Chapter II: Experiments with Volunteers From the Hospital Corps of the United (5)

Nitrogen balance for six days = -5.416 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.902 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that a smaller amount of coffee was taken at breakfast on the 14th. Nitrogen correction made accordingly.

STELTZ

_Photographs taken at the close of the experiment._]

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Steltz._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 4.61 grams. 15.0 grams.
13 9.463 7.90 34.0
14 7.412 4.99 21.0
15 8.560 9.05 31.5
16 7.282 7.56 33.0
17 8.349 8.55 18.0
------ ------ ------
152.5 grams contain 6.52% N.
48.859 42.66 + 9.94 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
48.859 grams nitrogen. 52.60 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -3.741 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.623 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except on January 13, when 8 grams of boiled rice were uneaten at breakfast and 100 grams of fried rice at supper. Correction in nitrogen-content made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Bates._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.706 grams. 7.46 grams.
13 9.916 7.03
14 7.375 7.13 36 grams.
15 8.439 8.04 30
16 7.226 7.66 34
17 8.349 7.38 34
------ ------ ------
134 grams contain 7.17% N.
49.011 44.70 + 9.61 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
49.011 grams nitrogen. 54.31 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -5.299 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.883 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, with the following exceptions:

Jan. 12 Supper: 8 grams Potato chips, uneaten.
13 Dinner: 113 ” Apple sauce, ”
14 ” 50 ” Coffee, ”
15 Supper: 81 ” Prunes, ”
16 Breakfast: 75 ” Coffee, ”

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Coffman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 8.82 grams.
13 9.992 8.28
14 7.412 8.30 57.00 grams.
15 8.560 7.91 41.25
16 7.282 7.32 47.00
17 8.349 7.44 21.50
------ ------ ------
166.75 grams contain 6.66% N
49.388 48.07 + 11.10 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
49.388 grams nitrogen. 59.17 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -9.782 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -1.630 grams.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Fritz._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 8.99 grams.
13 9.992 6.49
14 7.412 10.26 64.0 grams.
15 8.560 7.97 29.5
16 7.282 5.20 62.0
17 8.186 9.40 31.0
------ ------ ------
186.5 grams contain 6.49% N.
49.225 48.31 + 12.10 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
49.225 grams nitrogen. 60.41 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -11.185 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -1.864 grams.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on the 17th inst. a portion of the prunes was uneaten. Correction made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Henderson._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.639 grams. 7.68 grams.
13 9.794 8.22
14 7.487 8.24
15 8.560 7.76 45 grams.
16 7.068 7.56 26
17 8.045 7.87 22
------ ------ ------
93 grams contain 6.45% N.
48.593 47.33 + 6.00 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
48.593 grams nitrogen. 53.33 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -4.737 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.789 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on several days smaller amounts of coffee and tea were taken. Corrections made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Morris._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.255 grams. 4.19 grams.
13 9.573 7.92
14 7.325 7.91 4.75 grams.
15 8.638 7.44 38.00
16 7.282 7.38 71.00
17 8.349 5.28 53.00
------ ------ ------
166.75 grams contain 6.45% N.
48.322 40.12 + 10.75 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
48.322 grams nitrogen. 50.87 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -2.548 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.424 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s except that on the first three days smaller amounts of tea and coffee were taken. Corrections made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Zooman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.466 grams. 11.31 grams.
13 9.992 11.63
14 7.412 9.38
15 8.560 8.44 27.5 grams.
16 7.282 8.89 28.5
17 8.349 8.99 13.0
------ ------ ------
69.0 grams contain 6.46% N.
49.061 58.64 + 4.45 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
49.061 grams nitrogen. 63.09 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -14.029 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -2.338 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on January 12th 30 grams potato chips were not eaten. Nitrogen intake corrected accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Sliney._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 6.501 grams. 5.94 grams. 22.5 grams.
13 9.975 8.44 26.0
14 7.388 7.42 22.5
15 8.560 7.89 24.0
16 7.282 7.23 13.0
17 8.349 8.15 15.0
------ ------ ------
123.0 grams contain 6.72% N.
48.055 45.07 + 8.26 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
48.055 grams nitrogen. 53.33 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -5.275 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.879 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on the 12th 190 grams stewed tomatoes and 190 grams macaroni were uneaten; on the 13th at breakfast 25 grams of coffee were left, and on the 14th at breakfast 25 grams coffee were not taken. Corrections in intake of nitrogen made accordingly.

STELTZ

_Photographs taken at the close of the experiment._]

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Cohn._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.793 grams. 6.49 grams.
13 9.957 9.10 29.0 grams.
14 7.412 7.33 8.5
15 8.320 8.04 44.0
16 7.282 8.58 19.0
17 8.349 7.44 5.5
------ ------ ------
106.0 grams contain 6.48% N.
49.113 46.98 + 6.87 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
49.113 grams nitrogen. 53.85 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -4.737 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.789 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that on the 15th inst. at supper 60 grams fritters were uneaten, and on the 13th at breakfast 30 grams coffee, and at dinner 22 grams apple sauce were uneaten. Corrections made accordingly.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Broyles._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Jan. 12 7.475 grams. 5.38 grams.
13 9.495 6.99
14 6.814 7.47
15 8.036 9.67 35 grams.
16 6.695 7.65 14
17 7.762 5.28 20
------ ------ ------
69 grams contain 6.61% N.
46.277 42.44 + 4.56 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
46.277 grams nitrogen. 47.00 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = -0.723 gram.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.120 gram.

Daily diet same as Oakman’s, except that each day coffee was omitted from breakfast and dinner. Corrections made accordingly.

SECOND NITROGEN BALANCE.

Commencing February 29, a second nitrogen balance was attempted with very different results. This balance period extended through seven days and was characterized by an average daily intake of 9.50 grams of nitrogen, an increase of 1.3 grams of nitrogen per day over the preceding period, together with an average fuel value of the food equal to 2500 calories per day.

