Chapter XVII: Summary (3)

Osmotic pressure, adaptation of plants to, 37, 39, 566;
as cause of bactericidal action of body fluids, 193, 213

Ovum in the Graafian follicle, immunity acquired by the, 448

Oxalic acid, function of, in plants, 37, 566

Oxydases, 96

Pancreatic digestion, 60, 63, 65

Pancreatic juice, antitoxic power of, 424

Pancreatic secretion, its adaptation to kind of food, 64, 65

Paralysis, general progressive, and syphilis, 435

_Paramaecia_, 13, 16, 17, 19

Parasites in infective diseases, 2, 9
(_see also_ Micro-organisms)

Pasteur’s theory of exhaustion of nutrient medium, 510–512;
anthrax vaccines, 208, 470;
modification of Willems’ method against pleuropneumonia, 477;
vaccines against rabies, 462, 463–464;
and Thuillier’s vaccines against swine erysipelas, 208, 473, 509

Pepsin in the urine, 65, 97;
in the blood, 66, 563;
antitoxic function of, 419;
antiseptic action of, 417;
chemical composition of, 109

Pessimism and fear of disease, 1, 569

Peyer’s patches, 61;
protective function of, 428

_Peziza._ _See Sclerotinia_

Pfaundler’s reaction, 259

Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in cholera vibrio, 165, 192, 212–226, 251, 267,
268, 280, 301–307, 534–536;
in spirillum of recurrent fever, 229;
in typhoid bacillus, 230, 303, 304;
in _Bacillus pyocyaneus_, 234, 307;
different in immunised and in normal fluids, 251;
conditions for its manifestation, 252, 253, 295, 534

Pfeiffer’s theory of immunity, 534

Phagocytes (_See also_ Leucocytes), amoeboid cells with digestive
function, 7, 182, 547;
in Sponges, 69;
in Vertebrata, 73;
various categories of, 74–79;
of _Bipinnaria_ and _Phyllirhoë_, 70;
chemiotaxis of, 79, 108, 133, 167, 177, 280;
the source of the haemolytic ferment, 100;
of osseous fishes, 135;
of frog, 137;
ingest living and virulent bacteria, 142, 177, 179–181, 558, 566;
function of, 151, 157, 177, 181, 206, 547, 548, 566;
mode of entry of microorganisms into, 177;
acid reaction inside, 83, 182;
action of opium on, 225, 231;
theory of, and side-chain theory compared, 296–299, 538;
in defence of animal against poisons, 393–400;
in production of antitoxin, 400–402;
in the defence of the skin, 407;
attempts to reconcile theory of, with humoral theory, 539;
history of theory of, 514–525, 539–543;
stimulant action of, 532

Phagocytic crisis of Bordet, 314;
ferments, 549–558;
function of neuroglia cells, 75;
organs, 85, 150, 292, 293, 537;
of cricket, 133;
of _Ascaris_, 547

Phagocytosis in osseous fishes, 135;
in frogs, 137, 142;
in fowl, 144, 282;
in dog, 149, 151;
in rat, 154, 157;
in guinea-pig, 162, 163, 166, 170, 223;
in horse, 245, 313;
in rabbit, 159, 167, 169, 233, 239, 314;
effect of removal of spleen on, 150;
agents that prevent, 170–173 (_see also_ Opium);
neutralisation of toxins not necessary for, 205, 289;
and agglutination, 202, 242, 245;
ensures natural immunity, 206;
action of opium on, 225, 231, 236, 306, 307;
action of rabbit’s serum on, 231;
in acquired immunity, 220, 223–226, 245, 280–286, 295, 313;
relation to fixatives in acquired immunity, 291, 295;
in the immunity conferred by specific serums, 303–317;
history of, and of the theory of phagocytes, 514–525, 539–543;
its application in surgery, 568

Phagolysis, 80, 99, 165;
prevention of, 99, 218, 219, 220, 230, 252, 304;
its relation to extracellular destruction of bacteria and Pfeiffer’s
phenomenon, 218–220, 230, 280, 295, 534;
escape of cytases during, 95, 99, 102, 191, 197, 252, 551–554, 560

Philocytase, 91, 92

Phloridzin, its action on natural immunity, 150

_Phyllirhoë_, two modes of digestion in, 58;
resorption by phagocytes of, 70

Pig. _See also_ Swine

Pig, protection of, against tetanus, 493

Pigeon, immunity of, against anthrax, 146;
immunity of, against human tuberculosis, 147;
immunity of, against influenza bacillus, 130, 554;
its blood best culture medium for influenza bacillus, 130, 554;
susceptible to swine erysipelas, 476;
protective power of serum of, immunised against anthrax, 276, 277,
288;
vaccination of, against anthrax, 276, 277

Pilocarpin augments production of antitoxin, 380

_Piroplasma bigeminum_, 247, 279

Plague, bubonic, rapid immunisation by serum, 312;
protective influence of broth against, 321;
production of antitoxic serum by, 401;
infection by, through the nasal cavity, 409, 411;
vaccinations against, 486–492;
serum treatment in, 490–492;
immunity against, when acquired and duration, 488, 489;
statistics on vaccinations against, 488;
prophylactic treatment against, 491;
Reports of German and English Commissions on, 489

Planarians, digestion in, 49, 71, 82

Plants, immunity in multicellular, 29–39;
cicatrisation of, 34;
and osmotic pressure, 37, 39, 566;
ravages of _Sclerotinia_ amongst cultivated, 32;
action of manures on immunity of cultivated, 36;
function of oxalic acid in, 37, 566

Plasma, Gengou’s method of preparing, 157, 190

Plasmas. _See also_ Body fluids, Serums

Plasmas, presence of fixatives in, 103;
bactericidal power of, 190, 543

Plasmase (fibrin ferment), 95, 197, 550

Plasmodia, intracellular digestion in, 30, 545;
chemiotaxis of, 30;
adaptation of, to poisons, 30

Pleuropneumonia, bacterium of, 3, 130, 478, 569;
vaccinations against, 477–479;
action of serum from animals immunised against, 479;
vaccinal methods used by savage races against, 506

Pneumococcus, modified growth of, in serums from immunised animals,
256, 262;
vaccination against, 262;
attenuated by serums from vaccinated animals, 287;
agglutination of, 287

Pneumo-enteritis of swine, cocco-bacillus of, 259;
action of serum of vaccinated rabbits on bacillus of, 260, 266, 287,
532;
acquired immunity against, 260, 275, 311, 532

Pneumonia, fibrinous, relapses separated by periods of immunity, 434

Poisons. _See also_ Toxins

Poisons, absorption of, by leucocytes, 393–400

_Polyphagus euglenae_, 12

Potato attacked by _Bacillus coli_, 35

Precipitins in the blood serum, 68, 106, 107;
use of, in medico-legal investigations, 107, 568;
and in the differentiation of various kinds of milk, 107, 568

Predisposition or absence of immunity, 7

Preventive substances of Bordet (syn. fixatives), 266

Profetta, law of, 453

Protective or anti-infective property. _See also_ Antitoxic,
Antitoxins, Blood, Body fluids, Serums

Protective property, origin of, in serums and other fluids, 291–294;
differs from agglutinative, 268, 269, 294;
of blood and other fluids in convalescents, 437–444

