Chapter XXXIV: The End

Failure of the Jesuits • What their Success would have involved • Future of the Mission

INDEX.

APPENDIX.

FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART THIRD. LA SALLE AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE GREAT WEST By Francis Parkman CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 3

CHAPTER I. 1643-1669. CAVELIER DE LA SALLE.

The Youth of La Salle: his Connection with the Jesuits; he goes to Canada; his Character; his Schemes; his Seigniory at La Chine; his Expedition in Search of a Western Passage to India. 7

CHAPTER II. 1669-1671. LA SALLE AND THE SULPITIANS.

The French in Western New York.—Louis Joliet.—The Sulpitians on Lake Erie; at Detroit; at Saut Ste. Marie.—The Mystery of La Salle: he discovers the Ohio; he descends the Illinois; did he reach the Mississippi? 19

CHAPTER III. 1670-1672 THE JESUITS ON THE LAKE.

The Old Missions and the New.—A Change of Spirit.—Lake Superior and the Copper-mines.—Ste. Marie.—LaPointe.— Michilimackinac.— Jesuits on Lake Michigan.—Allouez and Dablon.—The Jesuit Fur-trade. 36

CHAPTER IV. [Pg xvi] 1667-1672. FRANCE TAKES POSSESSION OF THE WEST.

Talon.—Saint-Lusson.—Perrot.—The Ceremony at Saut Ste. Marie.—The Speech of Allouez.—Count Frontenac. 48

CHAPTER V. 1672-1675. THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

Joliet sent to find the Mississippi.—Jacques Marquette.—Departure.— Green Bay.—The Wisconsin.—The Mississippi.—Indians.—Manitous.— The Arkansas.—The Illinois.—Joliet's Misfortune.—Marquette at Chicago: his Illness; his Death. 57

CHAPTER VI. 1673-1678. LA SALLE AND FRONTENAC.

Objects of La Salle.—Frontenac favors him.—Projects of Frontenac.—Cataraqui.—Frontenac on Lake Ontario.—Fort Frontenac.—La Salle and Fénelon.—Success of La Salle: his Enemies. 83

CHAPTER VII. 1678. PARTY STRIFE.

La Salle and his Reporter.—Jesuit Ascendency.—The Missions and the Fur-trade.—Female Inquisitors.—Plots against La Salle: his Brother the Priest.—Intrigues of the Jesuits.—La Salle poisoned: he exculpates the Jesuits.—Renewed Intrigues. 106

CHAPTER VIII. [Pg xvii] 1677, 1678. THE GRAND ENTERPRISE.

La Salle at Fort Frontenac.—La Salle at Court: his Memorial.—Approval of the King.—Money and Means.—Henri de Tonty.—Return to Canada. 120

CHAPTER IX. 1678-1679. LA SALLE AT NIAGARA.

Father Louis Hennepin: his Past Life; his Character.—Embarkation.— Niagara Falls.—Indian Jealousy.—La Motte and the Senecas.— A Disaster.—La Salle and his Followers. 131

CHAPTER X. 1679. THE LAUNCH OF THE "GRIFFIN."

The Niagara Portage.—A Vessel on the Stocks.—Suffering and Discontent.—La Salle's Winter Journey.—The Vessel launched.— Fresh Disasters. 144

CHAPTER XI. 1679. LA SALLE ON THE UPPER LAKES.

The Voyage of the "Griffin."—Detroit.—A Storm.—St. Ignace of Michilimackinac.—Rivals and Enemies.—Lake Michigan.— Hardships.—A Threatened Fight.—Fort Miami.—Tonty's Misfortunes.—Forebodings. 151

CHAPTER XII. 1679, 1680. LA SALLE ON THE ILLINOIS.

The St. Joseph.—Adventure of La Salle.—The Prairies.—Famine.— The Great Town of the Illinois.—Indians.—Intrigues.— Difficulties.—Policy of La Salle.—Desertion.—Another Attempt to poison La Salle. 164

CHAPTER XIII. [Pg xviii] 1680. FORT CRÈVECŒUR.

