Chapter XXII: Opposition Once More (3)

The present system of administration of the services may be said to date, for the Army, from 1855, and for the Navy from some twenty-five years earlier. A Prime Minister forming a government allots to the different offices members of Parliament of prominence and supposed capacity. Thus it invariably happens that gentlemen are appointed to exercise supreme control over the Army and Navy who possess no experience or knowledge of the military or naval service and profession. They are expected to decide general and technical questions of naval and military policy, they are supposed to be held responsible for the consequences of their decisions, and after a tenure of office, sometimes of several months, sometimes of a few years, they are succeeded by other gentlemen who take their places, provided with a similar lack of experience and knowledge. The duties which these two Ministers are expected to discharge involve scientific and economical provision for the defensive and offensive power of an Empire whose possessions are scattered all over the world and whose subjects number over three hundred million souls.

It can hardly be a matter for surprise that such a system has not altogether approximated to a satisfactory standard of combined efficiency and economy. Governments and Parliaments have been untiring in their pursuit after reform, but have as yet only succeeded in progressively increasing public dissatisfaction and, simultaneously, burdens on the taxpayer. The question seems to present itself whether the time has not arrived for considering seriously and without prejudice the expediency of a very radical change in our system of naval and military administration. The object aimed at is the _maximum_ of efficiency consistent with the amount of expenditure which the taxpayer or his representatives will tolerate. Can any practical amount of efficiency of administration be obtained without professional training and knowledge? Can it be obtained without direct personal responsibility? Can direct personal responsibility be reasonably expected without professional control? The answer to these questions, I submit, is obviously in the negative. Professional reputation to a soldier or a sailor is everything next to life itself and the loss of it equals professional ruin, entailing pecuniary and social loss of a heavy character. To the ordinary politician under our political system administrative miscarriage brings little or no evil consequences. His fate, if unfortunate or unskilful, is in the vast majority of cases to be transferred to some other office--to a foreign embassy, to a colonial governorship or, at the worst, to the House of Lords. Neither pecuniary nor social loss necessarily or ordinarily follows the unskilful and possibly the disastrous administration of our Ministers for the Army and Navy. More than this, the professional persons who advise respectively the Secretary of State for War and the first Lord of the Admiralty escape all risk of public censure, sheltered as they are by the fictitious responsibility of the civilian Minister. History and theory will be found to coincide, in support of the recital set forth above.

Parliament is made the scapegoat for defective administration. The control of Parliament, the interference of Parliament, the jealousy of Parliament for its rights and privileges, these are the stock arguments in favour of an adherence to the main lines of our present system of naval and military administration.

Personally, and speaking with some experience of the House of Commons and after several years’ close study of the House of Commons, I put aside arguments of that kind. I have arrived at the conclusion that, eliminating great party issues, the House of Commons, with respect to the transaction of ordinary public affairs, is an assembly mainly composed of businesslike and reasonable individuals who, having to find certain funds for certain purposes, desire, in the main, that the pecuniary demands of Government should not be obviously excessive and that fair guarantees should be given for economical expenditure of the funds provided.

With these views I advocate, as an improvement on present arrangements, that the administration of the Navy and the Army should be entrusted respectively to members of those professions. That naval training, naval experience and naval eminence should be the qualifications of our Minister of Marine. That military training, military experience and military eminence should be the qualifications for our Minister for the Army. Superficially, at any rate, this suggestion would seem to be reasonable and not out of accord with ordinary common sense. It may, however, be met with the objection that it is unsuited to our constitutional arrangements and incompatible with Parliamentary control. I doubt whether this objection will sustain vigorous examination. Parliament has to provide annually a certain number of millions sterling for the purposes of Imperial defence, and while Parliament is always willing and anxious, sometimes even over-anxious, to recognise and reward the public service of an individual, if at the same time under my proposed reform Parliament is enabled, without much difficulty, to do what it cannot do now and what it never has been able to do--namely, to detect and punish the maladministration of an individual--Parliament would probably be satisfied.

To this end I suggest that the offices actually in existence of Secretary of State for War and of the Board of Admiralty be abolished. In their place I propose that there should be created three new offices--

I. A Commander-in-Chief or Lord High Admiral of the Navy, having, subject to the Government, supreme control over and responsibility for naval administration. Naval training, naval experience and naval eminence being the qualification for this office.

II. A Commander-in-Chief or Captain-General of the Army, having, subject to the Government, supreme control over and responsibility for the administration of the Army. Military training, military experience and military eminence being the qualification for this office.

For the purpose of securing continuity of administration, and also of providing from time to time for fresh administrative energy, I propose that these two offices should be appointments tenable for five years; also for the purpose of gaining for the Cabinet military and naval opinion at first hand, I recommend that the holders of these offices should be created privy councillors and should be summoned to all Cabinet Councils when military and naval questions are under consideration, with, while those naval and military questions are under consideration, an equal position with the other Cabinet Ministers. But in order to keep the administration of the services free from party politics I suggest that these two Ministers should take no part in the discussion or decision of any questions other than those connected with naval and military affairs.

[A close parallel with the suggestion set forth above may be found in the position on the Council of the Indian Viceroy of the Indian Commander-in-Chief.]

For the purpose of bringing these Ministers into immediate contact with Parliament and at the same time of keeping them free from being involved in daily party debates and divisions, I advocate that they should be created members of the House of Lords.

