oceanic Negro family. Their numerous tribes present a general
uniformity of physical and mental development, under which two main
types may be recognised. The earlier of these is probably that
shown by the extinct Tasmanians (_q.v._), one of the lowest races
in point of culture yet discovered, who were probably still in
the earliest stage of the Stone Age. The other type was perhaps
akin to the Dravidians of India, or to a very low Caucasic race.
The Australians are among the lowest of savage races, and present
many features which have thrown light on the manners, customs and
beliefs of primitive man.

=Australians.= White inhabitants of Australia, mostly of
Anglo-Saxon descent.

=Austrians.= Inhabitants of the Austrian empire, including
a great diversity of races. The name is properly applied only to
the German-speaking people, of High-German Teutonic stock, who
predominate in Austria proper.

=Auvergnats.= Natives of Auvergne, in Central France. A short,
sturdy, dark, round-skulled race, formerly regarded as typical
Aryan Celts, but possibly descended from an older non-Aryan people.
Much employed in Paris as porters.

=Avars.= See LESGHIANS.

=Avars.= A Tartar tribe, belonging to the Turki stock of the
Northern Mongolic family, who appeared in the district round the
Caspian Sea about the fourth century, and later made predatory
raids over a large part of Eastern Europe. They were subdued by
Charlemagne, and disappeared from history in the ninth century.
They seem to have been closely allied to the Huns, whom they
resembled in physical characteristics and warlike qualities.

=Awawandias.= Bantu Negroes of the Nyassa plateau in British
Central Africa.

=Aymaras.= A race of South American Indians in Bolivia,
probably related to the Incas (_q.v._) and perhaps their ancestors.

=Azandeh=, or =Niam-Niam=. Sudanese Negroes of the Welle
group. Notorious cannibals.

=Aztecs.= The dominant Indian race in Mexico at the arrival
of the Spanish invaders. They entered the country about the end of
the thirteenth century, and founded the city of Mexico in 1325.
Around it they reared a remarkable civilisation and a sanguinary
religion. They were warlike, ferocious and cruel, but had a
considerable aptitude for the arts of peace. Their empire was
destroyed by Cortes in 1521, and annexed to Spain. Every trace of
Aztec nationality was suppressed, but their name still lingers
among the Nahuan Indians, and their blood is mixed with that of
the conquerors. Many attempts have been made to find an Old World
origin for Mexican culture, but they are not convincing.

=Babylonians.= The Semitic race which founded one of the
greatest of ancient civilisations in the rich alluvial plains of
Chaldæa and on the arid plateau of Mesopotamia. Their history is
too long to summarise here, but it may be stated that the Semitic
peoples, variously known as Babylonians, Chaldæans, Elamites,
Medians, and Assyrians, invaded and dispossessed at different times
the primitive Mongolic race of Akkads (_q.v._). Their earliest
settlement seems to have been at Ur of the Chaldees, on the right
bank of the Euphrates. Babylon and Nineveh were afterwards the
seats of the Babylonian and Assyrian powers, whilst Elamite and
Median conquerors intervened at various times. These powerful
Semitic races made great advances in art, science, literature,
religion, and social policy. Their first incursion, probably
from Arabia, into the Euphrates Valley dates back to about 3800
B.C.

=Baggaras.= A fierce and warlike race settled in the
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and formerly dominant under the Mahdi.

=Baghirmis.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Bakairi.= See CARIBS.

=Bakatla=, =Bakwena=. Bantu Negroes of Bechuana stock.

=Bakwiri.= Bantu Negroes settled in the Cameroons.

=Balinese.= A Malayan race of the East Indian Archipelago.

=Balolo.= Bantu Negroes of the Middle Congo; one of the finest
negro races.

=Balong.= Bantu Negroes of West Africa.

=Baltis.= A hardy Tibetan race, inhabiting the Alpine valley
of the Upper Indus.

=Baluba=, or =Basonge=. A dominant Bantu Negro race of
the Kassai basin in Equatorial Africa.

=Baluchis=, or =Beluchis=. Natives of Baluchistan, south
of Afghanistan, of Iranian (Aryan) descent, with a mingling of
Tartar (Mongolic) blood. The dominant race of the country is the
Brahui, aboriginals who are probably of Mongolic descent, allied to
the Dravidians (_q.v._) of India. The Brahui are of Mongolic type,
short, with round flat faces, hospitable and generous. They are the
more settled portion of the inhabitants. The Baluchis are chiefly
nomads, taller, with more Aryan features, a warlike and predatory
people.

=Balunda.= Bantu Negroes of South Central Africa, occupying
the Congo-Zambesi divide.

=Bamangwato.= Bantu Negroes of north Bechuanaland; Khama’s
semi-civilised people.

=Bambaras.= See MANDINGAN.

=Banandi.= Bantu Negroes of apish type, in the Semliki forests.

=Bangalas.= Bantu Negroes of Middle Congo, on the Ubangi river.

=Bantus.= One of the two subdivisions of the African Negro
family of Ethiopic Man, occupying the southern half of the African
continent, south of the Cameroons and Albert Nyanza. A Negro race
modified from the Sudanese type by Hamite influences.

=Banyai.= Bantu Negroes, south of the Middle Zambesi.

=Banyoro.= See WANYORO.