Protective action of normal serums, 317–320;
of fats against toxins, 387;
of leucocytes against poisons, 393–400;
of flow of a fluid, 431

Protective function of the skin, 404–407;
in the respiratory channels, 411–414;
of the cornea, 409;
of the saliva, 415;
of the intestine, 422;
of the bile, 424;
of the liver, 427;
of the lymphoid organs, 428;
of the suprarenal capsules, 431;
in the urinary organs, 431

Protective substance resistant to heat, 268;
and so distinguished from bactericidal substance, 268;
closely connected with fixative substance, 269, 294, 295, 561

Protective vaccinations, 454–504

_Proteus vulgaris_, susceptibility of leucocytes to, 166, 179, 201,
282;
eosinophile transformation in, 198;
modified growth in certain serums, 259

Protozoa, intracellular digestion in the, 13, 30, 49;
adaptation of, to saline solutions, 23, 515;
and to physical conditions, 26

Prussic acid, antidote to, 363

Pseudo-diphtheria bacilli, 444

Pseudo-eosinophile leucocytes, secretion by, 187, 542

Pseudo-immunity or resistance, 320

Pus, ferment in, 96

Pyrogallic acid, its action on natural immunity, 150

Rabbit, immunity of, against anthrax bacillus, 159;
against streptococci, 167, 168;
against tetanus bacillus, 169;
against cholera vibrio, 424;
against pleuropneumonia, 569;
acquired immunity of, against pyocyanic disease, 232;
against swine erysipelas, 236–239, 527;
against anthrax, 239, 323;
against streptococcus, 243–247, 284–286, 312, 314;
against pneumo-enteritis, 260, 266, 275, 311, 532;
against pneumococcus, 262;
against a staphylococcus, 266;
against hog cholera, 290;
against mouse septicaemia, 509;
phagocytosis in, 159, 167, 169, 233, 239, 314, 569;
infection by streptococci in, 283;
action of serum of vaccinated, on bacillus of pneumo-enteritis, 287;
action of agglutinated pneumococci on, 287;
vaccinated against hog cholera susceptible to its toxin, 290;
immunised against anthrax by means of the erysipelas coccus, 323;
immunised against anthrax by products of _Bacillus pyocyaneus_, 323;
infection by anthrax prevented by Friedländer’s bacillus, 323;
brain of, very susceptible to action of tetanus toxin, 383;
reaction of, to atropin, 395

Rabies, action of anthrax bacillus on, 150;
action of normal ox serum on, 365;
action of bile on, 425;
heredity of immunity against, 446;
vaccinations against, 461–466;
statistics of vaccinations against, 464–466;
in domestic animals, vaccinations against, 466

Rat, immunity of, against anthrax bacillus, 152, 526;
against diphtheria bacillus, 204;
acquired immunity against _Trypanosomata_, 247–249, 316;
against anthrax, 240;
natural immunity of, against diphtheria toxin, 204, 339;
bactericidal ferment of phagocytes of, 20, 157;
phagocytosis in, 154, 157

Receptors, 93, 120, 296;
over-production of, 121, 296, 562;
antitoxic and philotoxic functions of, 120;
theory of, _see_ Side-chain theory

Recurrent fever. _See_ Spirilla, _Spirochaete obermeyeri_

Recurrent fever, transient acquired immunity against, 434

Rennet, 109, 119

Reptilia. _See_ Alligator, Turtle, Snake, Lizard

Reptilia, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 331–334

Resistance to disease, 8–10.
_See_ Immunity, Pseudo-immunity

Resorption of micro-organisms, 46, 175 (_see also_ Immunity, cellular,
Micro-organisms);
of the formed elements, 47, 67–105;
a true intracellular digestion, 85, 296;
of cells in the Invertebrata, 70;
of red corpuscles by phagocytes of the Vertebrata, 72, 80 (_see also_
Phagocytes, Phagocytosis);
part played by macrophages in (_see_ Macrophages);
and digestion closely related, 69, 85;
of spermatozoa, 84, 100;
of white corpuscles, 84 (_see also_ Leucocytes, Phagocytes);
of albuminoid substances, 106–127;
of cells and the phenomena in acquired immunity, 296

Respiratory channels, protection by the, 411–414;
absorption of poisons by the, 414

Rhinoceros beetle, natural immunity in larvae of, 132, 209, 326, 329;
susceptibility to cholera vibrio, 40, 133

Ricin, 344, 360, 446, 449

Rinderpest, action of bile on, 425, 466;
vaccinations against, 466–468;
Koch’s method of vaccination against, 466;
Kolle and Turner’s method of “simultaneous vaccinations” against, 467

Ring-worm, mechanical factor in, 4

Robin (toxalbumin of _Robinia pseudacacia_), 365;
serum of animals vaccinated against, antitoxic, 365;
heredity of immunity against, 446

_Saccharomyces._ _See_ Yeasts

Saline solution (physiological) as a protective fluid, 320, 365

Saliva, microbicidal property of the, 415;
antitoxic function of, on snake venom, 417;
psychic influence on flow of, 62, 566

Saponin, haemolytic action of, 389;
and cholesterin, 389;
and antisaponic power, 390

_Saprolegnia._ _See_ Fungi

Sarcinae as adjuvant organisms, 426

Sarcinae, acidophile, 418

_Sclerotinia_, pathogenic action of, 32

_Scolopendra_, acquired immunity in, against anthrax, 209

Scorpion, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 326;
against its own poison, 327;
antivenomous property of blood of, 328;
supposed suicide of, 327