[The feasibility of this suggestion is, I think, to a large extent illustrated by the positions now held in the House of Lords by his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge and Lord Wolseley. Possibly also in former days similar positions were to some extent maintained, without inconvenience, by the Duke of Wellington and Lord Hardinge.]

These two Ministers would each of them be assisted by (among other officers) (1) a chief of the staff whose duties will be sketched below, and (2) a financial secretary, with a seat in the House of Commons, whose duty it would be to explain and, if necessary, to defend in that assembly naval or military administration in detail.

III. For the purpose of (1) preserving and insuring the financial control of Parliament and of the Government, of (2) supplying the much-needed link between the two services, so that one great object--viz., Imperial defence--should be more completely attained, I propose that there should be created the office of Secretary of State and Treasurer for the Sea and Land Forces of the Crown.

This Minister would, according to my view, settle with the responsible heads of the services the amount of annual expenditure to be submitted to the Cabinet; he would be charged with the duty of auditing the accounts of the Admiralty and the War Office, with presenting to and defending in Parliament those estimates and that expenditure. He would be charged, further, with a third great duty--viz., with the control, management of, and responsibility for, the Ordnance Department, and with the making of the great contracts for the Army and the Navy. He would, as it were, set up and carry on a great shop from which the military and naval heads would procure most of the supplies which they needed.

The main outlines of expenditure having been agreed upon by the two professional Ministers in conjunction with the proposed Secretary of State, this latter would not interfere nor necessarily be held responsible for the administration of the services, excepting in so far as he might have undertaken to provide those services with ordnance and other supplies and in so far as his duty lay in auditing the accounts and in testing the stores in hand.

The Secretary of State as proposed would be assisted by (1) a Permanent Under-Secretary of State, (2) a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, (3) an Accountant and Auditor-General, (4) a Controller of Ordnance and Supplies, under whom would be (_a_) the Head of the Ordnance Factories, (_b_) the Director of Contracts.

The control and interference now exercised by the Treasury over Army and Navy expenditure would, under the proposed scheme, cease and determine. So also would the audit of the Controller or Auditor-General. I suggest that the Secretary of State, or his Accountant and Auditor-General would personally explain to Parliament and to the Committee of Public Account, Army and Navy Expenditure.

The relations between the proposed Ministers for the Army and Navy on one hand, and the Government on the other, would be closely analogous to the well-understood relations which now exist between the Home Government and the Viceroy of India or the Ambassador at a Foreign Court or a Colonial Governor. The Ministers for the Army and Navy might be dismissed by a new Government coming into office, but such a dismissal would be a grave Ministerial action requiring defence and explanation in Parliament.

The relations between the Ministers for the Army and Navy and the Secretary of State for the Sea and Land Forces of the Crown would be those of perfect equality and constant communication. The heads of the Army and Navy would bring to the Secretary of State in very authoritative form the views of their respective professions. The Secretary of State would bring to the heads of the Army and Navy the views of the Government and the House of Commons on the political circumstances of the time. The three would examine in concert the general requirements of Imperial defence from a point of view embracing and balancing one against another all the exigencies or supposed exigencies of the services. Where the claims or the views of the Army and Navy might conflict, the Secretary of State would probably be found an authoritative and acceptable arbitrator. In the event of the Ministers for the Army and Navy disagreeing, either singly or jointly, with the Secretary of State, recourse would be had to the Cabinet. In the event of the Cabinet supporting the Secretary of State against the Ministers of the Army and Navy, either singly or jointly, those Ministers would have to consider whether their professional responsibility or reputation would admit of their continuing to hold office. In the event of the resignation of either or of both, Parliamentary discussion must ensue, and a Parliamentary decision must be taken. In the event of the administration of the heads of the Army and Navy being questioned by Parliament, the Secretary of State first, and the Government as a whole next, would have to consider whether they could or could not support in Parliament the administrative action arraigned. In either case, Parliamentary discussion and decision follow. Under the arrangements suggested above in almost every conceivable circumstance, I submit that not only in a very large measure (possibly as great as is practicable) is direct personal responsibility actually established, but also that the control of Parliament, far from being diminished, is considerably increased and made much more effective. The suggestions set forth above are, while probably open to much objection and criticism, also probably capable of much improvement and development, and in arriving at a judgment upon them, the Commissioners should bear in mind that the evidence before us discloses in many particulars a state of things more seriously unsatisfactory and possibly more pregnant with danger than Parliament or the public imagine; and the admitted defects of the present system of administration ought to be balanced by the Commissioners against the suggested defects of proposals for reform.

INDEX

Abergavenny, Marquess of, i. 315, 320

Admiralty expenditure, attack on, ii. 316

Affirmation Bill Speech, i. 252;
_Punch_ cartoon, 255

Afghanistan, Policy in, ii. 362

Alcester, Lord, i. 262

Alfred Churchill, Lord, i. 19, 52

Algiers, Italy, &c., Journey to, ii. 287, 289

Althorp, Lord, ii. 125

Arabi Pasha, i. 226, 261, 289

Argyll, Duke of, i. 224

Ashbourne, Lord, i. 128, 213, 214, 220, 393, 408, 409, 445; ii. 34, 78, 290

Ashley, Mr. Evelyn, i. 232

Ashmead-Bartlett, Mr., i. 311

Aston Riots, i. 361, 365

Balfour, Mr. A. J., i. 134, 141, 149, 211, 219, 265, 304, 339, 343, 425, 433, 466, 471; ii. 29, 153, 195, 222, 301, 335, 350, 373, 391, 451, 452, 458, 460, 463, 470, 472