Building of the Fort.—Loss of the "Griffin."—A Bold Resolution.—Another Vessel.—Hennepin sent to the Mississippi.—Departure of La Salle. 180

CHAPTER XIV. 1680. HARDIHOOD OF LA SALLE.

The Winter Journey.—The Deserted Town.—Starved Rock.—Lake Michigan.—The Wilderness.—War Parties.—La Salle's Men give out.—Ill Tidings.—Mutiny.—Chastisement of the Mutineers. 189

CHAPTER XV. 1680. INDIAN CONQUERORS.

The Enterprise renewed.—Attempt to rescue Tonty.—Buffalo.—A Frightful Discovery.—Iroquois Fury.—The Ruined Town.—A Night of Horror.—Traces of the Invaders.—No News of Tonty. 202

CHAPTER XVI. 1680. TONTY AND THE IROQUOIS.

The Deserters.—The Iroquois War.—The Great Town of the Illinois.—The Alarm.—Onset of the Iroquois.—Peril of Tonty.—A Treacherous Truce.—Intrepidity of Tonty.—Murder of Ribourde.—War upon the Dead. 216

CHAPTER XVII. 1680. THE ADVENTURES OF HENNEPIN.

Hennepin an Impostor: his Pretended Discovery; his Actual Discovery; captured by the Sioux.—The Upper Mississippi. 242

CHAPTER XVIII. [Pg xix] 1680, 1681. HENNEPIN AMONG THE SIOUX.

Signs of Danger.—Adoption.—Hennepin and his Indian Relatives.—The Hunting Party.—The Sioux Camp.—Falls of St. Anthony.—A Vagabond Friar: his Adventures on the Mississippi.—Greysolon Du Lhut.—Return to Civilization. 259

CHAPTER XIX. 1681. LA SALLE BEGINS ANEW.

His Constancy; his Plans; his Savage Allies; he becomes Snow-blind.—Negotiations.—Grand Council.—La Salle's Oratory.—Meeting with Tonty.—Preparation.—Departure. 283

CHAPTER XX. 1681-1682. SUCCESS OF LA SALLE.

His Followers.—The Chicago Portage.—Descent of the Mississippi.—The Lost Hunter.—The Arkansas.—The Taensas.—The Natchez.—Hostility.—The Mouth of the Mississippi.—Louis XIV. proclaimed Sovereign of the Great West. 295

CHAPTER XXI. 1682, 1683. ST. LOUIS OF THE ILLINOIS.

Louisiana.—Illness of La Salle: his Colony on the Illinois.— Fort St. Louis.—Recall of Frontenac.—Le Febvre de la Barre.—Critical Position of La Salle.—Hostility of the New Governor.—Triumph of the Adverse Faction.—La Salle sails for France. 309

[Pg xx]CHAPTER XXII. 1680-1683. LA SALLE PAINTED BY HIMSELF.

Difficulty of knowing him: his Detractors; his Letters; vexations of his Position; his Unfitness for Trade; risks of Correspondence; his Reported Marriage; alleged Ostentation; motives of Action; charges of Harshness; intrigues against him; unpopular Manners; a Strange Confession; his Strength and his Weakness; contrasts of his Character. 328

CHAPTER XXIII. 1684. A NEW ENTERPRISE.

La Salle at Court: his Proposals.—Occupation of Louisiana.—Invasion of Mexico.—Royal Favor.— Preparation.—A Divided Command.—Beaujeu and La Salle.—Mental Condition of La Salle: his Farewell to his Mother. 343

CHAPTER XXIV. 1684, 1685. THE VOYAGE.

Disputes with Beaujeu.—St. Domingo.—La Salle attacked with Fever: his Desperate Condition.—The Gulf of Mexico.—A Vain Search and a Fatal Error. 366

CHAPTER XXV. 1685. LA SALLE IN TEXAS.