=Bapedi.= Bantu Negroes of Bechuana stock.

=Bareas.= Sudanese Negroes inhabiting the Abyssinian slopes.

=Barguzins.= See BURIATS.

=Baris.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Barolongs.= Bantu Negroes of Bechuana stock, between Vryburg
and Molopo river. Mafeking is their capital.

=Barotse.= Bantu Negroes of Bechuana stock, about headwaters
of Molopo river.

=Barrés.= South American Indians in Venezuela and Guiana.

=Basés.= Sudanese Negroes of Abyssinian slopes, a very low
negroid type.

=Bashkirs.= A branch of the Turki stock of the Northern
Mongolic family. They are first mentioned in the tenth century as
a warlike and idolatrous race, noted for their large, round, short
heads, from which their name is derived. They now inhabit the
Orenberg and Perm districts of Russia, on the western slopes of the
Ural. Some are settled agriculturists, others pastoral nomads.

=Bashukulumbwe.= Bantu Negroes of Kafue basin in Zambesia.

=Basimba= or =Cimbebas=. Aboriginal Negroes of South
Angola; a low Bantu type, or possibly Negrito, allied to Bushmen.

=Basonge.= See BALUBA.

=Basques.= One of the few non-Aryan races still existing
in Europe, where they inhabit the districts on the French and
Spanish sides of the Western Pyrenees. They originally occupied a
much wider area in this neighbourhood, and preserve their ancient
costume and language. Their ethnological affinities are still in
dispute, but the best opinion is that they represent the ancient
Iberians (_q.v._), a Western Hamitic race, related to the Berbers
of North Africa on the one hand and to the Picts of Scotland and
the ancient Irish on the other. Probably they have occupied their
present home since Neolithic times. They are mainly agriculturists,
with all the rustic virtues, and make excellent soldiers and
servants.

=Bassas.= See LIBERIAN GROUP.

=Bastaards.= See GRIQUAS.

=Bastarnæ.= See GOTHS.

=Basutos.= The most civilised race of Bantu Negroes, of the
Bechuana stock, who inhabit the rugged uplands of Basutoland, a
British Crown Colony. They have long been subjected to European
and Christian influence, under which they have presented the
sole instance of a pure negro community, which has made itself
self-supporting and approximately civilised. They have succeeded in
assimilating Western culture, and their little State--which always
preserved its independence against other natives and Boers--is a
very flourishing example of what the negro can do under favourable
auspices.

=Batanga.= Bantu Negroes of the Cameroons.

=Batavi.= An ancient German race inhabiting the island formed
by the Meuse and an arm of the Rhine. Ancestors of the modern Dutch.

=Bateke.= Bantu Negroes of Congo, above Stanley Pool.

=Batjans.= See INDONESIAN.

=Batlapi.= Bantu Negroes of Bechuana stock, near Vryburg.

=Batonga= or =Batoka=. Bantu Negroes of Zambesia,
Manicaland and Tongaland.

=Battaks.= A pre-Malay race of North Sumatra, probably allied
to the Polynesians (_q.v._).

=Batwas.= A pygmy (_q.v._) Negrito race south of Congo, allied
to Bushmen.

=Batwanas.= Bantu Negroes of North Bechuanaland.

=Bavarians.= A branch of the High German stock of the Teutonic
family, in Bavaria.

=Bayansis.= Bantu Negroes of Middle Congo, on Kwa River.
Strong negro element.

=Bechuanas.= A main stock of Bantu Negroes, occupying what
is known as British Bechuanaland. The name is of European origin,
and has no native significance as applied to the race, but is a
convenient general term.

=Bedawi= or =Bedouins=. Nomadic Arabs (_q.v._) who
inhabit the deserts of Arabia and the neighbouring countries,
and live by stock-breeding and robbery. Their breed of horses is
world-famous. They are independent, chivalrous and hospitable. They
correspond to the Biblical Ishmaelites, whose race and customs they
preserve practically unchanged.

=Bejas.= A race of Eastern Hamites, of splendid physique,
occupying the eastern seaboard of Africa north of Massowah,
including Bisharis, Hadendowas, and other tribes.

=Belgae.= The northernmost of the three races occupying Gaul
in Cæsar’s time, probably of Low German stock, with perhaps a
Celtic element.

=Belgians.= The inhabitants of Belgium, formerly the Spanish
or Austrian Netherlands, of very mixed origin. The natives are
either Flemings of Teutonic stock, or Celtic Walloons (_q.v._).
Mingled with these are large numbers of German, French and Dutch
immigrants; and constant crossing of blood has tended to produce a
truly Belgian type out of all these fluctuating elements. They are
among the most patient and productive of agriculturists, mostly
small proprietors; and they possess flourishing manufactures and a
rich commerce through the great port of Antwerp.

=Beluchis.= See BALUCHIS.

=Bengalis.= The majority of the natives of Bengal belong to
the Hindu stock of the Aryan family, which was probably the first
to develop a true civilisation and a great literature (in the
ancient Sanscrit tongue). The typical Bengali is quick-witted,
versatile, and successful in the arts of peace, but not
warlike--though the native army of the old East Indian Company
was largely recruited from Bengal. The Bengali Babu, of the
professional or lower official class, is well known.