Barnaby, Sir N., ii. 318

Barnett, Mr. H., i. 52

Bartley, Mr., i. 318, 353

Baumann, Mr., ii. 415

Bayley, Mr. M., ii. 504, 505

Beach, Sir M. Hicks-, i. 76, 85, 307, 320, 347, 349, 350, 356, 359, 360, 368, 384, 385, 387, 398, 400, 403, 417, 418, 432, 438, 448, 515; ii. 21, 34, 39, 45, 101, 109, 110, 116, 124, 125, 128, 145, 149, 207, 219, 224, 250, 285, 335, 337, 343, 371, 387, 392, 395, 431

Beaconsfield, Earl of, i. 30, 64, 68, 84, 98, 112, 114, 120, 154, 157, 177, 197, 222, 334; ii. 300, 362, 460

Beaconsfield statue, unveiling of, i. 240

Beale, Mr. P., ii. 390

Beckett, Mr. E., ii. 307, 388

Belfast visit, ii. 59

Berlin, ii. 368

Birmingham:
contests, i. 285, 466, 532, 544; ii. 382
meeting at Aston Park, i. 361, 365
speeches, i. 287, 296, 365; ii. 399

Bismarck, Prince von, ii. 360, 368, 477

Blackpool speech, i. 290

Blandford, Marquess of, i. 3, 19, 43, 165, 267

Blenheim Harriers, i. 25, 33, 267

Blunt, Mr. Wilfrid, i. 261

Borthwick, Sir A., i. 258; ii. 431

Bradford speeches, ii. 175, 177

Bradlaugh, Mr. C., i. 122, 124, 129, 209, 276, 333, 350; ii. 321, 428

Breteuil, M. de, i. 72; ii. 435

Bright, Mr. John, i. 59, 225, 275, 285, 286, 287, 289, 292, 378; ii. 53, 94, 109, 113, 116, 300, 384

Bright, Mr. J. A., ii. 390, 392, 393

Brodrick, Mr., i. 343, 428, 440

Bryce, Mr., i. 251

Budget:
amendment (1885), i. 398, 405
draft (1887-8), ii. 187

Bulgaria, ii. 154, 155, 165, 364

Buller, Sir R., ii. 138, 142, 143, 337

Burke, Mr., i. 207, 211

Burke, Sir J. Bernard, i. 95

Burma, i. 517; ii. 43, 484

Burnaby, Col., i. 258, 285, 320, 361, 378

Butt, Mr., i. 58, 82, 175

Cadogan, Lord, i. 160

Caine, Mr., ii. 78, 421

Cairns, Earl, i. 227, 242

Cambridge University Carlton:
speech, i. 295
undergraduates’ deputation, i. 328

Cardwell, Lord, i. 65

Carnarvon, Lord, i. 251, 432, 440, 444, 460; ii. 20, 22, 28, 30, 57, 111

Cavendish, Lord F., i. 124, 144, 207, 211

Central Committee, i. 305, 308, 356

Chamberlain, Mr. J., i. 58, 62, 170, 211, 222, 281, 286, 287, 349, 365, 370, 422, 428, 452, 462, 467; ii. 48, 52, 53, 57, 58, 73, 74, 75, 80, 82, 85, 94, 96, 100, 108, 113, 118, 119, 120, 125, 133, 143, 153, 164, 195, 216, 221, 243, 250, 252, 254, 262, 267, 284, 285, 286, 288, 336, 344, 345, 348, 349, 350, 351, 375, 382, 384, 386, 388, 392, 395, 403, 419, 420, 428, 463, 470, 472

Chancellor of the Exchequer, ii. 126, 179
budget of 1887-8, ii. 187
economies and reforms effected, ii. 184
resignation, ii. 213, 234, 240, 255, 268, 270, 282

Channel Tunnel Bill, ii. 381

Chaplin, Mr., i. 108, 245, 311, 313, 323, 355, 367; ii. 126, 175, 286, 287, 328

Chenery, Mr., i. 160, 167, 241, 248, 276

Childers, Mr., ii. 205

Civil Servants’ petitioning powers--speech, i. 260

Clarke, Mr., i. 311

Closure, i. 212, 214, 219, 220; ii. 175, 176, 219

Coalition with Whigs, proposals for, ii. 6, 8

Cobden, Mr., i. 289, 292

Collings, Mr. Jesse, i. 251; ii. 45, 164, 176

Compensation for Disturbance Bill, i. 179

Connaught, Duke of, and the Bombay Command, i. 503

Conservative Party:
Irish policy--letter, ii. 3
leadership, question of dual control, i. 227, 229, 242, 246, 251, 405
Parliamentary Reform, attitude towards, i. 336