Scorpion serum, action of antivenomous serum on, 365

Scorpion venom, antitoxic action of crayfish blood against, 366

Scrofula in immunity against tuberculosis, 436

Secretion of bactericidal substance, theory of, 187–191, 533–537, 540,
542

Sensibilising substance of Bordet (fixative), 91, 199, 298, 535, 537,
557

Sensitiveness of plants to osmotic pressure, 37, 566

Septicaemia of goose. _See Spirochaete anserina_

Septicaemia of mouse. _See_ Mouse septicaemia

Septic vibrio, 170

Serums. _See also_ Blood, Body fluids, Humoral theory, Toxins

Serums, haemolysis by, 83, 87–95 (_see also_ Haemolysis);
effect of injections of, 68;
increasing haemolytic power of, 90;
isotoxic, 104;
absorption of, 106;
antihaemotoxic, 111, 112;
haemolytic or haemotoxic, 111, 112;
anticoagulating, 190;
anticytase, 115, 371;
antispermotoxic, 116, 122–126;
bactericidal properties of, 184, 190, 191, 192, 193, 206, 211, 226,
233, 238, 241, 243, 244, 260, 298, 554;
influence of alkalinity or acidity on bactericidal action of, 196;
agglutination of red blood corpuscles by, 258;
agglutination of bacteria by, 256–265, 380;
protective power of, in the immunised organism, 266–280, 287, 293,
295, 532;
differs from bactericidal power, 268;
and from agglutinative power, 268;
and is not a measure of acquired immunity, 271, 274, 275;
protective, may be only feebly antitoxic, 497;
modified growth of bacteria in immunised, 256, 259 (_see also_
Agglutination);
resistance to heat of protective substance of, 268;
fixatives in protective, 269, 438;
their origin, 294;
protective and fixative substances contrasted, 269;
relations of fixative and cytase in bactericidal action of, 298;
stimulating action of, 270–274, 301, 308–320, 365;
absence of protective power in specific, 270, 276–279;
origin of protective power in, 291–294;
theory of attenuation of micro-organisms by immune, 286–289;
inactive specific, rendered active by addition of normal serum, 215,
268, 298, 302, 317;
protective action of heated normal serum, 273, 318;
protective action of non-specific, against toxins, 365;
from convalescents, protective action of, 437–444;
temporary immunity against micro-organisms conferred by specific,
301–317;
conferred by normal, 317–320;
conferred by fluids other than, 320–322;
phagocytosis in the immunity conferred by specific, 303–306;
influence of opium on immunisation by specific, 306;
antivenomous action of, 334, 338, 358, 360, 361;
antitoxic action of non-specific and normal, 365, 380;
anti-arsenic, 390;
antileucocidic, 359;
antidiastatic, 361;
testing and standardisation of antitoxic, 376, 476, 496–498

Sheath, protective. _See_ Membrane

Sheep, natural immunity of, against anthrax, 159, 289;
acquired immunity of, against anthrax, 241–3, 289;
bactericidal action of blood serum of, 241, 286;
protective power of serum of, immunised against anthrax, 276;
immunised with blood from dog affected by a haematozoon, 279;
vaccination of, against sheep-pox, 460;
against rabies, 466;
against anthrax, 469;
protection against tetanus in, 493;
fate of anthrax bacilli in Algerian, 512

Sheep-pox (la clavelée), heredity of immunity against, 452;
vaccinations against, 460–461

Side-chains or receptors, theory of, 120, 381–384, 538, 557, 562–563;
compared with theory of phagocytes, 296–299, 538, 558

Silver, soluble salts of, absorbed by leucocytes, 400

Skin, immunity of the, 403–407;
protective function of the, 404–407;
phagocytes in the defence of the, 407

Small-pox, mortality from, in 18th century, 454;
vaccinations against, 454–460;
vaccination with calf lymph, 456;
with contents of pustule of cow-pox, 455;
vaccination statistics, 457–459

Snail. _See Helix pomatia_

Snake, natural immunity of, against snake venom, 333

Snake venom, natural immunity of snakes against, 333;
of hedgehog against, 337;
of mongoose against, 339;
artificial immunity against, 345, 347;
action of antivenomous serum on, 358, 360, 361;
of other specific serums on, 365;
of cerebral substance on, 386;
protective substances against, 387;
action of saliva on, 417;
action of bile on, 425;
vaccination methods of savage races against, 506

Spermatozoa, resorption of, 84, 100;
action of spermotoxin on, 101, 116, 125

Spermotoxin, 101, 116, 125

Spiders, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 326

Spirilla, natural immunity against, 159;
acquired immunity against, 227–230, 434;
living in stomach of dog, 177;
acidophile, 418

_Spirochaete anserina_, 160

_Spirochaete obermeyeri_, 160;
acquired immunity against, 227–230;
Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in, 229

Spleen, function of, 62, 85;
action of extract of, on tetanus toxin, 365;
effect of removal of, 150, 293;
as source of fixative substance, 295, 537

Spleen and other haematopoietic organs as source of protective
substance, 292–294;
as source of agglutinins, 264;
are phagocytic organs, 85, 150, 292

Sponges, digestion of, 69, 517

Staining reactions of cells and micro-organisms, 13, 77, 83, 181, 183,
198, 213

Standardisation of antidiphtheria serums, 376, 496–498;
Ehrlich’s method, 496;
Pasteur Institute method, 496–497

Staphylococcus, acquired immunity against, 266, 532;
protective action of normal serum against, 319

_Staphylococcus pyogenes_ in vagina, 430

Stellate cells of Kupffer, 75

Stimulant action. _See also_ Body fluids, Protective

Stimulant action of serums, 270–274, 301, 308–320, 365;
of phagocytes, 532;
of normal fluids of the body, 559

Stimulins and their action in serums, 270–274

Stöhr’s phenomenon, 429

Stomach, acidophile microbian flora of, 418

Streptococci, protective sheath formed by, 22;
immunity against, 165, 179, 282, 284–286;
phagocytosis in immunity against, 245, 313;
acquired immunity against, 243–247, 313;
agglutination by serum of, 244, 245;
reaction of animal organism against, 245–247;
antitoxin against, 205;
and phagocytosis, 283;
action of specific serums on, 287, 288, 312;
protective action of various fluids against, 320, 321

Streptococcic serum, action of, on leucocidin, 359

Sturin, bactericidal action of, 183

Suprarenal capsules, protective function of, 431

Susceptibility. _See also_ Chemiotaxis, Hypersusceptibility,
Irritability, Sensitiveness

Susceptibility of immunised animals to the specific toxin, 289;
of frogs to tetanus toxin, 330;
diminution of, in immunised animals, 374–376;
in immunity, the part played by, 565;
cellular, a general property of living beings, 565–566

Swine. _See_ Pig, Pneumo-enteritis

Swine erysipelas, acquired immunity against, 236–239, 254, 283, 527;
agglutination of bacilli of, 262;
specific serum of, will not prevent infection, 270;
phagocytosis in, 283;
action of immune serums on bacillus of, 288, 289;
protective action of specific serum against, 307;
method of testing strength of serums against, 476;
vaccinations against, 473–477;
Pasteur’s method, 473;
Lorenz’s method, 475;
“serum-vaccinations” method, 475;
vaccines against, 208, 473, 509

Swine plague, 259, 260

_Synapta_, 518

Syphilis, immunity in, 435;
and general progressive paralysis, 435;
law of Profetta in immunity against, 453;
law of Baumès-Colles in, 436;
transmission of, 452

Tears, microbicidal function of the, 408

Testing of serums. _See_ Standardisation

Tetanolysin of Ehrlich, 349

Tetanospasmin, 362

Tetanus, immunisation against, 344, 347, 492–495;
cerebral, in rabbit, 383, 391;
difference between antitoxic action of living brain and that of
cerebral emulsion on, 383;
in fowl, 384;
no antitetanic power in serum of convalescents, 443;
vaccinations against, 492–495;
vaccines against, 493;
protective serum treatment against, 493–495

Tetanus antitoxin, hypothesis of nervous origin of, 381–385;
nature of, 355;
mode of action on toxin, 357, 381;
of nerve centres locally restricted in its action, 382

Tetanus bacillus, natural immunity against, 169, 204

Tetanus toxin, natural immunity of spiders and scorpions against, 326;
of larvae of _Oryctes_ and of cricket against, 329;
of frog against, 330;
of reptiles against, 331–334;
of fowl against, 335;
of hibernating animals against, 339;
attenuation of, 344;
localisation of, in vascular organs, 336;
brain of rabbit very susceptible to action of, 383;
fixation of, by substance of nerve centres, 382;
by certain parts of brain and cord, 386, 391;
by other cells, 391, 392;
action of emulsions of frog’s brain on, 386;
fixation of, by carmine, 388, 394;
absorption of, by leucocytes, 393–395;
action of extract of spleen on, 365;
toxone (tetanolysin) of, 349, 362;
local reaction to, in horse, 352;
heredity of immunity against, 446, 448, 450

