Chapter XXIV: Some General Reflections: Changes in Theory and in Sentiment (3)

This, however, is only one of the points in which observers who have watched and studied Oxford from without as well as from within are disposed to think that she does not fully comprehend, does not at any rate fully use, her unrivalled opportunities. I touch upon a delicate point. Yet as Homer occasionally invests a dying warrior with prophetic gifts, one who is on the eve of departure may be permitted to give expression to some of the aspirations that have long filled his mind when he has thought of what Oxford might achieve. She seems at present to be too exclusively occupied not only with the giving of a general liberal education (to the disparagement of professional studies), but also with her regular curriculum and those who follow it, to the neglect of those others, now comparatively few, but capable of almost indefinite increase, who desire not so much to follow a regular course or secure a degree as to obtain special training in some department of learning. Have we not, in our English love of competition and our tendency to reduce everything to a palpable concrete result, allowed the examination system to grow too powerful, till it has become the master instead of the servant of teaching and has distracted our attention from the primary duty of a University? It is not any revolutionary change one would desire to see. Such changes are seldom either easy or salutary; while as regards the college system, I find something to regret in those inroads upon the social life and corporate character of the colleges for which the last Commission is responsible. The reform chiefly needed is a reform that would neither injure the Colleges nor affect the character of the University as a seat of general liberal education. Rather let us return to the older conception of a University as a place to which every one who desired instruction might come, knowing that as Oxford took all knowledge for her province she would provide him with whatever instruction he required. The abundance and the cheapness of literature have not diminished, perhaps they have even stimulated, the demand for the best oral teaching, while the recent establishment of so many prosperous colleges in the great towns, the spread of University Extension lectures, the growth of Science schools, have immensely increased the number of young men who would come hither for a year or more to obtain such teaching were they sure of finding it. What is the present position? There are professors, many of whom, eminent as they are, cannot secure proper classes, because the undergraduates are occupied, under the guidance of the college teachers, in preparing for degree examinations. For the teaching of some important branches, especially in natural and in economic science, no adequate staff is provided. England has been outstripped not only by Germany but also by the United States, in the provision of what the Americans call Post-Graduate courses, a provision which even the present poverty of the University need not hinder her from making, were but a reasonable system of fees introduced and revenues husbanded that are now unprofitably spent. Both the new University teachers who might be created and the present professors to whom the existing system refuses hearers would be only too happy to give those courses, if the students could be found and the requisite arrangements made. The men who would attend the courses are to be found, some of them within, many more without the University. Those without do not come because the courses have not been offered: and to provide for both sets, existing arrangements must be remodelled, for these contemplate only the normal undergraduate who arrives at nineteen, is examined, and departs at twenty-two or twenty-three, and take no account of those who desire neither examinations nor degrees, but simply to perfect themselves in some department of science or learning. Were such courses offered, and were those antiquated arrangements altered, you might soon expect a sensible afflux of students, not from England only, but from far beyond the bounds of England.

Perhaps those who dwell in Oxford have scarcely yet realized the magnificent position this University holds, as not only the oldest and the most externally beautiful and sumptuous place of education in the English-speaking world, but as a spot whose name and fame exert a wonderful power over the imagination of the English peoples beyond the sea, many of whose youth would gladly flock hither were they encouraged to do so by arrangements suited to their needs. For those among the studious youth of the United States and Canada who desire to follow out their special studies, I can safely say from what I have seen of Canada and the United States that did Oxford and Cambridge provide what the Universities of Germany provide, and were it as easy to enter here and choose the subject one seeks to study as it is in the Universities of Germany, it is to Oxford and Cambridge rather than to Germany that most of them would resort: nor could the value be overestimated of such a tie as their membership here would create between the ancient mother and the scattered children, soon to be stronger than their mother, but still looking to her as the hallowed well-spring of their life.

It is always sad to part from work with which the best years of one’s life have been largely occupied: and to me this common regret is deepened by the associations, full of antique dignity, of the office I am resigning and by the nature of the work which has been a source of unfailing pleasure. And my regret at parting is the keener because I part from the place where I have known so many of those brilliant figures whom the last twenty years have taken from us, one of them happily still in the world, though long since lost to the University which his splendid powers adorned,—I mean Mr. Goldwin Smith,—the rest now living only in our recollection. Vividly there come back to me as I stand by the open gate, the kindly wisdom of the late President of Corpus Christi[254], most loveable of men; the luminous and fertile intellect of Sir Henry Maine[255]; the masculine force and high sense of public duty of Thomas Green[256]; the penetration and learning, not more wide than exact, of Mark Pattison[257]; the fine taste and golden lips of Henry Liddon; the warm heart and vehement discourse and noble love of truth of Edward Freeman[258]; the fire, the courage, the eagerness, the zeal in all good causes of one whose university lectures and sermons were so powerful a stimulus to many of us in our undergraduate days, Arthur Stanley[259]. These men had some sharp contests in their lives, but they are all alike enshrined in our memory as men of whom the Oxford of those days may well be proud.

-----

Footnote 254:

Dr. John Matthias Wilson, formerly Professor of Moral Philosophy.

Footnote 255:

Formerly Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence.

Footnote 256:

Formerly Professor of Moral Philosophy.

Footnote 257:

Formerly Rector of Lincoln College.

Footnote 258:

Formerly Regius Professor of Modern History.

Footnote 259:

Formerly Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, afterwards Dean
of Westminster.

-----

Nor must a word of grateful farewell be omitted to those colleagues in the Faculty of Law—among whom I will venture to reckon the Warden of All Souls—whose thoughts and plans it has been a constant pleasure to share, and with whom I have lived these many years in a friendship which no cloud of personal disagreement, nor any divergence of political opinions, has ever for a moment darkened. With the regret of parting I carry away the delightful recollection of those years, and a sense which time will not diminish of the honour it has been to be permitted so long to serve this great University, the oldest and most venerated of the dwellings of learning in Britain, dear to us not only because our brightest years were spent among her towers and groves, but still more because in her, as now in maturer life we scan a sometimes troubled horizon to watch for signs of storm, we see an institution which has stood unshaken while dynasties have fallen and constitutions have been changed, and which still and always, placed above the shock of party conflicts and renewing her youth in fresh activities from age to age, embodies in visible and stately form the unbroken continuity of the intellectual life of our country, and still commands, as fully as ever in the past, the loving devotion of her children. [Blank Page]

INDEX

Abolitionists, in America, i. 414.

Aborigines, in Australia, i. 549.

Achaean League, i. 204.

Adoption, by Indian princes, i. 37;
in Indian law, i. 124;
by Roman emperors, ii. 482.

Adultery, a crime in Indian Penal Code, i. 126;
in Roman law, ii. 403.

Aeschylus, quoted, i. 167.

Afghanistan, i. 20.

Agricola, i. 15; ii. 405.

Alabama case, i. 416.

Alarich II, laws of, ii. 356, 483.