=Beluchis.= See BALUCHIS.

=Benin.= See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Berbers.= A Western Hamitic race occupying the Atlas
Mountains and the Northern Sahara, of predatory and warlike habits.
They are known in Algeria as Kabyles, and in Sahara as Tuaregs.
Largely dark-haired and swarthy, with prominent noses, they belong
to the Melanochroid branch of Caucasic Man. They correspond to the
ancient Numidians.

=Betsimisarakas.= One of the three main divisions of the
Malagasy, or Malayo-African race which inhabits Madagascar. They
occupy the east coast.

=Bhils.= Primitive and still wild non-Aryan inhabitants of
Central India, of Kolarian family (_q.v._).

=Bisharis.= See BEJAS.

=Blackfoot Indians.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Bœotians.= A branch of the Æolian race in ancient Greece. The
Bœotians were supposed to be peculiarly dull, and were the typical
rustic clowns of Greek literature.

=Boers.= White inhabitants of Cape Colony, the Transvaal, and
the Orange River Colony, mainly of Dutch descent, with a French
Huguenot element and a sprinkling of Negro blood. They were the
original colonists of South Africa, which they entered in 1652. A
race of farmers (Boer is derived from the Dutch boor, peasant),
they also proved themselves to be hardy pioneers and admirable,
though not at all romantic, fighters, learning in long native
wars the arts of strategy, which they exercised so well against
the English in the South African War of 1899-1902. They have
now accepted the English rule, and promise to be among our most
flourishing African subjects.

=Bohemians.= See CZECH.

=Bolivians.= White natives of Bolivia in South America, of
Spanish descent, with a considerable admixture of Indian blood.

=Bongos.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Botocudos.= South American Indians on eastern seaboard of
Brazil.

=Brahui.= See BALUCHIS.

=Brazilians.= White natives of Brazil, mainly of Portuguese
descent, but with a considerable admixture, in many districts, of
Indian and negro blood.

=Bretons.= Natives of Brittany, descended from a short,
round-headed, dark race, generally called Celtic, but perhaps
pre-Aryan.

=Bribris.= South American Indians of Costa Rica.

=Britons.= (1) The ancient Britons were a Celtic race, whose
remnants are still to be found in the Welsh (_q.v._). They attained
a considerable degree of civilisation under the Roman conquerors,
and adopted Christianity. The Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain
drove most of them back into Wales, Cornwall, and other outlying
portions of the island, whilst the remainder were either destroyed
or assimilated. (2) In the wide modern sense, Britons are the white
citizens of the British Empire.

=Bugis= or =Buginese=. Natives of Boni in Celebes; a
primitive Malay race.

=Bulalas.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Bulgars.= A branch of the Finns (_q.v._), who were originally
settled on the banks of the Volga. In the sixth century they
crossed the Danube and conquered the modern Bulgaria, then occupied
by the Slavonic Slovenians (_q.v._). A speedy fusion took place
between the Slovenians and the Bulgars, who adopted the language
and customs of the former, and rose to greatness as a Slav power.
In the ninth and tenth centuries they ruled the greater part of
the Balkan Peninsula, and warred successfully with the Byzantine
Empire, which, however, subjected them in 1019 under Basil II.,
“the slayer of the Bulgarians.” Later they passed under the Turkish
rule, and ceased to have an independent national existence down to
the nineteenth century.

=Bulgarians.= Inhabitants of the modern Balkan state of
Bulgaria, descended from the Bulgars (_q.v._) with considerable
admixtures of Greek and Turkish blood.

=Bulloms.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.

=Burgundians.= An ancient people of Teutonic race (High
German), who were originally settled between the Oder and Vistula.
In the fifth century they invaded Gaul, where they formed the first
kingdom of Burgundy, between the Aar and the Rhone. There were many
later Burgundian kingdoms and duchies, of which the last and most
famous was that of Charles the Bold, annexed to France in 1477. The
Burgundians are now French subjects, but still show traces of their
Teutonic origin.

=Buriats.= The Western or Siberian branch of the Mongol stock
of the Northern Mongolic family. They occupy the vicinity of Lake
Baikal The majority are nomad pastors, but some have taken to
agriculture. A peace-loving, but lazy and drunken people; they
include various tribes, such as the Barguzins, Selengese, Idinese,
Kudaras and Olkhonese.

=Burmese=, or =Burmans=. A short-statured, thick-set and
flat-featured people, approaching the Chinese type, the principal
race of the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family.
They inhabit Burma--now a British possession--and are excitable,
turbulent, and given to dacoity, or highway robbery. They make
good farmers and shopkeepers, but are not warlike or methodical.

=Burus.= See INDONESIANS.

=Bushmen.= A nomadic Negro race of South Africa, who stand at
the lowest stage of human culture. They are probably the aborigines
of South Africa, where they have been dispossessed by Hottentots
and Bantus from the north. They are thin and wiry, of small
stature, not unlike the Hottentots in colour and features. They
live by hunting, and possess a curious mythology. Their artistic
powers, comparable to those of Palæolithic Man, are shown in the
remarkable rock-drawings on the walls of their caves.

=Calchaquis.= South American Indians, in Plate River district.

=Cambojans.= Natives of Cambodia, Mongoloid approaching
Caucasic type.