Texas fever, acquired immunity of Bovidae against, 247, 279;
attenuation of parasite of, in the tick, 247;
haematozoon in dog closely allied to that of, 279

_Thetys_, 517

Thymus gland, immunising power of, 293

Tick, attenuation of parasite of Texas fever in, 247

Tonsils, protective function of, 428

Torulae as adjuvant organisms, 426

Toxins, immunity against, 10;
immunity of unicellular organisms against, 19;
adaptation of bacteria to, 21–27;
of yeasts to, 20, 26;
of plasmodia to, 30;
action of, on Infusoria, 19, 326;
composition of, 120;
neutralisation of, not necessary for phagocytosis, 205, 289;
immunity against micro-organism not same as against toxin, 251, 290;
protective fixation of, by nerve elements and other cells, 386–400;
methods of immunisation by modified and unmodified, 345–347 (_see_
Immunisation);
local reaction in immunisation against, 352;
action of normal serums on, 365;
of non-specific serums on, 365;
protective action of fats against, 387;
leucocytic reaction against, 393–400;
absorption of, by the conjunctiva, 409;
by the respiratory channels, 414;
destruction of, by the intestinal organisms, 427;
attenuation of, 344;
natural immunity against, 325–341;
artificial immunity against, 342–402;
against bacterial, 343;
against vegetable, 344, 365;
heredity of immunity in phanerogamic, 446, 449;
susceptibility of nerve centres to, 564

Toxoids, 349 (_see also_ Toxophore);
immunisation by, 350

Toxones, 349, 362;
method of immunisation by, 349

Toxophore atomic group in toxin (= toxoid), 120, 350, 384

_Trichinae_, mechanical action of, 3

Tristeza (syn. Texas fever), 247

_Tropidonotus._ _See_ Snake

_Trypanosoma_, 4, 129, 147;
_brucei_, 9;
_lewisi_, 173, 248

_Trypanosomata_, fate of, in refractory animal, 173;
acquired immunity against, 247–249, 316;
and agglutinative power, 278

Trypsin, antitoxic power of, 424

Tsetse fly, 4, 9, 129, 247

Tubercle bacillus, formation of sheath by, 22, 183

Tuberculin as a protective substance against cholera vibrio, 320

Tuberculosis, mechanical etiological factors in, 4

Tuberculosis, bacillus of, 22, 42, 143;
avian, 41, 148, 149, 182;
human, immunity of pigeon against, 147;
acquired immunity in, 436;
after scrofula, 436;
Koch’s phenomenon in, 437

Tumours, malignant, probability of discovery of parasite of, 3;
use of erysipelas streptococcus in, 434

Turtle, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 332, 386

Typhoid, protective power of serum of convalescents from, 437–440;
its agglutinative power, 439;
serum-diagnosis of, 256, 257, 261, 439;
immunity against, not acquired by suckling, 450;
vaccinations against, 479, 481–486;
Wright’s vaccine against, 482;
bactericidal power of serum from persons immunised against, 483;
statistics of vaccinations against, 483–485

Typhoid bacillus, 23, 143, 191, 198, 203;
acquired immunity against, 230;
attenuated Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in, 230, 303, 304;
agglutination of, 260, 261, 380, 439;
resistance to agglutinated, 263;
protective action of serums against, 272–274, 293, 317, 319;
origin of protective substance against, 292;
of agglutinative property against, 294;
protective action of various fluids against, 320;
passes uninjured through stomach, 418;
transmission by suckling, of agglutinative power against, 450

Typhoid infection, experimental, in laboratory animals, 230, 267;
influence of anticytase serum on, 371;
uncertainty of, by ingestion, 423

Typhoid septicaemia, experimental, heredity of immunity against, 447

Tyrosin, protective action of, 387

Unicellular organisms, immunity in, 11–28;
infective diseases of, 12;
irritability of, 27;
adaptation of, to saline solutions, 23, 515

Unit, Ehrlich’s immunising, 373, 496

Urinary ferments, 66

Urinary organs, protective function in, 431

Urine as a protective fluid, 320, 431;
pepsin in the, 65;
amylase in the, 65

Vaccination. _See also_ Immunisation

Vaccinations, protective, 208, 241, 267, 454–504, 507;
with attenuated micro-organisms, 509

Vaccine against fowl cholera, 208

Vaccines against anthrax, 208, 470, 509;
against swine erysipelas, 208, 473, 509;
against rabies, 208, 462, 463–464;
against symptomatic anthrax, 471;
against small-pox, 455–457, 507;
against pleuropneumonia, 477;
against cholera, 481;
against plague, 487, 489, 490;
against tetanus, 493

Vaccinia, supposed micro-organism of, 455–456

Vagina, autopurification of, 429

Variolisation, early use of, 455, 507

Venom. _See_ Snake venom

_Ver blanc_, syn. cockchafer larva

Vibrio. _See also_ Cholera vibrio, Massowah vibrio, Septic vibrio

Vibrios, acquired immunity against, 211–227;
phagocytosis in immunity against, 220, 223–226;
granular transformation of, 164, 165, 192, 212–226 (_see_ Pfeiffer’s
phenomenon);
bacteriolysis (agglutination) of, 256;
susceptibility of animals vaccinated against, to the toxins, 290

_Vibrio metchnikovi_, acquired immunity against, 211, 226, 527, 531;
modified growth of, in serums from immunised animals, 156, 262;
action of, grown in serum of vaccinated animals, 287;
perishes in intestine of dog, 422;
action of microcytase on, in hypervaccinated guinea-pigs, 553

Viper. _See_ Snake, Snake venom

Viruses, attenuated, 208, 508;
vaccination with, whose nature is as yet unknown. _See_ Small-pox,
Sheep-pox, Rabies, Rinderpest

Vitellus of egg of immunised fowl, tetanus antitoxin present in, 356;
immunity conferred by, 449

Warlomont’s calf lymph vaccine, 456

Weber-Fechner, law of, 27, 38, 566

Willem’s method of vaccination against pleuropneumonia, 477;
Pasteur’s modification of, 477

Wright’s method of vaccination against typhoid, 482;
method of testing bactericidal power of body fluids, 483

Yeast-cells, adaptation of, to poisons, 20, 26;
to milk-sugar, 26;
destruction of injected, by phagocytes, 172;
Curtis’s pathogenic, 172;
endotrypsin of, 197;
autodigestion in, 197;
soluble ferments of, 253

Yeasts, diseases due to, 2

Yolk. _See_ Vitellus

Zymase, 197, 550

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

-----

Footnote 1:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1884, SS. 499, 519.

Footnote 2:

_Mitth. aus d. K. Gesundheitsamte_, Berlin, 1884, Bd. II, S. 421.

Footnote 3:

“On the Origin of Species,” 6th ed., London, 1872, Chapter XI, p. 277.

Footnote 4:

_Vrtljschr. f. gerichtl. Med._, Berlin, 1855, S. 102.

Footnote 5:

“Ueber Chytridium,” in _Monatsber. d. Berliner Akad._, 1855, June, No.
14.