Algeria, i. 293.

Alsace, annexation of, i. 305.

Althing, or general assembly, in Iceland, i. 322-332, 347, 354.

Althusius, on sovereignty, ii. 85.

Amendment of constitution, i. 151, 205-217;
in Australia, i. 523-525.

America. _See_ United States.

_American Commonwealth_, referred to, i. 201, 211, 377; ii. 41.

Analytic school of jurisprudence, ii. 178-184.

Anarchism, ii. 28, 170.

Areopagus, i. 92.

Argentina, constitution of, i. 212, 253.

Aristocracy and flexible constitutions, i. 178-185.

Aristotle, i. 155, 430; ii. 2, 125, 317, 484.

Armenia, i. 20.

Army of Rome and India, i. 17, 18, 45.

Asiatic peoples, ii. 16-18.

Augustus, ii. 26, 61, 67, 68, 257, 289, 404, 405.

Austin criticized, ii. 89-97, 127, 180-184.

Australia: constitution of the Commonwealth, i. 468-553;
movement for federation, 471-482;
conditions favouring federation, 483-489;
character of federation, 489-491;
distribution of powers between Commonwealth and States, 491-494;
position of States under constitution, 494-498;
differences from United States and Canada, 498-501;
few restrictions on powers of Commonwealth, 501-504;
the legislature, 504-507;
the executive, 508;
the judiciary, 508-512;
dependence of executive upon legislature, 513-516;
provisions against deadlocks, 516-518;
relations of the two Houses, 518-521;
miscellaneous provisions, 521-523;
amendment of constitution, 523-525;
relations of Commonwealth to British crown, 525, 526;
comparison with United States and Canada, 527-530;
general observations, 531-535;
democratic character, 535-539;
political parties, 539-541;
future political issues, 542-546;
possible entrance of new States, 547-551;
future relations to Britain, 551-553.

Austro-Hungary, constitution of, i. 203, 284, 470; ii. 91, 92;
divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Bacon, i. 261; ii. 96, 480.

Baker, Newton D., ii. 446.

Banns, publication of, ii. 417.

_Basilica_, of Leo, ii. 341, 378.

Belgium, divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Bentham, criticized, ii. 3, 44-48, 88-97, 127, 179-184.

Bernier, on Mogul empire, i. 10.

Betrothal, in Roman law, ii. 393.

Beyrut, law school of, ii. 264, 320.

Bills, in House of Commons, ii. 325, 499.

Bishops, in Iceland, i. 327.

Bismarck, ii. 25.

Blackstone, i. 118; ii. 77, 166, 181, 265, 427, 430, 491.

Blood feuds, i. 321; ii. 212.

Bodin, on sovereignty, ii. 84, 85.

Bologna, law school of, i. 105; ii. 219, 231.

Bosnia, ii. 102.

Boss system in America, i. 417; ii. 30.

Bowen, Lord, ii. 199, 266.

Bracton, ii. 261, 332.

Brand, President, i. 463.

Breach of promise, action for, ii. 394.

Brehon law, i. 111; ii. 188.

Bulgaria, constitution of, i. 210, 211; ii. 102.

Cabinet government, in England, i. 177;
under the Australian constitution, i. 513-516.

Cairns, Lord, ii. 199, 266.

Cairo, university of, ii. 219-231.

Calhoun, i. 395; ii. 105.

Canada, constitution, i. 197, 198, 203;
compared with Australian, i. 470, 478, 488, 492, 495, 497, 498-501,
527-530;
law of divorce, ii. 443.

Canning, Lord, i. 37.

Canon Law, growth of, i. 105, 106; ii. 245;
regulation of marriage and divorce by, ii. 414, 416-420, 433-435.

Cape Colony, i. 432.

Capital, of United States, i. 406;
of Australian Commonwealth, i. 523.

Caracalla, edict of, i. 48, 99; ii. 147, 354.

Case law, compared with praetorian edict, ii. 281-293.

Caste, i. 68.

Catullus, i. 27, 53; ii. 393.

Caucus, the, i. 177.

Celibacy, discouragement of, at Rome, ii. 401, 409;
of clergy, ii. 414.

Centripetal and centrifugal forces, their action on political
constitutions, i. 255-311;
interest and sympathy, 263-265;
race and religion, 265-267;
how constitutions may utilize centripetal forces, 271-281;
and how modify centrifugal forces, 281-295;
illustrations from United States, 295-298;
probable results in the future, 300-311;
effect of conquest and family succession, 303-307.

Chancellor, the Lord, as builder of equity, ii. 164-166;
as law-maker, ii. 271, 279-281.

Character, of conquering races, i. 59-61.

Chartism, i. 175, 238.

Chastisement of wife by husband, ii. 426.

Christianity, unifying influence of, i. 3;
persecution of, i. 53;
in India, i. 69;
introduction into Iceland, i. 350, 351;
as affecting growth of law, ii. 242-246, 352;
influence on Roman law of divorce, ii. 406-409.

Church, identified with State, ii. 240.

Cicero, against Verres, i. 27, 89, 94; ii. 275;
on the Law of Nature, ii. 133-138, 173;
on the Twelve Tables, ii. 347, 494;
divorced his wife, ii. 404.

Citizenship under Roman empire, i. 48, 90.

Clarendon, Constitutions of, ii. 360.

Claudian, quoted, i. 75.

Claudius, Emperor, ii. 411.

Climate, effect of, on Roman and Indian empires, i. 63, 64.

Clive, i. 9, 13, 28, 60.

_Codicilli_, ii. 289.

Codification, of Roman law, i. 104;
of French law, i. 107, 388; ii. 376;
of German law, i. 108; ii. 377, 479;
of Indian law, i. 121-133;
of Icelandic law, i. 341-343.

_Coemptio_, Roman marriage by, ii. 388-390.

Coke, Lord, ii. 199, 260.

Collectivism, i. 309.

Colonies, of England, i. 4.

Colour of Race, effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 64-67,
291-294.

_Comitia_, ii. 297-303.

Commands, laws as, i. 334; ii. 3, 44-48, 194.

Committee stage, in English legislation, ii. 328.

Commonwealth. _See_ Australia.

Comparative method of jurisprudence, ii. 170, 186-190.

Concubinage, ii. 413.

_Confarreatio_, Roman marriage by, ii. 388-390.

Congress, as a legislative body, ii. 323-326.

Conquest, formation of empire by, i. 8-16;
extension of Roman law by, i. 88; ii. 78;
effect of, as a centripetal force, i. 303-307.

_Consistorium_, ii. 314.

Consolidation: of law in India, i. 131;
of law in America, ii. 326;
of English law, ii. 331, 499.

Constantinople, law school of, ii. 264, 320.

_Constituta_, of Roman emperors, i. 99; ii. 311.