The daily diet with its content of nitrogen, etc., is detailed under Oakman. Any variations (only slight ones) from this diet are indicated on the individual balance-sheets, corrections being made in the nitrogen intake.

In all of the men, with one exception, a distinct plus balance is seen, showing that under the conditions of this experiment the men were all storing up nitrogen. The plus balance per day varied from 0.132 gram to 1.231 grams of nitrogen.

The average daily output of nitrogen through the urine for this seven days’ period (Oakman’s case) was 7.24 grams, being 0.28 gram less per day than in the preceding period. Sliney, the one man who failed to show a positive balance, was apparently losing nitrogen at the rate of 0.48 gram per day during this period.

All of the individual data are shown in the accompanying tables of results:

OAKMAN.

_Monday February 29, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled rice 175 grams, milk 125 grams, sugar 25 grams, baked potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Baked spaghetti 250 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, bread 75 grams, boiled tomato 150 grams, apple pie 112 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Biscuit 175 grams, fried bacon 20 grams, fried sweet potato 150 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled rice 175 × 0.34 = 0.595 grams.
Milk 125 × 0.55 = 0.687
Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000
Baked potato 150 × 0.34 = 0.510
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.082 = 0.287
Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.16 = 0.480
Spaghetti 250 × 0.73 = 1.825
Mashed potato 250 × 0.30 = 0.750
Bread 75 × 1.61 = 1.207
Tomato 150 × 0.16 = 0.240
Apple pie 112 × 0.46 = 0.515
Biscuit 175 × 1.21 = 2.117
Fried bacon 20 × 3.80 = 0.760
Fried sweet potato 150 × 0.22 = 0.330
Tea 350 × 0.06 = 0.210
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.11 = 0.385
------
Total nitrogen in food 10.466 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.880

Fuel value of the food 2670 calories.

_Tuesday, March 1, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried rice 150 grams, syrup 50 grams, baked potato 150 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Thick pea soup 250 grams, boiled onions 150 grams, boiled sweet potato 150 grams, bread 75 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Celery-lettuce-apple salad 120 grams, crackers 32 grams, American cheese 20 grams, Saratoga chips 79 grams, one cup tea 350 grams, rice custard 100 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried rice 150 × 0.34 = 0.510 grams.
Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000
Baked potato 150 × 0.33 = 0.495
Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.16 = 0.048
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.042 = 0.147
Pea soup 250 × 0.54 = 1.350
Boiled onions 150 × 0.27 = 0.405
Boiled sweet potato 150 × 0.13 = 0.195
Bread 75 × 1.65 = 1.237
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.084 = 0.294
Salad 120 × 0.14 = 0.168
Crackers 32 × 1.50 = 0.480
Cheese 20 × 3.92 = 0.784
Saratoga chips 79 × 1.22 = 0.963
Tea 350 × 0.054 = 0.189
Rice custard 100 × 0.56 = 0.560
------
Total nitrogen in food 7.825 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.420

Fuel value of the food 2279 calories.

_Wednesday, March 2, 1904._

Breakfast.—Wheat griddle cakes 200 grams, syrup 50 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, banana 75 grams.

Dinner.—Boiled salt mackerel 25 grams, boiled potato 250 grams, boiled turnip 150 grams, bread 75 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, apple sauce 150 grams.

Supper.—Chopped fresh cabbage with salt, pepper, and vinegar 100 grams, bread 75 grams, butter 20 grams, chocolate cake 150 grams, cranberry sauce 100 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Griddle cakes 200 × 0.80 = 1.600 grams.
Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000
Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.16 = 0.048
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231
Banana 75 × 0.20 = 0.150
Mackerel 25 × 3.92 = 0.980
Boiled potato 250 × 0.27 = 0.675
Boiled turnip 150 × 0.071 = 0.106
Bread 75 + 75 = 150 × 1.63 = 2.445
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231
Apple sauce 150 × 0.048 = 0.072
Cabbage 100 × 0.28 = 0.280
Chocolate cake 150 × 0.95 = 1.425
Cranberry sauce 100 × 0.045 = 0.045
Tea 350 × 0.057 = 0.199
------
Total nitrogen in food 8.487 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.580

Fuel value of the food 2391 calories.

_Thursday, March 3, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled hominy 175 grams, milk 125 grams, sugar 25 grams, baked potato 150 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak with much bread, fat, and onions 150 grams, boiled potato 250 grams, bread 75 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Tapioca-peach pudding 250 grams, bread 75 grams, jam 75 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled hominy 175 × 0.19 = 0.330 grams.
Milk 125 × 0.40 = 0.500
Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000
Baked potato 150 × 0.28 = 0.420
Butter 10 + 10 + 20 = 40 × 0.16 = 0.064
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.075 = 0.262
Hamburg steak 150 × 2.12 = 3.180
Boiled potato 250 × 0.27 = 0.675
Bread 75 + 75 = 150 × 1.48 = 2.220
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.093 = 0.325
Tapioca-peach pudding 250 × 0.22 = 0.550
Jam 75 × 0.034 = 0.025
Tea 350 × 0.057 = 0.199
------
Total nitrogen in food 8.750 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.850

Fuel value of the food 2375 calories.

_Friday, March 4, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried hominy 150 grams, syrup 50 grams, baked potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Codfish-balls (1 part fish, 4 parts potatoes, fried in pork fat) 150 grams, stewed tomato 200 grams, stewed potato 150 grams, bread 75 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, apple pie 130 grams.