=Canaanites.= One of the main branches of the great Semitic
family, inhabiting Palestine and the Mauritanian sea-coast in
ancient times, including Jews, Phœnicians, Carthaginians, Moabites,
Amorites, Idumæans and Philistines (_q.v._). A fierce and warlike
people, with a remarkable genius for religion, which has greatly
influenced the modern world.

=Canadians.= White natives of Canada, of mixed French and
Anglo-Saxon descent.

=Caribs.= South American Indians, formerly occupying the West
Indian Islands, and now the shores of the Caribbean Sea, including
Macusi, Bakairi, Akawai, Arecuna, and Rucuyenne tribes. They are
strongly built, warlike and fierce, but honourable. The term
cannibal is supposed to be a corruption of their name based on
their habits.

=Carthaginians.= Natives of one of the great empires of the
ancient world, which was founded at Carthage, near the modern
Bizerta, by Phœnician colonists in the ninth century B.C.,
and was destroyed by Rome in 146 B.C. Carthage was the
great rival of Rome as a Mediterranean power. Its inhabitants
belonged to the Canaanite stock of the Semitic family, and were a
nation of traders, cruel and gloomy in temperament, worshippers of
Moloch with human sacrifices. Though in Hannibal they produced one
of the greatest of generals, they were not warlike, and trusted
chiefly to mercenaries, wherefore they fell.

=Catalans.= Natives of North-east Spain, mostly of Gothic
descent, and still distinct from other Spaniards in language and
costume. Honest and enterprising, turbulent, and intensely devoted
to liberty.

=Caucasians.= One of the families of Caucasic Man, inhabiting
the mountainous region of the Caucasus, and divided into
southern, western, and eastern branches [see GEORGIANS,
CIRCASSIANS, CHECHENZES, LESGHIANS].
They include a great number of different tribes, who seem to have
settled there from the earliest historical times. Some of these,
the Melanochroid highlanders, like the Georgians, Circassians, and
Lesghians, present an almost ideal standard of physical beauty,
whilst others are squat and ungainly. Some ethnologists see in the
Caucasus the primitive home of the Aryan family, from whom the
Caucasians would, on this view, be an offshoot. The Ossets (_q.v._)
are certainly Aryan. The Caucasians are very warlike, and struggled
till quite recently with success against the Russian domination.

=Caucasic.= One of the four great divisions of the human race.
Type, white-skinned, square-jawed (orthognathous), skull between
broad and long (mesocephalic), hair soft, straight, or wavy; in
intelligence, enterprise, and civilisation, much superior to other
divisions.

=Cayugas.= See IROQUOIAN.

=Celts.= See KELTS.

=Chakhars.= A branch of Eastern Mongols, settled on the
south-east boundary of the Desert of Gobi.

=Chaldæans.= See BABYLONIANS.

=Chamorros.= Aborigines of the Ladrone Islands, so named from
their thievish propensities. A branch of the Oceanic Mongolic
family, probably allied to the Formosans (_q.v._).

=Chancas.= See INCAS.

=Chaudors.= A nomad tribe inhabiting the steppes east of the
Caspian and south of the Oxus. See TURKOMANS.

=Chapogirs.= See TUNGUSES.

=Charruas.= An extinct race of South American Indians in South
Brazil, peculiar for their extremely black colour with lank hair.

=Chechenzes.= A branch of the Eastern stock of the Caucasian
family, inhabiting the northern slopes of the Eastern Caucasus.
Their chief tribes are Ingushis, Kishis, and Tushis.

=Cheremisses.= See FINNS.

=Cherokees.= A brave and warlike tribe of North American
Indians. See IROQUOIAN.

=Cheyennes.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Chibchas.= South American Indians of Bogota.

=Chichimecs.= See NAHUANS.

=Chickasaws.= See MUSKHOGEANS.

=Chilians.= White natives of Chili, of Spanish descent, with a
mixture of Araucanian Indian blood.

=Chinese.= One of the most numerous races of the world,
inhabiting the Chinese Empire. They are a stock of the Southern
Mongolic family, and it is thought by some ethnologists that they
are descended from the Mongolic Akkads (_q.v._) of Mesopotamia.
There is a remarkable uniformity in the physical type presented by
the Chinese in all climates and environments; they are the most
homogeneous of great peoples. They are yellow-skinned, short in
stature, with obliquely set eyes, high cheek-bones, long skulls,
and broad faces, with slight prognathism. They possess an ancient
and highly organised civilisation, which is characterised by
its conservatism and slowness to accept new ideas--so different
in this from the Japanese. The Chinese are naturally frugal,
industrious, and patient; they are excellent agriculturists, and
very gregarious; they despise war, but make excellent soldiers when
drilled by Europeans or Japanese. They are eminently literary, and
have a high system of morality. There are many local varieties,
such as the Puntis of the Canton districts, the Hakkas of Swatow,
the Hoklas of Fohkien, the Dungans (_q.v._), which need not be
farther particularised.

=Chinooks.= A nearly extinct tribe of North American Indians
on the Columbia River, on whose language is based the Chinook
jargon, or traders’ Lingua Franca of British Columbia.

=Chins.= See SINGPHOS.

=Chippewayans.= See ATHABASCAN.

=Chiquitos.= South American Indians of Upper Paraguay basin.