Constitutions: of Rome and England, i. 145-150;
proposed new classification, 150-159;
origin of flexible, 159-162;
strength and weakness of flexible, 162-178;
aristocracies, 178-185;
influence on the mind of a nation, 185-193;
capacity for territorial expansion, 193-196;
origin of rigid, 196-205;
enactment and amendment of rigid, 205-217;
definiteness of rigid, 217-221;
stability of rigid, 221-228;
interpretation of rigid, 228-234;
democracies, 234-242;
future of flexible and rigid, 242-249;
possibility of new types, 249-252;
classes of governments, 253, 254.

Contract code, in India, i. 128-130.

Contractualists, the, ii. 1-5, 163.

Convention, for amendment of constitution, i. 211, 213, 216, 476.

Cousins, intermarriage of, ii. 411.

Criminal law, i. 92; ii. 334.

Croatia, i. 268.

Cromwell, Oliver, i. 8, 200; ii. 60, 68.

Crown colonies, i. 5.

Custom: source of Icelandic law, i. 334-337;
of law generally, ii. 211, 251, 268, 334.

Customs duties, in Australian constitution, i. 522.

Dacoity, i. 25.

Dante, i. 379;
quoted, ii. 80, 158, 310.

Dartmouth college case, i. 496.

Darwin, i. 366; ii. 150.

Deadlocks, provisions against, in Australian constitution, i. 516-521.

Deceased wife’s sister, marriage with, under Roman law, ii. 412.

Decemviral legislation, at Rome, ii. 341.

Declaration of Independence, ii. 35, 139, 163.

Deference, as ground of political obedience, ii. 9, 14.

Delegations, in Austro-Hungary, ii. 92.

Democracy and rigid constitutions, i. 234-242.

Democratic character of Australian constitution, i. 535-539.

Demosthenes, quoted, ii. 126, 158.

Denmark, acquisition of Iceland by, i. 357;
constitution of, ii. 61, 63;
divorce in, ii. 450.

Dicey, Prof. E., i. 157; ii. 267, 506.

Dictator, i. 170; ii. 55.

Diet, of empire, i. 323, 355, 376.

Diocletian, ii. 319, 342, 352.

Divorce: in Ireland, ii. 370, 382, 438;
in Scotland, 382, 435-438;
in Roman law, 402-406;
influence of Christianity on Roman law, 406-408;
under canon law, 433-435;
later law in England and Scotland, 435-438;
laws in United States, 439-443;
American statistics, 443-449;
in modern European countries, 450-453;
connexion with conjugal infidelity, 461-463;
does English law need amendment? 465-469.

_Donatio propter nuptias_, ii. 398, 407, 432.

_Dos_, in Roman law, ii. 397, 406, 432.

Dower, ii. 420, 427, 432.

Drayton, quoted, ii. 150.

_Droit Naturel_, ii. 169, 173-178.

Duck, Arthur, ii. 160, 477.

Dutch law, in South Africa, i. 86, 109, 439.

Dutch republics, in South Africa, i. 430-467.

Ecclesia, of Greek cities, i. 183; ii. 297.

Ecclesiastical courts, ii. 420, 421, 435.

Edict of the praetor, i. 91, 92; ii. 275, 282-285, 291.

_Edictum perpetuum_, ii. 288.

Education, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 57, 73.

Edward I, legislation of, ii. 360.

Egypt, political position of, i. 35, 70, 102, 267, 282; ii. 61, 103.

El Azhar, mosque and university, ii. 219-231.

Elegance, in Roman law, ii. 198, 495.

Emancipation of women, ii. 401, 458-460, 470.

Empedocles, quoted, ii. 126.

Emperor: as sovereign in middle ages, ii. 80;
as source of law at Rome, ii. 308-321.

England: Roman empire compared with British empire in India, i. 1-84;
extension of English law throughout the world, i. 85-144;
the constitution, i. 145-147, 152, 155-158, 165, 168, 171, 172, 174,
183, 191, 192, 194, 206, 230, 244-249, 272;
sovereignty of Parliament, ii. 57, 61, 68, 90, 109;
conception of equity as affected by law of nature, ii. 164-167;
analytic school of jurisprudence, ii. 178-184;
want of elegance in English law, ii. 199;
legal writers as sources of law, ii. 260-269;
judges as sources of law, ii. 270-272, 278-281;
case law, ii. 281-291;
legislation by Parliament, ii. 321-331;
five epochs of legal change, ii. 343;
outline of progress of legal changes, ii. 358-366;
comparison with Roman law, ii. 367-375;
private law least affected, ii. 377-380;
law of marriage, ii. 419-424;
property relations of consorts, 424-427;
gradual amendment of law, 423-427, 468, 499;
law of divorce, 433-438;
does law of divorce need amendment? 465-469.

English language in India, i. 74.

Ennius, quoted, ii. 181.

Epicurus, ii. 127.

Equality theory of marriage, ii. 431-433, 470.

Equity, in Roman law, ii. 143;
in English law, ii. 164;
in Indian law, ii. 166;
as amending law of wife’s property, ii. 427, 428.

Erastianism, ii. 210.

Eurasians, in India, i. 66, 69, 136.

Euripides, quoted, ii. 384.

European influence over rest of world, i. 1.

Evidence Code, in India, i. 128.

Executive, the: at Rome, i. 191, 192;
in Australian constitution, i. 508, 513.

Executive Council, the: in the Orange Free State, i. 438, 457, 459,
464;
in the South African Republic, i. 445, 457, 459.

Family, its influence on Roman law, ii. 367;
as religious organism, ii. 211.

Family succession: effect of, as a centripetal force, i. 303-307.

Fathers of the Church, ii. 244, 484.

Fathers of the Republic, i. 365, 381.

Fear, as ground of political obedience, ii. 1-5, 12-14, 20.

Federal courts: in the United States, i. 399, 419, 420;
in Australia, i. 508-512.

_Federalist, The_, i. 360, 366-374.

Federation: types of, i. 469, 470, 489-492;
sovereignty in, ii. 104-108;
of British empire, i. 245-249, 553.

Fetwa, ii. 241.

Finance: in Roman and Indian empires, i. 37-42;
in Australian constitution, i. 478, 522.

Finland, autonomy of, i. 288.

Flag, the, in the United States, i. 298, 418.

Flexible and rigid constitutions, i. 145-252;
is the Transvaal constitution flexible? i. 449-451.

Folk Mot, i. 161, 162, 316, 353, 434; ii. 297.

_Formulae_, ii. 334.

France: constitution of the republic, i. 152, 202;
legal history, ii. 375-377;
divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Franks, the, ii. 22.

Free State. _See_ Orange Free State.

Free Trade, ii. 26.

French law, codification of, i. 107.

French Republic, constitution of, i. 152, 214.

Frontiers, of Roman and Indian empires, i. 14-20.

Fundamental statutes, i. 206.

Fusion: of races in Roman empire, i. 62, 74;
of Roman and provincial law, i. 96-98.

Future life, belief in, ii. 459.

Fylki, in Norway, i. 353.

