Chapter VIII: Appendix: V

DIVISION OF GREEK WORDS

A syllable ends in a vowel EXCEPT—

1. If a consonant is doubled, the consonants are divided.

Συρακούσ-σας (Bacch.[94]), πολ-λῷ (Thuc.), and so Βάκ-χος, Σαπ-φώ, Ἀτ-θίς.

2. If the first of two or more consonants is a liquid or nasal,[95] it is divided from the others.

(Two consonants) ἄμ-φακες, ἐγ-χέσπαλον[96], τέρ-πον (Bacch.), πάν-τες (Thuc.), ἄλ-σος.

(Three consonants) ἁν-θρώποις, ἐρ-χθέντος (Bacch.), ἀν-δρῶν (Thuc.).

But βά-κτρον, κάτο-πτρον, ἐ-χθρός.

(Four consonants) θέλ-κτρον, Λαμ-πτραί.

3. Compounds. For modern printing the preference must be to divide the compounds παρ-όντος, ἐφ-ῃπημένος (Thuc.), but ἀπέ-βη may stand as well as ἀπ-έβη.

H. STUART JONES.

FOOTNOTES:

[94] The references are to the papyri.

[95] Or according to some if it is σ—ἕκασ-τος (Hyp. Blass{96}, p. xvii), but the preference is for πλεῖ-στοι, ἐκομί-σθησαν, βουλεύε-σθαι (Thuc.), ἐ-στρέφθη (s. v. l., Bacch.).

[96] γ is a nasal when it precedes γ κ or χ. The other consonants referred to are λ μ ν and ρ.

MARKS USED IN THE CORRECTION OF PROOFS

_From_ JOHNSON’S _Typographia_ (1824), Vol. II, p. 216.

THE OPPOSITE PAGE CORRECTED

_From_ JOHNSON’S _Typographia_ (1824), Vol. II, p. 217.

Though a variety of opinions exist as to the individual by whom the art of printing was first discovered; yet all authorities concur in admitting PETER SCHOEFFER to be the person who invented _cast metal types_, having learned the art of _cutting_ the letters from the Guttembergs: he is also supposed to have been the first who engraved on copperplates. The following testimony is preserved in the family, by Jo. Fred. Faustus of Ascheffenburg.

‘PETER SCHOEFFER of Gernsheim, perceiving his master Faust’s design, and being himself ardently desirous to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting (_incidendi_) the characters in a _matrix_ that the letters might easily be singly _cast_, instead of being _cut_. He privately _cut matrices_ for the whole alphabet, and when he showed his master the letters cast from those matrices, Faust was so pleased with the contrivance that he promised Peter to give him his only daughter _Christina_ in marriage, a promise which he soon after performed. But there were as many difficulties at first with these letters, as there had been before with _wooden ones_; the metal being too soft to support the force of the impression: but this defect was soon remedied, by mixing the metal with a substance which sufficiently hardened it.’

SOME ENGLISH NAMES OF TYPES

WITH EXAMPLES OF THEIR RELATIVE SIZES

DOUBLE PICA:

The Clarendon

GREAT PRIMER:

The Clarendon Pre

ENGLISH:

The Clarendon Press Ox

PICA:

The Clarendon Press, Oxfo

SMALL PICA:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford,

LONG PRIMER:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, w

BOURGEOIS:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was n

BREVIER:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was na

MINION:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named

EMERALD:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named

MINION-NONPAREIL:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named a

NONPAREIL:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named after

RUBY-NONPAREIL:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named after

RUBY:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named after the

PEARL:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named after the E

SMALL PEARL:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named after the Earl of

DIAMOND:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named after the Earl of Clarendo

BRILLIANT:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was named after the Earl of Clarendon.

LONG PRIMER ITALIC:

_The Clarendon Press, Oxford, was_

BLACK-LETTER:

The Clarendon Press,

EGYPTIAN:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford,

ANTIQUE, MODERN FACE:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford,

ANTIQUE, OLD FACE:

The Clarendon Press, Oxford,

GROTESQUE:

The Clarendon Press, Oxfo

The following is a list of type-bodies in more common use, the first column giving the name of the English type-body, and the second its designation under the American point-system.

