Chapter I: Appendix: V }

DIVISION OF GREEK WORDS } 97
BY MR. H. STUART JONES }

MARKS USED IN THE CORRECTION OF PROOFS 98

SOME ENGLISH NAMES OF TYPES 100

GENERAL INDEX 103

RULES FOR SETTING UP ENGLISH WORKS[1]

SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ABLE

Words ending in silent _e_ generally lose the _e_ when -able is added, as—

adorable
arguable
desirable
excusable
indispensable
leisurable

But this rule is open to exceptions upon which authorities are not agreed. The following spellings are in _The Oxford Dictionary_, and must be followed:

advisable
analysable
ascribable
atonable
baptizable
believable
blameable
bribable
chaseable
confinable
conversable
creatable
datable
debatable
defamable
definable
delineable
dilatable
dissolvable
drivable
endorsable
evadable
excisable
exercisable
finable
forgivable
framable
giveable
hireable
immovable
improvable
indispensable
inflatable
irreconcilable
lapsable
likeable
linable
liveable
losable
lovable
malleable
movable
nameable
overcomable
palatable
partakable
pleasable
provable
rateable
rebukeable
receivable
reconcilable
removable
saleable
solvable
tameable
tuneable
unmistakable

If -able is preceded by _ce_ or _ge_, the _e_ should be retained, to preserve the soft sound of _c_ or _g_, as—

bridgeable
changeable
chargeable
knowledgeable
lodgeable
manageable
noticeable
peaceable
pledgeable
serviceable

Words ending in double _ee_ retain both letters, as—agreeable.

In words of English formation, a final consonant is usually doubled before -able, as—

admittable
biddable
clubbable
conferrable
deferrable
forgettable
gettable
incurrable
rebuttable
regrettable[2]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] At Oxford especially, it must always be remembered that the Bible has a spelling of its own; and that in Bible and Prayer Book printing the Oxford standards are to be exactly followed.—H. H.

[2] For an authoritative statement on the whole subject see _The Oxford Dictionary_, Vol. I, p. 910, art. _-ble_.

SOME WORDS ENDING IN -IBLE

The principle underlying the difference between words ending in -able and those ending in -ible is thus stated by _The Oxford English Dictionary_ (s.v. _-ble_): ‘In English there is a prevalent feeling for retaining _-ible_ wherever there was or might be a Latin _-ibilis_, while _-able_ is used for words of distinctly French or English origin.’ The following are examples of words ending in -ible:

accessible
addible
adducible
admissible
audible
avertible
collapsible
comprehensible
controvertible
credible
discernible
discerpible
edible
eligible
existible
expressible
extendible
feasible
fencible
flexible
forcible
incomprehensible
incorruptible
incredible
indefeasible
indefensible
indelible
indestructible
indigestible
intangible
intelligible
irresistible
legible
negligible
ostensible
permissible
persuasible
plausible
producible
reducible
remissible
reprehensible
reversible
tangible
vendible
visible

SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ISE or -IZE

The following spellings are those adopted for _The Oxford Dictionary_:

actualize
advertise
advise
affranchise
aggrandize
agonize
alcoholize
alkalize
anathematize
anatomize
anglicize
apologize
apostrophize
apprise (_to inform_)
apprize (_to appraise_)
authorize
baptize
brutalize
canonize
capitalize
capsize
carbonize
catechize
categorize
catholicize
cauterize
centralize
characterize
chastise
christianize
cicatrize
circumcise
civilize
collodionize
colonize
communize
comprise
compromise
contrariwise
conventionalize
corporealize
criticize
crystallize
demise
demoralize
deodorize
desilverize
despise
devise
discolorize
disfranchise
disguise
disorganize
dogmatize
dualize
economize
emphasize
emprise
enfranchise
enterprise
epigrammatize
epitomize
equalize
eternize
etherealize
etymologize
eulogize
euphonize
evangelize
excise
exercise
exorcize
experimentalize
extemporize
familiarize
feminize
fertilize
formalize
fossilize
franchise
fraternize
gallicize
galvanize
generalize
germanize
gormandize
gothicize
graecize
harmonize
hebraize
hellenize
hibernize
humanize
hydrogenize
hypnotize
idealize
idolize
immortalize
improvise
incise
italicize
jacobinize
japanize
jeopardize
kyanize
laicize
latinize
legalize
legitimatize
liberalize
localize
macadamize
magnetize
mainprize
manumise
materialize
memorialize
memorize
merchandise
mesmerize
methodize
minimize
misadvise
mobilize
modernize
monetize
monopolize
moralize
nasalize
nationalize
naturalize
neutralize
neologize
normalize
organize
ostracize
oxidize
ozonize
paganize
particularize
patronize
pauperize
penalize
philosophize
plagiarize
pluralize
polarize
popularize
premise
prise up (_to_)
prize (_a_)
pulverize
rationalize
realize
recognize
reorganize
reprise
revolutionize
rhapsodize
romanize
satirize
scandalize
scrutinize
secularize
seise (_in law_)
seize (_to grasp_)
sensitize
signalize
silverize
solemnize
soliloquize
specialize
spiritualize
sterilize
stigmatize
subsidize
summarize
supervise
surmise
surprise
syllogize
symbolize
sympathize
syndicalize
synthesize
systematize
tantalize
temporize
terrorize
theorize
tranquillize
tyrannize
utilize
ventriloquize
victimize
villanize
visualize
vitalize
vocalize
vulgarize