Cook, Mr., ii. 119, 133

Corrupt and Illegal Practices Suppression Bill, i. 264

Cotter, Mr., i. 320

County Government Bill, i. 106

Cowper, Lord, i. 185, 207; ii. 90

Cranborne, Lord, i. 234

Cranbrook, Lord, ii. 35, 36, 40

Creighton, Dr., i. 24, 34, 36, 37, 255

Cromer, Lord, ii. 377

Cross, Sir R., i. 342, 378

Curzon, Lady, i. 430

Curzon, Lord, i. 428; ii. 307

Curzon, Viscount, ii. 287, 290, 292, 295

Damer, Rev. L. Dawson, i. 22, 23

Darling, Sir C., i. 364

Dartford speech, ii. 163, 175, 176

D’Aunay, Count, ii. 172

Davitt, Mr. M., i. 175, 176

De Worms, Baron, i. 166

Derby, Lord, i. 105, 227; ii. 49, 361

Dilke, Sir C., i. 70, 100-104, 276, 346, 347, 417

Dillwyn, Mr., i. 126

Disraeli. _See_ Beaconsfield

Dixon Hartland, Mr., i. 258

Dodson, Mr., i. 143

Dolben, Mackworth, i. 7

Douglas, Mr. Akers-, ii. 264, 268, 388, 389

Duffield, Tom, i. 28

Dunraven, Lord, ii. 274, 432

Durham, Earl of, i. 281

Eastern Question, i. 98, 100-104; ii. 154.
_See also_ Bulgaria

Edinburgh speeches, i. 273, 278-281

Education, i. 3, 8, 21, 24, 38

Egypt and the Soudan:
Arabi Pasha, i. 226, 261, 289
condition of, i. 225, 278, 334
Gordon, Gen., i. 349, 351, 376
policy, ii. 172, 365, 375
Soudan, evacuation of, i. 380, 382, 386, 387
Suleiman Sami, case of, i. 263
Tewfik, Khedive, i. 261

Egypt, visit to, ii. 437

Egyptian Loan Bill, i. 378

Elcho, Lord, i. 339, 343

‘Elijah’s Mantle,’ i. 248

Employers’ Liability Bill, i. 136

Escott, Mr. T. H. S., i. 15

Established Church, Defence of--speech, i. 296

Eton, i. 8

Expenditure, criticisms on, i. 143, 232

Fair Trade Movement, i. 290, 472; ii. 327

Ferry, M. Jules, ii. 478

FitzGibbon, Lord Justice, i. 77, 79, 395, 434, 435, 459, 471, 525; ii. 59, 89, 96, 124, 132, 263, 307, 351, 353, 386, 455, 462, 468, 513, 515

Forster, Mr., i. 63, 100, 174, 181, 185, 199, 201, 203, 207, 224, 349; ii. 49, 113

Fourth Party:
Beaconsfield’s approval, i. 154, 223
Budget amendment (1885), i. 398
Coercion policy, opinion as to, i. 197
correspondence, i. 162
dual control question, i. 228
final phase, i. 303, 343
Front Opposition Bench hostility, i. 260
Gladstone’s attitude, i. 152
Gorst’s article--letter, i. 548
Lords’ amendments to Redistribution Bill, i. 417
obstruction, justification of, i. 150
origin of, i. 131
policy, i. 136, 158, 230
Reform Bill, attitude towards, i. 341
rupture and reunion, i. 199, 204, 209
_Times_ statement, i. 168
_Vanity Fair_ cartoon, i. 169
work of, i. 143, 149, 230; ii. 150

France, relations with, ii. 365

Free Trade, i. 292

Freycinet, M. de, ii. 172-174

Gastein, visit to, i. 267

Gathorne-Hardy, Mr., i. 64, 66

German Emperor, i. 166; ii. 368

Gibbs, Mr. V., ii. 472

Gibson, Mr. _See_ Ashbourne

Gibson, Mr. Milner, i. 234, 289

Giers, M. de, ii. 358, 366, 367

Giffard, Sir H., i. 130, 368

Giles, Maj., ii. 447

Gladstone, Mr. H., i. 265

Gladstone, Mr. W. E., i. 58, 60, 64, 69, 145, 172, 222, 232, 234, 260,
261, 264, 271, 275, 282, 283, 284, 377, 416, 432, 441, 451, 472; ii. 1,
3, 22, 24, 27, 62, 137, 143, 157, 169, 214, 219, 220, 229, 241, 300,
309, 312, 334, 340, 341, 360, 361, 365, 373, 428, 433, 454, 456, 463,
466, 469, 470, 471, 474, 477, 502
Affirmation Bill oration, i. 252
Bismarck’s estimate of, ii. 479, 481
Bradlaugh case, i. 127, 210, 212, 350
Burmese policy, ii. 43
Disestablishment, views on, i. 454
Egyptian policy, i. 261, 279, 334, 349
Fourth Party, attitude towards, i. 152
Irish Home Rule proposals, i. 390, 409;
ii. 29, 41, 51, 62, 66, 67, 78, 92, 96, 98, 100, 104,
111, 116, 153, 327, 437, 491, 497
obstruction, opinion on, i. 150
Parnell Commission, ii. 413, 414
rebuke of the Chair, i. 347
Reform Bill (1884), i. 336, 342
resignation, i. 400, 402; ii. 122
Suleiman Sami, i. 263
Transvaal, annexation of, i. 190, 192, 205, 208
vote of 11,000,000_l._, i. 380

Glasgow, invitation to, i. 163

Godley, Sir A., i. 476, 481

Gordon, Gen., i. 349, 351, 376

Gorst, Mr., i. 124, 133, 245, 262, 304, 305, 310, 320, 342, 352, 358, 373, 417, 421, 425, 438, 440, 471; ii. 127, 461

Gorst, Sir J., i. 257

Goschen, Mr., i. 219, 220, 295, 453; ii. 46, 47, 48, 53, 87, 90, 113, 116, 132, 200, 201, 207, 208, 243, 259, 268, 272, 282, 308, 335, 339, 350, 361, 470

