Chapter II: THE DESTINY OF RACES. Extinction of Races. The American race (2)

[36] Such at any rate is the opinion expressed last year (1889) by the most celebrated living anthropologic anatomist, Professor Virchow, in an address before the German Anthropological Association. (_Correspondenz Blatt der Deutschen Anthrop. Gesell._, Sept., 1889, s. 96.) Except for the weight of his great name, I should hesitate to say as much; and as it is, I entertain some doubts as to the accuracy of the statement.

[37] This is the result of the most recent researches. See Prof. J. N. Woldrich’s paper, “Ueber die palaeolithische Zeit Mittel-Europas,” in the _Correspondenz-Blatt der Deutschen Gesell. für Anthropologie_, 1889, p. 110, sq. Also _Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1884, s. 530, for the absence of the old stone age in Siberia, a fact which also tells heavily against the first peopling of America from that region.

[38] G. de Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 120. (Paris, 1883.) A. Gaudry, _Le Dryopithèque_ (Paris, 1890).

[39] Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 155. (New York, 1883).

[40] For the details of these features, see the work of E. Suess, _Das Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. I., s. 371, 768, etc. (Leipzig, 1885.)

[41] On the recent connection of North Africa with Europe, see A. R. Wallace, _The Geographical Distribution of Animals_, Vol. I., pp. 38, 39; De Mortillet, _Le Prehistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 225. “Even in post-tertiary times,” writes Huxley (_Physiography_, p. 308), “Africa was united to Europe at the Straits of Gibraltar and across by Malta and Sicily. The Sahara is an old sea bottom, which was below water at a comparatively recent period.” “The Atlas mountains,” remarks Suess, “belong to the intricate orographic system of Europe.” (_Das Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. I., s. 462.)

[42] Emile Cartailhac _Les Ages Préhistoriques de l’Espagne et du Portugal_, pp. 24-30 (Paris, 1886).

[43] Comp. Dr. Bleicher and Sir John Lubbock in the _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Vol. X., p. 318; Dr. R. Collignon in _Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris_, 1886, p. 676, sq.

[44] See the article of C. Zittel, “Sur les silex taillés trouvës dans le desert Libyque,” in _Congrès Internat. d’Anthropologie et d’Archéologie_, 1874, pp. 78, etc.

[45] See W. D. Gooch, “The Stone Age of South Africa,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1881, p. 173, sq., and various later reports and discussions in the same periodical.

[46] This opinion was long ago expressed by the distinguished geologist, d’ Omalius d’ Halloy: “Tout nous porte á croire que les differences que presente le genre humain remontent á un ordre de choses antérieur á l’état actuel du globe terrestre.” _Des Races Humaines_, p. 11 (Paris, 1845). This is also the result of recent studies. See Prof. Edward S. Morse, on “Man in the Tertiaries,” in the _American Naturalist_, 1884, p. 1010.

[47] _Lectures on Physical Geography_, p. 273. (London, 1880.)

[48] See A. Bastian, _Zur Lehre von den Geographischen Provinzen_ (Berlin, 1886); A. De Quatrefages, _Histoire Generale des Races Humaines_, p. 333, (Paris, 1889); Dr. Thomas Achelis, _Die Entwickelung der Modernen Ethnologie_, s. 65, (Berlin, 1889). Agassiz was the first to announce (in 1850) that the different races of man are distributed over the world in the same zoölogical provinces as those inhabited by distinct species and genera of mammals. This fact is coming more and more to be the accepted axiom for the study of racial development. (Compare Darwin, _Descent of Man_, p. 169).

[49] This calculation includes in Asia the Arabian peninsula, Syria, the Iranic regions, most of Asia Minor and the Caucasus; but excludes Hindostan, the occupation of which by the Aryans is within the historic period. In Africa it embraces the tract from the Atlantic to the Red Sea, and from the Mediterranean to the Sudan, nearly all of which was held by the Hamitic peoples when we first learn about it. In Europe it includes the whole continent south of a line drawn from the mouth of the Volga, through St. Petersburg to the Atlantic.

[50] One of the leading European students of anatomical racial type is Dr. J. Kollmann, of Basle. He claims that there are four fundamental skull types in that continent:

1. Narrow faced, brachycephalic.
2. Narrow faced, dolichocephalic.
3. Broad faced, brachycephalic.
4. Broad faced, dolichocephalic.

These forms he believes have been steadily perpetuated and have undergone no change, except by intermarrying; they bear no relation to intellectual ability, and they recur in nations of the same language, customs and history. “Ethnic unity in Europe rests not upon racial identity, but racial (anatomical) diversity.” _Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889, s. 332.