SOME ALTERNATIVE OR DIFFICULT SPELLINGS

MORE OR LESS IN DAILY USE, ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER FOR EASY REFERENCE

abetter
abettor (_law_)
accepter (-or _in law_)
adaptable
adapter
addorsed
adjutants-general[3] _pl._
adjudgement
admonitor
aerate
aerial
aerie
aeronaut
aeroplane
aetiological, -logist
aetiology
ageing
aides-de-camp{3} _pl._
aline, -ment[4]
allineation
almanac[5]
ambidexterity
analyse
aneurysm
ankle
apanage
apophthegm
apostasy
apparelled
archetype
archidiaconal
arcking[6]
armful
artisan
ascendancy, -ant
assessable
aught (_anything_)
automobile
aweing
awesome
axe[7]
ay (_always_)
aye (_yes—‘the ayes have it’_)
bandoleer
banns
banyan
Barbadoes
bark (_ship_)
basin
basses (_pl._)
battalion
befall
beldam
bethrall
blouse
bluish
bodice
bogie (_a truck_)
bogy (_apparition_)
bothy
brand-new
brier
brooch (_ornament_)
browse
bryony
bulrush
buncombe
by and by
by-election
by-lane
by-law
byname
bypath
by-play
by-plot
by-product
by-street
by the by
by-way
byword
caddis
calendar
calligraphy
calliper
caltrop
camlet
camomile
canst
canvas (_cloth_)
canvass (_political_)
carcass
carriable
cartography
catarrhine
cat’s-paw
cauldron (_a vessel_)
caulk
celluloid
censer (_a vessel_)
censor (_an official_)
centigram
centipede
chaldron (_measure_)
chalet
chant
chaperon
cheque (_on a bank_)
chequered (_career_)
chestnut
chillness
chock-full
choroid
cider
cipher
clangor
clarinet
clench (_fists_)
clerestory
clinch (_argument_)
clinometer
cloak (_not_ cloke)
clue (_but_ clew _for part of a sail_)
coalesce
coco-nut
cognizance
colander
coloration
colourist
commonplace
confidante (_fem._)
conjurer
conjuror (_law_)
connexion
connivence
conscience’ sake
consensus
contemporary
conterminous
contestor
cony
copier
corrupter
corslet
corvette
cosy
cotillion
cottar
couldst
couldn’t
coulter
courts martial (_pl._)
cousins-german (_pl._)
craftsman
crenellate
crosier
curtsy
cyst
debarkation
debonair
decrepit
deflexion
demeanour
dependant (_noun_)
dependence
dependent (_adj._)
desiccate
detector
develop, -ment
devest (_law_)
dexterously
diaeresis[8]
dialyse
dike
dinghy
discoloration
discolour
disk
dispatch (_not_ despatch)
distension
distil
disyllable
doggerel
doily
Domesday Book
dote
draft (_prepare_)
draftsman (_one who drafts documents_)
draught-board
draughtsman (_one who makes drawings_)
draughtsmen (_in game of draughts_)
dryly
dullness
duress
dyeing (_cloth_)
ecstasy
eloin, -ment
embargo
embarkation
embassage
embed
embroil
empanel
encase
enclasp
enclose
encrust
endorse
enroll
enrolment
ensconce
ensure (_make safe_)
enthral
entreat
entrench, -ment
entrust
envelop (_verb_)
envelope (_noun_)
erector
ethereal
exorrhizal
expense
faecal
faeces
faggot
fantasy
favour
feldspar
fetid
filigree
finicking
fledgeling
fleurs-de-lis (_pl._)
floatage
floatation
fluky
flyer
foetal
foetus
fogy, _pl._ -ies
forbade
foregone (_gone before_)
foretell
forgather
forgo[9]
forme (_printer’s_)
fount (_of type_)
frenzy
frowzy
fuchsia
fulfil
fullness
fusilier
fusillade
gage (_a pledge_)
gaily
gauge (_a measure_)
genuflexion
gewgaw
gibe
gillie
gimlet
gipsy
goodness’ sake
gourmand
gramme
grammetre
gramophone
grandam
granddaughter
granter (_one who grants_)
grantor (_in law: one who makes a grant_)
grey
grisly (_terrible_)
grizzly (_grey_)
grizzly bear
gruesome
guerrilla
gullible
hadst
haematite
haematology
haemorrhage
haemorrhoids
ha! ha! (_laughter_)
ha-ha (_a fence_)
hairbreadth
halberd
hallo
handful
handiwork
hare-brained
hauler
haulm
havoc
hearken
hectogram
hectolitre
hectometre
he’ll (_no space_)
honour
horehound
hornblende
horsy
humorist
humorous
humour, -less
hyena
hypotenuse
icing
I’d, I’ll (_no space_)
idiosyncrasy
idolater
impermeable
inferable
inflexion
innocuous
inoculate
inquire, -quiry[10]
install
instalment
instil
insure (_in a society_)
Inverness-shire, &c.
inweave
ipecacuanha
jail
jam, _v._ (_not_ jamb)
jamb (_noun_)
janizary
jewellery
jews’ harp _and_
jews’ harps
judgeship
jugful
kilogram
kilogrammetre
kilolitre
kilometre
kilowatt
kinematograph
kleptomania
knick-knack
lachrymal
lachrymose
lackey
lacquer
lamb’s-wool
lantern
largess
lateish
latten
laverock
leaf-mould
lettuce
licence (_noun_)
license (_verb_)
licensee
lich-gate
lineament
Linnaean[11]
linsey-woolsey
liny
liquefy
liquorice
litre
loadstone
loath (_adj._)
loathe (_verb_)
lodestar
lour (_frown_)
macintosh
maelstrom
maharaja
mamma
mandolin
manikin
manyplies
marquess
mattress
mayst
mediaeval
men-of-war[12] (_pl._)
metamorphose
mightst
mileage
millennium
millepede
milligram
millimetre
miscall
misdemeanour
misspelling
mistletoe
mizen, -mast
moccasin
Mohammedan
mollusc
moneyed
moneys
mould, -ing (_v. & n._)
naught (_nothing_)
negotiate
net (_profits_)
newsvendor
novitiate
nursling
octet
omelet
oneself
orangeade
orgy
osculatory
osier
ought (_cipher_)
ouzel
overalls
oyez!
ozone
pannikin
parakeet
parallelepiped
paralyse
parsnip
parti-coloured
partisan
party-wall
pasha
pastille
paten
pavilion
paviour
pedagogy
pedlar
peewit
pendant
peony
petrify
picnicking
plaguy
pomace
poniard
portray
postilion
posy
pot (_size of paper_)
potato, _pl._ -es
practice (_noun_)
practise (_verb_)
prehistoric
premises (_no sing._, _conveyancing_)
premiss, premisses (_logic_)
primaeval
printer’s error, _but_ printers’ errors[13]
programme
proletariate
prophecy (_noun_)
prophesy (_verb_)
pundit
pupilage
putrefy
pyjamas
quartet
quinine
quinsy
quintet
racket (_bat_)
rackets (_game_)
racoon
radical (_chemistry_)
radicle (_botany_)
radium (_small_ r)
ragi (_grain_)
raja
rarefaction
rarefy
rase (_to erase_)
raze (_to the ground_)
react
rearward
recall
recompense (_v. & n._)
recompose
referable
refill
reflection[14]
rhyme (_verse_)[15]
ribbon
rigorous
rigors (_in med._)
rigour
rime (_hoar-frost_)
rodomontade
rout (_verb_)
secrecy
sergeant (_military_)
serjeant (_law_)
Shakespeare[16]
Shakespearian, -iana
she’ll (_no space_)
shouldst
show (_v. & n._)
shrillness
sibyl
sibylline
siliceous
singeing
siphon
siren
skilful
skilless
slyly
sons-in-law (_pl._)
spadeful
sphinx
sponge
spoonful
stanch
stationary (_standing still_)
stationery (_paper_)
steadfast
stillness
story (_of a house_)
stupefy
suggester
swingeing (_blow_)
sycamore[17]
sylvan
syndicalism
synonymous
syrup
tallness[18]
tease
tenor
thyme (_herb_)
tire (_of a wheel_)[19]
tiro
toboggan, -ing
toilet
tranquillity
transcendent
transferable
tranship, -ment
transplendent
trousers
Tuileries
tumour
unmistakably
vender (_as generally used_)
vendor (_in law_)
vermilion
villany
visor
wabble
wagon
weasand
we’ll (_no space_)
whilom
whisky
whitish
wilful
woe, woful
wooed, woos
wouldst
zoogloea