=Chiriguanos.= South American Indians of Bolivia.

=Chitralis.= Natives of Chitral, in the Hindu Khush, rough,
hardy hillmen, closely allied to the Kafirs (_q.v._) of Kafiristan.

=Chocos.= A tribe of South American Indians of Matto Grosso.

=Choktaws.= See MUSKHOGEAN.

=Chontals.= Central American Indians of Nicaragua.

=Chols.= See MAYA-QUICHÉ.

=Chorasses.= See KALMUKS.

=Chorotegans.= Central American Indians of Nicaragua.

=Chukchis.= A Northern Mongolic race of North-east Siberia,
closely akin to the American Eskimo in features and customs. They
are of high character and very independent, but at a low stage of
civilisation, and live by reindeer-breeding and hunting. A branch
of the Chukchis, differing mainly in language, is known as the
Koryaks.

=Chunchos.= South American Indians on tributaries of Beni
River in Peru.

=Cimbebas.= See BASIMBA.

=Circassians=, or =Tcherkesses=. A race of Caucasian
mountaineers, formerly inhabiting the Black Sea coast between Anapa
and Pitzunta, of high physical type, who maintained an unavailing
struggle against Russia till 1864, when their subjugation was
followed by a wholesale emigration of the Circassian tribes to
the Turkish Empire. Allied to them are the Abkhasians and Kabards
(_q.v._).

=Colombians.= White natives of Colombia, in Central America,
mostly of Spanish descent, with an admixture of Indian and negro
blood.

=Comanches.= See SHOSHONEAN.

=Conibos.= South American Indians of Peru.

=Copts.= Christian descendants of the ancient Egyptians
(_q.v._), of middle stature, slender limbs, and pale complexion,
who inhabit Egypt, and preserve the language and customs of the
last period of ancient Egyptian civilisation. They are essentially
townsmen, clerks, or artisans.

=Coras.= See OPATA-PIMA.

=Cornish.= A race of Brythonic or P Celts, akin to Welsh
and Bretons, inhabiting Cornwall in earlier times; now absorbed
in English stock. Their language became extinct in seventeenth
or eighteenth century. The crossing of the Cornish Celts with
Anglo-Saxons has given birth to a singularly fine race of hardy
fishermen and miners.

=Corsicans.= The aborigines of Corsica were probably a Western
Hamitic race, allied to the Ligurians (_q.v._). They were followed
by Ionian invaders, and in turn by Carthaginian, Roman, Vandal,
Hun, Gothic, Saracenic, and Italian conquerors, each of whom has
added something to the mixture of blood in the modern Corsicans,
a turbulent, lawless, and warlike race (now belonging to France),
whose greatest son was Napoleon.

=Costa Ricans.= White natives of Costa Rica, in Central
America, mostly of pure Spanish descent.

=Crees.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Creek Indians.= See MUSKHOGEAN.

=Creoles.= Persons born in past or present French, Spanish, or
Portuguese colonies, of pure European descent.

=Cretans.= An ancient race of prehistoric culture [see
MYCENÆANS]; in modern times chiefly Greek, mixed with Turk.

=Croats.= Inhabitants of Croatia, now mainly of Slavonic race,
mingled with an earlier short, dark race of non-Aryan descent.
One of the motley races of the Austrian Empire. They are warlike,
turbulent, and eager for independence.

=Cro-Magnon.= A prehistoric race settled in the Vezere
district of France, which may be taken as the primitive type of
Caucasic Man. It is only known by a few skulls and other relics,
and probably dates back to the Glacial Period.

=Crow Indians.= See SIOUAN.

=Cymry.= See WELSH.

=Czechs=, or =Bohemians=. The most westerly branch of the
Slavonic stock of the Aryan family, now occupying Bohemia, Moravia,
and other parts of Austria. They are closely allied to the Slovaks
of Hungary. They migrated from the Upper Vistula district to the
modern Bohemia in the fifth century. Long an independent kingdom,
and a bulwark of Christendom against the Turks, Bohemia passed to
Austria in 1526. During the last century there has been a great
recrudescence of the Czech nationality and language. The Czechs as
a race are very musical and artistic.

=Daflas.= A Tibetan race inhabiting the northern border of
Assam.

=Dahomans.= See EWE.

=Dakotas.= See SIOUAN.

=Dalmatians.= A Southern Slavonic race, crossed with Gothic
blood. A fine race of hardy seamen, they manned the Venetian
fleets, but now belong to Austria.

=Damaras=, or =Hau-Khoin=. See HEREROS.

=Danakils=, or =Afars=. An Eastern Hamitic race settled
in the vicinity of Obock, between Abyssinia and the Red Sea. They
are nomad pastors and fishermen, well-built, and slender.

=Danes.= Natives of Denmark, belonging to the Scandinavian
stock of the Aryan family. Denmark was originally inhabited by
the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who colonised England. On their
departure, the Danes from Zealand settled on the deserted lands,
and there reared the kingdom which still exists. The early Danes
were brave warriors and skilled seamen, who for a time ruled Saxon
England under Canute. Their descendants, of comparatively pure
blood, preserve these characteristics, and are also industrious
agriculturists.