[51] A more appropriate view was taken by Canon Isaac Taylor at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1889. He defended the thesis that the human race originated in Europe and bifurcated into the Asian and African branches. (See _Nature_, 1889, No. 40, p. 632.)

[52] For a recent summary of the evidence on this point consult Isaac Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 129, sq. (London, 1890.)

[53] See Freidrich Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. III., s. 224-5; Sayce, _Science of Language_, Vol. II., page 178. The latter uses the expression that between the old Egyptian, the Libyan, and the Semitic tongues “the grammatical agreement is most striking.”

[54] On the Guanches, consult the various works of Sabin Berthelot, Dr. Verneau, and later J. Harris Stone in _Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, 1888, p. 851. The last-mentioned dwells on the many similarities of their arts to those of the Egyptians.

[55] Barth is of opinion that the Berbers conquered the Sahara, not from blacks, but “from the sub-Libyan race, the Leucæthiopes of the ancients, with whom they intermarried” (_Travels in Africa_, Vol. I., 340). This is, I think, the correct opinion, and not that the Sahara was occupied by the negroes.

[56] Ritter, _Erdkunde_, Bd. I., s. 561.

[57] Walter B. Harris, in _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1889, p. 490.

[58] For numerous authorities, see Sabin Berthelot, _Bulletin de la Société d’ Ethnologie_, 1845, p. 121, sq., and his _Antiquités Canariennes_ (Paris, 1879).

[59] The early Greek geographer known as Scylax, also speaks of the Libyan men as blondes, and very handsome. For a recent and able discussion of this subject, consult F. Borsari, _Geografica Ethnologica e Storica della Tripolitana_, p. 23, sq. (Naples, 1888). The French writers Broca, Faidherbe, etc., have also written copiously on the Libyan blondes.

[60] The _Tahennu_. Rawlinson, _History of Ancient Egypt_, Vol. II. p. 292.

[61] As distinguished from the Arab, Pruner Bey described the Kabyle as “of higher stature, cerebral and facial cranium broader, forehead more vertical, eyebrows less arched, jaws more orthognathic.” My own studies in Algeria lead me to recognize the correctness of these distinctions. Dr. R. Collignon describes what he thinks is the most ancient Tunisian type as tall, dolichocephalic (73), mesorrhinic (75), narrow face, forehead and chin retreating. He says of the blonde element in Tunisia that it is “assez rare, mais un peu partout.” _Bull. de la Soc. d’ Anthropologie de Paris_, 1886, pp. 620, 621.

[62] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1888, s. 115.

[63] Yet Barth mentions that in the western Sahara one of the most powerful of the Berber tribes was called _Aurághen_, the yellow, or the gold-colored. _Travels in Africa_, vol. i, pp. 230, 339.

[64] See Broca, “Sur les blondes, et les monuments megalithiques de l’Afrique du Nord,” in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1876; and Faidherbe, _Collection Compléte d’ Inscriptions Numidiques_, Introduction. (Paris, 1870.)

[65] In offering this new derivation of the much discussed name Berberi or Barbari, one must remember that it has always been the name of a powerful tribe in Morocco, the Brebres; that it was what the ancient Egyptians called them (Herodotus); and that it is to-day a pure Libyan word. _Iberru_, is from the verbal root _ibra_, they are free; _ibarbar_, they come forth (Newman, _Libyan Vocabulary_, pp. 40, 133). The plural in the Hamitic group was originally formed by repetition (F. Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. III., s. 240). Hence Berberi may mean either “those who came forth,” _i. e._, emigrants, or those who go where they list, _i. e._, freemen. This is also the meaning of _amóshagh_, the generic name of the Touaregs (Barth, _Travels in Africa_, vol. v., page 555). Barth, a high authority, believes that the same word _ber_ is the radical of the names Bernu, Berdoa, Berauni, etc. The legendary ancestors of the Moroccan Berbers (Brebres) was Ber, in which, says Barth, “we recognize the name Afer,” the _f_ and _b_ being interchangeable in these dialects. From “Afer” we have “Africa” (_Travels_, vol. i., p. 224). One of the principal gods of ancient Libya and of the Guanches was Abŏra, or Ibru. See my article “On Etruscan and Libyan Names” in _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, Feb., 1890. One of the Pindaric fragments recites a Libyan tradition to the effect that the first man, Iarbas, sprang from the sun-heated soil, and chose for food the sweet acorns of the tree (Lenormant, _The Beginnings of History_, p. 48). In “Iarbas” we can scarcely fail in recognizing the same root _bar_, the change being by the familiar process of reversal.