Footnote 6:

Cohn’s “Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen,” Breslau, 1876, Bd. II, S.
210.

Footnote 7:

For the parasites of Infusoria, cf. Bütschli in Bronn’s “Klassen und
Ordnungen d. Thier-Reichs,” Leipzig, 1885—1889, Bd. I, SS. 872, 1823,
1944.

Footnote 8:

_Arch. d’anat. microsc._, Paris, 1898, t. II, p. 528.

Footnote 9:

Le Dantec, “Recherches sur la digestion intracellulaire,” Lille, 1891,
p. 53.

Footnote 10:

Ehrlich u. Lazarus, “Die Anämie,” in Nothnagel’s “Specielle Pathologie
u. Therapie,” Wien, 1898, Bd. VIII, I^{ter} Theil, S. 85; also
“Pathology of the Blood,” authorised English translation, Cambridge,
1900, p. 125.

Footnote 11:

_Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech._, Leipzig, 1898, Bd. VII.

Footnote 12:

_Compt. rend. Acad. d. Sci._, Paris, 1901, t. CXXXIII, p. 244.

Footnote 13:

_Arch. de zool. expér._, Paris, 1889, 2^{me} série, t. VII, p. 446.

Footnote 14:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1890, t. IV, p. 148.

Footnote 15:

“Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l’inflammation,” Paris, 1892, p.
24; “Lectures on the comparative pathology of inflammation,”
authorised translation into English, London, 1893, p. 20.

Footnote 16:

“Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l’inflammation,” p. 21; English
edition, p. 17.

Footnote 17:

_Monatsber. d. Berl. Akad. d. Wissensch._, 1881, p. 388.

Footnote 18:

_Compt. rend. du Congrès internat. de Méd. tenu à Paris en 1900._
Section de bactériologie et de parasitologie.

Footnote 19:

“Sur l’immunité naturelle des organismes monocellulaires contre les
toxines” _Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 465.

Footnote 20:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 801.

Footnote 21:

“Ueber die Ursache der Immunität von Ratten gegen Milzbrand,” in the
_Centralbl. f. klin. Med._, Bonn, 1888, no. 38.

Footnote 22:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 872.

Footnote 23:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 641.

Footnote 24:

Metchnikoff, _Virchow’s Archiv_, 1884, Bd. XCVII, S. 510.

Footnote 25:

“Contribution à l’étude du sérum antistreptococcique,” _Ann. de
l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 177, Planche V.

Footnote 26:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1900, Bd. XXXIX, S. 31.

Footnote 27:

“Entwickelungsgeschichte der mikroskopischen Algen und Pilze,” _Nov.
Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol._, 1854, t. XXIV, p. 1.

Footnote 28:

“Action des sels sur les infusoires,” _Arch. d’anat. microsc._, Paris,
1898, t. II, p. 595.

Footnote 29:

“On the acclimatisation of organisms to poisonous chemical
substances,” _Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech._, Leipzig, 1895, Bd. II, S.
564.

Footnote 30:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1887, t. I, p. 465.

Footnote 31:

_Monit. scient. du D^r Quesnerille_, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1894.

Footnote 32:

“Traité de Microbiologie,” Paris, 1898, t. I, p. 238.

Footnote 33:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1896, t. X, p. 417.

Footnote 34:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 139.

Footnote 35:

_Journ. R. Micr. Soc._, London, 1880, III, p. 1.

Footnote 36:

Davenport and Castle, _Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech._, Leipzig, 1895,
Bd. II, S. 227.

Footnote 37:

_Untersuch. a. d. physiolog. Inst. d. Univ. Heidelberg_, 1878, Bd. II,
S. 273.

Footnote 38:

_Flora_, Marburg, 1892, Bd. LXXVI, S. 182.

Footnote 39:

_Botan. Ztg._, Leipzig, 1884, S. 161.

Footnote 40:

[Stahl used plasmodia which had spread themselves on a substratum of
wet filter paper applied to the inside of glass vessels, its lower
edge touching the surface of the experimental fluid at the bottom of
the vessel (Translator).]

Footnote 41:

The italics are M. Metchnikoff’s.

Footnote 42:

“Vergleichende Morphologie u. Biologie der Pilze, Mycetozoen u.
Bacterien,” Leipzig, I^{te} Aufl., 1884; also authorised English
translation, Oxford, 1887.

Footnote 43:

_Botan. Ztg._, Leipzig, 1886, SS. 377, 393, 409, 433, 449, 465.

Footnote 44:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 44.

Footnote 45:

“La cicatrisation chez les végétaux,” _Mém. couron. de l’Acad. roy. de
Belgique_, Bruxelles, 1898, t. LVII.

Footnote 46:

Cf. Frank, “Die Krankheiten der Pflanzen,” Breslau, 2^{te} Aufl.,
1895, Bd. I, S. 43.

Footnote 47:

“Recherches expérimentales sur les maladies des plantes,” _Ann. de
l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 1.

Footnote 48:

“Réaction osmotique des cellules végétales,” _Mém. couron. de l’Acad.
roy. de Belgique_, Bruxelles, 1899.

Footnote 49:

“La cicatrisation,” _l.c._, p. 61.

Footnote 50:

_Untersuch. a. d. botan. Inst. zu Tübingen_, Leipzig, 1884, Bd. I, S.
363.

Footnote 51:

“Recherches sur les organismes inférieurs,” _Bull. de l’Acad. de
Belgique_, 1888, 2^e série, t. XVI, V, 12.

Footnote 52:

_L.c._, p. 40.

Footnote 53:

[Probably a surface growth on a sloped agar tube (Transl.).]

Footnote 54:

“Etude expérimentale sur les glandes lymphatiques des invertébrés,”
_Mélanges biol. de l’Acad. d. sc. de St-Pétersb._, 1894, t. XIII, p.
458.

Footnote 55:

“Ueber grünen Eiter,” Volkmann’s _Samml, klin. Vortr._, No. 62,
Leipzig, 1893.

Footnote 56:

“Processus chimiques dans les intestins de l’homme,” _Arch. d. sc.
biol. de St-Pétersb._, 1892, t. I, p. 539; _Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig,
1893, Bd. XV, S. 474.

Footnote 57:

Cited by Schimmelbusch, _l.c._

Footnote 58:

_Compt. rend. Acad. d. Sc._, Paris, 1892, t. II, p. 1226.

Footnote 59:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1901, S. 163.

Footnote 60:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1898, Bd. XXIX, S. 548.

Footnote 61:

“Fermente und Mikroparasiten” in Ziemssen u. Pettenkofer’s “Handbuch
der Hygiene,” Leipzig, 1883.

Footnote 62:

“Ueber die Schicksale der in’s Blut injicirten Mikroorganismen,”
_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1886, Bd. I, S. 1.

Footnote 63:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1897, Bd. XXVI, S. 353.

Footnote 64:

_Arch. f. exper. Path._, Leipzig, 1897, Bd. XXXIX, S. 39.

Footnote 65:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1898, Bd. XXIX, S. 528.

Footnote 66:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1900, Bd. XXXIII, S. 261.

Footnote 67:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 415.

Footnote 68:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1891, S. 505.

Footnote 69:

_Vratch_ (in Russian), St Petersburg, 1896, Nos. 8, 12.