=Dards.= A warlike and hardy race of Aryan descent, inhabiting
the mountainous country around Gilgit, in North-west India, of whom
the Hunzas and Nagars are the chief tribes.

=Dargos.= See LESGHIANS.

=Delawares.= A North American Indian race with whom William
Penn dealt in the 17th century: now fairly civilised. See
ALGONQUIAN.

=Didos.= See LESGHIANS.

=Dinkas.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Dogras.= An Aryan race in the Punjab, between the Chinab and
the Ravi, who contribute excellent soldiers to the British Native
Army.

=Dorians.= See HELLENES.

=Dravidas=, or =Dravidians=. Indigenous non-Aryan
inhabitants of South India, including the Telingas or Telugu of the
Nizam’s Dominions, the Tamils of Karnatic and Ceylon, the Kanarese
of Mysore, the Malayalim of Malabar Coast, those wild hunters the
Gonds of Vindhya Hills, the Sinhalese of Ceylon, and perhaps the
Veddahs (_q.v._). A Mongoloid race originally, which has been
assimilated to the Caucasic type by long intermixture of blood.

=Druses.= A brave, handsome and industrious white race, who
have been settled in the Lebanon district of Syria for at least 800
years, and owe their unity to the possession of a special religion.
Their origin is uncertain, but they are probably of a mixed stock,
to which Arabs, Kurds, and Persians have all contributed. They are
fair-haired and of light complexion. They are very warlike, have
always preserved their independence against the Turks, and are the
inveterate enemies of the Maronites (_q.v._).

=Dungans.= Southern Mongolic inhabitants of Zungaria, between
Tian-Shan and Altai. Allied to Chinese (_q.v._).

=Durbats.= See KALMUKS.

=Duranis.= See AFGHANS.

=Dyaks.= The aborigines of Borneo, probably akin to the Malays
(_q.v._), whom they resemble physically, though of greater average
stature. They are active and warlike, and formerly indulged in
the practice of head-hunting, now dying out. The Sea-Dyaks were
bold and inveterate pirates. They possess a considerable degree of
indigenous civilisation, and their moral character is very fine.

=Easter Islanders.= (1) See POLYNESIANS. (2) Easter
Island once possessed an older race of inhabitants, now extinct,
who have left very remarkable traces in the shape of numerous
colossal statues, thin-lipped and disdainful, standing on platforms
of Cyclopean masonry, as well as many stone houses with thick
walls, painted on the inside. Nothing farther is known of their
race or history.

=Ecuadorians.= White natives of Ecuador, in South America, of
Spanish descent; noted for their laziness and political instability.

=Edomites.= See IDUMÆANS.

=Egbas.= See YORUBAS.

=Egyptians.= (1) The ancient inhabitants of Egypt--known
to them as Khem, the Biblical Mizraim--who reared one of the
oldest and most important civilised states of the ancient world.
The aborigines of Egypt were apparently a Palæolithic branch of
Ethiopic Man, allied to the modern Bushmen. They were dispossessed
and practically exterminated, probably about 7000 B.C.,
by a slender, fair-skinned race of European type, belonging to
the Hamitic family, and resembling the modern Berbers (_q.v._) in
many respects. These were probably the same as the ancient Libyans
(_q.v._). Later this race was modified by the introduction of a
Semitic element, partly from Syria, partly from the Phœnician
conquerors who founded dynastic rule in Egypt under Menes, between
5000 and 4000 B.C. Their later history is written on their
imperishable monuments, and need not be summarised here. In later
times the Egyptian racial type was modified by Greek and Roman
influence. The ancient Egyptians were highly skilled in agriculture
and engineering, warlike but not aggressive, and with a highly
developed literature and religion. (2) The modern Egyptians are
partly descended from the ancient Egyptians, whose racial type
as represented on the monuments is still to be found in purity,
mingled with Bedouin Arabs, Turks, Syrians, and other races. See
COPTS and FELLAHIN.

=English.= Natives of England; used in a wider sense as
equivalent to citizens of the British Empire [See BRITONS,
ANGLO-SAXONS]. The English people are a Low German branch
of the Teutonic stock of the Aryan family, with a faint Celtic
element derived from the primitive Britons, a strong Scandinavian
element (especially in the north-east), derived from the invading
Danes and Norsemen in the ninth to eleventh centuries, and a
considerable Norman element--Norse modified by French culture. The
typical Englishman is white-skinned and fair-haired, belonging to
the Xanthochroi, but there are many deviations due to modifying
influences. The race is eminently warlike and aggressive, and makes
the most successful colonisers known to the world.

=Erie Indians.= See IROQUOIAN.

=Erse.= See IRISH.

=Eshi-Kongo.= A semi-civilised race of Bantu Negroes,
belonging to the ancient Kongo Empire, now Portuguese West Africa.

=Eskimos=, or =Innuits=. An Arctic aboriginal race,
now inhabiting Greenland and the northern coasts of the American
continent. They are nomadic, live by hunting and fishing, and are
inured to extremes of cold. They are very broad-headed, fat, and
of short stature, with flat quasi-Mongolic features. They seem
to occupy a place midway between the North American Indian and
the Mongolic type, and there is some reason to suppose that they
represent a prehistoric Mongoloid incursion from Northern Asia, or
perhaps from Indo-Malaysia.