FOOTNOTES:

[3] Compound words of this class form their plurals by a change in the first word.—H. H.

[4] ‘The Eng. form _alinement_ is preferable to _alignment_, a bad spelling of the French.’—_O.E.D._

[5] But the _k_ is retained in _The Oxford Almanack_, following the first publication in 1674.—H. H.

[6] ‘In derivatives formed from words ending in _c_, by adding a termination beginning with _e_, _i_, or _y_, the letter _k_ is inserted after the _c_, in order that the latter may not be inaccurately pronounced like _s_ before the following vowel.’—WEBSTER.

[7] In _The Oxford Dictionary_, Vol. I, p. 598, Sir James Murray says, ‘The spelling _ax_ is better on every ground ... than _axe_, which has of late become prevalent.’ (But as authors generally still call for the commoner spelling, compositors must follow it.—H. H.)

[8] The sign [¨] sometimes placed over the second of two vowels in an English word to indicate that they are to be pronounced separately, is so called by a compositor. By the way, this sign is now used only for learned or foreign words; not in _chaos_ or in _dais_, for instance. _Naïve_ and _naïveté_ still require it, however (see pp. 35, 37).—H. H.

[9] In 1896, Mr. W. E. Gladstone, not being aware of this rule, wished to include, in a list of errata for insertion in Vol. II of _Butler’s Works_, an alteration of the spelling, in Vol. I, of the word ‘forgo’. On receipt of his direction to make the alteration, I sent Mr. Gladstone a copy of _Skeat’s Dictionary_ to show that ‘forgo’, in the sense in which he was using the word, was right, and could not be _corrected_; but it was only after reference to Sir James Murray that Mr. Gladstone wrote to me, ‘Personally I am inclined to prefer forego, on its merits; but authority must carry the day. _I give in._’—H. H.

[10] ‘This is now usual. See _O.E.D._, s.v. Enq-.’—J. A. H. M.

[11] But Linnean Society.

[12] Compound words formed of two nouns connected by a preposition form their plurals by a change in the first word.—H. H.

[13] Sir James Murray thinks that where there is any ambiguity a hyphen may also be used, as ‘bad printers’-errors,’—H. H.

[14] ‘Etymology is in favour of _reflexion_, but usage seems to be overpoweringly in favour of the other spelling.’—H. B.

[15] The older form ‘rime’ is occasionally used by modern writers, and in such cases the copy should be followed.—H. H.

[16] ‘Shakspere is preferable, as—The New Shakspere Society.’—J. A. H. M. (But the Clarendon Press is already committed to the more extended spelling.—H. H.)

[17] The ‘sycomore’ of the Bible is a different tree—the fig-mulberry.—H. H.

[18] It is generally agreed that words ending in _ll_ should drop one _l_ before _less_ (as in _skilless_) and _ly_; but there is not the same agreement in dropping an _l_ before _ness_.—H. H.

[19] ‘But the bicycle-makers have apparently adopted the non-etymological _tyre_.’—J. A. H. M.

SOME WORDS ENDING IN -MENT

In words ending in -ment print the _e_ when it occurs in the preceding syllable, as—abridgement, acknowledgement, judgement, lodgement.[20] But omit the _e_ in development, envelopment, in accordance with the spelling of the verbal forms develop, envelop.

FOOTNOTES:

[20] ‘I protest against the unscholarly habit of omitting it from “abridg_e_ment”, “acknowledg_e_ment”, “judg_e_ment”, “lodg_e_ment”,—which is against all analogy, etymology, and orthoepy, since elsewhere _g_ is hard in English when not followed by _e_ or _i_. I think the University Press ought to set a scholarly example, instead of following the ignorant to do ill, for the sake of saving four _e_’s. The word “judgement” has been spelt in the Revised Version correctly.’—J. A. H. M.

HYPHENED AND NON-HYPHENED WORDS[21]

The hyphen need not, as a rule, be used to join an adverb to the adjective which it qualifies: as in—

a beautifully furnished house,
a well calculated scheme.

When the word might not at once be recognized as an adverb, use the hyphen: as—

a well-known statesman,
an ill-built house,
a new-found country,
the best-known proverb,
a good-sized room.

When an adverb qualifies a predicate, the hyphen _should not_ be used: as—

this fact is well known.

Where either (1) a noun and adjective or participle, or (2) an adjective and a noun, in combination, are used as a compound adjective, the hyphen _should_ be used:

a poverty-stricken family, a blood-red hand, a nineteenth-century
invention.

A compound noun which has _but one accent_, and from familiar use has become one word, requires no hyphen. Examples:

bláckbird
býname
býword
háirbrush
háirdresser
háirpin
hándbook
hándkerchief
mántelpiece
nówadays
schóolboy
schóolgirl
seáport
téapot
tórchlight
upstáirs
wátchcase
whéelbarrow

The following should also be printed as one word:

aglow
anybody
anyhow
anything
anywhere
bedroom
childbed
coeval
coexist
coextensive
coheir
cornfield
downhill
downstairs
evermore
everyday (_as adj._)
everything
everyway (_adverb_)
everywhere
eyewitness
fairyland
fatherland
footsore
footstep
freshwater (_as adj._)
godlike
goodwill
harebell
hopscotch
horseshoe
indoor
ladylike
lambskin
lifetime
maybe
meantime
meanwhile
midday
motherland
newfangled
noonday
offprint
offsaddle
offshoot
onrush
outdoor
overleaf
oversea
percentage
reappear
reimburse
reinstate
reopen
seaweed
selfsame
uphill
wellnigh
widespread
wrongdoing
zigzag

