Chapter V: INSULAR OR LITORAL PEOPLES.--Traits.--Color dark, hair lank or

wavy, languages agglutinative.

In this scheme the more prominent and permanent traits are named first. While individuals of pure blood can easily be found in all the races who do not correspond in all particulars to these descriptions, I do not hesitate to assert that ninety-five per cent. of the whole of the pure blood of any of the races here classified will correspond to the standards given.

_Subdivisions of Races._--The further subdivisions of ethnography follow to some extent the important doctrine of the “areas of characterization,” that is, they are geographical; but as the classification of men advances in minuteness, other considerations become paramount, notably, language and government. These elements allow us to subdivide a _race_ into its _branches_; a branch into its _stocks_; a stock into its _groups_, and these again into _tribes_, _peoples_, or _nations_.

Classified in this manner, the human species presents the subdivisions shown on the adjacent scheme:

_General Ethnographic Scheme._

-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------
_Race._ | _Traits._ |_Branches._| _Stocks._ |_Groups or Peoples._
-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------
| | | {|1. Libyan.
| | I. |1. Hamitic. {|2. Egyptian.
|Color white. |South | {|3. East African.
| | Medit- | {|1. Arabian.
Eurafrican.|Hair wavy. | erranean. |2. Semitic. {|2. Abyssynian.
| | | {|3. Chaldean.
| | II. |1. Euskaric. |1. Euskarian.
|Nose Narrow. |North |2. Aryac. |Indo-Germanic or
| | Medit- | | Celtindic peoples.
| | erranean. |3. Caucasic. |Peoples of the
| | | | Caucasus.
-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------
| | |1. Central |Dwarfs of the Congo.
| | I. | African. |
|Color black | Negrillo. |2. South |Bushmen, Hottentots.
| or dark. | | African. |
| | |1. Nilotic. |Nubian.
| | II. |2. Soudanese. |
Austafri- |Hair frizzly.| Negro. |3. Senegambian.|
can. | | |4. Guinean. |
|Nose broad. | III. | |Caffres and Congo
| | Negroid. |1. Bantu. | tribes.
-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------
| | I. {|1. Chinese. |Chinese.
|Color yellow | Sinitic. {|2. Thibetan. |Natives of Thibet.
| or olive. | {|3. Indo- |Burmese, Siamese.
| | | Chinese. |
| | {|1. Tungusic. |Manchus, Tungus.
Asian. |Hair | {|2. Mongolic. |Mongols, Kalmucks.
| straight. | II. {|3. Tataric. |Turks, Cossacks.
|Nose medium. | Sibiric. {|4. Finnic. |Finns, Magyars.
| | {|5. Arctic. |Chukchis, Ainos.
| | {| 6. Japanic. |Japanese, Koreans.
-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------
| | {|1. Arctic. |Eskimos.
|Color | I. {|2. Atlantic. |Tinneh, Algonkins,
|coppery. |Northern. {| | Iroquois.
American. |Hair straight| {|3. Pacific. |Chinooks, Kolosh, etc.
| or wavy. | II. {|1. Mexican. |Nahuas, Tarascos.
| |Central. {|2. Isthmian. |Mayas, Chapanecs.
|Nose medium. | III. {|1. Atlantic. |Caribs, Arawaks,
| |Southern. {| | Tupis.
| | {|2. Pacific. |Chibehas, Qquichuas.
-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------
|Color dark. | I. {|1. Negrito. |Mincopies, Aetas.
Insular | |Negritic. {|2. Papuan. |New Guineans.
and |Hair wavy or | {|3. Melanesian. |Feejeeans, etc.
Litoral | frizzly. | II. {|1. Malayan. |Malays, Tagalas.
Peoples. | |Malayic. {|2. Polynesian. |Pacific Islanders.
|Nose medium | III. {|1. Australian. |Australians.
| or narrow. |Australie.{|2. Dravidian. |Dravidas, Mundas.
-----------+-------------+-----------+---------------+----------------------

That these distinctions may be plain I append definitions of the ethnographic terms employed.

_Race._--A variety or sub-species of the species _Man_, presenting a number of distinct and permanent (hereditary) traits of the character above described.

_Branch._--A portion of a race separated geographically, linguistically, or otherwise, from other portions of the race.

_Stock._--A portion of a branch united by some prominent trait, especially language, offering presumptive evidence of demonstrable relationship. The individual elements of a _stock_ are its _peoples_.

A _group_ consists of a number of these peoples who are connected together by a closer tie, geographical, linguistic, or physical, than that which unites the members of the stock.

A _tribe_ is a body of men collected under one government. They are presumably of the same race and dialect.

A _nation_, on the other hand, is a body of men under one government, frequently of different languages and races. Its members have no presumed relationship further than that they belong to the same species.

There are some other terms the precise meaning of which should be defined before we proceed, the more so as there is not that uniformity in their use among ethnographers which were desirable.

This very word _ethnos_, with its adjective _ethnic_, is an example. What is an _ethnos_? I know no better word for it in English than a people, as I have already explained this word,--one of the elements of a stock all whose members, there is reason to believe, have a demonstrable relationship. Thus we should speak of the Aryan _stock_, made up of the Latin, Greek, Celtic and other _peoples_. The relationship among the members of a _people_ is closer than that between the members of a _stock_. _People_ corresponds to the Old English _folk_ (German _Volk_), but _folk_ in the modern English scientific terms “folk-lore,” “folk-medicine,” has acquired a different signification.

_Culture_ and _civilization_ are other terms not always correctly employed. The former is the broader, the generic word. All forms of human society show more or less culture; but civilization is a certain stage of culture, and a rather high one, when men unite under settled governments to form a state or commonwealth (_civitas_) with acknowledged individual rights (_civis_). This presupposes a knowledge of various arts and developed mental powers.

Much attention was paid by older writers to dividing the progress of culture into a number of stages or stadia. One of these, an American author, Lewis H. Morgan, suggested an elaborate scheme according to which the periods of man’s development should correspond with historical conditions of culture, and these he divided into lower, middle and upper states of savagery, barbarism, and civilization, each characterized by the introduction of some new art.

The problem is far too complicated to admit of any such mechanical solution. The possession of a given art, as the bow and arrow, or smelting iron, does not lift a people, nor is it an indication of their culture. Peoples low in one point are high in others; they develop along different lines, with scarcely a common measure, and their place in a general scheme must be determined by an exhaustive investigation of all their powers and conquests, and perhaps a comparison with some other standards than those which we have been brought up to consider the best.

LECTURE IV.

THE EURAFRICAN RACE; SOUTH MEDITERRANEAN BRANCH.

CONTENTS.--The White Race. Synonyms. Properly an African Race;
relative areas; purest specimens. Types of the White Race;
Libyo-Teutonic type; Cymric type; Celtic type; Euscaric type.
Variability of traits. Primal home of the White Race not in
Asia, but in Eurafrica. Early migrations and subdivisions. North
Mediterranean and South Mediterranean Branches.

_A._--THE SOUTH MEDITERRANEAN BRANCH.

I. THE HAMITIC STOCK. Relation to Semitic. 1. The Libyan Group.
Location. Peoples included. Physical appearance. The Libyan
blondes: languages. Early history; European affiliations; relations
to Iberian tribes; the names _Iberi_ and _Berberi_. Government.
Migration. The Etruscans as Libyans. Later history; present
culture. Syrian Hamites and their influence. 2. The Egyptian Group.
Kinship to Libyans. Physical appearance. The stone age in Egypt.
Antiquity of Egyptian culture. Its influence. Physical traits. 3.
The East African Group. Relations to Egypt.