_English_ _American_
Pearl 5 point
Ruby 5½ ”
Nonpareil 6 ”
Minion 7 ”
Brevier 8 ”
Bourgeois 9 ”
Long Primer 10 ”
Small Pica 11 ”
Pica 12 ”

GENERAL INDEX

_NOTE._—_The words ending in_ -able, -ible, -ise, -ize, _and_ -ment, _and also others, given in alphabetical order on pp. 9-37_ (q.v.), _are not repeated here_.

A or an, use of, 39.
before contractions, 39.

Abbreviations, _see_ Contractions.
in French, 82-4.
in German, 93-4.

-able, words ending in, 9.

Accented -èd in poetry, 45.

Accents in French, 78-9.

A.D., 47, 69.

Allardyce on _Stops_, &c., examples from, 64.

Alternative or difficult spellings, some, 15-24.

Ampersand (&), 43.

And (with and without comma), 57.

Anglicized words, set in roman, 35-6.

Apocrypha, contractions for books of, 42.

Aposiopesis, mark of, 62.

Apostrophe, in French names ending in -s or -x, 72.
in German, 94.
in place-names, 44.
in poetry, 45.
in possessive case of proper names, 71.
omitted in hers, ours, theirs, yours, 44.
thin space before, when to use, 49.
when to join close up, 44.

Asterisks, as reference signs, 70.
in philology, 48.
not to be used for marks of hiatus, 62.

Authors and their works, references to, 52.

Awkward divisions, &c., 53-4, 80-1.

B.C., 47, 69.

Beadnell on _Spelling_, &c., 55-61.

Bible and Prayer Book spellings, 9 (note).

Bible, contractions for books of, 41-2.
references to chapters and verses in, 52.

Book sizes—
4to, 8vo, 12mo, &c., need no full points, 42.

Book titles, italic or roman, 50, 52.

Brackets, 61.

Breaklines, length of, 49.

Capital letters, when to use in English, 46.
in French, 73-7.
in German, 88.
in lemmas, 67.
when accented in French, 78.

Chapter, first word in small caps., 48.
first line to be indented, 48, 50.

-ck preceding a suffix, 15.

Colon, the, 59.

Commas—
‘inverted’, 63.
use of, with adjectives and adverbs, 57.
with ‘and’, 57.
with more than three figures, 68, 84-5.

Compass, points of the, 43.

Compound words, 25-8.
plurals of, 15, 21.

Consonants, double or single with a suffix, 29.

Contractions generally, 41-5.
of colloquial expressions, 44.
of Latin words not in italic, 51.
of names of counties, 42.
of personal titles, 44.
of philological terms, 43.
of points of the compass, 43.
of references in footnotes, 43.
of references to manuscripts, 43.
of Scripture references, 41-2.
of sums of money, 51.
of titles of books, 44.
of weights and measures, 43.

Correction of proofs, marks used in, 98.

Counties, names of, abbreviated, 42.

Dagger † (= obsolete or deceased), 48.

Dash, the, 61.

Date at foot of title-page, 47.

Dates, how to print, 69, 84.

Decimal points, 69.

Deity, pronouns referring to the, 46.

De Vinne on _Correct Composition_, 55-6, 63.

Diaeresis signs, when to use, 17.

Difficult or alternative spellings, 15-24.

Digraphs and diphthongs, 41.

Division of words, English, 53-4.
French, 80-1.
German, 90.
Greek, 97.
Italian, 54.
Latin, 95-6.
Portuguese, 54.
Spanish, 54.

Double letters, in German, 93.

e before -able and -ment, 9, 24.

-ed, -èd, in poetry, 45.

Ellipsis, 49, 62.

Em rules, various uses of, 61-2, 70.

English words, how to divide, 53-4.

En rules, when to use, 69-70.

Erratum and Errata, when to print, 33.