Supper.—French fried potato 200 grams, fried sausage 50 grams, butter 10 grams, bread 50 grams, stewed prunes 125 grams, sponge cake 35 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried hominy 150 × 0.32 = 0.480 grams.
Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000
Baked potato 150 × 0.37 = 0.555
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.099 = 0.346
Butter 10 + 10 = 20 × 0.16 = 0.032
Fish-balls 150 × 1.73 = 2.595
Stewed tomato 200 × 0.19 = 0.380
Bread 75 + 50 = 125 × 1.54 = 1.925
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.069 = 0.241
Apple pie 130 × 0.38 = 0.494
French fried potato 200 × 0.49 = 0.980
Sausage 50 × 2.75 = 1.375
Prunes 125 × 0.17 = 0.212
Sponge cake 35 × 0.83 = 0.290
Tea 350 × 0.072 = 0.252
Stewed potato 150 × 0.18 = 0.270
------
Total nitrogen in food 10.427 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.950

Fuel value of the food 2374 calories.

_Saturday, March 5, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled Indian-meal 200 grams, milk 125 grams, sugar 25 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, fried sweet potato 150 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup, thick with potatoes and onions boiled together 325 grams, bread 100 grams, scrambled eggs 50 grams, mashed potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350.

Supper.—Bread pudding with raisins 250 grams, stewed peaches 150 grams, bacon 20 grams, French fried potato 150 grams, bread 50 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled Indian-meal 200 × 0.20 = 0.400 gram.
Milk 125 × 0.52 = 0.650
Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.10 = 0.350
Fried sweet potato 150 × 0.22 = 0.330
Butter 10 + 10 = 20 × 0.16 = 0.032
Tomato soup 325 × 0.10 = 0.325
Bread 100 + 50 = 150 × 1.57 = 2.355
Scrambled eggs 50 × 2.22 = 1.110
Mashed potato 150 × 0.25 = 0.375
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.075 = 0.262
Bread pudding 250 × 0.80 = 2.000
Stewed peaches 150 × 0.24 = 0.360
Bacon 20 × 4.00 = 0.800
French fried potato 150 × 0.56 = 0.840
Tea 350 × 0.084 = 0.294
------
Total nitrogen in food 10.483 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.100

Fuel value of the food 2302 calories.

_Sunday, March 6, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried Indian-meal 150 grams, syrup 50 grams, sliced banana 100 grams, baked potato 150 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 10 grams.

Dinner.—Corned beef 50 grams, boiled cabbage 200 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, bread 75 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, fried rice 100 grams, jam 75 grams.

Supper.—Sponge cake 150 grams, apple sauce 150 grams, crackers 32 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup tea 350 grams, sardine 14 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried Indian-meal 150 × 0.38 = 0.570 gram.
Syrup 50 × 0.00 = 0.000
Banana 100 × 0.19 = 0.190
Baked potato 150 × 0.37 = 0.555
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.072 = 0.252
Butter 10 + 10 = 20 × 0.16 = 0.032
Corned beef 50 × 5.24 = 2.620
Cabbage 200 × 0.34 = 0.680
Mashed potato 250 × 0.32 = 0.800
Bread 75 × 1.67 = 1.252
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.093 = 0.325
Fried rice 100 × 0.23 = 0.230
Jam 75 × 0.034 = 0.025
Sponge cake 150 × 1.02 = 1.530
Apple sauce 150 × 0.044 = 0.066
Crackers 32 × 1.50 = 0.480
Tea 350 × 0.054 = 0.189
Sardine 14 × 3.35 = 0.469
------
Total nitrogen in food 10.265 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.960

Fuel value of the food 3173 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Oakman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces[34] (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 6.88 grams.
Mar. 1 7.825 7.42
2 8.487 7.58 17 grams.
3 8.750 6.85 72
4 10.427 7.95 39
5 10.483 6.10 19
6 10.265 7.96 35
------ ------ ------
182 grams contain 6.81% N.
66.703 50.74 + 12.394 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
66.703 grams nitrogen. 63.134 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +3.569 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.509 gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2509.
Nitrogen per day 9.50 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Henderson._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.261 grams. 8.36 grams.
Mar. 1 7.384 6.80
2 8.487 8.28 85 grams.
3 8.555 7.37
4 10.427 8.22
5 10.483 8.09
6 10.265 8.20 28
------ ------ ------
113 grams contain 6.21% N.
65.862 55.32 + 7.017 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
65.862 grams nitrogen. 62.337 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +3.525 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.503 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Morris._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 6.40 grams.
Mar. 1 7.720 6.64 45 grams.
2 8.319 5.40 43
3 8.750 6.55 41
4 10.427 4.99 45
5 10.483 5.38 38
6 10.265 7.01 13
------ ------ ------
225 grams contain 7.18% N.
66.430 42.37 + 16.155 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
66.430 grams nitrogen. 58.525 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +7.905 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +1.129 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Coffman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 8.63 grams.
Mar. 1 7.825 7.48
2 8.487 8.62
3 8.750 7.18
4 10.427 7.93 65 grams.
5 10.483 7.67 83
6 10.265 7.95 20
------ ------ ------
168 grams contain 6.14% N.
66.703 55.46 + 10.315 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
66.703 grams nitrogen. 65.775 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +0.928 gram.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.132 gram.

COHN

_Photographs taken at the close of the experiment._]