Gaius, ii. 142, 145, 153, 260, 264, 296, 304, 354, 390, 392, 512.

Gardiner, S. R., i. 200.

_Gens_, meaning of, ii. 131.

Gentili, Alberico, ii. 167, 507.

German empire, constitution of, i. 196, 204, 215, 470;
divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

German law, codification of, i. 108;
history of, ii. 375-377.

Ghosts, legal ejectment of, in Iceland, i. 345, 346.

Gierke, Prof. Otto, ii. 85, 159.

Gilman, President, i. 382.

Glanvill, ii. 261, 332.

Goethe, quoted, ii. 160.

Goði, or priest-chieftain, in Iceland, i. 317-322, 325, 326, 332, 344,
352-354.

Gortyn, laws of, i. 89.

Grace, opposed to law, ii. 209.

Graduation, at El Azhar, ii. 225.

Grammar, in Musulman university, ii. 224, 225.

Gratian, ii. 157.

Greece, constitution of, i. 209.

Greek Civilization, spread of, in ancient world, i. 2.

Greek law, i. 89, 102; ii. 145, 202.

Greenland, colonized from Iceland, i. 333.

Grondwet, the: of the South African Republic, i. 442-447;
was it a rigid constitution? i. 449-455.

Grotius, ii. 167, 168.

Group, defined, i. 257;
parliamentary, i. 541.

Growth, phenomena of, ii. 114.

Grueber, Dr. E., ii. 506.

Gunnlaug’s Saga, i. 348, 349.

Habit, as governing action, ii. 14, 45, 65.

Haiti, constitution of, i. 211.

Hamilton, Alexander, chief writer in _The Federalist_, i. 360, 365,
366, 369-381, 427; ii. 105.

Hand power, in Roman marriage law, ii. 387-391.

Hannen, Lord, ii. 465.

Harrison, Frederic, on Austin, ii. 111.

Harvard University, ii. 230.

Hastings, Warren, i. 29, 77, 459.

Hatts, promulgated by the Sultan, ii. 253.

Hawaiian Islands, i. 2, 292, 417.

Hegel, ii. 108, 177.

Henry II, influence on English law, ii. 358-360.

Heraclitus, ii. 124.

Herodotus, ii. 120.

High Court: in India, i. 46;
in Australia, i. 508-512.

Hindu Law, administered in India, i. 113-119.

Hindustani language, i. 72.

Historical school of jurisprudence, ii. 184-186.

Hobbes, criticized, ii. 85-88, 106, 162.

Holland, constitution of, i. 210, 214;
divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Holland, Dr., ii. 173.

Holmes, Chief Justice, ii. 192, 264.

Home Rule, for Ireland, i. 207.

Homer, i. 160, 318; ii. 47, 124, 212, 521.

Homicide, penalty for, in Iceland, i. 321, 344.

Horace, i. 66;
quoted, ii. 350.

House of Representatives, the: its position in the United States, i.
368, 371, 375, 377, 401, 421;
in the Australian Commonwealth, i. 504-507, 514-521, 537.

Hungary, constitution of, i. 155.

Husband and wife, identity of, in English law, ii. 424, 425.
_See also_ Marriage.

Hustings, i. 316.

Iceland, i. 312-358;
discovery and settlement, 312-316;
beginnings of a polity, 316;
the priest-chieftain, 317-320;
first political constitution, 320-322;
organization and powers of the Althing, 322-327;
the speaker of the law, 327;
Thingvellir, 329-332;
character of the republic, 332, 333;
character and growth of the law, 334-341;
sources of our knowledge of the law, 341-343;
illustrations of the law, 343-349;
introduction of Christianity, 349-351;
reflections on early history, 353-356;
fall of the republic, 356;
union with Denmark, 357;
independence, i. 284; ii. 26.

Ihering, Rudolf von, ii. 186, 516.

Ilbert, Sir C. P., i. 29, 67, 86, 118; ii. 167, 322, 326.

_Imperium_, of praetor, ii. 277.

Inaugural lecture, ii. 475-503.

India: British conquest, i. 5-8;
military character of empire, 13, 14;
natural frontiers, 16-18;
roads and railways, 21, 22;
internal peace, 24, 25;
character of administration, 28-34;
protected states, 37;
fiscal system, 37-42;
native army, 45;
native civil service, 46;
private civil rights, 50;
legislative councils, 51;
religious usages, 56;
education, 57;
influence of climate, 63;
influence of colour, 64-67;
influence of religion, 67-69;
influence of language and literature, 72-74;
no fusion of races, 75;
little influence on England, 76-78;
probable future of British power, 82-84;
legal systems found by the English, 113-116;
English continued existing systems of law, 116-120; ii. 133;
codification, i. 121-124;
merits and working of the codes, 127-131;
probable future of legal development, 138-141;
as governed by Englishmen, ii. 16.

Indian tribes, in United States, i. 377, 408; ii. 16.

Individualism, ii. 36, 463.

Indolence, as ground of political obedience, ii. 6-9, 14.

International law: sovereignty in, ii. 101-104;
natural law in, ii. 167-169.

Interpretation of rigid constitutions, i. 228-234.

Inter-state commission, i. 509.

Ireland, law of, i. 111;
political forces in, i. 264, 285;
little influence on English law, ii. 369;
no divorce in, ii. 438.

Irish, in Iceland, i. 313, 316.

Irrigation, in Australia, i. 474, 478, 522, 545.

Isidore of Seville, ii. 157.

Islam, law of, i. 85, 87;
administered in India, i. 113-119;
characteristics of, ii. 218, 233-241.

Italy, constitution of, i. 155, 196, 202, 208.

_Iudex_, in Roman law, ii. 257.

_Ius_, contrasted with _lex_, i. 149; ii. 294.

_Ius gentium_, in Roman law, i. 97; ii. 128-135, 144-148, 348.

_Ius honorarium_, ii. 133.

_Ius non scriptum_, i. 148.

_Ius respondendi_, in Roman law, ii. 257-260.

Jackson, President, i. 395, 406, 411.

Japan, constitution of, i. 197, 253; ii. 70;
divorce in, ii. 444.

Jay, Chief Justice, i. 360, 365.

Jefferson, i. 363, 365, 366, 373; ii. 98.

Jewish law, ii. 214, 242;
of divorce, ii. 437.

Joint stock companies, law of, ii. 336, 366, 494.

Jointure, in lieu of dower, ii. 427.

Judges, the, as makers of law, ii. 269-281.

Judicature Act, ii. 479, 489, 517.

Judiciary, the: its position in the United States, i. 399, 419, 420;
in the Orange Free State, 439;
in the South African Republic, 446, 453, 462;
in the Australian Commonwealth, 508-512;
as makers of law, ii. 269-281.

Julian, jurist, i. 219; ii. 76, 205, 249, 288.

Julius Caesar, i. 176.

Jurists, as makers of law, ii. 155, 255-261;
difference between the action of Roman and English, 261-269, 496.