Grant, Mr. Corrie, i. 427, 428, 431

Grantham, Mr., i. 126

Granville, Lord, i. 102, 103, 276, 389, 432; ii. 361

Grey de Wilton, Lord, i. 60

Grosvenor, Lord R., i. 385

Hamilton, Lord Claud, i. 311, 323, 443

Hamilton, Lord George, ii. 228, 229, 231, 234, 236, 319, 323, 324

Hamilton, Sir R., i. 445

Hanbury, Mr., ii. 378

Harcourt, Sir W., i. 67, 71, 153, 170, 204, 434, 438; ii. 49, 107, 145, 195, 205, 470

Hart-Dyke, Sir W., i. 435

Hartington, Lord, i. 58, 63, 103, 149, 179, 275, 349, 441, 453, 461; ii. 2, 3, 7, 46-48, 53, 54, 58, 69, 80-82, 87, 90, 94, 98, 113, 116, 120, 122, 124, 125, 141, 147, 153, 220, 221, 250, 256, 258, 272, 302, 321, 322, 337, 344, 349, 361, 365, 388, 392, 395

Hatzfeldt, Count, ii. 158

Healy, Mr., i. 435; ii. 4

Henry, Mr. Mitchell, i. 52

Herbert, Mr. A., i. 65

Holland, Sir H., ii. 127, 273

Holmes, Mr., i. 435, 436, 460

Home Rule:
attitude towards, i. 90, 280, 453; ii. 3, 23, 117, 490, 494, 507, 508
Belfast visit, ii. 59
Bill, proposals as to, ii. 50, 55, 92, 97, 99, 115
Conservative policy, i. 448, 460; ii. 21, 23, 28, 427
Gladstone’s scheme, ii. 2, 29, 79
Queen’s Speech (1886), ii. 32

Hope, Mr. B., i. 65

House of Commons disturbance (1893), ii. 472

Hull speech, i. 163

Iddesleigh, Lord, i. 64, 161, 219, 235, 265, 267, 326, 340, 354, 377,
398, 418; ii. 40, 127, 153, 155, 156, 160, 172, 174, 203, 212, 250, 276,
277
Aston Park, i. 360, 363, 364
Beaconsfield statue, unveiling of, i. 240
Bradlaugh case, i. 124, 128, 210, 333, 334
Egyptian policy, i. 262, 334
Fourth Party, hostility to, i. 158, 260
leadership of Conservative party, i. 145, 148, 157, 227, 242, 357,
381, 382, 403, 407, 408, 418

India:
North-West Frontier delimitation, i. 379, 380, 483
visit to, i. 374, 377, 554-564

India Office administration, i. 425, 474
army reorganisation, i. 489
Bi-metallism discussion, i. 478
Bombay command, i. 503
Budget statement, i. 491
Burma, i. 517
railway construction, i. 477
Salisbury, Lord, correspondence with, i. 498

Ireland, boycotting, origin of, i. 183
Coercion policy, attitude toward, i. 177, 189, 197, 203, 391, 393,
396, 404, 409; ii. 34, 342
Conservative party, policy of--letter, ii. 3
Home Rule. _See that title_
intermediate education question, i. 94, 97
land legislation, i. 205, 434; ii. 92, 344
Maamtrasna incident, i. 436
Reform Bill (1884), i. 343, 344
residence in, i. 75, 80, 82, 110, 111
state of, i. 1, 82, 172, 183, 186, 199, 444; ii. 33
visit to, i. 460

Irish County Government Bill, ii. 373

Irish Education Bill, plans for, ii. 352

Irish Educational Endowments Bill, i. 434

J. S., excerpt from _Realm_, i. 16

James, Sir H., i. 134, 155, 255, 265, 411; ii. 47, 48, 58, 66, 113, 116, 250, 439

Jennings, Mr. L., i. 298; ii. 270, 286-288, 290, 307, 312, 320, 321, 327, 329, 378, 386, 387, 402, 413, 414, 419, 420, 424, 426, 512

Jerome, Miss, i. 39, 40, 57

Jerome, Mr., i. 43, 56

Kerans, Mr., i. 378

King-Harman, Col., ii. 137

Kissingen, ii. 476

Labouchere, Mr., i. 130, 213, 333; ii. 27, 145, 150, 253

Lansdowne, Marquess of, i. 224; ii. 273

Lanyon, Sir O., i. 193

Lawson, Sir W., i. 251

Leadership of the House. _See_ Iddesleigh _and_ Randolph Churchill

Lee, Hans, ii. 447

Leigh, Mr. A., i. 16

Licensing question, ii. 430, 506

Liverpool meeting, i. 443

Lowther, Mr., i. 97, 245

Maamtrasna incident, i. 436

McCarthy, Mr. J., ii. 28

Maclean, Mr. J. M., i. 325; ii. 137

Manchester speeches, i. 231; ii. 69

Manners, Lord J., i. 340

Marlborough, Duchess of, i. 14, 30, 109, 115, 258
fund for relief of Irish distress, i. 110

Marlborough, Duke of, i. 3, 20, 21, 32, 40, 92, 108, 114, 170, 178, 227, 266, 429; ii. 463

Marriage, i. 57

Mashonaland, visit to, ii. 447

Matthews, Mr. H., i. 369; ii. 119, 126, 133, 134, 461

Mattinson, Mr., ii. 387

May, Sir Erskine, ii. 6, 408

Melbourne, Lord, ii. 14

Middle Temple Grand Day, 1885, i. 414

Milner, Sir F., i. 428

‘Mr. Podsnap,’ ii. 399

Mr. Spencer’s travels, ii. 169

Mitford, Mr. P., i. 258

Moore, Mr. A. W., i. 481

Morley, Mr. J., i. 125, 391, 392, 404; ii. 1, 48, 78, 88, 153, 353, 377, 405, 433, 469, 471