Footnote 70:

_Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch._, Berlin, 1867, No. 31.

Footnote 71:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, 1869, Bd. XLVIII, S. 1.

Footnote 72:

_Compt. rend. Acad. d. Sc._, Paris, 1884, t. XCVIII, p. 749.

Footnote 73:

_Compt. rend. Soc. de biol._, Paris, 1900, p. 553.

Footnote 74:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, 1852, Bd. IV, S. 536.

Footnote 75:

“Handb. d. klin. Mikroskopie,” 1887, S. 108; _Gaz. med. lombarda_,
1871 and 1872; _Wien. medic. Jahrbücher_, 1872, S. 160.

Footnote 76:

“Grundzüge einer vergl. Physiologie der Verdauung,” Heidelberg, 1882.

Footnote 77:

G. H. Lewes, “Sea-side Studies,” Edin. and London, 1858, p. 216.

Footnote 78:

_Zool. Anz._, Leipzig, 1880, Jahrg. III, S. 261, and 1882, Jahrg. V,
S. 310.

Footnote 79:

Metchnikoff, _Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1893, t. VII, p. 348.

Footnote 80:

_Bull. Acad. roy. de Belg._, Brux., 1893, t. XXV, p. 262, and _Arch.
de Zool. expér._, Paris, 1893, 3^{me} série, t. I, p. 139.

Footnote 81:

“Etudes de physiologie sur les Actinies,” Charkoff, 1895 (in Russian).

Footnote 82:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 352.

Footnote 83:

Address delivered before the _Société des médecins russes_ at St
Petersburg. _Gaz. clin. de Botkine_, 1900.

Footnote 84:

“Physiologie du suc intestinal,” Saint-Pétersbourg, 1899 (Thesis, in
Russian).

Footnote 85:

_Arch. d. sc. biol._, St.-Pétersb., 1893, t. II, p. 698.

Footnote 86:

Cf. _Bull. Acad. de méd._, Paris, 1901, p. 17.

Footnote 87:

_Arch. d. sc. biol._, St.-Pétersb., 1899, t. VII, p. 1.

Footnote 88:

_Arch. d. sc. biol._, St.-Pétersb., 1893, t. II, p. 219.

Footnote 89:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, 1893, Suppl. to Bd. CXXXI, S. 142. The question of
urinary ferments is summarised in Neubauer u. Vogel’s “Analyse des
Harns,” Wiesbaden, 10^{te} Aufl., 1898, S. 599.

Footnote 90:

_Compt. rend, du XIII^e Congrès internat. de Méd._, Paris, 1901.
Leube, “Ueber extrabuccale Ernährung,” in “Deutsche Klinik am Eingange
d. XX. Jahrhunderts,” Wien u. Leipzig, 1901, I, S. 64.

Footnote 91:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 406.

Footnote 92:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 225.

Footnote 93:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1900, I^{te} Abt.,
Bd. XXVIII, S. 237.

Footnote 94:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1900, S. 734.

Footnote 95:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 49.

Footnote 96:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 17.

Footnote 97:

The resorption of the red blood corpuscles by the phagocytes of larvae
of starfish (_Bipinnaria_) and of _Phyllirhoë_ has been described in
my paper on intracellular digestion in the Invertebrates in _Arb. a.
d. Zool. Inst. d. Univ. Wien_, 1883, Bd. V, Hft. 2, S. 141.

Footnote 98:

I have only been able to discover the haemolytic property of the
serums of _Cyprinus_ after the third injection of guinea-pig’s blood.

Footnote 99:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, 1870, Bd. XLIX, S. 66.

Footnote 100:

Soudakewitch, _Ziegler’s Beitr. z. path. Anat._, Jena, 1888, Bd. II,
S. 129, and Babes, “Untersuchungen über den Leprabacillus,” Berlin,
1898, S. 58.

Footnote 101:

Marinesco, _Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol._, Paris, 1896, p. 726.

Footnote 102:

_Arch. f. mikr. Anat._, Bonn, 1899, Bd. LIV, S. 254.

Footnote 103:

Ehrlich u. Lazarus, “Die Anaemie,” in Nothnagel’s “Specielle
Pathologie u. Therapie,” Wien, 1898, Bd. VIII, I^{ter} Theil, S. 49.
Cf. the authorised English translation, “Histology of the Blood,”
Cambridge, 1900, p. 74.

Footnote 104:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 301.

Footnote 105:

_Arch. de méd. expér._, Paris, 1901, t. XIII, p. 1.

Footnote 106:

_Fortschr. d. Med._, Berlin, 1888, Bd. VI, S. 460; “Die Entstehung der
Entzündung,” Leipzig, 1891.

Footnote 107:

_Journ. publ. par la Soc. roy. d. Sc. méd. et nat. de Bruxelles_,
1890, 3 Feb.

Footnote 108:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 742.

Footnote 109:

Krompecher (_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt.,
Jena, 1900, Bd. XXVIII, S. 588) has obtained a serum which was even
capable of altering the nuclei of the red corpuscles of the frog.
These nuclei must be much less resistant than those of the red blood
corpuscles of birds, such as the goose, fowl and pigeon.

Footnote 110:

Some years ago it was proposed to give the name of cytase to the
ferments which digest cellulose. Thus Laurent, in the work analysed in
the second chapter, applies it to the ferment secreted by the bacilli
which attack the vegetable membrane. We think that the cellulose
ferment should be designated by the name of _cellulosase_ and that the
name of cytase would be more suitable for a soluble ferment which
digests the cells.

Footnote 111:

_Arch. de méd. expér._, Paris, 1891, t. III, p. 720.

Footnote 112:

_Verhandl. d. X. Congr. f. inn. Med._, Wiesbaden, 1892.

Footnote 113:

_München. med. Wchnschr._, 1900, S. 1193.

Footnote 114:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 273; 1901, t. XV,
p. 312.

Footnote 115:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1899, SS. 6 and 481.

Footnote 116:

Ehrlich and Morgenroth, “Ueber Haemolysine,” II, _Berl. klin.
Wchnschr._, 1899, S. 481. The following are the combinations found by
these observers: heated calf’s serum with normal serum dissolves the
red blood corpuscles of the guinea-pig; heated rabbit’s serum plus
sheep’s serum dissolves the red blood corpuscles of the sheep; heated
serum of rabbit with the addition of goat’s serum dissolves the red
corpuscles of the goat; heated sheep’s serum with guinea-pig’s serum
produces haemolysis of the red corpuscles of the guinea-pig.

Footnote 117:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1901,
Bd. XXIX, S. 175.

Footnote 118:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 688.

Footnote 119:

Among the synonyms of this substance, resistant to the action of heat,
we may mention the following: haemolytic antibody, preventive
substance, immunising body (Immunkörper of Ehrlich), amboceptor
(Ehrlich), philocytase (Metchnikoff), desmon (London), copula (P.
Müller).

Footnote 120:

_München. med. Wchnschr._, 1900, S. 677.

Footnote 121:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 656.

Footnote 122:

_Arch. d. sc. biol._ (russes), 1901, t. VIII, pp. 281 and 323.

Footnote 123:

_München. med. Wchnschr._, 1900, S. 1193.