ETC., ETC., &c., when to use, 43.

Exclamation, the note of, 60.

Extracts, how to print, 50.

Figures, commas with, 68-9.

First line of chapter, 48.

Footnotes, abbreviations in, 43, 51.
superior figures to refer to, 67, 70.

Foreign words and phrases, 35-7.
in roman, 35-6.
in italic, 36-7.

Foreign words, formation of plurals of, 31-3.

French language, works in the, 73-87.
abbreviations, 80-1, 82-4.
accented capital letters in, 78.
accented small capitals, 78.
accents, 78-9.
capital and lower-case letters, 73-8.
division of words, 81-2.
hyphens, 79-80.
metal-rules, 80.
metric signs, 83.
names ending in -s or -x, 72.
numerals, 84-5.
quotation marks, 86-7.
reference figures, 85.
roman and italic, 85.
space before comma, 80.
spacing generally, 80.

Full points, examples of use, 60.
for contractions, 43-4.
to denote omissions, 62.
when not to use, 42, 43, 68, 69.

German language, works in the, 88-94.
abbreviations, 93.
apostrophes, 94.
capital and lower-case letters, 88-9.
commas, 94.
division of words, 90.
double letters, 93.
full points, 94.
hyphens, 90.
in roman type, 91.
=ll=, 92.
metal-rules, 91.
paragraph mark (§), 94.
prepositional and other prefixes, 90-1.
quotation marks, 92.
reformed spelling, 89-90.
=ſ=, =s=, 93.
spaced words, 90.
=ſſ=, =sſ=, 92.
=ſz=, 92-3.
suffixes =lich=, =zig=, 91.

Greek words, how to divide, 97.

Guillemets in French, 86, 87.

Headlines, omission of points at end of, 67.

Head Master, note on, 25.

Hers, no apostrophe, 44.

Hyphens, use of, in English, 25-8.
in French, 79-80.
in German, 90.

-ible, words ending in, 11.

I’d, I’ll, &c. (no space), 44.

Indentation of first lines, 48, 50.

Initials with dates, 47.

Interrogation, the note of, 60.

‘Inverted commas’, 63.

-ise or -ize, words ending in, 12-14.

Italian words (some), how to divide, 54.

Italic type—
for mathematical theorems, 51.
names of books and periodicals in, 50.
names of ships in, 51.
words and phrases in, 36-7, 50-1.

Latin words, how to divide, 95-6.

lb., singular and plural form, 43.

Lefevre, T., _Guide pratique du compositeur_, referred to, 55.

Lower-case letters, for anglicized words, 47.
for contractions, 43, 47.
in French, 73-8.
in German, 88-9.

MS. = manuscript, contraction of, 43.

Marks used in the correction of proofs, 98.

Marks of omission, 62.

Marks of parenthesis, 61.

Mathematics, inferior in, 70.
theorems, in italics, 51.

Measures, contractions of, 43.

Medical signs, 48.

-ment, words ending in, 24.

Metal-rules in English, 61-2, 70.
in French, 86.
in German, 91.

Metric signs in French, abbreviations of, 83.

Money, contractions in sums of, 51.

Months, names of, contracted, 42.

New Testament, contractions for names of books of, 42.

Newspapers, in italic, 51.

Non-hyphened words, 25-8.

Nor and or, 40.

Note of exclamation, 60-1.
interrogation, 60.

Numbering of paragraphs, 70.

Numerals, arabic, 68-70.
in French, 84-5.
in German, 94.
roman, use of, 68-70.

O and Oh, 39.

-o, plurals of nouns ending in, 34.

Old Testament, contractions for names of books of, 41.

Omission marks, use full points for, 62.

Ours, no apostrophe, 44.

Page references, citation of, 69, 70.

Paragraphs, indentation of, 48, 50.
numbering of, 70.
spacing of last line, 49.

Parenthesis, marks of, 60-1.

Period or full stop, the, 60-1.

Periodicals, names of, italic, 50.

Philological works, contractions in, 43.
punctuation in, 67.
use of symbols in, 48.