Morris, Lord Chief Justice, ii. 23, 57

Mowbray, Sir J., i. 245

Mundella, Mr., ii. 397

National Union of Conservative Associations, i. 305, 307, 312, 315, 318, 320, 321, 324, 326, 327, 330, 352, 355, 356, 536-543

North, Col., ii. 386

Northbrook, Lord, ii. 273

Northcote, Mr. (senr.), i. 245

Northcote, Sir Stafford. _See_ Iddesleigh

Norway, visit to, ii. 123

O’Brien, Mr. B., i. 89

O’Brien, Mr. S., ii. 66, 67

Obstruction:
Closure, effect of, on, i. 220
first use of, i. 87
opinion on, i. 150

O’Connor, Mr. A., ii. 152

O’Donnell, Mr. F. H., i. 128

Oldham speech, i. 163

Opposition, functions of, i. 233, 239

Oxford, i. 31
Territorial Military Centre--speech, i. 66

Paddington, South, i. 471; ii. 454, 461
election addresses, ii. 491, 496

Palmerston, Lord, i. 234; ii. 260

Parliamentary procedure, reform of, i. 211; ii. 10, 16, 17, 25, 42, 500, 502

Parnell, Mr., i. 83, 174, 175, 176, 183, 185, 202, 205, 393-395, 397,
446, 455; ii. 1, 22, 24, 30, 51, 54, 66, 103, 109, 141, 143, 147, 149,
375, 452, 454
arrest and release, i. 206, 207, 210
Commission, ii. 405, 413, 431
Kilmainham treaty, i. 207, 210, 212
Maamtrasna, i. 438, 440

Parnellism and Crime, ii. 406, 408, 423

Peel, Mr., ii. 9, 136

Percy, Lord, i. 306, 312, 313, 317, 318, 323, 352, 355

Perkins, Mr., ii. 447, 450

Pigott case, ii. 412, 416

Plunket, Mr., ii. 67, 84

Ponsonby, Sir H., ii. 268

Preston speech, i. 185, 187

Primrose League, i. 256, 356

Prince Imperial, monument to, i. 142

Prince of Wales’s wedding, i. 9

Protection of Persons and Property Bill, i. 200

Queen Victoria:
Bombay command appointment, i. 503
Indian affairs, i. 485
letter, ii. 154
resignation of Chancellor, ii. 234, 240, 255, 268

Radical party, principles of, i. 231, 288, 293

Raikes, Mr., i. 398; ii. 126

Randolph Churchill, Lady, i. 167, 258, 429, 430, 431; ii. 366-368

Randolph Churchill, Lord:
birth, i. 3
Chancellor of Exchequer, ii. 126, 179
characteristics, i. 6, 7, 14, 15, 33, 35, 48, 415; ii. 434
chess, fondness for, i. 30
death and funeral, ii. 484
education, i. 3, 8, 21, 24, 38
hunting, delight in, i. 4, 25, 28
illness, ii. 464
India, Secretary for, i. 425, 474
leadership of House of Commons, ii. 126, 150, 154, 213
letters, style of, i. 12, 13, 162-168
maiden speech in Parliament, i. 66
marriage, i. 57
member of Parliament, i. 55
nicknames and caricatures of, i. 275
personal appearance, i. 15; ii. 465
politics, early distaste to, i. 164, 166
popularity in 1882, i. 273
prediction in 1885, i. 473
public life, disinclination for, i. 48
speeches, style of, i. 276
Turf experiences, ii. 432

Redistribution Bill, Lords’ Amendments to, i. 417

Redschid Pasha, i. 388

Reed, Sir E., ii. 319

Reform Bill (1884), i. 335, 337, 341, 343, 360, 372, 550

Richards, Mr. B., i. 15

Richmond, Duke of, i. 227

Ripon, Marquess of, i. 492

Ritchie, Mr., ii. 126

Roberts, Sir F., i. 458, 490

Roebuck, Mr., i. 58

Rosebery, Earl of, i. 29, 433; ii. 49, 471, 478

Rowlands, Mr. J., i. 258; ii. 119, 120, 387, 391

Royal Buckhounds, i. 232

Royal grants--speech, ii. 396

Russell, Lord J., i. 234

Russell, Mr. E., ii. 142

Russia:
aggression in India, i. 380, 382, 386, 387, 389
visit to, ii. 356

Rylands, Mr., i. 106; ii. 90

Salisbury, Marquess of, i. 65, 227, 233, 245, 265, 281, 303, 347, 381,
423, 433, 458, 468; ii. 6, 7, 14, 21, 26, 54, 58, 72, 75, 78, 89, 90,
116, 135, 153, 155, 187, 264, 273, 277, 278, 281, 294, 299, 361, 362,
368, 377, 431, 463
Bombay command appointment--letters, i. 504
Burma policy, i. 522, 524
Cabinet of 1885, i. 400, 401, 402, 407, 413, 416, 419; ii. 122, 124
Carnarvon and Parnell, meeting of, i. 447
correspondence of, i. 499
Disestablishment, views on, i. 455
Eastern Question, ii. 157, 158, 160, 162, 165
Irish affairs, attitude towards, ii. 29, 30, 33-35, 37, 64, 138,
334, 448, 470
National Union, i. 312, 318, 319, 324, 330, 352, 357
resignation of Lord Randolph, ii. 214, 218, 220, 223, 228, 231-234,
236, 243, 250, 255, 261, 267, 282
Woodstock speech, i. 161