Justinian, his codification of Roman law, ii. 355-357;
change in law of divorce, ii. 408.

Kadi, Muhammadan judge, ii. 226, 239, 253.

Kant, ii. 108, 177.

Kent, Chancellor, ii. 265.

Khalifs, the, ii. 62, 240, 241.

King’s Proctor, ii. 437.

Kissing, as test of prohibited degrees, ii. 411.

Koran, the, ii. 59, 223, 226, 231, 235, 237, 253.

Kotzé, J. G., i. 441.

Kovalevsky, ii. 426.

Kruger, President, i. 465.

Labeo, ii. 138, 260, 264.

Labour Party, in the United States, i. 418;
in Australia, i. 541.

_Laissez-faire_, ii. 28, 36.

Land, its influence on English law, ii. 368.

Land Revenue, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 37-39.

Landesgemeinde, i. 160, 434.

Langdell, Prof. C. C., i. 112; ii. 512.

Language, effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 70-74.

Laos States, in Siam, i. 276.

Law Reports, compared with Roman treatises, ii. 266-269.

Law Speaker, in Iceland, i. 327-329, 330, 332, 337.

Lawyers, power of, in America, i. 405.

Legal development at Rome and in England, ii. 338-380:
five chief epochs of legal change at Rome, 341-343;
five epochs of legal change in England, 343-345;
outline of legal changes at Rome, 345-358;
outline of legal changes in England, 358-366;
differences between development of Roman and English law, 367-375;
observations on France and Germany, 375-377;
private law least affected, 377-380.

Legal profession, as a maker of law, ii. 269-281.

Legislation. _See_ Methods of law-making.

Legislative Councils, in India, i. 51.

Legitimation, of children born before marriage, ii. 414.

Leibnitz, on Mogul empire, i. 10.

Leo, Emperor-Philosopher: _Basilica_ of, ii. 341, 378;
abolishes divorce by consent, ii. 408, 413.

_Lex_, meaning of, ii. 294-296, 301, 302.

Libel, punishment for, in Iceland, i. 345.

Liberty, love of, ii. 24-26.

Liberty of the press, in South African republics, i. 440, 443.

Limitation of sovereignty, ii. 71.

Literature, effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 70-73.

Lithuania, Roman law in, i. 110.

Littleton, ii. 261.

Livy, quoted, ii. 131, 255, 347.

Liwan, or hall of prayer, ii. 223.

Locke, ii. 163.

Lögberg, or Hill of Laws, in Iceland, i. 330.

Lögsögumaðr, or Law Speaker, in Iceland, i. 327-329, 330, 332, 337.

Lords, House of, ii. 322-325, 329.

Louis Napoleon, i. 213; ii. 26, 65.

Lyall, Sir A. C., i. 37, 55.

Macaulay, codification of Indian law by, i. 121, 127; ii. 290.

Madison, President, i. 360, 365, 366, 375; ii. 105.

Magistrates, as makers of law, ii. 269-281.

Maine, Sir H. S., i. 167; ii. 111, 140, 146, 215, 495, 506, 524.

Maitland, Prof., ii. 322, 420, 421, 425, 426, 434.

Manipur, i. 25.

Mansfield, Lord, ii. 133, 181, 199, 266, 276, 279, 477, 478.

Mantle children, ii. 415.

_Manus_, in Roman marriage, ii. 387-390.

Maoris, the, in New Zealand, i. 293, 550.

Marcian, ii. 120, 142, 158.

Marquardt, i. 32.

Marriage and divorce under Roman and English law, ii. 381-474:
diversity of law of marriage in different countries, 381-383;
character of marriage in early law, 383-385;
early form of Roman marriage law, 386-389;
change to later system, 389-392;
personal relations of consorts, 392-395;
pecuniary relations of consorts, 395-400;
Roman conception of marriage, 400, 401;
divorce in Roman law, 402-406;
influence of Christianity on divorce, 406-409;
encouragement of marriage, 409;
discouragement of second marriage, 410;
prohibited degrees, 410-412;
natural marriage, 412;
concubinage, 413-415;
marriage under canon law, 416-420;
English law of marriage, 420-424;
property relations of consorts, 424-427;
gradual amendment of English matrimonial law, 427-433;
divorce under canon law, 433-435;
later law of divorce in England and Scotland, 435-438;
divorce laws of United States, 439-443;
statistics of divorce in America, 443;
divorce in modern European countries, 450-453;
comparison of change at Rome with modern world, 453-457;
tendencies affecting permanence of marriage tie, 457-464;
influence of church and law, 464;
does English law need amendment? 465-469;
changes in theory and sentiment regarding marriage, 469-474.

Martial, quoted, ii. 405.

Martyrs, the Christian, ii. 24.

Mastery theory of marriage, ii. 431-433.

Maurer, Konrad, writer on Iceland, i. 319.

Mellish, Lord Justice, ii. 199.

_Mensa et torus_, divorce from, ii. 435, 436.

Merriam, C. E., jun., ii. 111.

Merwing kings, ii. 22.

Metaphysical basis of law, ii. 169, 174-178.

Methods of law-making in Rome and in England, ii. 247-337:
law-making authorities in general, 248-255;
jurists as makers of law, 255-261;
difference between action of Roman and English jurists, 261-269;
magistrates and judges as makers of law, 269-281;
praetorian edicts compared with English case law, 281-293;
direct legislation at Rome (_a_) the popular assembly, 293-303;
(_b_) the senate, 303-308;
(_c_) the emperor, 308-321;
direct legislation in England—Parliament, 321-331;
reflections suggested by the history of legislation, 331-337.

Methods of legal science, ii. 172-208:
metaphysical or _a priori_, 174-178;
analytic, 178-184;
historical, 184-186;
comparative, 186-190;
value of each, 190-192;
utility for legal study, 192-197.

Mexico, constitution of, i. 198, 204.

Military Character of Roman and Indian empires, i. 13, 14.

Milton, quoted, ii. 36, 363;
on divorce, ii. 436.

Mitteis, Dr. L., i. 100, 102; ii. 147.

Modestinus, ii. 258, 354, 400, 483.

Mogul emperors, i. 6, 10; ii. 17, 62.

Mommsen, ii. 395, 516.

Money bills, i. 158, 173, 518.

Monroe Doctrine, the, i. 414, 481.

Montenegro, an autocracy, i. 155, 251, 253.

Montesquieu, i. 145, 379.

Mormons, ii. 384.

Mosaic law, ii. 217, 242.

Mosque of El Azhar, ii. 219-231.

Mufti, ii. 226, 253.

Muhammadan law, administered in India, i. 113-119;
characteristics of, ii. 218, 233-241.

Muirhead, ii. 147, 257.

Municipalities, in India, i. 33.

Musulman law, administered in India, i. 113-119;
characteristics of, ii. 218, 233-241.

Napoleon, codes of, i. 107.