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Steltz._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 9.989 grams. 7.90 grams. 23 grams.
Mar. 1 8.090 5.98 22
2 8.487 6.58 21
3 9.300 8.10 45
4 11.107 4.66 18
5 10.024 8.69 36
6 10.392 8.20 31
10
------ ------ ------
206 grams contain 6.66% N.
67.389 50.11 + 13.719 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
67.389 grams nitrogen. 63.829 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +3.560 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.508 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Loewenthal._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 7.38 grams. 16.5 grams.
Mar. 1 7.825 7.05 38.0
2 8.487 7.07 21.0
3 8.750 7.83
4 10.427 7.35 15.0
5 10.654 4.29 22.0
6 10.886 8.07 56.0
------ ------ ------
168.5 grams contain 7.11% N.
67.495 49.04 + 11.980 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
67.495 grams nitrogen. 61.020 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +6.475 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.925 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Cohn._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.442 grams. 9.74 grams.
Mar. 1 7.825 6.86
2 8.487 7.29 43 grams.
4 10.215 5.59 24
5 10.483 9.55 57
6 8.164 6.77 25
------ ------ ------
149 grams contain 6.63% N.
= 9.878 gr.
-1.401[35]
55.616 45.80 + = 8.477 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
55.616 grams nitrogen. 54.277 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = +1.339 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.223 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Zooman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 7.02 grams. 18 grams.
Mar. 1 7.604 6.66 25
2 8.487 7.26 52
3 8.750 7.56 40
4 10.427 7.51 14
5 10.483 7.08 30
6 10.265 6.81 10
------ ------ ------
189 grams contain 6.54% N.
66.482 49.90 + 12.36 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
66.482 grams nitrogen. 62.26 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +4.222 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.603 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Sliney._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 9.50 grams. 15 grams.
Mar. 1 7.825 8.09 35
2 8.487 7.97 25
3 8.734 7.78 45
4 10.427 7.49 28
5 10.475 7.54 21
6 10.265 8.23 32
------ ------ ------
201 grams contain 6.70% N.
66.679 56.60 + 13.467 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
66.679 grams nitrogen. 70.067 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = -3.388 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.484 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Broyles._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.179 grams. 5.74 grams.
Mar. 1 7.468 9.26
2 8.487 6.97 13 grams.
3 8.750 6.18 4
4 10.427 7.68 46
5 10.483 5.56 29
6 10.265 7.69 42
------ ------ ------
134 grams contain 6.24% N.
66.059 49.08 + 8.361 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
66.059 grams nitrogen. 57.441 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for seven days = +8.618 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +1.231 grams.

COHN

_Photographs taken at the close of the experiment._]

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Fritz._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Feb. 29 10.466 grams. 6.22 grams.
Mar. 1 7.825 7.44
2 8.487 4.00 71
3 8.750 7.05 28
5 10.483 8.71 49
6 10.265 4.78 44
------ ------ ------
192 grams contain 6.61% N.
= 12.691 gr.
-1.813[36]
56.276 38.20 + = 10.878 grm. N.
------ ----------------------
56.276 grams nitrogen. 49.078 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for six days = +7.198 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +1.199 grams.

THIRD NITROGEN BALANCE.

The last of March, a third nitrogen balance was tried on a slightly lowered nitrogen intake and with a slight increase in the fuel value of the daily food. In this period of five days, March 28 to April 1, the nitrogen taken in per day averaged 8.62 grams, or nearly one gram per day less than in the preceding period. The fuel value of the food averaged 2840 calories per day, or about 300 calories more than in the preceding period.

The daily diet, with its content of nitrogen, etc., is detailed for each day under Oakman. Any deviation from this diet in the cases of the other men is indicated on the accompanying balance-sheets.

The results obtained in this balance period indicate that the lowest level had been practically reached, at least under the conditions of body-weight, food, and work prevailing. Cohn, Fritz, and Broyles showed a distinct positive balance. Steltz and Loewenthal were practically in equilibrium, the deviation being within the limits of error. The remaining six men showed a minus balance, although in no case was it very marked.

It is interesting to note in this connection that the average daily output of nitrogen through the urine for this five days’ period (Oakman’s case) amounted to 7.04 grams, being 0.2 gram less per day than in the preceding period. This figure for nitrogen in the urine means the metabolism daily of 44 grams of proteid.

Undoubtedly, the rate of proteid metabolism for these men could have been lowered considerably beyond the present level by increasing largely the intake of carbohydrates and fats, but it has been the intent throughout all of these experiments to learn the minimal proteid requirement under conditions precluding the use of any excess of non-nitrogenous foods; also, to study the effect of a general physiological economy in nutrition, with a view to ascertaining the real necessities of the body for both proteid and non-proteid foods with maintenance of bodily strength and vigor. Hence, we may again emphasize the fact that the low proteid metabolism maintained by all these men throughout the period of the experiment, with establishment of nitrogenous equilibrium on a consumption of proteid or albuminous food averaging one-half the amount ordinarily specified as the daily requirement of the healthy man, has been accomplished with even less total food—fats and carbohydrates—than the ordinary standards call for, _i. e._, considerably less than 3000 calories per day in fuel value.

OAKMAN.

_Monday, March 28, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried rice 150 grams, syrup 75 grams, baked potato 250 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Thick pea soup 200 grams, boiled onions 100 grams, boiled sweet potato 250 grams, bread 50 grams, mashed potato 200 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Sliced banana 150 grams, biscuit 125 grams, fried bacon 20 grams, French fried potato 200 grams, butter 25 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried rice 150 × 0.40 = 0.600 grams.
Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038
Baked potato 250 × 0.33 = 0.825
Butter 25 + 20 + 20 = 65 × 0.15 = 0.097
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.10 = 0.350
Pea soup 200 × 0.50 = 1.000
Boiled onion 100 × 0.30 = 0.300
Sweet potato 250 × 0.12 = 0.300
Bread 50 × 1.57 = 0.785
Mashed potato 200 × 0.30 = 0.600
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.075 = 0.262
Banana 150 × 0.27 = 0.405
Biscuit 125 × 1.21 = 1.513
Bacon 20 × 3.85 = 0.770
Fried potato 200 × 0.46 = 0.920
Tea 350 × 0.075 = 0.262
------
Total nitrogen in food 9.027 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.640

Fuel value of the food 2935 calories.

_Tuesday, March 29, 1904._

Breakfast.—Boiled hominy 175 grams, milk 75 grams, sugar 25 grams, baked potato 250 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Hamburg steak with much bread, fat, and onions 125 grams, boiled potato 300 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, bread 35 grams, boiled carrots 125 grams.