[66] Early in this century, Bory de St. Vincent maintained the identity of the Iberians and Berbers (_Essai Geologique_, Paris, 1805). Humboldt argued that there was but one language in old Spain beside the Celtic, in spite of the direct assertion of Strabo to the contrary, and the well-known fact that many Celtiberic inscriptions cannot be read either in Celtic or Basque (_Prüfung der Untersuchungen_, etc., § 39).

The Roman geographer, Rufus Festus Avienus, offers the important correction that the Iberi derived their name, not from the Ebro, as is usually stated, but from a stream close to Gibraltar on the Atlantic side.

“At Iberus inde manat amnis et locos
Fœcundat undã: plurimi ex ipso ferunt
Dictos Iberos, non ab illo flumine
Quod inquietos Vasconas prælabitur.”
--_Ora Maritima._

The two names show that it was a _nomen gentile_, and that the tribe so known extended along the southern coast.

It has been recently asserted that many north African place-names occur in Spain (_Revista de Anthropologia_, Madrid, 1876, quoted by Fligier).

[67] The Coptic word is _Na-pa-ut_, Bunsen, _Egypt’s Place in History_, Vol. III, p. 137.

[68] This war is recorded in the celebrated “inscription of Menephtah,” of the XIXth dynasty. See _Records of the Past_, Vol. IV; Brugsch Bey, _History of Egypt_, Vol. II, p. 129, and the more recent studies of these inscriptions by Dr. Max Müller, in the _Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archæology_, Vol. VI.

[69] As further showing the ancient culture of the Libyans, I may note that they constructed stone dwellings before their conquest by the Romans. For extracts showing this, see _Revue des deux Mondes_, Dec., 1865.

[70] The evidence to this effect I have marshalled in two papers read before the American Philosophical Society: “On the Ethnic Affinities of the Ancient Etruscans” (_Proceedings of the Amer. Phil. Soc._, Oct., 1889), and “A Comparison of Etruscan and Libyan Names” (_Ibid._, Feb., 1890).

[71] The most scholarly analysis of this curious alphabet, called the _tifinagh_ or _tifinar_, will be found in Prof. Halevy’s _Essai d’ Epigraphie Libyque_ (Paris, 1875).

[72] See Duveyrier, _Les Touaregs du Nord_, p. 339; H. Bissuell, _Les Touaregs de l’ Ouest_, pp. 106, 115 (Alger., 1888), etc.

[73] Hooker and Ball, _Tour in Morocco_, p. 86.

[74] To Prof. A. H. Sayce is, I think, due the honor of showing that the pre-Semitic white race of Palestine was of the Libyan stock. See _Nature_, 1888, p. 321. He had previously pointed out that the two forms of tenses of the Libyan verb “correspond most remarkably with Assyrian forms” (_Introduction to the Science of Language_, Vol. II., p. 180). Rawlinson, in his _Story of Phenicia_ (N. Y., 1889), adopts the view that the early Phenicians were Hamites. The epochal discovery of Halevy, now accepted by Delitzsch and other Assyriologists, that the “second” column of the cuneiform inscription is merely a Hamito-Semitic dialect in another character, finally destroys the “Turanian” hypothesis, and restores the ancient Assyrians to the Eurafrican race.

[75] Virchow, after close studies in Egypt, expressed himself very positively that the affinities of the old Egyptian stock were “with the Hamites, with the Berbers and Kabyles, the peoples who from the remotest times have inhabited the regions of the Atlas.” See his address in the _Correspondenz-Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1888, p. 110.

[76] On the stone age in Egypt, see General Pitt-Rivers, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1881, p. 387, sq.; and especially the exhaustive article by Dr. Virchow in _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1888, p. 345, sq. As early as 1881 Prof. Henry W. Haynes of Boston announced his discovery of palæolithic stone implements in Upper Egypt. (_Mems. of the Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences_, Vol. X., p. 357.) The latest contribution to the subject is by W. Reiss, _Funde aus der Steinzeit Aegyptens_ (Berlin, 1890).

[77] M. G. de Lapouge goes quite as far. He writes (_Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 308), “L’Egypte s’est civilisée pendant notre quaternaire, et son plus grand developpement a coincidé avec notre epoque néolithique.”