Natal, i. 433, 434.

National sentiment, as a political force, i. 282-286; ii. 34.

Nations, in academical usage, ii. 227, 298.

Natural marriage, ii. 412, 417.

Nature, Law of, ii. 112-171:
origin of idea of Nature as a ruling force, 112-120;
origin of conception of Natural Law, 120-128;
Roman _ius gentium_ or Law of the Nations, 128-135;
connexion of Law of Nature with Law of the Nations, 135-144;
relation of Law of Nature to general customary law, 144-148;
meaning attached by Roman jurists to Nature, 148-157;
Law of Nature in middle ages, 157-161;
in modern times, 161-171.

_Naturrecht_, ii. 169, 173-178.

Negotiable instruments, law of, ii. 335, 365;
in Germany, ii. 377.

Negro question in United States, i. 293, 363, 374, 393, 408, 416, 426.

Nettleship, Prof. H., ii. 131.

Newman, W. L., ii. 144.

New Testament, law in, ii. 79, 209, 216, 243, 434, 482.

New Zealand, outside Australian Commonwealth, i. 548-550.

Non-regulation provinces, in India, i. 35.

Norman feudalism, influence on British constitution, i. 192.

Norway, constitution of, i. 209;
relations with Sweden, i. 284;
settlement of Iceland from, i. 314-316;
subjection of Iceland to, 356, 357;
divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

_Novels_ of Justinian, ii. 320.

Nuncomar, execution of, i. 120.

Obedience, political, ii. 1-48:
theories regarding, 1-6;
grounds of, 6-26;
future of, 26-45;
theory of, applied to jurisprudence, 44-48.

_Obiter dicta_, ii. 268, 282.

Ohio, divorce in, ii. 446.

Old Age Pensions, specifically mentioned in Australian constitution, i.
478, 479, 494, 536.

Olympian games, as unifying influence, i. 280.

Oppressed nationalities, ii. 34.

Orange Free State, i. 430-467:
early history, 432-436;
constitution of the republic, 436-441;
observations on its working, 455-463;
recent history, 463, 466.

Orders in Council, i. 172; ii. 270.

Organs of law-making, ii. 249-254.

Orthodox Church, in Russia, i. 279.

Outlawry, ii. 213.

Oxford, ii. 219, 227, 230, 231, 523-525.

Papinian, ii. 205, 266, 275, 302, 314, 354, 483.

Parke, Baron, i. 340.

Parliament, as source of law in England, i. 152; ii. 321-331;
sovereignty of, i. 152; ii. 57, 90;
marriages dissolved by, ii. 436.

Parsis, in Parliament, i. 50.

Partnership theory of marriage, ii. 432.

Party organization, in the United States, i. 370, 374, 393, 396, 413,
417, 420, 541;
in Australia, i. 539-541.

Patagonia, i. 249.

_Patria Potestas_, i. 101; ii. 198, 215, 482.

Paul, jurist, ii. 354, 393.

Penal Code, in India, i. 121, 127; ii. 290, 334.

Pension system, in United States, i. 376, 422.

People, the, as a source of law, ii. 249-251;
at Rome, 293-303.

_Peregrini_, aliens, in Roman law, i. 90, 93, 134; ii. 129, 348.

Persia, i. 12; ii. 104, 234, 236.

Philippine Islands, occupation of, by United States, i. 2, 34, 79, 417;
ii. 35.

Philosophy of law, ii. 169, 173-178, 193-196.

_Pilgrim’s Progress, The_, ii. 210.

Pitso, of Kafirs, i. 160, 316; ii. 297.

Plato, i. 384, 396; ii. 1, 125.

Plebiscite, amendment of constitution by, i. 153, 213.

Pliny, the elder, ii. 150.

Plutarch, ii. 411.

Poland, partition of, i. 284;
Roman law in, i. 109, 110.

_Political Science Quarterly, The_, ii. 518.

Pollock, Sir F., ii. 109, 111, 128, 166, 322, 415, 420, 421, 425, 426,
434.

Polyandry, in ancient times, ii. 383.

Polybius, i. 9, 145.

Polygamy, among Eastern peoples, i. 140; ii. 383, 384, 469.

_Pontifices_, oversight over marriage, ii. 419.

Pope, the, as sovereign, ii. 80;
jurisdiction over marriage, ii. 419, 434.

Popular assembly, as source of law at Rome, i. 152; ii. 293-303.

Population, growth of, ii. 38.

Portuguese empire, i. 55, 294.

Possession, in Roman and English law, ii. 192, 195, 482.

Post-graduate studies, ii. 522.

Praetorian edict compared with case law, ii. 281-293.

Praetorian prefect, ii. 314, 315.

Praetors, the, ii. 133, 187, 201, 274-278, 282-285, 291-293, 348.

Pre-contract, impediment to marriage, ii. 422, 435.

President, the: his position in the constitution of the United States,
i. 367, 372, 373, 377, 399, 412, 419; ii. 55;
in the Orange Free State, i. 438, 440, 457, 460, 463;
in the South African Republic, i. 444, 445, 457, 460, 465.

Press, influence of the, i. 184, 400, 418; ii. 37.

Priests, in Iceland, i. 317.

Primary assemblies, i. 160, 316, 434; ii. 297.

Privy Council, appeal to, i. 113, 117, 125, 172, 276; ii. 365;
under Australian constitution, i. 510-512.

Procedure Codes, in India, i. 122, 127.

Procedure, law made through, ii. 280.

Procopius, i. 60.

Profession of law, at Rome and in England, ii. 263.

Prohibited degrees of marriage, ii. 410-412, 420.

Protected states, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 5, 36, 37; ii. 102.

Protective tariff, in the United States, i. 393, 411;
in Australia, i. 539.

Protectorate, the, in England, i. 163, 176, 200; ii. 60, 68.

Protestantism, ii. 15, 32.

Province, meaning of the word, i. 36;
in Canada, i. 492, 493.

Provincial government, under Roman empire, i. 27, 30, 32, 91.

Prussia, constitution of, i. 202; ii. 25.

Public schools, ii. 21.

Puerto Rico, acquisition of, by United States, i. 233, 417.

Puritanism of New England, i. 363, 393.

_Quaestiones perpetuae_, ii. 334.

Queensland, i. 265.

Quorum, for amendment of constitution, i. 210.

Rabbis, the, ii. 217.

Racial feeling, as political force, i. 265.

Railways, in India, i. 14, 21;
in United States, i. 416;
in Australian constitution, i. 522, 548.

Rajputs, i. 64, 65.

_Ratio decidendi_, ii. 282.

Reason, as ground of political obedience, ii. 1-5, 12-14;
of the Stoics, ii. 126.

Referendum, the, i. 152, 212, 417, 475, 524; ii. 71.

Reformation, influence on law, ii. 361;
on marriage law, ii. 418, 435, 450.

Regular marriage, ii. 417.