A Party of Exploration.—Wreck of the "Aimable."—Landing of Colonists.—A Forlorn Position.—Indian Neighbors.—Friendly Advances of Beaujeu: his Departure.—A Fatal Discovery. 378

[Pg xxi]CHAPTER XXVI. 1685-1687. ST. LOUIS OF TEXAS.

The Fort.—Misery and Dejection.— Energy of La Salle: his Journey of Exploration.—Adventures and Accidents.— Buffalo.—Duhaut.—Indian Massacre.—Return of La Salle.—A New Calamity.—A Desperate Resolution.—Departure for Canada.—Wreck of the "Belle."—Marriage.—Sedition.—Adventures of La Salle's Party.—The Cenis.—The Camanches.—The Only Hope.—The Last Farewell. 391

CHAPTER XXVII. 1687. ASSASSINATION OF LA SALLE.

His Followers.—Prairie Travelling.—A Hunters' Quarrel.—The Murder of Moranget.—The Conspiracy.—Death of La Salle: his Character. 420

CHAPTER XXVIII. 1687, 1688. THE INNOCENT AND THE GUILTY.

Triumph of the Murderers.—Danger of Joutel.—Joutel among the Cenis.—White Savages.— Insolence of Duhaut and his Accomplices.—Murder of Duhaut and Liotot.—Hiens, the Buccaneer.—Joutel and his Party: their Escape; they reach the Arkansas.—Bravery and Devotion of Tonty.—The Fugitives reach the Illinois.—Unworthy Conduct of Cavelier.—He and his Companions return to France. 435

CHAPTER XXIX. 1688-1689. FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.

Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.—Spanish Hostility.—Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.—A Scene of Havoc.—Destruction of the French.—The End. 464

[Pg xxii]APPENDIX.

I. Early Unpublished Maps of the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. 475

II. The Eldorado of Mathieu Sâgean. 485

INDEX. 493

FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, FOURTH PART THE OLD REGIME IN CANADA By Francis Parkman

CONTENTS PREFACE. DETAILED CONTENTS I. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION. CHAPTER I. 1653-1658. THE JESUITS AT ONONDAGA. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. 1660, 1661. THE HEROES OF THE LONG SAUT. CHAPTER IV. 1657-1668. THE DISPUTED BISHOPRIC. CHAPTER V. 1659, 1660. LAVAL AND ARGENSON. CHAPTER VI. 1658-1663. LAVAL AND AVAUGOUR. CHAPTER VII. 1661-1664. LAVAL AND DUMESNIL CHAPTER VIII. 1657-1665. LAVAL AND MÉZY. CHAPTER IX. 1662-1680. LAVAL AND THE SEMINARY. II. THE COLONY AND THE KING. CHAPTER X. 1661-1665. ROYAL INTERVENTION. CHAPTER XI. 1666, 1667. THE MOHAWKS CHASTISED. CHAPTER XII. 1665-1672. PATERNAL GOVERNMENT. CHAPTER XIII 1661-1673. MARRIAGE AND POPULATION. CHAPTER XIV. 1665-1672. THE NEW HOME. CHAPTER XV. 1663-1763. CANADIAN FEUDALISM. CHAPTER XVI. 1663-1763. THE RULERS OF CANADA. CHAPTER XVII. 1663-1763. TRADE AND INDUSTRY. CHAPTER XVIII. 1663-1702. THE MISSIONS. THE BRANDY QUESTION. CHAPTER XIX. 1663-1763. PRIESTS AND PEOPLE. CHAPTER XX. 1640-1763. MORALS AND MANNERS. CHAPTER XXI. 1663-1763. CANADIAN ABSOLUTISM.

FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART THE FIFTH COUNT FRONTENAC AND NEW FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV. by Francis Parkman

Contents

PREFACE.

CHAPTER I. 1620-1672.

COUNT AND COUNTESS FRONTENAC.