[78] “Jusqu’a cette heure,” writes A. L. Delattre, in the _Bulletin des Antiquités Africaines_, 1885, p. 242, “les pieces archéologiques de notre collection de Carthage, qui remontent incontestablement à la période primitive de l’histoire de cette ville fameuse, ont toutes le cachet egyptien prononcé.”

[79] Dr. L. Faurot, in _Revue d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 57.

[80] See my essay on this subject, _The Cradle of the Semites_ (Philadelphia, 1890); also the able paper of G. Bertin, “On the Origin of the Semites,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1882, p. 423, sq., and the speculations of R. G. Haliburton, in _Proceedings of the British Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1887, p. 907. An excellent summary of the argument that the Semites came from Africa will be found in Gifford Palgrave’s article on Arabia in the _Encyclopedia Britannica_.

[81] The important Berber folk of the Mzabites in Southern Algiers are said strongly to resemble Semites, presenting “a reunion of the secondary characteristics of the Jews and Arabs.” _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 353.

[82] The late investigations of E. Glaser in Southern Arabia have brought many hundreds of these inscriptions to our knowledge.

[83] Doughty, _Travels in Arabia Deserta_, Vol. I., p. 102. About five per cent. of the Arabs of the Peninsula of Sinai are pure blondes. See _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 351.

[84] The statistics in Central Europe show that among the Jews there, about 15 per cent. are true blondes, 25 per cent. brunettes, and the remainder intermediate. The blondes are generally dolichocephalic, the brunettes brachycephalic or medium. See Dr. Fligier, “Zur Anthropologie der Semiten,” in _Mitthiel. der Wiener Anthrop. Gesell._, Bd. IX., s. 155, sq.

[85] Compare Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 98, and Paul Broca, _Sur l’Origine et la Repartition de la Langue Basque_, Paris (1875). Broca recognized the autochthony of the Basque in Spain, and considered their language the oldest in Europe.

[86] Called by the French craniologists _tête de lièvre_. De Quatrefages identified certain skulls from kitchen-middens in Portugal as of this form, indicating that the Euskaric peoples once extended that far west. _Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines_, p. 478.

[87] See on this point the detailed comparisons in Heinrich Winkler’s _Ural-altaische Völker und Sprachen_, ss. 155-167, and elsewhere. The attempted identifications of Basques and Berbers by Dr. Tubino (_Los Aborigines Ibericos_, Madrid, 1876) is therefore a failure.

[88] I should prefer the term “Celtindic” to either of the others. “Aryan,” or Aryac, suggested by Prof. Max Müller from a Sanscrit root, signifies “noble,” “superior.” It is open to several objections, but I have adopted it on account of its popularity.

[89] The European bronze age, for instance, was not introduced by the Indo-Aryac peoples, as their early art-forms in bronze are quite distinct, and their alloy different, the Asian bronze being a zinc, the European a tin alloy. See on this R. Virchow in the _Correspondenz-Blatt der deutchen Gesell. für Anthropologie_, 1889, s. 94.

[90] See d’Halloy’s articles in the _Bulletins de l’Academie Royale de Belgique_, beginning with Vol. VI (1839); especially in 1848 his “Observations sur la Distribution ancienne des peuples de la race blanche.” Dr. Latham first stated this view in an Appendix, dated 1859, to an article on “The original extent of the Slavonic area.” See his _Opuscula_, pp. 127-28 (London, 1860). I observe that Dr. John Beddoe, in his last address before the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain this year, 1890, repeats the statement: “The first anthropologist of note who took up the notion of the European origin of the Aryans was Dr. Robert Latham” (_Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, 1890, p. 491). On the contrary, d’Halloy, in the “Observations” above quoted (p. 9), urges that the “Indo-Germanic” languages point to a kinship of those who speak them, and that they always have been in Europe, and did not come from Asia.

[91] A. De Candolle, _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 265, sq. This is ingeniously explained on the mechanical theory of mixing colors by d’Halloy. _Obs. sur la Distrib. de la Race Blanche_, p. 11. (Bruxelles, 1848.) Compare also R. Virchow, _Die Verbreitung des blonden und des brunetten Typus in Mitteleuropa_, who attributes the increase of brunette’s to a reversion to “Celtic or pre-Celtic ancestry.”

[92] This opinion has also been defended by Fligier, _Zur praehistorischen Ethnologie Italiens_, p. 55.

[93] Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 259.

[94] See his remarkable essay, published in 1821, entitled _Prüfung der Untersuchungen über die Urbewohner Hispaniens vermittlest der Vaskischen Sprache_, § 47.