Compound words of _more than one accent_, as—ápple-trée, chérry-píe, grável-wálk, wíll-o’-the-wisp, as well as others which follow, require hyphens:

aide-de-camp
air-man
air-ship
a-kimbo
alms-house
arm-chair
battle-field
bird-cage
bi-weekly
by-law
by-way
child-birth
come-at-able
common-sense (_as adj._)
co-adjust
co-declination
co-operate
co-ordinate
court-plaster
cousin-german
death-bed
death-rate
ding-dong
dumb-bell
ear-rings
farm-house
farm-yard
first-hand
foot-note
foot-stone
foot-stool
free-will
get-at-able
good-bye
good-day
good-humoured
good-natured
guide-book
gutta-percha
half-crown
half-dozen
half-hour
half-way
handy-man
harvest-field
head-dress
head-foremost
head-quarters
hey-day
high-flyer
hill-side
hill-top
hoar-frost
hob-a-nob
hour-glass
hymn-book
ill-fated
india-rubber
jaw-bone
key-note
knick-knack
life-like
looking-glass
man-of-war
never-ending
new-built
new-comer
new-mown
note-book
note-paper
off-hand
oft-times
one-and-twenty
one-eighth
ore-weed
out-and-out
out-of-date
out-of-door
over-glad
pre-eminent
quarter-day
race-course
re-bound[22] (_as a book_)
re-cover (_a chair_)
re-enter
re-form (_form again_)
rolling-pin
sea-breeze
sea-shore
second-hand
small-pox
son-in-law
starting-point
step-father
such-like
table-land
text-book
title-deeds
title-page
to-day
top-mast
topsy-turvy
up-to-date[23]
water-course
week-day
year-book

Half an inch, half a dozen, &c., require no hyphens. Print the following also without hyphens:

any one
cast iron
common sense (_adj. and noun together_)
court martial
dare say
easy chair
every one
fellow men
for ever
good humour
good nature
good night
head master[24]
high priest
high road
ill health
ill luck
ill nature
no one
plum pudding
post office
revenue office
some one
union jack

FOOTNOTES:

[21] See _Oxford Dict._, Vol. I, page xiii, art. ‘Combinations’, where Sir James Murray writes: ‘In many combinations the hyphen becomes an expression of unification of sense. When this unification and specialization has proceeded so far that we no longer analyse the combination into its elements, but take it in as a whole, as in _blackberry_, _postman_, _newspaper_, pronouncing it in speech with a single accent, the hyphen is usually omitted, and the fully developed compound is written as a single word. But as this also is a question of degree, there are necessarily many compounds as to which usage has not yet determined whether they are to be written with the hyphen or as single words.’

And again, in _The Schoolmasters’ Year-book_ for 1903 Sir James Murray writes: ‘There is no rule, propriety, or consensus of usage in English for the use or absence of the hyphen, except in cases where grammar or sense is concerned; as in a day well remembered, but a well-remembered day, the sea of a deep green, a deep-green sea, a baby little expected, a little-expected baby, not a deep green sea, a little expected baby.... Avoid Headmaster, because this implies one stress, Héadmaster, and would analogically mean “master of heads”, like schoolmaster, ironmaster.... Of course the hyphen comes in at once in combinations and derivatives, as head-mastership.’

[22] ‘The hyphen is often used when a writer wishes to mark the fact that he is using not a well-known compound verb, but _re-_ as a living prefix attached to a simple verb (_re-pair_ = pair again); also usually before _e_ (_re-emerge_), and sometimes before other vowels (_re-assure_, usually _reassure_); also when the idea of repetition is to be emphasized, especially in such phrases as _make_ and _re-make_.’—_The Concise Oxford Dictionary_ (1911), p. 694.

[23] As, up-to-date records; but print ‘the records are up to date’.—H. H.

[24] See note on page 25.

DOUBLING CONSONANTS WITH SUFFIXES

Words of one syllable, ending with one consonant preceded by one vowel, double that consonant on adding -ed or -ing: e.g.

drop dropped dropping
fit fitted fitting
stop stopped stopping

Words of more than one syllable, ending with one consonant preceded by one vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant on adding -ed or -ing: e.g.

allot allotted allotting
commit committed committing
infer inferred inferring
trepan trepanned trepanning

But words of this class _not_ accented on the last syllable, _do not double the last consonant_[25] on adding -ed, -ing: e.g.

balloted, -ing
banqueted, -ing
bayoneted, -ing
benefited, -ing
biased, -ing
billeted, -ing
bishoped, -ing
blanketed, -ing
bonneted, -ing
bracketed, -ing
buffeted, -ing
carpeted, -ing
chirruped, -ing
combated, -ing
cricketing
crocheted, -ing
crotcheted, -ing, -y
discomfited, -ing
docketed, -ing
faceted, -ing
ferreted, -ing
fidgeted, -ing, -y
filleted, -ing
filliped, -ing
focused, -ing
galloped, -ing
gibbeted, -ing
gossiped, -ing, -y
initialed, -ing
junketed, -ing
marketed, -ing
packeted, -ing
paralleled, -ing
pelleted, -ing
picketed, -ing
piloted, -ing
profited, -ing
rabbeted, -ing
rabbiting
rickety
riveted, -ing
russeted, -ing, -y
scolloped, -ing
tennising
trinketed, -ing
trousered, -ing
trumpeted, -ing
velvety
visited, -ing
wainscoted, -ing

In words ending in _-l_, the final consonant is generally doubled, whether accented on the last syllable or not: e. g.

annulled, -ing
appalled, -ing
apparelled, -ing
barrelled
bethralled, -ing
caballed, -ing
channelled, -ing
compelled, -ing
cudgelled, -ing
dishevelled, -ing
empanelled, -ing
extolled, -ing
forestalled, -ing
grovelled, -ing
impelled, -ing
installed, -ing
kennelled, -ing
levelled, -ing
libelled, -ing
marshalled, -ing
parcelled, -ing
quarrelled, -ing
revelled, -ing
rivalled, -ing
shovelled, -ing
trammelled, -ing
travelled, -ing
tunnelled, -ing

FOOTNOTES:

[25] ‘We must, however, still except the words ending in _-el_, as levelled, -er, -ing; travelled, -er, -ing; and also worshipped, -er, -ing.’—J. A. H. M.