Mademoiselle de Montpensier and Madame de Frontenac • Orleans • The Maréchale de Camp • Count Frontenac • Conjugal Disputes • Early Life of Frontenac • His Courtship and Marriage • Estrangement • Scenes at St. Fargeau • The Lady of Honor dismissed • Frontenac as a Soldier • He is made Governor of New France • Les Divines.

CHAPTER II. 1672-1675

FRONTENAC AT QUEBEC.

Arrival • Bright Prospects • The Three Estates of New France • Speech of the Governor • His Innovations • Royal Displeasure • Signs of Storm • Frontenac and the Priests • His Attempts to civilize the Indians • Opposition • Complaints and Heart-burnings.

CHAPTER III. 1673-1675.

FRONTENAC AND PERROT.

La Salle • Fort Frontenac • Perrot • His Speculations • His Tyranny • The Bush-rangers • Perrot revolts • Becomes alarmed • Dilemma of Frontenac • Mediation of Fénelon • Perrot in Prison • Excitement of the Sulpitians • Indignation of Fénelon • Passion of Frontenac • Perrot on Trial • Strange Scenes • Appeal to the King • Answers of Louis XIV. and Colbert • Fénelon rebuked.

xii CHAPTER IV. 1675-1682.

FRONTENAC AND DUCHESNEAU.

Frontenac receives a Colleague • He opposes the Clergy • Disputes in the Council • Royal Intervention • Frontenac rebuked • Fresh Outbreaks • Charges and Countercharges • The Dispute grows hot • Duchesneau condemned and Frontenac warned • The Quarrel continues • The King loses Patience • More Accusations • Factions and Feuds • A Side Quarrel • The King threatens • Frontenac denounces the Priests • The Governor and the Intendant recalled • Qualities of Frontenac.

CHAPTER V. 1682-1684.

LE FEBVRE DE LA BARRE.

His Arrival at Quebec • The Great Fire • A Coming Storm • Iroquois Policy • The Danger imminent • Indian Allies of France • Frontenac and the Iroquois • Boasts of La Barre • His Past Life • His Speculations • He takes Alarm • His Dealings with the Iroquois • His Illegal Trade • His Colleague denounces him • Fruits of his Schemes • His Anger and his Fears.

CHAPTER VI. 1684.

LA BARRE AND THE IROQUOIS.

Dongan • New York and its Indian Neighbors • The Rival Governors • Dongan and the Iroquois • Mission to Onondaga • An Iroquois Politician • Warnings of Lamberville • Iroquois Boldness • La Barre takes the Field • His Motives • The March • Pestilence • Council at La Famine • The Iroquois defiant • Humiliation of La Barre • The Indian Allies • Their Rage and Disappointment • Recall of La Barre.

xiii CHAPTER VII. 1685-1687.

DENONVILLE AND DONGAN.

Troubles of the New Governor • His Character • English Rivalry • Intrigues of Dongan • English Claims • A Diplomatic Duel • Overt Acts • Anger of Denonville • James II. checks Dongan • Denonville emboldened • Strife in the North • Hudson's Bay • Attempted Pacification • Artifice of Denonville • He prepares for War.

CHAPTER VIII. 1687.

DENONVILLE AND THE SENECAS.

Treachery of Denonville • Iroquois Generosity • The Invading Army • The Western Allies • Plunder of English Traders • Arrival of the Allies • Scene at the French Camp • March of Denonville • Ambuscade • Battle • Victory • The Seneca Babylon • Imperfect Success.

CHAPTER IX. 1687-1689.

THE IROQUOIS INVASION.

Altercations • Attitude of Dongan • Martial Preparation • Perplexity of Denonville • Angry Correspondence • Recall of Dongan • Sir Edmund Andros • Humiliation of Denonville • Distress of Canada • Appeals for Help • Iroquois Diplomacy • A Huron Macchiavel • The Catastrophe • Ferocity of the Victors • War with England • Recall of Denonville.

CHAPTER X. 1689-1690.

RETURN OF FRONTENAC.