[95] In his latest work, Dr. Abel avers that the old Egyptian and Indo-European stocks have as many radicals in common as the idioms of the latter have among themselves. _Ægyptisch-Europaeische Sprachverwandtschaft_, s. 58 (Leipzig, 1890).

[96] See Karl Brugman, _Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages_, Vol. I., pp. 13, 14; Wharton, _Etyma Latina_, Introduction.

[97] See Dr. Fligier, _Zur praehistorischen Ethnologie Italiens_ (Wien 1877). There is a markedly brachycephalic type among the Albanians, quite dissimilar from the Greek. I incline to believe it is Celtic. See Dr. Raphael Zampa, “Anthropologie Illyrienne,” in the _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 625, sq.

[98] See Max Duncker, _History of Greece_, Vol. I, p. 11.

[99] _Ibid._, pp. 13, 142.

[100] Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 98.

[101] The Phrygian was about as closely related to the Greek as Gothic to middle High German. See Curtius, _History of Greece_, Vol. I, p. 43, who acknowledges that the testimony of antiquity is in favor of the easterly migration of the Hellenic peoples, but denies the fact because it is in conflict with his Asiatic hypothesis.

[102] The Cypriote Greeks used a remarkable syllabic alphabet of great antiquity. R. H. Lang, _Cyprus_, pp. 8, 12 (London, 1878).

[103] On this important subject see Max Duncker, _History of Greece_, Vol. I, Chap. IV, “The Phenicians in Hellas;” and H. Schliemann, _Tiryns_, pp. 28, 57, etc.

[104] Hovelacque et Hervé, _Precis d’Anthropologie_, p. 573.

[105] This is the opinion of Penka, Schrader, Taylor, etc.

[106] “The Lithuanian language has more antique features by far than any other now spoken dialect of the whole great (Aryac) family.” W. D. Whitney, _Oriental and Linguistic Studies_, Vol. II, p. 228.

[107] In North Germany the present percentage of blondes is 42; in the German empire, 32; in Austria, 20; in Switzerland, 11. (Virchow, _Die Verbreitung des blonden und des brunetten Typus in Mitteleuropa_.)

[108] On the extreme diversity of skull-forms among the modern Russians see _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1889, p. 99. The race of the “Kurgans,” or ancient tombs, which are supposed to date back to the ninth or tenth century, had usually long skulls; but about 20 per cent. are short. Hervé is quite right in his statement, “Il n’y a pas un type général slave, il n’y a même pas un type slave du nord et un type slave du sud.” _Précis d’ Anthropologie_, p. 564.

[109] Cf. Gesa Kuun, “L’ Origine des Nationalités de la Transylvanie,” in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1888, pp. 232, sqq.

[110] Omalius d’Halloy has called attention to the statement of Potocki, _Voyages_, p. 167, that the Ossetes, by their own traditions, came from southeastern Russia, on the river Don. They are generally blondes of the brachycephalic Slavonic type.

[111] Cf. Louis Rousselet, _Les Afghans_, in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1888, p, 412.

[112] Sanscrit civilization extended throughout most of Farther India and Malasia, and at one time had one of its chief seats in Cambodia, where the ruins of magnificent palaces decorated with subjects from the Ramayana attest its presence. See Abel Bergaigne, “Sur l’Histoire Ancienne du Cambodge,” in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1885, p. 477, sq.

[113] A. F. Rittich, _Die Ethnographie Russlands_, p. 2. (4to, Gotha, 1878.)

[114] “Everything goes to prove,” writes de Quatrefages, “that the Caucasus was not a center of _emigration_, but of _immigration_ by various peoples at a comparatively late date.” (_Histoire Generale des Races Humaines_, p. 475.) The researches of Rudolph Virchow result in showing that these mountains were peopled at about the beginning of the age of bronze.

[115] This is the result of the observations of Ernest Chantre, who spent years in personal investigations throughout the Caucasus. (_Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase_, quoted in _Revue d’ Anthropologie,_ 1888, p. 480.) Virchow reached the same conclusion from his osteologic studies (_Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie_, 1887, p. 97.) It is high time therefore to stop talking about the “Caucasian” race.

[116] For a full discussion of this subject consult de Quatrefages, _Les Pygmées des anciens et de la science moderne_, Paris, 1886.

[117] See the very detailed observations of Emin Bey in the _Zeitschrift fur Ethnologié_, 1886, s. 145. The hairy skin is also mentioned by Du Chaillu.