=Esthonians.= A branch of Baltic Finns (_q.v._) settled in
Esthonia, and possessing an ancient ballad literature and mythology.

=Ethiopians.= An ancient Berber tribe, settled in Egypt at
least 5,000 years ago, now represented by the fair Berbers of
Mauritania. Homer called them “blameless,” because he knew so
little about them. See NUBIANS.

=Ethiopic.= One of the four great divisions of the human race,
occupying Africa, Australia, and many islands of the Eastern Ocean.
Its members are typically black-skinned and woolly haired, with
projecting jaws and broad skulls.

=Etruscans.= An ancient Italian people, inhabiting Etruria
in North Italy in pre-Roman times. They probably consisted of an
aboriginal Pelasgian (_q.v._) race, modified by a dominant race of
invaders, who may have been of Mongolic type, or perhaps akin to
the Hittites (_q.v._). The Etruscans may be classed as Hamitic.
They had a distinctive civilisation, and made great progress in
art, of which many monuments remain. The Etruscan confederation,
of which Veii was the chief city, long warred with the rising
power of Rome, under whose dominion it fell in the fourth century
B.C. Families of undoubted Etruscan descent are still
found in North Italy.

=Europeans.= Natives of Europe, mainly Aryan.

=Ewe.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes of Guinea Coast. The
best known are the Dahomans, or natives of the ancient kingdom
of Dahomey, on the Slave Coast. Of small stature, but robust and
warlike, they are noted for their great human sacrifices and their
employment of female warriors or “Amazons.” Now under French rule.
The Togos are also an Ewe tribe.

=Fans.= A race of powerful and aggressive warriors, who
intruded into Gaboon-Ogoway district about the middle of the
nineteenth century; possibly related to Azandeh or Fulahs
(_q.v._). Cannibals, but otherwise of higher intellect and morality
than the average Negro, from whom they differ in physical type.

=Fantis.= See TSHI.

=Fellahin.= The labouring peasantry of modern Egypt,
industrious but not warlike, descendants of ancient Egyptians, with
a mixture of Syrian and Arab blood.

=Felup.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes on Casamanza and
Cacheo estuaries.

=Fertits.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Fijians.= Natives of Fiji, belonging to the Melanesian stock
of the Oceanic Negro family. Formerly ferocious cannibals, they are
now civilised.

=Filipinos.= See PHILIPPINES.

=Fingus=, or =Ama-Fingu=. Bantu Negroes of the Kafir
division in South-east Africa, regarded by Zulus and Ama-Xosa as an
inferior race.

=Finno-Ugrian.= A stock of the Northern Mongolic family,
including (1) Ugrian or Siberian Finns, of which the chief races
are Soyots, Ostyaks, Samoyedes, Voguls, Permian Finns, Siryanians,
and Magyars (_q.v._); (2) European Finns, divided into: (_a_) Volga
Finns, (_b_) Baltic Finns.

=Finns.= The Finns proper are the inhabitants of Finland,
between Russia and Norway. They are a Northern Mongolic race, of
Finno-Ugrian stock, who are supposed to have originated beside
the head waters of the Yenisei River. They entered Finland about
the end of the seventh century and established themselves there,
being afterwards annexed, first by Sweden and then by Russia.
They are a strong, hardy race, who make excellent seamen, with
round faces, fair hair and blue eyes. They are honest, highly
moral and religious, and possess a remarkable ballad and folk-tale
literature, of which the Kalevala is the chief example. The
Baltic Finns of allied race include Esthonians, Karelians, Lapps,
Livonians and Tavastians (_q.v._). The Volga Finns are another
branch of the same people, whose chief tribe was the ancient
Bulgars (_q.v._). The Mordvins and Cheremisses, still settled on
the banks of the Volga in small communities, belong to the same
race.

=Flathead= or =Salish Indians=. A mixed race of North
American Indians, in British Columbia and Montana.

=Flemings=, or =Flemish=. The inhabitants of Flanders,
now divided between Belgium and Holland, descended from Belgic
tribes settled there in Cæsar’s time. They are a Low German branch
of the Teutonic stock. They are an industrious and honest, though
phlegmatic, people, who played a great part in mediæval commerce.

=Formosans.= Natives of Formosa, of mixed Malayan and Negrito
descent. They were divided into three classes by the Chinese
invaders: the Pepohwan, civilised agriculturists, under Chinese
rule; Sekhwan, settled tribes who acknowledged Chinese rule; and
Chinhwan, the wild savage tribes of the mountains, who waged
unceasing war against the invaders. The island has now passed under
Japanese dominion. The Formosans in general approximate to the
Malay type, but are more sturdily built.

=Fox Indians.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Franks.= A confederation of Germanic tribes, dwelling on the
Middle and Lower Rhine in the third century. They belonged to the
High German branch of the Teutonic stock. In the third and fourth
centuries they began to invade Gaul, where they established a
Frankish kingdom under Clovis (481-511), who adopted Christianity.
This later developed into the modern State of France. The Franks
were a brave and stalwart race of warriors, with blue eyes and long
flowing hair, well-built and large-limbed. They were a nation of
democratic fighting men, who practised agriculture in the intervals
of war.