Footnote 124:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 688; 1899, t. XIII,
p. 273.

Footnote 125:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1899, SS. 6 and 481.

Footnote 126:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1900, S. 682.

Footnote 127:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1890, S. 389.

Footnote 128:

_Arch. russes d. path._, etc., St.-Pétersb., 1900, t. IV, p. 402.

Footnote 129:

“Die Entstehung der Entzündung,” Leipzig, 1891, S. 508.

Footnote 130:

_Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol._, Paris, 1899, p. 568.

Footnote 131:

“Les Oxydases dans la série animale,” Paris, 1897.

Footnote 132:

Stadelmann, _Ztschr. f. Biol._, München, 1887, Bd. XXIV, S. 226; 1888,
Bd. XXV, S. 208; Patella, _Ann. univ. di med. e chir._, Milano, 1887.
(Cited by Huppert in Neubauer u. Vogel’s _Analyse des Harns_, x^{te}
Aufl., Wiesbaden, 1898, S. 599.)

Footnote 133:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1901,
Bd. XXIX, S. 531.

Footnote 134:

Sawtchenko (_Arch. russes de Path._, etc., St. Pétersb., 1901, t. XI,
p. 455) has observed that leucocytes, after they have absorbed the
specific fixative, acquire the property of ingesting red blood
corpuscles with extraordinary rapidity. Tarassewitch was able to
confirm this fact.

Footnote 135:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1899,
Bd. XXV, S. 546.

Footnote 136:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 738.

Footnote 137:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1900, S. 61.

Footnote 138:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 369.

Footnote 139:

_Ibid._, p. 577.

Footnote 140:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1900, S. 453.

Footnote 141:

We have given a sketch of the actual state of this question of cell
poisons or cytotoxins in the _Revue générale des sciences pures et
appliquées_, 1901, p. 1.

Footnote 142:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 413.

Footnote 143:

Deutsch, _Compt. rend. XIII congrès internat. de Méd. de Paris_, and
_Centralbl. f. Bacteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1901, t.
XXIX, S. 661; Uhlenhuth, _Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1901, S.
82; Wassermann u. Schütze, _Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1901, S. 187;
[Nuttall and Dinkelspiel, _Journ. of Hyg._, Cambridge, 1901, Vol. I,
p. 367; Nuttall, _Brit. Med. Journ._, London, 1902, I, p. 825].

Footnote 144:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 240.

Footnote 145:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1901, Bd. XXXVI, S. 5.

Footnote 146:

[Myers, _Lancet_, London, 1900, II, p. 98, and _Centralbl. f.
Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1900, Bd. XXVIII, S.
237.]

Footnote 147:

_Compt. rend. Soc. de biol._, Paris, 1901, p. 51.

Footnote 148:

_Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem._, Strassburg, 1901, Bd. XXXII, S. 291.

Footnote 149:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1893, Bd. CXXXI, S. 32.

Footnote 150:

_Zeitschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1894, Bd. XVIII, S. 83.

Footnote 151:

_München. med. Wchnschr._, 1898, 15 August.

Footnote 152:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1899,
Bd. XXVI, S. 349 and 1900, Bd. XXVII, S. 721.

Footnote 153:

“Étude sur la présure et l’antiprésure.” Sceaux, 1900. (_Thèse d. l.
Faculté d. Sc. de Paris_, no. 4.)

Footnote 154:

_Arch. internat. de Pharmacodyn._, Bruxelles et Paris, 1898, t. III
and IV.

Footnote 155:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1898, S. 152.

Footnote 156:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 406.

Footnote 157:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 785.

Footnote 158:

_Ibid._ 1899, t. XIII, p. 285.

Footnote 159:

_Ibid._, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 270.

Footnote 160:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1900, S. 684. Ehrlich, “Croonian Lecture,”
_Proc. Roy. Soc. London_, 1900, Vol. LXVI, p. 424.

Footnote 161:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1901, S. 570.

Footnote 162:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1900, S. 431.

Footnote 163:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1901,
Bd. XXIX, S. 175.

Footnote 164:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1901, S. 251.

Footnote 165:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1901, Bd. XXXVI S. 190.

Footnote 166:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 5.

Footnote 167:

_Ibid._, p. 583.

Footnote 168:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 833.

Footnote 169:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1899,
Bd. XXVI, S. 352.

Footnote 170:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1893, Bd. CXXXI, S. 5.

Footnote 171:

_Klin. Jahrb._, Jena, 1897, Bd. VI, S. 299; “Croonian Lecture,” _Proc.
Roy. Soc. London_, 1900, Vol. LXVI, p. 424. Ehrlich, Lazarus u.
Pincus, “Leukaemie, etc.” in Nothnagel’s _Specielle Pathologie u.
Therapie_, Wien, 1901, Bd. VIII, Schlussbetrachtungen, S. 163.

Footnote 172:

Bordet, _Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 499; von
Dungern, _München. med. Wchnschr._, 1900, S. 678.

Footnote 173:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1901, S. 255.

Footnote 174:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 833.

Footnote 175:

_Brit. Med. Journ._, London, 1897, II, p. 1786; 1898, I, p. 550. _Ann.
de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 136.

Footnote 176:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1893, Bd. XIII, S. 357.

Footnote 177:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 240.

Footnote 178:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1884, Bd. XCVI, S. 177.

Footnote 179:

[English translation, pp. 83–86.]

Footnote 180:

_Bull. Acad. d. sc. de St Pétersb._, 1894, t. XIII, p. 437.

Footnote 181:

_Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc._, Paris, 1886, t. CIII, p. 952.

Footnote 182:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1889, Bd. V, S. 5.

Footnote 183:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1894, t. VIII, p. 696.

Footnote 184:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 301.

Footnote 185:

Cohn’s “Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen,” Breslau, 1876, Bd. II, S.
300.

Footnote 186:

_Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc._, Paris, 1882, t. XCIV, p. 1605.

Footnote 187:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1884, Bd. XCVII, S. 502.

Footnote 188:

_Centralbl. f. klin. Med._, Bonn, 1888, S. 516.

Footnote 189:

“Untersuch. über d. Immunität d. Frosches gegen Milzbrand,” Ziegler’s
_Beitr. z. path. Anat._, Jena, 1888, Bd. III, S. 357.

Footnote 190:

“Beiträge z. Kritik der Metschnikoff’schen Phagocytenlehre,” Inaug.
Diss., Königsberg, 1889.

Footnote 191:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1888, Bd. IV, S. 353.

Footnote 192:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1888, Bd. CXIV, S. 466.

Footnote 193:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1891, t. V, p. 362.

Footnote 194:

_Arb. a. d. k. Gsndhtsamte_, Berlin, 1894, Bd. IX, S. 497.

Footnote 195:

_Ziegler’s Beitr. z. path. Anat._, Jena, 1890, Bd. VIII, S. 203.

Footnote 196:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1889, Bd. VI, SS. 481
and 529; _Fortschr. d. Med._, Berlin, 1896, Bd. VIII, S. 665; _Ztschr.
f. klin. Med._, Berlin, 1891; “Ueber Immunität u. Schutzimpfung,”
Schneidemühl’s _Thiermed. Vorträge_, 1892, Bd. II.