Versailles • Frontenac and the King • Frontenac sails for Quebec • Projected Conquest of New York • Designs of the King • Failure • Energy of Frontenac • Fort Frontenac • Panic • Negotiations • The Iroquois in Council • Chevalier d'Aux • Taunts of the Indian Allies • Boldness of Frontenac • An Iroquois Defeat • Cruel Policy • The Stroke parried.

xiv CHAPTER XI. 1690.

THE THREE WAR-PARTIES.

Measures of Frontenac • Expedition against Schenectady • The March • The Dutch Village • The Surprise • The Massacre • Prisoners spared • Retreat • The English and their Iroquois Friends • The Abenaki War • Revolution at Boston • Capture of Pemaquid • Capture of Salmon Falls • Capture of Fort Loyal • Frontenac and his Prisoner • The Canadians encouraged.

CHAPTER XII. 1690.

MASSACHUSETTS ATTACKS QUEBEC.

English Schemes • Capture of Port Royal • Acadia reduced • Conduct of Phips • His History and Character • Boston in Arms • A Puritan Crusade • The March from Albany • Frontenac and the Council • Frontenac at Montreal • His War Dance • An Abortive Expedition • An English Raid • Frontenac at Quebec • Defences of the Town • The Enemy arrives.

CHAPTER XIII. 1690.

DEFENCE OF QUEBEC.

Phips on the St. Lawrence • Phips at Quebec • A Flag of Truce • Scene at the Château • The Summons and the Answer • Plan of Attack • Landing of the English • The Cannonade • The Ships repulsed • The Land Attack • Retreat of Phips • Condition of Quebec • Rejoicings of the French • Distress at Boston.

CHAPTER XIV. 1690-1694.

THE SCOURGE OF CANADA.

Iroquois Inroads • Death of Bienville • English Attack • A Desperate Fight • Miseries of the Colony • Alarms • A Winter Expedition • La Chesnaye burned • The Heroine of Verchères • Mission Indians • The Mohawk Expedition • Retreat and Pursuit • Relief arrives • Frontenac Triumphant.

xv CHAPTER XV. 1691-1695.

AN INTERLUDE.

Appeal of Frontenac • His Opponents • His Services • Rivalry and Strife • Bishop Saint-Vallier • Society at the Château • Private Theatricals • Alarm of the Clergy • Tartuffe • A Singular Bargain • Mareuil and the Bishop • Mareuil on Trial • Zeal of Saint-Vallier • Scandals at Montreal • Appeal to the King • The Strife composed • Libel against Frontenac.

CHAPTER XVI. 1690-1694.

THE WAR IN ACADIA.

State of that Colony • The Abenakis • Acadia and New England • Pirates • Baron de Saint-Castin • Pentegoet • The English Frontier • The French and the Abenakis • Plan of the War • Capture of York • Villebon • Grand War-party • Attack of Wells • Pemaquid rebuilt • John Nelson • A Broken Treaty • Villieu and Thury • Another War-party • Massacre at Oyster River.

CHAPTER XVII. 1690-1697.

NEW FRANCE AND NEW ENGLAND.

The Frontier of New England • Border Warfare • Motives of the French • Needless Barbarity • Who were answerable? • Father Thury • The Abenakis waver • Treachery at Pemaquid • Capture of Pemaquid • Projected Attack on Boston • Disappointment • Miseries of the Frontier • A Captive Amazon.

CHAPTER XVIII. 1693-1697.

FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRY.

Le Moyne d'Iberville • His Exploits in Newfoundland • In Hudson's Bay • The Great Prize • The Competitors • Fatal Policy of the King • The Iroquois Question • Negotiation • Firmness of Frontenac • English Intervention • War renewed • State of the West • Indian Diplomacy • Cruel Measures • A Perilous Crisis • Audacity of Frontenac.

xvi CHAPTER XIX. 1696-1698.

FRONTENAC ATTACKS THE ONONDAGAS.