=French.= The inhabitants of modern France, a race of
mixed origin. Among their ancestors are the Celtic Gauls, the
Teutonic Belgae and Franks, the Hamitic Iberians, the Romans,
and the Scandinavian Normans (_q.v._). They are probably the
quickest-witted and most intelligent race of modern Europe.
Extremely warlike and aggressive in earlier days, they are now
displaying greater devotion to the arts of peace, especially
agriculture. Paris has long been the chief centre of ideas in
Europe.

=Frisians.= A Teutonic race of Low German stock, living
between Scheldt and Weser in Roman times, now belonging to the
Netherlands.

=Fuegians.= Natives of Tierra del Fuego in South America,
savages of a very low physical and mental type.

=Fulahs.= A warlike and predatory race of Saharan Hamites,
formerly occupying small communities throughout the West and
Central Sudan, who over-ran the native Hausa States about
1800-1810, and founded the empire of Sokoto.

=Furs.= See NUBA GROUP.

=Ga.= A Sudanese Negro group in Guinea, including Accras and
Krobos.

=Gaels.= See HIGHLANDERS.

=Gaikas= and =Galekas=. See XOSAS.

=Galchas.= Highlanders of Hindu Kush and Turkistan, of Iranian
descent.

=Gallegos.= Natives of Galicia, in Spain, of Gothic descent.

=Gallas.= A branch of Eastern Hamites, occupying Gallaland,
south of Abyssinia. The finest people in all Africa, strongly
built, of a light chocolate colour. They are distinguished for
their energy and honesty. They are divided into numerous tribes,
and are inveterate foes of the Somalis.

=Gallinas.= Sudanese Negroes of Sierra Leone.

=Garamantes.= An ancient Hamitic race inhabiting the
neighbourhood of Tripoli in Roman times.

=Garhwalis.= Tibetan natives of Garhwal, on the border of
Tibet.

=Gascons.= Natives of Gascony, of Basque descent, modified
by Frank and French blood. They are notorious for their lively
imagination and boasting “Gasconades.”

=Gauchos.= A mixed race of Spanish and Indian descent,
admirable horsemen, who are the chief herdsmen of Uruguay and the
Argentine Republic. See PUELCHES.

=Gauls.= In Cæsar’s time the Gauls occupied the central part,
and formed the chief race, of modern France, which, after them,
was called Gaul. They probably belonged to the Brythonic division
of the Celtic stock, being closely allied to the ancient Britons,
as well as to the modern Welsh and Bretons, who respectively
represent the remnants of the primitive Celtic population of
England and France. It is possible that there was a still earlier
Celtic element in France, corresponding to the Goidelic division of
the Celtic stock. Mingled with the Celtic element in the Gauls were
traces of the earlier Iberian and Ligurian aborigines (_q.v._). The
Gauls were blue-eyed, fair-haired and long-headed, in distinction
to the older dark-eyed, black-haired, round-headed type, which is
more commonly known as Celtic, but is probably characteristic of
an older race. Under Roman rule the Gauls acquired a considerable
degree of civilisation. They were dispossessed in the decline of
the empire by Franks, Burgundians and Visigoths (_q.v._), but
became in part ancestors of the modern French.

=Georgians.= The chief race of the Southern Caucasus, a fine
athletic race of pure Caucasic type, noted for the personal beauty
of its individuals. The Georgians were formerly fierce and warlike,
but under Russian rule have become industrious in the arts of
peace. They are noted for a passionate love of music. They first
appear in history in the time of Alexander the Great, when they
were already settled in their mountains. The Georgian kingdom had
an independent existence for about seven centuries, but suffered
much from Mongolian and especially Turkish invasions. Georgia
and Circassia furnished the majority of white slaves for Turkish
harems. In 1801 Georgia was annexed to Russia. Other important
South Caucasian races are the Imerians and the Mingrelians, who
closely resemble the Georgians in physical characteristics, but
have displayed less aptitude for civilisation.

=Gepidæ.= See GOTHS.

=Getæ.= An ancient race of Thracian (_q.v._) descent, who
settled in Wallachia in the fourth century B.C. They
were warlike and turbulent, but were conquered by Trajan and
incorporated in the Roman Empire. In later centuries they appear to
have been fused with the Goths (_q.v._).

=Germans.= The Germans first appear in history as a multitude
of independent and warlike tribes living amongst the dense forests
which stretched in Roman times from the Rhine to the Vistula.
They belonged to the Teutonic stock of the Aryan family. They
were a tall and vigorous race, with long, fair hair and fierce
blue eyes, who delighted in war and the chase. Their democratic
social organisation has greatly influenced all Teutonic history;
their love of liberty was a passion. At an early period they were
divided into High and Low Germans, differing in type, according as
they inhabited the central and southern portions of modern Germany
or the low-lying lands towards the North Sea and the Baltic. The
chief races of the former were the Goths, Franks, Burgundians,
Swiss, Swabians, Austrians; of the latter, Saxons, Angles, Jutes,
Frisians, Flemings, Batavi--from whom the modern English and
Dutch are descended, whilst the High Germans represent the modern
Germans. These are a very enterprising, thorough, and industrious
race, alike in war and peace, and have thus given birth to one of
the greatest Powers of the modern world.

=Ghilzais.= See AFGHANS.

=Gilyaks.= A Siberian Mongolic race of Saghalien.