Chapter VII: Part V: The Organ and Its Music

XIV. THE ORGAN FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT 397

The ancestor of the modern organ; pneumatic and
hydraulic organs of classical antiquity--The organ
in early mediæval times--The tenth and eleventh
centuries: cloister and minster organs; the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries: introduction of the ‘portative’
organ and balanced keys; the fourteenth century:
chromatic keyboard; pedals; organ blowing--Fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries; cathedral and church organs;
the _Rückpositiv_; the Spanish _partida_; builders--The
seventeenth century: mechanical development; tuning;
union of manuals; the eighteenth century; the ‘Swell’;
English builders; the Silbermanns--_Rococo_ adornment
of cases; the nineteenth century and the birth of the
modern instrument--Pneumatic action; electric action;
the Universal Air Chest; duplex stop control; tonal
improvements--the chamber organ; the concert organ.

XV. EARLY ORGAN MUSIC 415

The old Italian masters: Landino to Frescobaldi--Early
German masters; the forerunners of Bach; Hassler,
Pachelbel, Buxtehude--J. S. Bach: the toccatas, the
preludes and fugues, the sonatas and other works--The
early French composers: Couperin and Rameau; Spain and
Portugal; the Netherlands--The early English masters;
Tye, Tallis, Byrd, Bull, Gibbons, etc.--Purcell;
Handel.

XVI. ORGAN MUSIC AFTER BACH AND HANDEL 456

The eclipse of organ music after Bach; Bach’s pupils
and other organ masters of the classic period--Organ
composers of the romantic period: Mendelssohn, Liszt,
Rheinberger and others--Great French organists of the
nineteenth century--English organists since Handel.

XVII. MODERN ORGAN MUSIC 479

Supremacy of modern French organ music; Saint-Saëns;
Guilmant: sonatas and smaller works--Widor: organ
symphonies; Dubois; Gigout and other French
organ-writers--German organ composers; Piutti;
Klose; Reger; chorale-fantasias; Karg-Elert and
others--Organ music in Italy; Capocci; Bossi; Busoni
and others--English organ composers since 1850--Organ
music in the United States; early history; Dudley
Buck; Frederick Archer and Clarence Eddy; contemporary
American organ composers.

LITERATURE 503

INDEX 507

CHORAL AND CHURCH MUSIC