March of Frontenac • Flight of the Enemy • An Iroquois Stoic • Relief for the Onondagas • Boasts of Frontenac • His Complaints • His Enemies • Parties in Canada • Views of Frontenac and the King • Frontenac prevails • Peace of Ryswick • Frontenac and Bellomont • Schuyler at Quebec • Festivities • A Last Defiance.

CHAPTER XX. 1698.

DEATH OF FRONTENAC.

His Last Hours • His Will • His Funeral • His Eulogist and his Critic • His Disputes with the Clergy • His Character.

CHAPTER XXI. 1699-1701.

CONCLUSION.

The New Governor • Attitude of the Iroquois • Negotiations • Embassy to Onondaga • Peace • The Iroquois and the Allies • Difficulties • Death of the Great Huron • Funeral Rites • The Grand Council • The Work of Frontenac finished • Results.

APPENDIX.

INDEX.

FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART SIXTH HALF-CENTURY OF CONFLICT, VOLUME ONE (OF TWO) FRANCIS PARKMAN. IN TWO VOLUMES.

CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. 1700-1713. EVE OF WAR.

The Spanish Succession.—Influence of Louis XIV. on History.—French Schemes of Conquest in America.—New York.—Unfitness of the Colonies for War.—The Five Nations.—Doubt and Vacillation.—The Western Indians.—Trade and Politics3 CHAPTER II. 1694-1704. DETROIT.

Michilimackinac.—La Mothe-Cadillac: his Disputes with the Jesuits.—Opposing Views.—Plans of Cadillac: his Memorial to the Court; his Opponents.—Detroit founded.—The New Company.—Detroit changes Hands.—Strange Act of the Five Nations17 CHAPTER III. 1703-1713. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR.

The Forest of Maine.—A Treacherous Peace.—A Frontier Village.—Wells and its People.—Attack upon it.—Border Ravages.—Beaubassin's War-party.—The "Woful Decade."—A Wedding Feast.—A Captive Bridegroom34 CHAPTER IV. 1704-1740. DEERFIELD.

[Pg viii]Hertel de Rouville.—A Frontier Village.—Rev. John Williams.—The Surprise.—Defence of the Stebbins House.—Attempted Rescue.—The Meadow Fight.—The Captives.—The Northward March.—Mrs. Williams killed.—The Minister's Journey.—Kindness of Canadians.—A Stubborn Heretic.—Eunice Williams.—Converted Captives.—John Sheldon's Mission.—Exchange of Prisoners.—An English Squaw.—The Gill Family55 CHAPTER V. 1704-1713. THE TORMENTED FRONTIER.

Border Raids.—Haverhill.—Attack and Defence.—War to the Knife.—Motives of the French.—Proposed Neutrality.—Joseph Dudley.—Town and Country94 CHAPTER VI. 1700-1710. THE OLD RÉGIME IN ACADIA.

The Fishery Question.—Privateers and Pirates.—Port Royal.—Official Gossip.—Abuse of Brouillan.—Complaints of De Goutin.—Subercase and his Officers.—Church and State.—Paternal Government110 CHAPTER VII. 1704-1710. ACADIA CHANGES HANDS.

Reprisal for Deerfield.—Major Benjamin Church: his Ravages at Grand-Pré.—Port Royal Expedition.—Futile Proceedings.—A Discreditable Affair.—French Successes in [Pg ix]Newfoundland.—Schemes of Samuel Vetch.—A Grand Enterprise.—Nicholson's Advance.—An Infected Camp.—Ministerial Promises broken.—A New Scheme.—Port Royal attacked.—Acadia conquered120 CHAPTER VIII. 1710, 1711. WALKER'S EXPEDITION.

Scheme of La Ronde Denys.—Boston warned against British Designs.—Boston to be ruined.—Plans of the Ministry.—Canada doomed.—British Troops at Boston.—The Colonists denounced.—The Fleet sails for Quebec.—Forebodings of the Admiral.—Storm and Wreck.—Timid Commanders.—Retreat.—Joyful News for Canada.—Pious Exultation.—Fanciful Stories.—Walker disgraced156 CHAPTER IX. 1712-1749. LOUISBOURG AND ACADIA.