Religion, relations of law to, ii. 209-246:
apparent antagonism, 209, 210;
close connexion in early times, 210-215;
differences between different peoples, 215;
Jews in Roman times, 216;
primitive Christianity, 217;
illustrations from El Azhar, 219-229;
mediaeval universities, 229-233;
arrested development of Musulman universities, 233-242;
differences in Christianity, 242-246.

Religious feeling: in ancient and modern world, i. 52-57;
effect of, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 67-70;
no obstacle to spread of Roman law, i. 103;
as political force, i. 266, 277-279, 283, 406.

Reports, in English law, ii. 266-268.

Representative Government: no place in the ancient world, i. 32;
or in India, i. 50.

Rescripts of Roman emperors, ii. 311.

Resolutions (_besluite_) of Transvaal Volksraad, i. 451-455.

_Responsa_, in Roman law, ii. 257, 262.

Restitution of conjugal rights, ii. 431.

Rhodesia, Southern, ii. 171.

Rights of Man, i. 287; ii. 163.

Rigid and flexible constitutions, i. 145-252.

Ritchie, D. G., ii. 111, 128.

Rivers, importance of, in Australia, i. 478, 522.

_Riwaks_, at El Azhar, ii. 227, 228.

Road builders, Roman and English, i. 21-23.

Romano-Germanic empire, i. 106, 196, 267, 283, 301, 530; ii. 57, 80-82,
162, 375.

Rome: Roman empire compared with Indian empire, i. 6-77;
diffusion of Roman law by conquest, i. 88-99;
establishment of one law for the empire, i. 99-104;
extension of Roman law after fall of western empire, i. 104-110;
Roman law compared with Indian law, i. 133-138;
present position of Roman and English law, i. 142-144;
constitution of, i. 145, 146, 155-158, 164, 169-171, 174, 181,
189-191;
political religion, i. 277; ii. 23;
few national revolts, i. 282;
no race prejudices, i. 291, 294;
empire established by conquest, i. 306;
succession of emperors, ii. 67;
Roman views of sovereignty, ii. 74-79;
Roman conception of _ius gentium_, ii. 128-148;
meaning of Nature in Roman jurists, ii. 148-157;
philosophical treatment of Roman law, ii. 197-208;
jurists as makers of law, ii. 255-268;
magistrates as makers of law, ii. 269-293;
legislation by popular assembly, ii. 293-303;
legislation by senate, ii. 303-308;
legislation by emperor, ii. 308-321;
chief epochs of legal change, ii. 341-343;
outline of legal changes, ii. 345-358;
legal development compared with England, ii. 367-374;
early form of marriage law, ii. 386-389;
change from earlier to later system, ii. 389-392;
later marriage law, ii. 392.

Romilly, i. 121; ii. 479.

Rousseau, criticized, ii. 2-5, 163.

Rules, by delegated authority, ii. 269.

Russia: extension of dominion by, i. 2, 8, 58, 79;
adoption of Roman law by, i. 86, 109;
fundamental laws of the empire, i. 160;
influence of Orthodox Church, i. 279;
sovereignty in, ii. 52, 253;
marital right of chastisement, ii. 426;
divorce, ii. 451.

Sacrament of marriage, ii. 413, 417, 434.

Sagas, i. 341, 351.

Sale of wife by husband, ii. 387, 426.

Sallust, ii. 131.

Salt tax, in Roman and Indian empires, i. 40.

Sand River Convention, i. 433.

Sassanid kings of Persia, i. 12, 20, 53, 283; ii. 384.

Savigny, i. 132; ii. 203, 204, 495, 501, 516.

Scaevola, Q. Mucius, i. 341; ii. 136, 264.

Scandinavia, extension of Roman law to, i. 110.

Scientific frontiers, i. 18-20.

Scotland: has adopted Roman law, i. 86, 107;
national life, i. 288;
little influence on English law, ii. 370;
marriage law, ii. 423;
law of divorce, ii. 435, 438, 451.

Scribes, the, ii. 216.

Second marriage, discouraged by early Christianity, ii. 410.

Second Volksraad, in Transvaal, i. 447.

Self-help, ii. 36.

Senate, the: its position in Rome, i. 181, 182; ii. 75;
in the United States, i. 368, 375, 401, 421, 504, 518, 521;
in Australian Commonwealth, i. 504-507, 514-521, 537;
as source of law at Rome, ii. 303-308.

_Senatus consulta_, ii. 306-309.

Seneca, quoted, ii. 405.

Separate property, of wife, ii. 428-430.

Separation of husband and wife, ii. 436.

Septennial Act, ii. 91.

Servia, constitution of, i. 210, 211.

Settlement, prenuptial, ii. 428.

Sheik ul Islam, the, ii. 58, 221, 241, 313.

Siam, i. 19, 276.

Sidgwick, H., ii. 111.

Sigismund, laws of, ii. 356.

Signore, of Italian city, i. 170; ii. 47.

Sikkim, i. 25.

Slavery: in Iceland, i. 343;
in the United States, i. 224, 363, 374, 393, 409, 416, 426;
forbidden by Transvaal constitution, ii. 443;
in Roman law, ii. 145, 198.

Slavonic law, i. 109.

Smith, Goldwin, i. 200; ii. 524.

Smith, John William, ii. 200, 267, 288.

Smith, Sir Thomas, ii. 109.

Social contract, ii. 2-5, 163.

Social Democrats, ii. 170.

Socrates, ii. 124.

Sonderbund, war of the, i. 283, 477.

Sophocles, quoted, i. 252; ii. 123.

South Africa, constitution of the two Dutch Republics, i. 155, 198,
430-467; ii. 103.

South American republics, i. 198, 211, 249, 253; ii. 48, 60, 66-68.

South Carolina, no divorce, ii. 440.

Sovereignty, ii. 49-111:
confusions regarding the term, 49-51;
legal or _de iure_ sovereignty, 51-59;
practical or _de facto_ sovereignty, 59-64;
relations of legal to practical sovereignty, 64-73;
Roman and mediaeval views, 73-82;
modern theories, 82-94;
questions liable to be confounded, 94-101;
in international relations, 101-104;
in a federation, 104-108;
recent discussions, 110, 111.

Spain, constitution of, i. 208; ii. 58.

Spanish Empire, in America, i. 6, 8, 41, 55, 58, 294, 426.

Spinoza, ii. 162.

Spoils system, in United States, i. 374, 378, 417.

_Sponsalia_, ii. 393.

St. Augustine, ii. 159.

St. Chrysostom, quoted, ii. 158.

St. German, Christopher, ii. 165.

St. Leonards, Lord, ii. 136, 199, 260.

St. Paul, quoted, i. 69; ii. 79, 158, 209.

St. Peter, quoted, ii. 79.

St. Thomas Aquinas, ii. 80, 158.

Statistics of divorce in America, ii. 443-449.

Statute _de donis_, ii. 360.

Statute of Frauds, ii. 363.