FORMATION OF PLURALS IN WORDS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN

Plurals of nouns taken into English from other languages sometimes follow the laws of inflexion of those languages. But often, in non-technical works, additional forms are used, constructed after the English manner. Print as below, in cases where the author does not object. In scientific works the scientific method must of course prevail:

SING. addendum PL. addenda[26]
alkali alkalis
alumnus alumni
amanuensis amanuenses
analysis analyses
animalculum animalcula
antithesis antitheses
apex apices
appendix appendices
arcanum arcana
automaton automata
axis axes
bandit banditti
basis bases
beau beaux
bronchus bronchi
calculus calculi
calix calices
chrysalis chrysalises
coagulum coagula
corrigendum corrigenda{26}
cortex cortices
crisis crises
criterion criteria
datum data
desideratum desiderata
dilettante dilettanti
effluvium effluvia
elenchus elenchi
ellipsis ellipses
ephemera ephemerae
epithalamium epithalamia
equinox equinoxes
erratum errata
focus focuses (_fam._)
formula formulae
fungus fungi
genius geniuses[27]
(_meaning a person or persons of genius_)
genus genera
helix helices
hypothesis hypotheses
ignis fatuus ignes fatui
index indexes[28]
iris irises
lamina laminae
larva larvae
lemma lemmas[29]
libretto libretti
matrix matrices
maximum maxima
medium mediums (_fam._)
memorandum memorandums[30]
(_meaning a written note or notes_)
metamorphosis metamorphoses
miasma miasmata
minimum minima
nebula nebulae
nucleus nuclei
oasis oases
papilla papillae
parenthesis parentheses
parhelion parhelia
phenomenon phenomena
radius radii
radix radices
sanatorium sanatoria
scholium scholia
spectrum spectra
speculum specula
stamen stamens
stimulus stimuli
stratum strata
synopsis synopses
terminus termini
thesis theses
virtuoso virtuosi
volsella volsellae
vortex vortexes (_fam._)

FOOTNOTES:

[26] See reference to these words for another purpose on p. 33.—H. H.

[27] Genius, in the sense of a tutelary spirit, must of course have the plural genii.—H. H.

[28] In scholarly works, indices is often preferred, and in the mathematical sense must always be used.—H. H.

[29] But lemmata in botany or embryology.—H.H.

[30] But in a collective or special sense we must print memoranda.—H. H.

ERRATA, ERRATUM

Do not be guilty of the absurd mistake of printing ‘Errata’ as a heading for a single correction. When a list of errors has been dealt with, by printing cancel pages and otherwise, so that only one error remains, take care to alter the heading from ‘Errata’ to ‘Erratum’. The same remarks apply to Addenda and Addendum, Corrigenda and Corrigendum.

PLURALS OF NOUNS ENDING IN -O

The plurals of nouns ending in -o, owing to the absence of any settled system, are often confusing. _The Concise Oxford Dictionary_ says (p. vi): ‘It may perhaps be laid down that on the one hand words of which the plural is very commonly used, as _potato_, have almost invariably _-oes_, and on the other hand words still felt to be foreign or of abnormal form, as _soprano_, _chromo_, have almost invariably _-os_.’ The following is a short list, showing spellings preferred:

altos
banjos
buffaloes
calicoes
cantos
cargoes
centos
chromos
curios
duodecimos
electros
echoes
embargoes
haloes
heroes
manifestoes
mosquitoes
mottoes
negroes
octavos
porticoes
potatoes
provisos
quartos
ratios
solos
sopranos
tiros
tomatoes
volcanoes

FOREIGN WORDS & PHRASES WHEN TO BE SET IN ROMAN AND WHEN IN ITALIC

Print the following anglicized words in roman type:

aide-de-camp
al fresco
alibi
à propos
aurora borealis
beau idéal
bézique
bizarre
bona fide
bouquet
bravos
bric-à-brac
bulletin
café
carte-de-visite
chargé d’affaires
chauffeur
chiaroscuro
cliché
connoisseur
cul-de-sac
débris
début
dépôt[31]
détour
diarrhoea
dilettante
dramatis personae
éclat
employé[32]
ennui
entrée
entrepôt
etiquette[33]
facsimile
fête
fleur-de-lis
garage
gratis
habeas corpus
hors-d’œuvre
innuendo, -es
levée
littérateur
litterati
manœuvre
menu
morale
naïve
omnibus
papier mâché
per annum
personnel
post-mortem (_adj. and n._)
poste restante
précis
prestige
prima facie
procès-verbal
protégé
provenance
régime
rendezvous[34]
rôle
sabotage
savants
seraglio
sobriquet
soirée
versus
via
vice versa
virtuoso
viva voce
Zollverein

The following to be printed in italic:

_ab extra_
_ab origine_
_ad nauseam_
_ad valorem_
_a fortiori_
_amende honorable_
_amour propre_
_ancien régime_
_anglice_
_a priori_
_au courant_
_au revoir_
_bête noire_
_billet doux_
_bonhomie_
_bon ton_
_bourgeoisie_
_carte blanche_
_casus belli_
_chef-d’œuvre_
_chevaux de frise_
_con amore_
_confrère_
_cortège_[35]
_coup d’état_
_coup de grâce_
_coup de main_
_coup d’œil_
_débâcle_
_dénouement_
_de quoi vivre_
_déshabillé_
_édition de luxe_
_élan_
_élite_
_en bloc_
_en masse_
_en passant_
_en rapport_
_en route_
_entente cordiale_
_esprit de corps_
_ex cathedra_
_ex officio_ (adv. and adj.)
_ex parte_ (adv. and adj.)
_facile princeps_
_factum est_
_felo de se_
_garçon_
_grand monde_
_habitué_
_hors de combat_
_imprimis_
_in camera_
_in propria persona_
_jeu d’esprit_
_laisser-faire_
_lapsus linguae_
_lèse-majesté_
_mêlée_
_mise en scène_
_modus operandi_
_more suo_
_multum in parvo_
_naïveté_
_née_
_nemine contradicente_
_ne plus ultra_
_noblesse oblige_
_nolens volens_
_non est_
_par excellence_
_pari passu_
_per contra_
_pièce de résistance_
_plébiscite_
_pro forma_
_pro tempore_
_raison d’être_
_rapprochement_
_réchauffé_
_répertoire_
_résumé_
_sang-froid_
_sans cérémonie_
_sans-culotte_
_sine qua non_
_sotto voce_
_sub rosa_
_tabula rasa_
_tête à tête_ (adv.)
_tête-à-tête_ (noun)
_tour de force_
_vis-à-vis_

The modern practice is to omit accents from Latin words.

For further directions as to the use of italic in foreign words and phrases see pp. 50-1.

FOOTNOTES:

[31] For this and nearly all similar words, the proper accents are to be used, whether the foreign words be anglicized or not.—H. H.

[32] Employee is more legitimate when it is used in contrast with the English word employer.—H. H.