Peace of Utrecht.—Perilous Questions.—Louisbourg founded.—Annapolis attacked.—Position of the Acadians.—Weakness of the British Garrison.—Apathy of the Ministry.—French Intrigue.—Clerical Politicians.—The Oath of Allegiance.—Acadians refuse it: their Expulsion proposed; they take the Oath183 CHAPTER X. 1713-1724. SEBASTIEN RALE.

Boundary Disputes.—Outposts of Canada.—The Earlier and Later Jesuits.—Religion and Politics.—The Norridgewocks and their Missionary.—A Hollow Peace.—Disputed Land Claims.—Council at Georgetown.—Attitude of Rale.—Minister and Jesuit.—The Indians waver.—An Outbreak.—Covert [Pg x]War.—Indignation against Rale.—War declared.—Governor and Assembly.—Speech of Samuel Sewall.—Penobscots attack Fort St. George.—Reprisal.—Attack on Norridgewock.—Death of Rale212 CHAPTER XI. 1724, 1725. LOVEWELL'S FIGHT.

Vaudreuil and Dummer.—Embassy to Canada.—Indians intractable.—Treaty of Peace.—The Pequawkets.—John Lovewell.—A Hunting Party.—Another Expedition.—The Ambuscade.—The Fight.—Chaplain Frye: his Fate.—The Survivors.—Susanna Rogers250 CHAPTER XII. 1712. THE OUTAGAMIES AT DETROIT.

The West and the Fur-trade.—New York and Canada.—Indian Population.—The Firebrands of the West.—Detroit in 1712.—Dangerous Visitors.—Suspense.—Timely Succors.—The Outagamies attacked: their Desperate Position.—Overtures.—Wavering Allies.—Conduct of Dubuisson.—Escape of the Outagamies.—Pursuit and Attack.—Victory and Carnage272 CHAPTER XIII. 1697-1750. LOUISIANA.

The Mississippi to be occupied.—English Rivalry.—Iberville.—Bienville.—Huguenots.—Views of Louis XIV.—Wives for the Colony.—Slaves.—La Mothe-Cadillac.—Paternal Government.—Crozat's Monopoly.—Factions.—The Mississippi Company.—New Orleans.—The Bubble bursts.—Indian Wars.—The Colony firmly established.—The two [Pg xi]Heads of New France298 CHAPTER XIV. 1700-1732. THE OUTAGAMIE WAR.

The Western Posts.—Detroit.—The Illinois.—Perils of the West.—The Outagamies.—Their Turbulence.—English Instigation.—Louvigny's Expedition.—Defeat of Outagamies.—Hostilities renewed.—Lignery's Expedition.—Outagamies attacked by Villiers; by Hurons and Iroquois.—La Butte des Morts.—The Sacs and Foxes326 CHAPTER XV. 1697-1741. FRANCE IN THE FAR WEST.

French Explorers.—Le Sueur on the St. Peter.—Canadians on the Missouri.—Juchereau de Saint-Denis.—Bénard de la Harpe on Red River.—Adventures of Du Tisné.—Bourgmont visits the Comanches.—The Brothers Mallet in Colorado and New Mexico.—Fabry de la Bruyère346

FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART SIXTH, VOL. II. A HALF-CENTURY OF CONFLICT, VOL II. (of II) By Francis Parkman.

CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVI. 1716-1761. SEARCH FOR THE PACIFIC. Page The Western Sea.—Schemes for reaching it.—Journey of Charlevoix.—The Sioux Mission.—Varennes de la Vérendrye: his Enterprise; his Disasters; visits the Mandans; his Sons; their Search for the Western Sea; their Adventures.—The Snake Indians.—A Great War-party.—The Rocky Mountains.—A Panic.—Return of the Brothers; their Wrongs and their Fate 3 CHAPTER XVII. 1700-1750. THE CHAIN OF POSTS. Opposing Claims.—Attitude of the Rival Nations.—America a French Continent.—England a Usurper.—French Demands.—Magnanimous Proposals.—Warlike Preparation.—Niagara.—Oswego.—Crown Point.—The Passes of the West secured 44 CHAPTER XVIII. 1744, 1745. A MAD SCHEME. War of the Austrian Succession.—The French seize Canseau and attack Annapolis.—Plan of Reprisal.—William Vaughan.—Governor Shirley: he advises an Attack on Louisbourg.—The Assembly refuses, but at last consents.—Preparation.—William Pepperrell.—George Whitefield.—Parson Moody.—The Soldiers.—The Provincial Navy.—Commodore Warren.—Shirley as an Amateur Soldier.—The Fleet sails 59 CHAPTER XIX. 1745. LOUISBOURG BESIEGED. Seth Pomeroy.—The Voyage.—Canseau.—Unexpected Succors.—Delays.—Louisbourg.—The Landing.—The Grand Battery taken.—French Cannon turned on the Town.—Weakness of Duchambon.—Sufferings of the Besiegers: their Hardihood; their Irregular Proceedings.—Joseph Sherburn.—Amateur Gunnery.—Camp Frolics.—Sectarian Zeal.—Perplexities of Pepperrell 90 CHAPTER XX. 1745. LOUISBOURG TAKEN. A Rash Resolution.—The Island Battery.—The Volunteers.—The Attack.—The Repulse.—Capture of the "Vigilant."—A Sortie.—Skirmishes.—Despondency of the French.—English Camp threatened.—Pepperrell and Warren.—Warren's Plan.—Preparation for a General Attack.—Flag of Truce.—Capitulation.—State of the Fortress.—Parson Moody.—Soldiers dissatisfied.—Disorders.—Army and Navy.—Rejoicings.—England repays Provincial Outlays 117 CHAPTER XXI. 1745-1747. DUC D'ANVILLE. Louisbourg after the Conquest.—Mutiny.—Pestilence.—Stephen Williams: his Diary.—Scheme of Conquering Canada.—Newcastle's Promises.—Alarm in Canada.—Promises broken.—Plan against Crown Point.—Startling News.—D'Anville's Fleet.—Louisbourg to be avenged.—Disasters of D'Anville.—Storm.—Pestilence.—Famine. —Death of D'Anville.—Suicide of the Vice-Admiral.—Ruinous Failure.—Return Voyage.—Defeat of La Jonquière 145 CHAPTER XXII. 1745-1747. ACADIAN CONFLICTS. Efforts of France.—Apathy of Newcastle.—Dilemma of Acadians: their Character.—Danger of the Province.—Plans of Shirley.—Acadian Priests.—Political Agitators.—Noble's Expedition.—Ramesay at Beaubassin.—Noble at Grand-Pré.—A Winter March.—Defeat and Death of Noble.—Grand-Pré reoccupied by the English.—Threats of Ramesay against the Acadians.—The British Ministry will not protect them 169 CHAPTER XXIII. 1740-1747. WAR AND POLITICS. Governor and Assembly.—Saratoga destroyed.—William Johnson.—Border Ravages.—Upper Ashuelot.—French "Military Movements."—Number Four.—Niverville's Attack.—Phineas Stevens.—The French repulsed 205 CHAPTER XXIV. 1745-1748. FORT MASSACHUSETTS. Frontier Defence.—Northfield and its Minister.—Military Criticisms of Rev. Benjamin Doolittle.—Rigaud de Vaudreuil: his Great War-party; he attacks Fort Massachusetts.—Sergeant Hawks and his Garrison.—A Gallant Defence.—Capitulation.—Humanity of the French.—Ravages.—Return to Crown Point.—Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 230 APPENDIX. A. France claims all North America except the Spanish Colonies 257 B. French Views of the Siege of Louisbourg 274 C. Shirley's Relations with the Acadians 312 INDEX 361

FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART SEVEN MONTCALM AND WOLFE By Francis Parkman CONTENTS

Montcalm and Wolfe: Volume 1