Schnadhorst, Mr., i. 276, 286, 467; ii. 98, 119, 120, 134

Sclater-Booth, Mr., i. 106

Scott, Dr., i. 22

Sexton, Mr., i. 435; ii. 4, 64, 144

Siam, ii. 478

Slade, Sir A., i. 257

Smith, Mr. W. H., i. 245, 344, 408, 503; ii. 21, 36, 40, 42, 44, 90, 124, 137, 156, 171, 221, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232, 273, 281, 291, 295, 310, 311, 321, 335, 350, 381, 406, 407, 451

Soudan. _See_ Egypt and the Soudan

South Africa:
affairs in, i. 190, 195
visit to, ii. 447

Spencer, Lord, i. 390, 438, 439, 441; ii. 3, 48

Staal, M. de, ii. 157

Stanhope, Mr. E., i. 325, 330, 373; ii. 127, 273

Stanley, Col., i. 342, 372

Stockton speech, ii. 328

Stuart-Wortley, Mr., i. 323, 353

Suakin, ii. 375, 376

Suleiman Sami, i. 263

Tabor, Mr., i. 3, 426

Tarbes, visit to, ii. 435

Temperance--letter, ii. 506

Tewfik, Khedive, i. 261

Thomas, Col., i. 4, 26

Tory democracy, i. 250, 290, 293, 295, 301, 302, 336, 349, 358, 411, 463, 465; ii. 404

Transvaal, i. 190, 193-196

Trevelyan, Sir G., ii. 48, 74, 84, 336, 340

Turf experiences, ii. 432

Turkey and the Eastern Question--letters, i. 100-104

Tyrwhitt, Mr. H., ii. 287, 289, 292

United States, visit to, i. 73

Villiers, Mr. C., i. 292

Walsall speech, ii. 397

Walsh, Archbishop, ii. 4, 78, 353, 354, 356

War Office expenditure, attack on, ii. 316

Warren, Sir C., ii. 143

Watkin, Sir E., ii. 381

Webster, Sir R., ii. 407

Welby, Lord, ii. 182, 212

Welsh Church Suspensory Bill, ii. 466, 474

West, Sir A., i. 261; ii. 205

Whitby meeting, ii. 326

Whitley, Mr., i. 443

Winston Churchill, Mr., ii. 294, 468

Wolff, Sir H. D., i. 124, 126, 129, 131, 132, 163, 264, 267, 304, 305, 310, 311, 342, 358, 367, 421, 425, 428, 430, 438; ii. 236, 260, 261, 263

Wolverhampton speech, ii. 314

Woodstock:
elections, i. 52, 115, 426, 527-532
parliamentary history, i. 18
reform of borough--speech, i. 71
Salisbury’s, Lord, speech, i. 160

Zulu War, i. 142, 191

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Seven Years at Eton_, Brinsley Richards, p. 377.

[2] _Randolph Spencer-Churchill_, by T. H. S. Escott, M.A. (Hutchinson & Co., 1895).

[3] _Fortnightly Review_, October, 1874, vol. xvi., p. 412.

[4] Byron, _Don Juan_, Canto ix. lxxxiv.

[5] B. O’Brien, _Life of Parnell_, second edition, i. 163.

[6] ‘That this House, having been informed in her Majesty’s gracious Speech that the conditions on which her Majesty’s neutrality is founded have not been infringed by either belligerent engaged in the war in the East of Europe, and having since received no information sufficient to justify a departure from the policy of neutrality and peace, sees no reason for adding to the burdens of the people by voting unnecessary supplies.’

[7] ‘Elijah’s Mantle,’ _Fortnightly Review_, May, 1883.

[8] I have been greatly assisted in this chapter by the excellent accounts of the Fourth Party proceedings contributed by Mr. Harold Gorst to the _Nineteenth Century_ from November 1902 to January 1903. In relating some incidents, notably on pages 153 and 161, I have by his permission used his actual words.

[9] _Life of Parnell_, R. Barry O’Brien, vol. i. 247.

[10] _Cf._ Mr. Forster’s ‘village ruffians.’

[11] _Men, Mines, and Animals in South Africa_, p. 23.

[12] Abridged.

[13] Mr. Gladstone.

[14] Mr. Chamberlain.

[15] A quotation from Mr. Gladstone’s famous pamphlet of 1876.

[16] Preface to Lord Randolph Churchill’s speeches, by L. J. Jennings, p. xxiv.

[17] Mr. Harold Gorst’s articles, _Nineteenth Century_, November and December, 1902.

[18] Appendix II.

[19] Appendix II.

[20] See J. M. Maclean’s _Reminiscences_, p. 68.

[21] Appendix II.

[22] Letter to Mr. Wainwright, M.P., June 9, 1884, Appendix III.

[23] Mr. W. H. Smith.

[24] See especially his letter to Mr. Harold Gorst of January 5, 1903, published in the _Times_, included as an Appendix.

[25] _Nineteenth Century_, January 1903, by Mr. Harold E. Gorst.

[26] Now Sir Charles Darling.

[27] Appendix IV. See especially his description of the tiger hunt.

[28] January 17, 1885.

[29] A note upon this chapter by Sir Michael Hicks-Beach.

[30] August.

[31] This was public-spirited. (See page 440.)