Phonetic spellings, 38.

Place-names, use of apostrophes in, 44-5.

Plates, &c., references to, 47.

Plurals, formation of, in words of foreign origin, 31-2.
of nouns ending in -o, 34.

Poetry, ’d, -ed, and -èd in, 45.
quotations from, 45.
spacing of, 49.

Points (punctuation marks), 62.
decimal, 69.
full, when to omit, 42, 43, 68, 69.
in title-pages, &c., 67.

Points of the compass, 43.

Portuguese words (some), how to divide, 54.

Possessive case of proper names, 71-2.

Prefixes in German, prepositional and other, 90-1.

Pronouns, Deistic, capitalization of, 46.
omission of apostrophe in, 54.

Proofs, marks used in correcting, 98.

Proper names, adjectives derived from, 46.
common words derived from, 47.
possessive case of, 71-2.

PS. = postscript (one full point), 43.

Punctuation generally, 55-67.
colon, 59-60.
comma, 57-8.
dash, 61-2.
note of exclamation, 60-1.
note of interrogation, 60.
parenthesis, 61.
period or full stop, 60-1.
semicolon, 58-9.

Punctuation marks generally, 62-3.
in classical and philological notes, 67.
in relation to footnotes, 67.
quotation marks, 63.
when to precede, and when to follow, the closing quotation mark,
63-7.

Quotation marks, 63-7.
in essays, 63.
in French, 86-7.
in German, 92.
‘inverted commas’ (so-called), 63.

Quotations from foreign books, &c., 50.
poetical, 45, 63.
prose, 63.
when to break off, 50.

Reference figures in French, 84-5.

References generally, 52.
to authors and their works, 52.
to the Bible, 41-2, 52.
to footnotes, 70.
to manuscripts, 43, 52.
to periodicals, 50.
to plates, woodcuts, &c., 47.
in relation to punctuation marks, 67.
to Shakespeare’s plays, &c., 52.
to ships, 51.

Roman and italics in French, 85.

Roman numerals, use of, 68-70.

Roman type, German works in, 91.
anglicized words in, 35-6.

=ſ=, =s=, 93.

’s, thin space before apostrophe, when to use, 49.

Scripture references, 41-2, 52.

Semicolon, the, 58-9.

Shakespeare, spelling of the name, 23.

Shakespeare’s plays, references to, 52.

‘Shilling-mark’, 51.

Ships, names of, italic, 51.

Signs for reference marks, use of, 70.
special, 48.

Small capitals, when to use, 47.

Southward’s _Practical Printing_, quoted, 55.

Space before comma allowed, in printing French, 80.

Spaced words in German, 90.

Spacing generally, 49-50.
in French, 80.
in Greek, Latin, and Italian, 49.
of last line in paragraph, 49.
of poetry, 49.

Spanish words (some), how to divide, 54.

Special signs or symbols, 48.

Spellings, alternative or difficult, 15-24.
Bible and Prayer Book, 9 (note).
of old writers, 38.
phonetic, 38.
reformed German, 89-90.

sq., sqq., 70.

=ſſ=, =sſ=, 92.

Streets, how to print names of, 46.

Suffixes, 29-30.
=lich=, =zig=, 91.

Superior figures and letters, 70.

=ſz=, 92-3.

Theirs, no apostrophe, 44.

Title-pages, date at foot of, 47.
points in, 67.

Titles, personal, contraction of, 44.

Types, English names of, 100-2.
American point-system, 102.

Underlines, 50.

Vowel-ligatures, 41.

Weights and measures, contractions of, 43.

Woodcuts, plates, &c., references to, 47.

Words—
common, derived from proper names, 46.
ending in -able, 9.
ending in -ible, 11.
ending in -ise or -ize, 12-14.
ending in -ment, 24.
ending in -o, plurals of, 34.
ending with -ed or -èd in poetry, 45.
foreign, in italic, 35-6.
foreign, in roman, 36-7.

Yours, no apostrophe, 44.