[33] Omit the accent from étiquette.—H. H.

[34] Omit the hyphen from rendez-vous.—H. H.

[35] For a statement as to this and other French words now printed with a grave accent, see pp. 78-9.—H. H.

SPELLINGS OF FIFTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURY WRITERS

When it is necessary to reproduce the spellings and printed forms of old writers the following rules should be observed:

Initial _u_ is printed _v_, as in vnderstande. Also in such combinations as wherevpon.

Medial _v_ is printed _u_, as in haue, euer.

Initial and medial _j_ are printed _i_, as in iealousie, iniurie.

In capitals the U is non-existent, and should always be printed with a V, initially and medially, as VNIVERSITY, FAVLCONRIE.

In y^e and y^t the second letter should be a superior, and without a full point.

PHONETIC SPELLINGS

Some newspapers print phonetic spellings, such as program, hight (to describe altitude), catalog, &c. But the practice has insufficient authority, and can be followed only by special direction.

A OR AN

a European
a ewe
a ewer
a herb
a herbal
a heroic
a hospital
a humble
a unanimous
a uniform
a union
a unique
a universal
a university
a useful
a usurper
an habitual[36]
an heir
an heirloom
an historical{36}
an honest
an honour
an hotel
an hour

Print _a_, not _an_, before contractions beginning with a consonant: e.g. a L.C.C. case, a MS. version.

FOOTNOTES:

[36] This is in accordance with what seems to be the preponderance of modern usage. Originally the cover of _The Oxford Dictionary_ had ‘a historical’, and the whole question will be found fully treated in that work, arts. A, An, and H.—H. H.

O AND OH

When used in addressing persons or things the vocative ‘O’ is printed with a capital and without any point following it; e.g. ‘O mighty Caesar! dost thou lie so low’; ‘O world! thou wast the forest to this hart’; ‘O most bloody sight!’ Similarly, ‘O Lord’, ‘O God’, ‘O sir’. But when not used in the vocative, the spelling should be ‘Oh’, and separated from what follows by a punctuation mark; e.g. ‘Oh, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth’; ‘For if you should, oh! what would become of it?’

NOR AND OR

Print: (1) Neither one nor the other; neither Jew nor Greek; neither Peter nor James. (2) Either one or the other; either Jew or Greek; either Peter or James.

Never print: Neither one or the other; neither Peter or James;—but when the sentence is continued to a further comparison, _nor_ and _or_ must be printed (in the continuation) according to the sense.[37]

Likewise note that the verb should be in the singular, as ‘Neither Oxford nor Reading is stated to have been represented’.

FOOTNOTES:

[37] The necessity of giving strict attention to this rule was once exemplified in my experience, when the printing of a fine quarto was passing through my hands in 1882. The author desired to say in the preface, ‘The writer neither dares nor desires to claim for it the dignity or cumber it with the difficulty of an historical novel’ (_Lorna Doone_, by R. D. Blackmore, 4to, 1883). The printer’s reader inserted a letter _n_ before the _or_; the author deleted the _n_, and thought he had got rid of it; but at the last moment the press reader inserted it again; and the word was printed as _nor_, to the exasperation of the author, who did not mince his words when he found out what had happened.—H. H.

VOWEL-LIGATURES[38] (Æ AND Œ)

The combinations _ae_ and _oe_ should each be printed as two letters in Latin and Greek words, e.g. Aeneid, Aeschylus, Caesar, Oedipus; and in English, as mediaeval, phoenix. But in Old-English and in French words use the ligatures _æ_, _œ_, as Ælfred, Cædmon, manœuvre.

CONTRACTIONS

_NOTE.—Some abbreviations of Latin words such as_ ad loc., _&c., to be set in roman, are shown on page 51._

Names of the books of the Bible as abbreviated where necessary:

_Old Testament._

Gen.
Exod.
Lev.
Num.
Deut.
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Sam.
2 Sam.
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chron.
2 Chron.
Ezra
Neh.
Esther
Job
Ps.
Prov.
Eccles.
Song of Sol.
Isa.
Jer.
Lam.
Ezek.
Dan.
Hos.
Joel
Amos
Obad.
Jonah
Mic.
Nahum
Hab.
Zeph.
Hag.
Zech.
Mal.

_New Testament._

Matt.
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Rom.
1 Cor.
2 Cor.
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
1 Thess.
2 Thess.
1 Tim.
2 Tim.
Titus
Philem.
Heb.
Jas.
1 Pet.
2 Pet.
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Rev.

_Apocrypha._

1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Tobit
Judith
Rest of Esth.
Wisd. of Sol.
Ecclus.
Baruch
Song of Three Childr.
Susanna
Bel and Dragon
Pr. of Manasses
1 Macc.
2 Macc.

Abbreviate the names of the months:

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

Where the name of a county is abbreviated, as Yorks., Cambs., Berks., Oxon., use a full point; but print Hants (no full point) because it is not a modern abbreviation.

4to, 8vo, 12mo,[39] &c. (sizes of books), are symbols, and should have no full point. A parallel case is that of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and so on, which also need no full points.

Print lb. for both sing. and pl.; not lbs. Also omit the plural _-s_ in the following: cm., cwt., dwt., gr., grm., in., min., mm., oz.

When beginning a footnote, the abbreviations e.g., i.e., p. or pp., and so on, to be all in lower-case.

Use ETC. in a cap. line and ETC. in a small cap. line where an ampersand (&) will not range. Otherwise print &c.; and Longmans, Green & Co.; with no comma before ampersand in the name of a firm.

Print the symbolic letters I O U, without full points.

The points of the compass, N. E. S. W., when separately used, to have a full point: but print NE., NNW. These letters to be used only in geographical or similar matter: do not, even if N. is in the copy, use the contraction in ordinary composition; print ‘Woodstock is eight miles north of Carfax’.

MS. = manuscript, MSS. = manuscripts, to be spelt out when used in a general sense. But in printing bibliographical details, and in references to particular manuscripts, the contracted forms should be used; e.g. the Worcester MS., the Harleian MSS., Add. MS. 25642.

Print PS. (not P.S.) for postscript or postscriptum; MM. (messieurs), SS. not S.S. (steamship); but H.M.S. (His Majesty’s Ship); H.R.H.; I.W. (Isle of Wight); N.B., Q.E.D., and R.S.V.P., because more than one word is contracted.

Print ME. and OE. in philological works for Middle English and Old English. When an author prefers M.E., O.E., do not put a space between the letters.

Abbreviations of titles, such as M.P., D.D., M.A., or of occupations or parties, such as I.C.S., I.L.P., to have no space between the letters.