[118] Dr. K. Schweinfurth, _The Heart of Africa_, vol. i., p. 139; and Fritsch, _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft_, 1887, s 195.

[119] Leclerc, “Les Pygmées à Madagascar,” in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 323.

[120] Theodore Hahn, in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1887, P. 272.

[121] See M. Ploix, “Les Hottentots et leur Religion,” in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1887, p. 271, sq.

[122] Dr. L. Tautain, “Sur l’ Ethnographie du Sénégal,” in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1885, p. 61, sq.

[123] See Th. Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. II, ss. 476-8.

[124] See Dr. Frederich Müller, _Die Æquatoriale Sprach-Familie in Central Afrika_, Wien, 1889.

[125] The word _bantu_ in that language means “people” or “men.” It is preferable to “Caffres,” which is sometimes applied to the group, and which is an Arabic term meaning “infidels.”

[126] These traditions are briefly presented by de Quatrefages, _Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines_, pp. 371, sqq.

[127] Grandel, _Ethnography_, p. 335.

[128] These are found in Bechuana land at Zimbabye. See John Mackenzie, _Austral Africa_, Vol. I., p. 35 (London, 1887.)

[129] Except the Bushman and Hottentots and Negrillos, all the African tribes seem to have long known the working of iron. See Dr. F. Delisle, “Sur la Fabrication du fer dans l’ Afrique Equatoriale,” in the _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1884, p. 465.

[130] On the geographical domain of the Mandingoes, see a careful note by Dr. Toutain in the _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1886, p. 515.

[131] Cf. A. R. Wallace, _Geographical Distribution of Animals_.

[132] This is Mantegazza’s opinion, _Archivio per l’Antropologia_, 1888, p. 121, sq.

[133] D’Escayrac de Lauture, _Memoires sur la Chine_, Religion, p. 64 (Paris, 1877).

[134] D’Escayrac de Lauture, _Memoires sur la Chine_, Religion, pp. 18-20 (Paris, 1877).

[135] A. F. Rittich, _Die Ethnographie Russlands_, ss. 20-24.

[136] Nicholas Seeland, “Les Kirghis,” in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 27.

[137] The best recent authority is Dr. Heinrich Winkler, _Uralaltaische Völker und Sprachen_. (Berlin, 1884.)

[138] _Note on the Lapps of Finmark_, p. 8. (Paris, 1886.)

[139] A. H. Keane, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Vol. XV., p. 218.

[140] N. A. E. de Nordenskjold, in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1884, p. 402; also A. F. Rittich, _Die Ethnographie Russland_ s. 12 (Gotha, 1878).

[141] I have followed in this obscure subject W. H. Dall, “On the so-called Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia” in the _American Naturalist_, 1881, p. 857. Rittich says, erroneously, that the Namollos are not related to the Chukchis. (_Die Ethnographie Russland,_ s. 15.) The relationship of the Chukchi, Korak and Kamschatkan is demonstrated by Heinrich Winkler, _Uralaltäische Völker und Sprachen_, s. 120.

[142] J. Deniker, _Les Ghiliaks d’après les derniers Renseignements_, pp. 5, 17. (Paris, 1884.)

[143] The date of the foundation of the Japanese ecclesiastical empire is put at 660 B.C. D’Escayrac de Lauture, _La Chine et les Chinois_, Vol. I, p. 17.

[144] For details, see Hovelacque et Hervé, _Precis d’ Anthropologie_, p. 468-470.

[145] An admirable analysis of the physical traits of the Japanese will be found in the _Journal of Speculative Philosophy_, Vol. VI., written by Benjamin Smith Lyman, long a resident among them.

[146] This subject has been presented with great amplitude of illustration by the late Moritz Wagner. See _Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung_, Basel, 1889.

[147] Dr. Finsch, for instance, mentions that on the little island of Tanna, in Melanesia, nearly every village has a dialect unintelligible to its neighbors. _Anthrop. Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, s. 38. (Berlin, 1884.)

[148] This lost continent is sometimes called Gondwana land, from the recurrence of the Gondwana formation in Hindostan, Madagascar, and the east coast of Africa. See Suess, _Das Antlitz der Erde_, Bd. ii.

[149] The word _aëta_ is Malayan, and means “black.” There is some doubt about the Semangs, as some of them are fair. See _Journal of the Anthropological Institute,_ 1886, p. 429, and compare F. de Castelnau in the _Revue de philologie et d’ ethnographie_, 1876, p. 174, sq.