Supper.—Tapioca-peach pudding 300 grams, bread 35 grams, Saratoga chips 75 grams, butter 20 grams, jam 75 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Boiled hominy 175 × 0.23 = 0.403 grams.
Milk 75 × 0.55 = 0.413
Sugar 25 × 0.00 = 0.000
Baked potato 250 × 0.36 = 0.900
Butter 20 + 10 + 20 = 50 × 0.15 = 0.075
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.057 = 0.200
Hamburg steak, etc. 125 × 2.50 = 3.130
Boiled potato 300 × 0.26 = 0.780
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.051 = 0.179
Carrots 125 × 0.13 = 0.163
Tapioca-peach pudding 300 × 0.28 = 0.840
Bread 35 + 35 = 70 × 1.51 = 1.057
Saratoga chips 75 × 0.79 = 0.593
Jam 75 × 0.039 = 0.029
Tea 350 × 0.06 = 0.210
------
Total nitrogen in food 8.972 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.340

Fuel value of the food 2840 calories.

_Wednesday, March 30, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried hominy 150 grams, syrup 75 grams, butter 10 grams, sliced banana 250 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Codfish-balls (1 part fish, 5 parts potatoes, fried in pork fat) 125 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, stewed tomato 200 grams, bread 35 grams, apple sauce 200 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Chopped fresh cabbage with salt, pepper, and vinegar 75 grams, bread 50 grams, butter 20 grams, fried sweet potato 250 grams, cranberry sauce 200 grams, sponge cake 50 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried hominy 150 × 0.35 = 0.525 grams.
Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038
Butter 10 + 20 = 30 × 0.15 = 0.045
Banana 250 × 0.25 = 0.625
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231
Codfish-balls, etc. 125 × 3.25 = 4.063
Mashed potato 250 × 0.26 = 0.650
Tomato 200 × 0.18 = 0.360
Bread 35 + 50 = 85 × 1.50 = 1.280
Apple sauce 200 × 0.053 = 0.106
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.051 = 0.179
Cabbage 75 × 0.22 = 0.165
Fried sweet potato 250 × 0.15 = 0.375
Cranberry sauce 200 × 0.066 = 0.132
Sponge cake 50 × 0.87 = 0.435
Tea 350 × 0.042 = 0.147
------
Total nitrogen in food 9.356 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.300

Fuel value of the food 2657 calories.

_Thursday, March 31, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried Indian meal 100 grams, syrup 75 grams, baked potato 250 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams, butter 20 grams.

Dinner.—Tomato soup, thick, with potatoes and onions boiled together 300 grams, mashed potato 200 grams, scrambled egg 50 grams, bread 50 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Bread pudding 150 grams, sliced banana 200 grams, fried bacon 20 grams, boiled potato 200 grams, butter 10 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried Indian meal 100 × 0.44 = 0.440 grams.
Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038
Baked potato 250 × 0.32 = 0.800
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.066 = 0.231
Butter 10 + 20 + 10 = 40 × 0.15 = 0.060
Tomato soup 300 × 0.48 = 1.440
Mashed potato 200 × 0.26 = 0.520
Scrambled egg 50 × 2.15 = 1.075
Bread 50 × 1.48 = 0.740
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.057 = 0.200
Bread pudding 150 × 0.92 = 1.380
Banana 200 × 0.24 = 0.480
Bacon 20 × 1.95 = 0.390
Boiled potato 200 × 0.25 = 0.500
Tea 350 × 0.036 = 0.126
------
Total nitrogen in food 8.420 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.100

Fuel value of the food 2466 calories.

_Friday, April 1, 1904._

Breakfast.—Fried hominy 150 grams, syrup 75 grams, baked potato 200 grams, butter 20 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Dinner.—Baked spaghetti 250 grams, mashed potato 250 grams, boiled turnip 150 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 10 grams, apple sauce 200 grams, one cup coffee 350 grams.

Supper.—Apple-tapioca pudding 300 grams, fried sweet potato 200 grams, butter 20 grams, jam 100 grams, fried bacon 25 grams, bread 35 grams, one cup tea 350 grams.

Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.

Fried hominy 150 × 0.24 = 0.360 grams.
Syrup 75 × 0.051 = 0.038
Baked potato 200 × 0.33 = 0.660
Butter 20 + 10 + 20 = 50 × 0.15 = 0.075
Coffee (breakfast) 350 × 0.06 = 0.210
Spaghetti 250 × 0.64 = 1.600
Mashed potato 250 × 0.28 = 0.700
Boiled turnip 150 × 0.61 = 0.915
Bread 35 + 35 = 70 × 1.56 = 1.092
Apple sauce 200 × 0.053 = 0.106
Coffee (dinner) 350 × 0.072 = 0.252
Apple-tapioca pudding 300 × 0.043 = 0.129
Fried sweet potato 200 × 0.15 = 0.300
Jam 100 × 0.039 = 0.039
Bacon 25 × 2.96 = 0.740
Tea 350 × 0.036 = 0.126
------
Total nitrogen in food 7.342 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.830

Fuel value of the food 3248 calories.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Oakman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 6.64 grams.
29 8.972 8.34 39 grams.
30 9.356 6.30 38
31 8.420 7.10 31
Apr. 1 7.342 6.83 29
------ ------ ------
137 grams contain 6.84% N.
43.117 35.21 + 9.37 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
43.117 grams nitrogen. 44.580 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -1.463 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.292 gram.

Average Intake.