When titles of books are represented by initials, put a thin space only between each letter; e.g. _J. T. S._, _S. B. E._

Mr., Mrs., Dr., &c. must be printed with a full point, but not Mme, Mlle.

In printing S. or St. for Saint, the compositor must be guided by the manuscript. Ordinarily St. should be used, but if S. is consistently written this must be assumed as the form in which the author wishes it printed.

Print Bt. for Baronet, and Kt. for Knight.

Apostrophes in similar abbreviations to the following should join close up to the letters—don’t, ’em, haven’t, o’er, shan’t, shouldn’t, ’tis, won’t, there’ll, I’d, I’ll, we’ll.[40]

An apostrophe should not be used with hers, ours, theirs, yours.

_Apostrophes in Place-Names._[41]—1. Use an apostrophe after the ‘s’ in Queens’ College (Cambs.). But

2. Use an apostrophe before the ‘s’ in Connah’s Quay (Flints.), Hunter’s Quay (N.B.), Orme’s Head (Carn.), Queen’s Coll. (Oxon.), St. Abb’s Head (N.B.), St. John’s (Newfoundland), St. John’s Wood (London), St. Mary’s Loch (N.B.), St. Michael’s Mount (Cornwall), St. Mungo’s Well (Knaresboro’), St. Peter’s (Sydney, N.S.W.).

3. Do not use an apostrophe in—All Souls (Oxon.), Bury St. Edmunds, Husbands Bosworth (Rugby), Johns Hopkins University (U.S.A.), Millers Dale (Derby), Owens College (Manchester), St. Albans, St. Andrews, St. Bees, St. Boswells, St. Davids, St. Helens (Lancs., and district in London), St. Heliers (Jersey), St. Ives (Hunts. and Cornwall), St. Kitts (St. Christopher Island, W.I.), St. Leonards, St. Neots (Hunts., but St. Neot, Cornwall), Somers Town (London).

FOOTNOTES:

[38] The separately written _oe_, _ae_ are ‘digraphs’, because the sounds they represent are in modern pronunciation _not_ diphthongs, though they were such in classical Latin; but _ch_, _ph_, _sh_ are also digraphs. _Æ_, _æ_, _Œ_, _œ_, are rather single letters than digraphs, though they might be called ligatured digraphs.—H. B.

[39] To justify the use in ordinary printing of these symbols (as against the use of 4^o, 8^o, 12^o, a prevailing French fashion which is preferred by some writers), it may suffice to say that the ablative cases of the ordinal numbers _quartus_, _octavus_, _duodecimus_, namely _quarto_, _octavo_, _duodecimo_, are according to popular usage represented by the forms or symbols 4to, 8vo, 12mo; just as by the same usage we print 1st and 2nd as forms or symbols of the English words _first_ and _second_.—H. H.

[40] See page 49 for an exception to this rule.

[41] The selection is arbitrary; but the examples are given on the authority of the Oxford University and Cambridge University Calendars, the Post Office Guide, Bartholomew’s Gazetteer, Bradshaw’s Railway Guide, Crockford’s Clerical Directory, Keith Johnston’s Gazetteer, and Stubbs’s Hotel Guide.

POETRY

Words ending in -ed are to be spelt so in all cases; and with a grave accent when the syllable is separately pronounced, thus—èd. (’d is not to be used.)

This applies to poetical quotations introduced into prose matter, and to new works. It must not apply to reprints of standard authors, nor to quotations in works which reproduce old spellings, &c.

Whenever a poetic quotation, whether in the same type as the text or not, is given a line (or more) to itself, it is not to be placed within quotation marks; but when the line of poetry runs on with the prose then quotation marks are to be used.

On spacing poetry, see p. 49.

CAPITAL LETTERS

Avoid beginning words with capitals as much as possible; but use them in the following and similar cases:

Act, when referring to Act of Parliament or Acts of a play; also in Baptist, Christian, Nonconformist, Presbyterian, Puritan, Liberal, Conservative, and all denominational terms and names of parties.

His Majesty, Her Royal Highness, &c.

The King of England, the Prince of Wales.

The Duke of Wellington, Bishop of Oxford, Sir Roger Tichborne, &c.

British Army, German Navy.

Christmas Day, Lady Day, &c.

Dark Ages, Middle Ages.

House of Commons, Parliament, &c.

Government, Cabinet, Speaker.

In geography: Sun, Earth, Equator, the Continent.

In geological names: Upper Greensand, London Clay, Tertiary, Lias, &c.

In names of streets, roads, &c., as—Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square, Kingston Road, Addison’s Walk, Norreys Avenue.

Figure, Number, Plate (Fig., No., Pl.), should each begin with a capital, whether contracted or not, unless special instructions are given to the contrary.

Pronouns referring to the Deity should begin with capitals—He, Him, His, Me, Mine, My, Thee, Thine, Thou; but print—who, whom, and whose.

Also capitalize the less common adjectives derived from proper names; e.g. Homeric, Platonic.

LOWER-CASE INITIALS

FOR ANGLICIZED WORDS, ETC.

christianize, frenchified, herculean, italic, laconic, latinize, puritanic, quixotic, roman, satanic, tantalize, vulcanize.

Also for the more common words derived from proper names, as—boycott, doily, guernsey, hackney, hansom-cab, holland, inverness, japanning, latinity, may (blossom), morocco, russia, stepney-wheel.

When ‘In the press’ occurs in publishers’ announcements, print ‘press’ with a lower-case initial.

SMALL CAPITALS

Put a hair space between the letters of contractions in small capitals:

A.U.C. Anno urbis conditae
A.D. Anno Domini
A.H. Anno Hegirae
A.M. Anno mundi
B.C. Before Christ.

a.m.[42] (ante meridiem), p.m.{42} (post meridiem), should be lower-case, except in lines of caps. or small caps.

When small caps, are used at foot of title-page, print thus: M DCCCC IV[43]

Text references to caps. in plates and woodcuts to be in small caps.

The first word in each chapter of a book is to be in small caps. and the first line usually indented one em; but this does not apply to works in which the matter is broken up into many sections, nor to cases where large initials are used. (See p. 50 as to indentation.)

FOOTNOTES:

[42] It is a common error to suppose that these initials stand for ante-meridian and post-meridian. Thus, Charles Dickens represents one of his characters in _Pickwick_ as saying ‘Curious circumstance about those initials, sir,’ said Mr. Magnus. ‘You will observe—P.M.—post meridian. In hasty notes to intimate acquaintance, I sometimes sign myself “Afternoon”. It amuses my friends very much, Mr. Pickwick.’—DICKENS, _Pickwick Papers_, p. 367. Oxford edit., 1903.—H. H.