Statute of Uses, i. 113; ii. 289, 361.

Statute of Wills, ii. 361.

Statute _quia emptores_, ii. 360, 368.

Stephen, Sir J. F., codification of Indian law by, i. 129.

Stephen, Leslie, ii. 182.

Stoics, the, ii. 126.

Story, Justice, ii. 265.

Stowell, Lord, ii. 266, 417, 423.

Stubbs, Bishop, ii. 43.

Suetonius, i. 53; ii. 304, 306, 384, 404.

Sulla, i. 163.

Sultan of Turkey, ii. 58, 62.

Suzerainty of England over Transvaal, i. 464.

Swiss Confederation, constitution of, i. 152, 231, 298, 470, 501, 503,
525;
divorce in, ii. 450, 451.

Sympathy, as ground of political obedience, ii. 10.

Tacitus, quoted, i. 313, 318; ii. 384, 411.

Tacking of bills, prohibited in Australian constitution, i. 519.

Teaching of law: at Rome, ii. 264;
at Oxford, ii. 473-525.

Ten Commandments, ii. 46.

Territorial expansion, capacity of constitutions for, i. 193-196.

Teutonic law, i. 110, 342; ii. 189, 375, 419.

Theal, Dr., i. 432, 435.

Theodorich, _edictum_ of, ii. 356.

Theodosius II, code of, i. 104; ii. 148, 354.

Theology, identified with law, ii. 211-219, 236.

Thing, or assembly, in Iceland, i. 316-322; ii. 297.

Thingvellir, in Iceland, i. 322, 329-331.

Thucydides, ii. 60.

Thuggi, i. 25.

Thule, i. 313.

Tocqueville, Alexis de: his _Democracy in America_, i. 381-429;
his insufficient knowledge of England, 385;
his preoccupation with France, 387;
his description of the United States, 397-415;
examination of his views, 415-425.

Torts, law of, in India, i. 116, 118, 123.

Trade, as a consolidating influence, i. 263, 413, 479.

Trade Unions, in America, ii. 30, 36.

Trajan, i. 10, 30; ii. 311.

Transvaal, the, i. 198, 430-467:
constitution of the South African Republic, 441-448;
observations, 449;
is it a rigid or a flexible constitution? 449-455;
observations on its working, 455-464;
recent history, 464-467.

Transylvania, i. 291.

Trebatius, ii. 289.

Trent, Council of, ii. 418.

Tribonian, ii. 76, 265, 355-357.

Tribute, in Roman, but not in Indian empire, i. 41, 42.

Trusts, commercial, i. 240; ii. 30.

Trusts, in law, i. 124; ii. 289.

Tunis, ii. 103.

Twelve Tables, the, i. 181, 338; ii. 301, 341, 345-347, 350.

Tyrant, in Greece, ii. 47, 90, 98.

Ukase, ii. 311.

Ulfljot, founder of the Althing in Iceland, i. 322, 341.

Ulpian, quoted, i. 158; ii. 143, 144, 150, 153, 205, 275, 354, 381.

Ulster custom, ii. 253.

United States: law of, i. 113;
constitution of, i. 147, 197, 203, 209, 211, 212, 214, 216, 220, 222,
224, 226, 231, 235, 239, 274, 285, 289, 293, 295-298;
constitution as seen in the past, i. 359-429;
constitution as seen in _The Federalist_, 361-366;
predictions of the opponents of the constitution, 366-369;
views of the supporters of the constitution, 369-374;
criticism of both opinions, 374-381;
the _Democracy in America_ of Tocqueville 381-392;
his views and impressions, 392-415;
examination of them, 415-425;
subsequent history, 427;
constitution compared with South African republics, i. 441, 459, 460;
compared with Australian Commonwealth, i. 476, 477, 487, 492, 495,
496, 499, 502, 504-507, 512, 516, 518, 527-530, 533;
boss system, trade unions, trusts, ii. 30;
growth of population and wealth, 38;
divided sovereignty, 53, 55, 58, 93, 104-108;
legislation by Congress, 323-326;
marriage law, 382;
varying laws of divorce, ii. 439-443;
statistics of divorce, 443-449.

Universities, Musulman and mediaeval, ii. 229-233;
in India, i. 57, 73;
in Germany, i. 280; ii. 219;
in America, i. 417.

_Urbs_ became _orbis_, i. 133; ii. 342.

Utility, ii. 127, 179, 180.

Vacarius, at Oxford, ii. 476, 507.

Valedictory lecture, ii. 504-525.

Vangerow, Dr. K. A. von, ii. 204, 486, 516.

Verres, i. 27, 29, 94.

Veto: none in South African republics, i. 440, 456;
under Australian constitution, i. 526, 537;
of crown in parliament, ii. 77, 302.

Vigfússon, Guðbrand, i. 330.

Vikingry, i. 321.

Village Councils, in India, i. 33.

Villiers, Melius de, i. 436.

Vinerian professorship at Oxford, ii. 265, 478, 491, 506.

_Vinculum matrimonii_, divorce from, ii. 434, 436.

Virgil, i. 72;
quoted, i. 315; ii. 78, 146.

Voigt, Moriz, ii. 128.

Volksraad, the: of the original Dutch emigrants, i. 434;
of the Orange Free State, i. 436-438;
of the South African Republic, i. 443-445;
the Second Volksraad, i. 447;
predominance of the Volksraad in the constitution, i. 456, 461.

Wages, rise of, ii. 38.

_Wakf_ (= endowments), at El Azhar, i. 114, 229.

Wapentake, in Iceland, i. 347.

Washington city, i. 411.

Washington, George, i. 361, 362, 365, 539.

West Indies, under English law, i. 86.

Whig party, in United States, i. 414, 420.

Wife. _See_ Marriage.

Will, as a political force, ii. 15.

Willcox, W. F., ii. 444, 449.

Wills, in Musulman law, ii. 221;
Hindu law of, i. 125.

Women’s suffrage, in Australia, i. 507, 536, 544.

Wordsworth, quoted, ii. 119.

Written constitutions, i. 148.

Xenophon, quoted, ii. 125.

Yelverton, ii. 165.

Zollverein, i. 263, 275.

THE END

OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

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Transcriber’s Note

Lapses in punctuation in the Index have been addressed with no further notice here.

Any references in the footnotes to other notes have been changed to reference the re-sequenced note numbers.

The reference at 85.19 to Romans 8.1, regarding the basis of civil law in the Law of God, should be more plausibly made to Romans 13.1.

Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original.

13.2 should be supported [r]ather than Added.
54.32 interrupted, or rather overrid[d]en, Inserted.
232.31 during the great age in Bagdad[,] in Spain Added.
276.32 Ascon. _in Cic. Pro Cornelio_, 58.[)] Added.
339.6 except,[ ]perhaps, Added.
376.19 imper[ /i]al cities, Restored.
401.12 no liability is incurred[.] Added.
439.14 A statute of that year,[ ]amended Added.