[150] The Susians in the lower valley of the Euphrates show in color and hair an infusion of Negro blood, but this is attributable to the introduction of slaves into that region from Africa. (Cf. _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1888, p. 79.)

[151] For an excellent study of the Andaman islanders, see E. H. Man, in _Journal of Anthropological Institute_, Vol. XII., etc. F. Blumentritt describes the Negritos of the Philippines with head and features thoroughly Negro like. (_Ethnographie der Philippinen_, s. 5, Gotha, 1882.)

[152] Dr. J. Montano, in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, p. 691; F. Blumentritt, _Ethnographie der Philippinen_, s. 7. (Gotha, 1882.) The description applies principally to the Negritos of these islands, where they number about 10,000 persons.

[153] Flower, “On the Osteology and Affinities of the Natives of the Andaman Islands,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1880, p. 132. The same position is taken by James Dallas, in the _Proceedings of the British Naturalists’ Society_, 1884. He argues that the Negritos, Papuas and African Negroes belong to one family, the “Melanochroic,” which in view of the continuity and isolation of the region it occupies must originally have been a unit.

[154] See A. B. Meyer, in _Mittheilungen der Wiener Anthropologischen Gesellschaft,_ 1874; and A. R. Wallace, Australasia, pp. 452-456. The great diversity in color, hair, etc., is commented on by Dr. O. Finsch, _Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, p. 34. The difference is sometimes by villages, some being quite fair and called “white Papuas,” though of pure blood ostensibly.

[155] See Rev. L. Ella, “A Comparison of the Malayan and Papuan Races of Polynesia,” in _Proceedings of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science_, Vol. I. (1888), p. 484, sq. The author writes from 26 years’ intercourse with the various islanders. He claims that the Papuas “have distinctly African resemblances, habits, customs, languages, and religions.”

[156] These singular facts are fully supported by the studies of Dr. O. Finsch, _Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, s. 34, sq.

[157] See Fr. Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Ab. II., s. 160.

[158] Horatio Hale, _Ethnog. and Philol. of the U. S. Exploring Exped._, p. 44.

[159] In the _Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889, s. 162.

[160] See Friedrich Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. I., Ab. II., s. 30; Bd. II., Ab. II., s. 160.

[161] M. O. Beauregard has compared 120 common words and numerals in dialects from Madagascar to Easter Island, and proves that all are affined to the pure Malay, though with many verbal admixtures from other sources. _Bulletin de la Société d’ Anthropologie_, 1886, pp. 520-527.

[162] “On ne peut guère mettre en doute que les vrais Malais appartiennent au groupe des races à petite taille et à tête plus ou moins ronde de l’Asie.” Hovelacque et Hervé, _Précis d’ Anthropologie_, p. 470.

[163] See Friedrich Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Ab. II., s. 1-3.

[164] Compare Fr. Ratzel, _Völkerkunde_, Bd. II., s. 371. Dr. Hamy and Mr. Keane have questioned the relationship of the Battaks.

[165] Dr. O. Finsch, _Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, s. 1. (Berlin, 1884.)

[166] A. Thompson, “On the Osteology of the Veddahs,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1889. “Veddah” in Sanscrit means “hunter.”

[167] On the inhabitants of Boru, see G. W. Earl, _Native races of the Indian Archipelago_, p. 185.

[168] Other Hypotheses about the Polynesians are that they are an autochthonous race developed in New Zealand (Lesson et Martinet, _Les Polynésiens_, Paris, 1884); that they came from America; that they are of Aryac descent (Fornander).

The migrations of the Polynesians have been closely studied by Horatio Hale, _Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition_, pp. 116-196 (1847). Many later writers have pursued the subject.

[169] The sacred legends and rites of the Polynesians have been collected by Bastian, _Inselgruppen in Oceanien_ (Berlin, 1883), and other writers.

[170] Dr. O. Finsch, _Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee_, s. 19.

[171] De Quatrefages found the Australian sub-type of skull reappearing among the Dravidians, and he goes so far as to add, “The affinity of the Australian and Dravidian languages is now universally admitted.” _Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines_, p. 333. He quotes the authority of Maury; but Fr. Müller thinks the analogies “too weak” to be convincing. (_Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft._ Bd. II., s. 95-98.)

[172] Dr. Friedrich Ratzel acknowledges the probable inroads of Malays in southern India, but condemns classing the Dravidas with the Australians. _Völkerkunde_, Bd. III., s. 411 (Leipzig, 1888).