[32] House of Lords, May 3, 1888. _Hansard_, 325, 1179.

[33] Issued November 21, 1880.

[34] See Lord Randolph’s Letters from India, Appendix.

[35] ‘Ireland’s Eye.’

[36] Lord Ashbourne.

[37] Our Very Good Lord: Ex-Chancellor Ball.

[38] _Times._

[39] Appendix I.

[40] This appears to have been an outside estimate. (See p. 490.)

[41] Sir John Gorst’s eldest son, now Sir Eldon Gorst.

[42] The italics are mine.--W. S. C.

[43] Mr. Smith to the Duke of Cambridge, October 9, 1885.

[44] Official memorandum.

[45] Colonel Burnaby was killed in action at Abu Klea, January 18, 1885.

[46] This was written ten days ago. Its contents are not much affected by recent events.--R. H. S. C.[*]

[*] The Memorandum and Lord Randolph’s footnote are both undated, but
Lord Salisbury’s reply on the 9th shows that he had waited some days
before replying. I conclude therefore that November 26 or 27 would be
the latest date at which this document was written.

[48] Mr. Labouchere, who has checked and confirms this account of the conversation, remarks: ‘As a matter of fact, Lord Randolph Churchill had asked me some time before to tell Mr. Gladstone that he would urge Ulster to resist by arms Home Rule, which I had done, and he now begged me to repeat to him his declaration of war.’

[49] _Life of Gladstone_, vol. iii. p. 270.

[50] Lost. The passage ultimately adopted reads as follows:--

‘The social no less than the material condition of that country engages my anxious attention. Although there has been during the last year no marked increase of serious crime, there is in many places a concerted resistance to the enforcement of legal obligations, and I regret that the practice of organised intimidation continues to exist. I have caused every exertion to be used for the detection and punishment of these crimes, and no effort will be spared on the part of my Government to protect my Irish subjects in the exercise of their legal rights and the enjoyment of individual liberty. If, as my information leads me to apprehend, the existing provisions of the law should prove to be inadequate to cope with these growing evils, I look with confidence to your willingness to invest my Government with all necessary powers.’

[51] This was accompanied by the promise of a Bill dealing with the Land Question, pursuing in a more extensive sense the policy indicated by the Land Purchase Act in 1885.

[52] At the Colonial Office, February 15, 1898 (O’Brien’s _Life of Parnell_, chap. xix. vol. ii.).

[53] Appendix V.

[54]

Lord Randolph Churchill 2,576
Rev. J. Page Hopps 769

[55] Wrongly stated in the _Annual Register_ of 1886 as the Board of Trade.

[56] An expression quoted from Mr. Gladstone.

[57] ‘Lord Randolph as an Official,’ _Nineteenth Century_, October 1896, by the Right Hon. Sir Algernon West, K.C.B.

[58]

Scale of 1886, still in force:--

Where the packet, box, bottle, pot, &c.,
did not exceed the price or value of _s._ _d._
1_s._, the duty was 0 1½
Exceeded 1_s._, but did not exceed 2_s._ 6_d._ 0 3
” 2_s._ 6_d._ ” 4_s._ 0 6
” 4_s._ ” 10_s._ 1 0
” 10_s._ ” 20_s._ 2 0
” 20_s._ ” 30_s._ 3 0
” 30_s._ ” 50_s._ 10 0
” 50_s._ 20 0

Lord Randolph Churchill’s
proposed scale:--

_s._ _d._
Not exceeding 2_d._ in value 0 0½
” ” 6_d._ ” 0 1½
” ” 1_s._ ” 0 3
” ” 2_s._ ” 0 6
” ” 4_s._ ” 1 0
” ” 8_s._ ” 2 0
” ” 12_s._ ” 3 0
” ” 20_s._ ” 5 0
” ” 40_s._ ” 10 0
Exceeding 40_s._ ” 20 0

[59] The exact figure is 291,666_l._ 13_s._ 6_d._, but some reduction would probably occur in practice.

[60] Lord Ashbourne.

[61] Viscount Curzon, M.P. for South Buckinghamshire.

[62] Viscount Curzon, February 21. _Hansard_, 311, 179.

[63] Secretary to the Treasury.

[64] _Times_, April 20, 1887.

[65] See his letter to Mr. Arnold White, p. 459.

[66] No. 119, Egypt No. 8, 1888, published January 12, 1889.

[67] Letter to _Birmingham Daily Post_, April 18.

[68] _Life of Gladstone_, Book X., chapter iii.

[69] _Hansard_, March 1890.

[70] See Appendix, Mr. Jennings’s Memorandum and Lord Justice FitzGibbon’s note thereupon.

[71] Appendix VIII.

[72] Local Taxation Bill, June 17--228 to 224.

[73] Addison, _Spectator_, No. 68.

[74] _Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa._

[75] The Hon. Lionel Holland.

[76] _Life of Pitt._

[77] Abridged.

* * * * *

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

the form of a lettter to his=> the form of a letter to his {pg vi 95}

the Tukrish rule=> the Turkish rule {pg vi 104}

furtherance of this political opinion=> furtherance of his political opinion {pg vii 53}

even Constantiople=> even Constantinople {pg vii 158}

I purpose=> I propose {pg vii 282}

They outnumbered by three of four to one=> They outnumbered by three or four to one {pg vii 385}

be would not speak=> he would not speak {pg vii 461}

the greatest atention to his speeches=> the greatest attention to his speeches {pg vii 474}

and responsibilty for=> and responsibility for {pg vii 521}