[43] ‘Or better M CM IV’—J. A. H. M.

SPECIAL SIGNS OR SYMBOLS

The signs + (plus), - (minus), = (equal to), > (‘larger than’, in etymology signifying ‘gives’ or ‘has given’), < (‘smaller than’, in etymology signifying ‘derived from’), are now often used in printing ordinary scientific works, and not in those only which are mathematical or arithmetical.

In such instances +, -, =, >, <, should in the matter of spacing be treated as words are treated. For instance, in—

spectabilis, _Bœrl. l. c._ (= Haasia spectabilis)

the = belongs to ‘spectabilis’ as much as to ‘Haasia’, and the sign should not be put close to ‘Haasia’. A thin space only should be used.

In Philological works an asterisk * prefixed to a word signifies a reconstructed form, and must be so printed; a dagger † signifies an obsolete word. The latter sign, placed before a person’s name, signifies deceased.

In Medical books the formulae are set in lower-case letters, j being used for i both singly and in the final letter, e.g. gr.j (one grain), ℥viij (eight ounces), ʒiij (three drachms), ℈iij (three scruples), ♏︎iiij (four minims).

SPACING

Spacing ought to be even. Paragraphs are not to be widely spaced for the sake of making breaklines. When the last line but one of a paragraph is widely spaced and the first line of the next paragraph is more than thick-spaced, extra spaces should be used between the words in the intermediate breakline. Such spaces should not exceed en quads, nor be increased if by so doing the line would be driven full out.

In general, close spacing is to be preferred; but this must be regulated proportionately to the manner in which a work is leaded.

Breaklines should consist of more than five letters, except in narrow measures. But take care that bad spacing is not thereby necessitated.

Poetical quotations, and poetry generally when in wide measure, should be spaced with en quadrats. But this must not be applied to reprints of sixteenth and seventeenth century books: in such cases a thick space only should be used.

Avoid (especially in full measures) printing at the ends of lines—a, l., ll., p. _or_ pp., I (when a pronoun).

Capt., Dr., Esq., Mr., Rev., St., and so on, should not be separated from names; nor should initials be divided: e.g. Mr. W. E. | Gladstone; _not_ Mr. W. | E. Gladstone.

Thin spaces before apostrophes, e.g. that’s (for ‘that is’), boy’s (for ‘boy is’), to distinguish abbreviations from the possessive case.

In Greek, Latin, and Italian, when a vowel is omitted at the end of a word (denoted by an apostrophe), put a space before the word which immediately follows.

Hair spaces to be placed between lower-case contractions, as in e.g., i.e., q.v.

Indentation of first lines of paragraphs should be one em for full measures in 8vo and smaller books. In 4to and larger books the indentation should be increased.

Sub-indentation should be proportionate; and the rule for all indentation is not to drive too far in.

Quotations in prose, as a rule, should not be broken off from the text unless the matter exceeds three lines.

Use great care in spacing out a page, and let it not be too open.

Underlines, wherever possible, to be in one line.

ITALIC TYPE

_NOTE.—A list of foreign and anglicized words and phrases, showing which should be printed in roman and which in italic, is given on pp. 35-7._

In many works it is now common to print titles of books in italic, instead of in inverted commas. This must be determined by the directions given with the copy, but the practice must be uniform throughout the work.

Words or phrases cited from foreign languages (unless anglicized) should be in italic.

Short extracts from books, whether foreign or English, should not be in italic but in roman (between inverted commas, or otherwise, as directed on p. 63).

Names of periodicals should be in italic. Inconsistency is often caused by the prefix _The_ being sometimes printed in italic, and sometimes roman. As a rule, print the definite article in roman, as the _Standard_, the _Daily News_. _The Times_ is to be an exception, as that newspaper prefers to have it so. _The_, if it is part of the title of a book, should also be in italic letters.

Print names of ships[44] in italic. In this case, print ‘the’ in roman, as it is often uncertain whether ‘the’ is part of the title or not. For example, ‘the _King George_’, ‘the _Revenge_’; also put other prefixes in roman, as ‘H.M.S. _Dreadnought_’.

ad loc., cf., e.g., et seq., ib., ibid., id., i.e., loc. cit., q.v., viz.[45], not to be in italic. Print _c._ (= _circa_), _ante_, _infra_, _passim_, _post_, _supra_, &c.

Italic _s._ and _d._ to be generally used to express shillings and pence; and the sign £ (except in special cases) to express the pound sterling. But in catalogues and similar work the diagonal sign / or ‘shilling-mark’ is sometimes preferred to divide figures representing shillings and pence. The same sign is occasionally used in dates, as 4/2/04.

In Mathematical works, theorems are usually printed in italic.

FOOTNOTES:

[44] Italicizing the names of ships is thus recognized by Victor Hugo: ‘Il l’avait nommé _Durande_. La Durande,—nous ne l’appellerons plus autrement. On nous permettra également, quel que soit l’usage typographique, de ne point souligner ce nom Durande, nous conformant en cela à la pensée de Mess Lethierry pour qui la Durande était presque une personne.’—V. HUGO, _Travailleurs de la mer_, 3rd (1866) edit., Vol. I, p. 129.—H. H.

[45] This expression, although a symbol rather than an abbreviation, must be printed with a full point after the z.—H. H.

REFERENCES TO AUTHORITIES

Citation of authorities at the end of quotations should be printed thus: HOMER, _Odyssey_, ii. 15, but print HOR. _Carm._ ii. 14. 2; HOM. _Od._ iv. 272. This applies chiefly to quotations at the heads of chapters. It does not refer to frequent citations in notes, where the author’s name is usually in lower-case letters, and the title of the book sometimes printed in roman.

As an example: Stubbs, _Constitutional History_, vol. ii, p. 98; or the more contracted form—Stubbs, _Const. Hist._ ii. 98, will do equally well; but, whichever style is adopted after an examination of the manuscript, it must be uniform throughout the work.

References to the Bible in ordinary works to be printed thus—Exod. xxxii. 32; xxxvii. 2. (For full list of contractions see p. 41.)

References to Shakespeare’s plays thus—_I Henry VI_, III. ii. 14; and so with the references to Act, scene, and line in other dramatic writings.

Likewise in references to poems divided into books, cantos, and lines; e. g. Spenser, _Faerie Queene_, IV. xxvi. 35.

References to MSS. or unprinted documents should be in roman.

As to use of italic, see also above, p. 50.

DIVISION OF WORDS