[173] Wake, “The Papuans and Polynesians,” in _Jour. of the Anthrop. Institute_, Nov., 1882.

[174] This is the positive statement of Geo. W. Earl, who had seen Tasmanians. (_Native Races of the Indian Archipelago_, p. 188. London, 1853.) It is contradicted by Dr. Hamy, in the _Crania Ethnica_, for no other reason, apparently, than that it does not fit his theories.

[175] “The cast of the face is between the African and Malay types.” H. Hale, _Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition_, p. 107. Mr. Hale describes their hair as “long, fine and wavy, like that of Europeans,” the color usually a dark brown.

[176] Edwin N. Curr, _The Australian Race_, Vol. III., p. 675 (London, 1887).

[177] Elisée Reclus, “Contributions à la Sociologie des Australiens,” in _Revue d’ Anthropologie_, 1887.

[178] For abundant authorities see A. Bastian, _Inselgruppen in Oceanien_, ss. 121, 122 (Berlin, 1883).

[179] Cf. A. T. Packard, “Notes on the Labrador Eskimos,” in _American Naturalist_, 1885, p. 473.

[180] E. Petitot, _Monographie des Déné Dindjié_, p. 24 (Paris, 1876).

[181] See F. Michel, _Dix huit ans chez les Sauvages_ (Paris, 1866), and Petitot, ubi supra.

[182] See an article on “The Probable Nationality of the Mound Builders,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 67 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[183] Dr. Ten Kate, in _Revue d’ Ethnographie_, 1885, p. 122.

[184] _Life Among the Pi-Utes_, by Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins (Boston, 1883).

[185] Dr. A. Krause, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_ (Jena, 1885).

[186] The tribes of British Columbia have been especially studied by Dr. Franz Boas, who has published extensively upon them.

[187] See D. G. Brinton, _American Hero Myths_, Chap. III (Philadelphia, 1882).

[188] The Tarascos have been studied with much care by Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Michoacan, who has published a number of articles on their antiquities and languages.

[189] S. Habel, _The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalhuapa_ (Washington, 1878). Bastian has also written a good account of them (Berlin, 1882).

[190] D. G. Brinton, “On the Alaguilac Language of Guatemala,” in _Proceedings of the American Philosoph. Soc._, 1887.

[191] D. G. Brinton, _The Güegüence, a comedy ballet in the Dialect of Nicaragua_. Introduction, p. viii. (Philadelphia, 1883).

[192] C. H. Berendt, _Bull. of the Amer. Geog. Society_, 1876, p. 11.

[193] Karl von der Steinen, _Durch Central Brasilien_, s. 308.

[194] On this complex question compare _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1886, s. 703; 1887, s. 532, and elsewhere; Karl von den Steinen, _Durch Central Brasilien_, s. 295, and the work of Von Martius, _Zur Ethnographie Amerika’s zumal Brasiliens_, Vol. I. (Leipzig, 1867).

[195] The most careful analysis of the Peruvian government is given by Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die Culturvölker Alt-America’s_, pp. 369, sq. (Cincinnati, 1887).

[196] Dr. J. Orgeas, _La Pathologie des Races Humaines_, p. 481 (Paris, 1886).

[197] Authorities in Hovelacque et Hervé, _Précis d’Anthropologie_, 214, sq.

[198] This is the opinion advocated by de Quatrefages. His arguments will be found in the seventh chapter of his _Histoire Générale des Races Humaines_ (Paris, 1889).

[199] Dr. J. Orgeas, _La Pathologie des Races Humaines_, p. 481.

[200] Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 171 (New York, 1883).

[201] Dally, quoted in Hovelacque et Hervé, _Précis d’ Anthropologie_, p. 218.

[202] See the question discussed by Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. I, s. 188.

[203] Quoted in Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, p. 182.

[204] S. N. Clark, _Circular of the Bureau of Education_, Washington, 1877; Garrick Mallery, in _Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science_, 1877, p. 340.

[205] This is the statement of Dr. F. Nansen, the recent explorer of Greenland, and many others.

[206] F. Blumentritt, _Die Ethnographie der Phillipinen_, s. 8 (Gotha, 1882).

[207] Fr. Ratzel, _Völkerkunde_, Bd. I, s. 628, who quotes the authority of Du Chaillu.

[208] George Gerland, _Anthropologische Beiträge_, Bd. I., s. 5 (Halle, 1875).

[209] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 88.

[Transcriber’s Note:

Obvious printer errors corrected silently.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]

End of Project Gutenberg's Races and Peoples, by Daniel Garrison Brinton