Calories per day 2840.
Nitrogen per day 8.62 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Broyles._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 6.79 grams. 27.0 grams.
29 8.972 7.06 45.5
30 9.356 7.27 41.0
31 8.640 6.21 25.0
Apr. 1 7.342 5.86 20.0
------ ------ ------
158.5 grams contain 5.92% N.
43.337 33.19 + 9.383 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
43.337 grams nitrogen. 42.573 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = +0.764 gram.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.153 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Fritz._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 29 7.229 grams. 5.09 grams.
30 9.235 7.10 25 grams.
31 8.640 5.18 43
Apr. 1 7.439 5.74 34
------ ------ ------
102 grams contain 6.42% N.
32.543 23.11 + 6.548 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
32.543 grams nitrogen. 29.658 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for four days = +2.885 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.721 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Loewenthal._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 6.27 grams. 13.5 grams.
29 8.760 7.54 52.0
30 9.341 7.07 41.0
31 8.112 5.24 21.0
Apr. 1 7.342 6.43 17.0
------ ------ ------
144.5 grams contain 7.00% N.
42.582 32.55 + 10.115 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
42.582 grams nitrogen. 42.665 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -0.083 gram.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.016 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Cohn._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.825 grams. 6.61 grams.
29 8.151 6.48 27 grams.
30 9.211 6.36 25
31 8.030 7.47 23
Apr. 1 7.246 4.35 39
------ ------ ------
114 grams contain 6.84% N.
41.463 31.27 + 7.797 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
41.463 grams nitrogen. 39.067 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = +2.396 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.479 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Coffman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 8.38 grams.
29 8.972 8.06 42 grams.
30 9.356 6.88 24
31 8.640 7.78 29
Apr. 1 7.342 7.22 32
------ ------ ------
127 grams contain 6.54% N.
43.337 38.32 + 8.306 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
43.337 grams nitrogen. 46.626 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -3.289 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.657 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Sliney._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.527 grams. 7.09 grams. 28.0 grams.
29 8.630 7.37 31.5
30 9.356 8.10 33.0
31 8.420 7.47 26.0
Apr. 1 7.342 6.78 50.0
------ ------ ------
168.5 grams contain 6.42% N.
42.275 36.81 + 10.82 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
42.275 grams nitrogen. 47.63 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -5.355 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -1.071 grams.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Steltz._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.026 grams. 3.60 grams. 32.0 grams.
29 8.252 6.79 29.0
30 9.255 7.20 44.0
31 8.720 7.11 22.0
Apr. 1 7.357 7.82 30.5
------ ------ ------
157.5 grams contain 5.97% N.
41.610 32.52 + 9.403 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
41.610 grams nitrogen. 41.923 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -0.313 gram.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.062 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Zooman._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 7.47 grams. 33.0 grams.
29 8.379 7.80 45.0
30 9.356 5.40 30.0
31 8.420 8.04 28.0
Apr. 1 7.269 8.44 11.5
------ ------ ------
147.5 grams contain 6.39% N.
42.451 37.15 + 9.425 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
42.451 grams nitrogen. 46.575 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -4.124 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.824 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Henderson._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 9.027 grams. 8.40 grams.
29 8.972 9.04
30 9.356 5.95 83 grams.
31 8.640 5.42 36
Apr. 1 7.342 6.60 58
------ ------ ------
177 grams contain 6.48% N.
43.337 35.41 + 11.469 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
43.337 grams nitrogen. 46.879 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -3.542 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.708 gram.

NITROGEN BALANCE.—_Morris._

Nitrogen Output.
Taken in. Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).

Mar. 28 8.877 grams. 6.68 grams. 12 grams.
29 8.774 5.69 48
30 8.941 6.06 34
31 8.420 6.96 34
Apr. 1 7.286 7.10 33
------ ------ ------
161 grams contain 7.08% N.
42.298 32.49 + 11.399 grams nitrogen.
------ ----------------------
42.298 grams nitrogen. 43.889 grams nitrogen.

Nitrogen balance for five days = -1.591 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = -0.317 gram.

SUMMARY REGARDING NITROGEN REQUIREMENT.

These results obtained with this body of United States soldiers, living on a prescribed diet and exposed to the stress and strain of military discipline with its attendant duties, together with the gymnastic work and training required each day, confirm in every detail the conclusions arrived at with the preceding group of professional workers. Once accustomed to a more sparing proteid diet, less rich in nitrogen, each one of these subjects had no difficulty in maintaining body-weight on the simpler and lighter food provided. No great difficulty was experienced in establishing a condition of nitrogenous equilibrium with this lowered intake of proteid food, neither was it necessary to increase the amounts of non-nitrogenous foods (fats and carbohydrates) to accomplish this end. The bodies of these men were quite able to adjust themselves to a lowered proteid metabolism, and physiologically speaking, one might well conjecture whether we have not in this condition a nearer approach to the normal and ideal state of the body than when the latter is struggling daily with 118 grams of proteid food, reinforced by fats and carbohydrates correspondingly increased in amount. However this may be, the members of the soldier detail were able to live for five consecutive months with a proteid metabolism corresponding to 7 to 8 grams of nitrogen per day, with maintenance of body-weight and without discomfort or loss of bodily vigor.

It was easy in most instances to prove the establishment of nitrogen equilibrium with a daily intake of 8.5 to 9.5 grams of nitrogen, and with a total fuel value of the daily food equal to 2500 to 2800 calories. In other words, a metabolism of less than 50 grams of proteid per day was quite sufficient for the needs of the body, and a fuel value of 2500 to 2600 calories was ample to meet the requirements of the men under the then existing conditions of bodily and mental activity. Are we not justified, therefore, in again asking the question, why should we hold and teach the doctrine that the healthy adult needs to metabolize 105 grams of proteid food daily? As Voit has well said, the smallest amount of food that will serve to maintain physiological equilibrium and keep up health and strength is the ideal diet. The eleven subjects of this Hospital detachment, who remained throughout the experiment, were apparently able to maintain physiological equilibrium and preserve their health and strength under the conditions of diet as described, thereby demonstrating the possibilities of a physiological economy corresponding to a saving of full fifty per cent or more in proteid food; a saving of possibly great physiological import, to say nothing of the possible economic and sociological importance of the saving. Further, we may add that the minimal proteid requirement as evidenced by the results of these experiments is more than fifty per cent lower than the figures quoted by most physiologists as necessary for the maintenance of life and strength; and we are certainly justified in the additional statement that if the figures obtained in these experiments truly represent the _minimal_ proteid requirement of the men under observation, then this minimal requirement is quite sufficient to meet the physiological needs of the body for an indefinite period.

PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE MEN.

Recalling the fact that this condition of lowered proteid metabolism was maintained for a period of five months, we may next consider the effect of this changed nutritive condition upon the health and strength of the men. The question of body-weight we have already considered. More pertinent is the question, to how great an extent was the strength and bodily vigor of the men modified by the diminished amount of proteid food? The answer to this question is found in the subjoined report from Dr. William G. Anderson, Director of the Yale University Gymnasium.

YALE UNIVERSITY GYMNASIUM,
NEW HAVEN, CONN., April 6, 1904.

To Professor RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN, _Director of the Sheffield
Scientific School, Yale University_, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

DEAR SIR,—I hand you herewith a report of the physical training
of the squad of soldiers sent by you to the Yale Gymnasium.

These men have taken one hour’s exercise daily for six months,
Sundays excepted,—October 1, 1903, to April 1, 1904.

Before beginning the bodily development of the men we measured
each one and took what are known as the American Collegiate
Strength Tests. These measurements and tests have been taken
twice each month. For details as to measurements and methods of
testing the strength of the body, see the “Notes” attached to
this report.

The members of the squad were called to the floor each morning
as soon after nine-thirty as they could don the required suit.
For twenty minutes they were put through a series of setting up
exercises and body-building movements; then followed exercises
on the apparatus, such as bars, rings, ladders, etc. This was
followed by a jump or game.

The exercises were progressive as to duration, force, extent,
and number of movements. At the end of the six months the
men were being put through gymnastics that were exacting and
fatiguing. As the progression was carefully made, the men
did not suffer from soreness to any marked degree. By way of
comparison it may be said, the gymnastic training given the
soldiers was much more severe than is given to the Freshmen of
Yale in their required physical training. Perhaps the Varsity
Crew are “put through” as rigid gymnastic training as any of
the athletes in college, so we copied the exercises taken by
oarsmen in order to “try out” the soldiers. This work was
easily taken by all the “Dieters,”—no complaint, so far as I
know, having been entered.

The improvement in accuracy and grace of movement has been
noticeable, while there has been a gain in skill as well.

I do not consider these men, as a body, well put up. They did
not rank favorably with applicants for policeman or fireman
and were noticeably timid in exercises that called for
courage. In the vault over a fence there was a very marked
fear. This was the poorest and least satisfactory test of all
we made. At the end of the six months the hesitancy to vault
had entirely disappeared, the event being looked upon by the
men as a “cinch.”

The gain in self-reliance and courage has been as evident as
the increase in the figures of the strength test. I consider
this a valuable acquisition as it stands for a good body
condition. Among athletes, especially gymnasts, a weakened or
tired body is made known by fear or uncertainty. Our students,
as well as professional athletes, admit this.

I attribute the timidity of the soldiers in these seemingly
simple tests to their general physical condition at the outset,
and the increase in self-reliance to the better condition of
their bodies at the end of the six months’ training. The story
told by the measurements is both interesting and significant,
but of less importance than the ability to improve under
training, which ability cannot be measured with a tape or
weighed with scales.

In the majority of cases there was a loss in body-weight, but
this we look for, as the larger number of soldiers were fairly
well supplied with adipose tissue. Both Sliney and Oakman are
exceptions, these men being “fine” at the outset. I mean thin
and muscular with little fat. The latter, Oakman, is an old
man judged from the physical activity standpoint, and lost
noticeably during the tests and exercise. I refer to weight
and girth measurements only. He made a very large gain in his
strength tests and was among the leading men in all that called
for courage and self-control. Sliney, nervous, irritable, and
aggressive, balanced his losses with his gains in the tape and
scale events, but made great improvement in the use of the
dynamometers. Fritz and Cohn were quite fat and showed the
expected loss in weight, but not in other respects.

For comparison I have quoted from Dr. J. W. Seaver’s
anthropometric charts and have selected the “Average Student
Measurements” (2390 men) as well as the mean measurements of
500 athletes and gymnasts. A glance at either set of figures
will give an idea of how the soldiers compare with men living
on a regular diet and surrounded with the very best environment.

The strength tests stand for mental states more than the tape
line and calipers, and are suggestive of improvement in body
conditions for the reasons mentioned above. These records are
far above those made by Academic Freshmen in Yale, but it must
be added that the soldiers have taken more exercise than the
collegians.

The hearts and lungs of the men are in excellent condition,
while the soldiers as a body are in better shape physically,
are stronger and healthier than in October. The skin of the men
is clear and ruddy.

The figures for comparison in the Strength Test Table are from
the records sent me by Dr. Geo. Meylan, the Director of the
Columbia University Gymnasium. I understand that others than
college men are represented in his data. In the figures given
in my own tables I have omitted the small fractions in the main
body of the tables, but have recorded them in the totals.

The greater portion of the training of the soldiers has been
under the personal supervision of Wm. H. Callahan, M. D., the
Medical Assistant at the Gymnasium, to whom I am indebted for
help and suggestions. Mr. Wm. Chase, Mr. Anton Muller, Mr. John
Stapleton, and Mr. H. R. Gladwin, Assistant Instructors in
the Gymnasium, have led the drills and have looked after the
actual muscular training of the men. I gladly acknowledge the
co-operation of these gentlemen in the physical development of
the squad.

A brief summary of my conclusions:—

The men were not above the average standard, physically, when
they began their work, this standard being set by applicants
for firemen and policemen, not by college students. At the end
of their training they were much above the same standard, while
their strength tests were far greater than the averages made by
college men. They showed less improvement in increase in size
than University men do under like gymnastic treatment, but the
gain in self-confidence and in body-fibre was very evident. The
gain in accuracy and skill was marked. The men showed interest
in their work throughout the six months. At the end of the
period of training the soldiers were in excellent condition in
spite of the fact that in some cases there was a slight loss of
body-weight. This loss is not to be attributed necessarily to
the diet, because most men who exercise lose slightly if there
is an excess of adipose tissue.

Respectfully yours,

(Signed) W. G. ANDERSON.

MORRIS

_Photographs taken at the close of the experiment._]

Dr. Anderson furnishes the following “Notes” descriptive of the methods by which the strength tests were made:

“_Strength of Back._ The subject, standing upon the iron foot-rest with the dynamometer so arranged that when grasping the handles with both hands his body will be inclined forward at an angle of 60 degrees, should take a full breath and, without bending the knees, give one hard lift, mostly with the back.

“_Strength of Legs._ The subject while standing on the foot-rest with body and head erect, and chest thrown forward, should sink down, by bending the knees, until the handle grasped rests against the thighs, then taking a full breath, he should lift hard principally with the legs, using the hands to hold the handle in place.

“_Strength of Chest._ The subject with his elbows extended at the sides until the forearms are on the same horizontal plane and holding the dynamometer so that the dial will face outward and the indicator point upward, should take a full breath and push vigorously against the handles, allowing the back of the instrument to press on the chest.

“_Strength of Upper Arms, Triceps._ The subject, while holding the position of rest upon the parallel bars, supporting his weight with arms straight, should let the body down until the chin is level with the bars, and then push it up again until the arms are fully extended. Note the number of times that he can lift himself in this manner.

“_Strength of Upper Arms, Biceps._ The subject should grasp a horizontal bar or pair of rings and hang with the feet clear from the floor while the arms are extended. Note the number of times that he can haul his body up until his chin touches the bar or ring.

“_Strength of Forearms._ The subject, while holding the dynamometer so that the dial is turned inward, should squeeze the spring as hard as possible, first with the right hand then with the left. The strength of the muscles between the shoulders may be tested with the same instrument. The subject, while holding the dynamometer on a level with the chest, should grasp it with handles and pull both arms from the centre outward.

“_The total strength_ is ascertained by multiplying the weight by the number of times it has been raised (push up and pull up), to this product we add the strength of hands, legs, back, and chest. The result is the total strength of the man. In some cases the product obtained by multiplying the weight by push up and pull up is divided by ten to reduce the size of the figures. We have not done so here.

“The run, vault, and ladder tests are not figured in. The lung capacity is also omitted from the final figures.”

* * * * *

The following tables furnished by Dr. Anderson and Dr. Callahan give (1) the _measurements_ of the eleven men who completed the experiment, taken on October 12, 1903, and April 2, 1904. For comparison are also given measurements of Yale College students, athletes, etc. (2) _Strength_ or dynamometer tests, _i. e._, the first test taken in October and the final test taken in April, 1904, together with Columbia University strength tests for comparison. (3) A series of eleven tables giving for each man the individual strength tests, two or three each month, taken during the stay of the detachment in New Haven. Study of these individual results is quite interesting, since it shows very strikingly the gradual gain in strength of the men, and at the same time illustrates how temporary conditions, bodily or mental, may influence a record of this character, more noticeable in some individuals than in others. Mental stimulus, as is well known, counts for much in the manifestation of muscular power, but the neuro-muscular mechanism depends for its highest efficiency upon the nutritive condition of the tissues as much as does the muscle tissue alone. In the obtaining of a strength test, it is usually found that the best results are recorded when there is competition among the men; _i. e._, under the influence of an outside stimulus.

MEASUREMENTS.

(OCTOBER 12—APRIL 2.)

+---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+
| |Weight.*|Girth|Waist.| Chest | Chest | Chest |
| | |Neck.| |Normal.|Inflated.|Deflated.|
+---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+
|Henderson | 157 | 362 | 755 | 953 | 1035 | 890 |
| | 153 | 369 | 731 | 942 | 1025 | 886 |
| | | | | | | |
|Oakman | 145 | 344 | 738 | 888 | 947 | 793 |
| | 137 | 336 | 727 | 869 | 938 | 795 |
| | | | | | | |
|Morris | 129 | 340 | 713 | 850 | 932 | 831 |
| | 131 | 351 | 719 | 862 | 938 | 834 |
| | | | | | | |
|Zooman | 120 | 350 | 713 | 868 | 920 | 804 |
| | 122 | 360 | 712 | 859 | 914 | 803 |
| | | | | | | |
|Coffman | 129 | 352 | 738 | 860 | 923 | 815 |
| | 127 | 349 | 716 | 857 | 931 | 818 |
| | | | | | | |
|Steltz | 116 | 330 | 713 | 815 | 850 | 779 |
| | 115 | 330 | 717 | 821 | 857 | 771 |
| | | | | | | |
|Loewenthal | 133 | 338 | 680 | 835 | 881 | 822 |
| | 130 | 341 | 684 | 840 | 890 | 819 |
| | | | | | | |
|Sliney | 135 | 359 | 718 | 824 | 930 | 823 |
| | 133 | 361 | 702 | 834 | 926 | 813 |
| | | | | | | |
|Fritz | 167 | 390 | 860 | 880 | 930 | 860 |
| | 161 | 361 | 795 | 892 | 997 | 855 |
| | | | | | | |
|Cohn | 142 | 363 | 810 | 871 | 912 | 832 |
| | 138 | 354 | 771 | 878 | 914 | 818 |
| | | | | | | |
|Broyles | 130 | 356 | 710 | 851 | 941 | 805 |
| | 133 | 370 | 720 | 864 | 966 | 798 |
+---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+
|Yale College† | 139 | 350 | 730 | 861 | 910 | |
| | | | | | | |
|Yale College‡ | 147 | 357 | 747 | 886 | 940 | |
+---------------+--------+-----+------+-------+---------+---------+