Footnote 197:

_Bull. Acad. de méd._, Paris, 1878, p. 440.

Footnote 198:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1887, Bd. CIX, S. 365.

Footnote 199:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1890, t. IV, p. 570.

Footnote 200:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1891, t. V, p. 362.

Footnote 201:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1898, Bd. XXVIII, S. 189.

Footnote 202:

“Untersuchungen ü. die Immunität d. Tauben,” Königsberg, 1889;
_Ziegler’s Beitr. z. path. Anat._, Jena, 1890, Bd. VII, S. 49.

Footnote 203:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1890, t. IV, p. 38; p. 65.

Footnote 204:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1892, Bd. XII, S. 348.

Footnote 205:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 426.

Footnote 206:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 561.

Footnote 207:

_Arch. de méd. expér. et d’anat. path._, Paris, 1889, t. I, p. 325.

Footnote 208:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1887, Bd. CIX, S. 365.

Footnote 209:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1890, t. IV, p. 520.

Footnote 210:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 13.

Footnote 211:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1889, t. III, p. 577.

Footnote 212:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1888, Bd. IV, S. 353.

Footnote 213:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1887, t. I, p. 43.

Footnote 214:

“Untersuchungen ü. die Ursachen der angeborenen u. erworbenen
Immunität,” Berlin, 1891, S. 111.

Footnote 215:

_La Cellule_, Lierre et Louvain, 1893, t. IX, p. 337.

Footnote 216:

“Zur Lehre von den Geschswülsten und Infectionskrankheiten,”
Wiesbaden, 1899.

Footnote 217:

_Centralbl. f. Bacteriol, u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1900,
Bd. XXVII, SS. 10 und 517.

Footnote 218:

_La Cellule_, Lierre et Louvain, 1894, t. X, p. 7.

Footnote 219:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 68.

Footnote 220:

_Virchow’s Archiv_, Berlin, 1884, Bd. XCVII, S. 516.

Footnote 221:

_Centralbl. f. klin. Med._, Bonn, 1888, No. 38.

Footnote 222:

“Infectionsschutz und Immunität” in Eulenberg’s “Real-Encyclopädie d.
ges. Heilkunde,” III^{te} Aufl. (_Encyclop. Jahrbücher_), Wien, 1900,
Bd. IX, S. 196.

Footnote 223:

_Centralbl. f. Bacteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1888, Bd. IV, SS.
710, 737.

Footnote 224:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1890, t. IV, p. 193.

Footnote 225:

_Centralbl. f. Bacterial. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1891, Bd. IX, SS.
336, 372.

Footnote 226:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1891, t. V, p. 479.

Footnote 227:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 865.

Footnote 228:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 232.

Footnote 229:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1891, t. V, p. 145.

Footnote 230:

“Om Mjältbrand hos Höns,” Stockholm, 1897.

Footnote 231:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1891, t. V, p. 564.

Footnote 232:

_Arch. russes de pathol._ etc., St Pétersb., 1900, t. IX, p. 578; and
Sawtchenko et Melkich, _Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV,
p. 502.

Footnote 233:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 448.

Footnote 234:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1894, Bd. XVIII, S. 1.

Footnote 235:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 177.

Footnote 236:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1896, t. X, p. 104.

Footnote 237:

_Arch. de méd. expér. et d’anat. path._, Paris, 1898, t. X, p. 253.

Footnote 238:

_Ziegler’s Beitr. z. path. Anat._, Jena, 1899, Bd. XXV, S. 206.

Footnote 239:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1891, t. V, p. 1; 1892, t. VI, p.
385; 1893, t. VII, p. 755.

Footnote 240:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 179.

Footnote 241:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 202.

Footnote 242:

_Centralbl. f. Bacteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena. 1897, Bd. XXI, S.
147.

Footnote 243:

_Arch. de méd. expér. et d’anat. path._, Paris. 1897, t. IX, p. 881.

Footnote 244:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1896, Bd. XXVII, S. 234.

Footnote 245:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 770.

Footnote 246:

_Ibid._, 1896, t. X, p. 448.

Footnote 247:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 673.

Footnote 248:

_Arch. f. mikr. Anat._, Bonn, 1893, Bd. XLII, S. 146.

Footnote 249:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1899. Bd. XXXI, S. 507. See review by
Podwyssotsky in the _Arch. russes de Path._, St Pétersb., 1899, t.
VIII, p. 257.

Footnote 250:

_Arb. a. d. zool. Inst. d. Univ. Wien_, 1883, tom. V, S. 160.

Footnote 251:

_Biol. Centralbl._, Erlangen, 1883–4, Bd. III, S. 562.

Footnote 252:

_Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc._, Paris, 1880, t. XC, p. 952.

Footnote 253:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1887, t. I, p. 325.

Footnote 254:

_Arch. f. mikr. Anat._, Bonn, 1900, Bd. LVI, S. 868.

Footnote 255:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 928.

Footnote 256:

“Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l’Inflammation,” Paris, 1892, p.
193; authorised English translation, London, 1893, p. 162.

Footnote 257:

_Arch. f. Physiol._, Leipzig, 1894, S. 200.

Footnote 258:

_Jahresb. d. schles. Gesellsch. f. vaterl. Cultur_, Breslau, 1874.

Footnote 259:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1886, S. 617; 1887, S. 745.

Footnote 260:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1888, Bd. IV, S. 208.

Footnote 261:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1888, Bd. IV, S. 353.

Footnote 262:

“Les microbes pathogènes,” Paris, 1892.

Footnote 263:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1890, Bd. 10, S. 84; _Centralbl.
f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1889, Bd. V, S. 817, and Bd. VI,
SS. 1, 561; 1890, Bd. VIII, S. 65.

Footnote 264:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1889, Bd. VI, S. 481;
_Ztschr. f. klin. Med._, Berlin, 1891, Bde XVIII, XIX.

Footnote 265:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1889, t. III, p. 670.

Footnote 266:

_La Cellule_, Lierre et Louvain, 1894, t. X, p. 7.

Footnote 267:

_München, med. Wchnschr._, 1894, S. 717.

Footnote 268:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 462.

Footnote 269:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1898, Bd. XXVII, S. 272.

Footnote 270:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1899, S. 687.

Footnote 271:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 68.

Footnote 272:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1892, Bd. XII, SS.
777, 809; 1893, Bd. XIV, S. 852.

Footnote 273:

_Proc. Roy. Soc. London_, 1892, Vol. LII, p. 267; _Phil. Trans._,
London, 1894, (B) Vol. 185, pt. I, p. 279.

Footnote 274:

_München. med. Wchnschr._, 1894, S. 717 and 1897, S. 1320.

Footnote 275:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1895, Bd. XXV, S. 105; 1897, Bd.
XXVIII, S. 312. _Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1896, S. 864.

Footnote 276:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig., 1897, Bd. XXXI, p. 1; 1899, Bd.
XXXV, S. 135. _München. med. Wchnschr._, 1898, SS. 353, 1109.

Footnote 277:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1900, Bd. XXXVII, S. 290.

Footnote 278:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1901, Bd. XL, S. 382.

Footnote 279:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1895, Bd. XXV, S. 105; _Berl.
klin. Wchnschr._, 1896, S. 864.

Footnote 280:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 232.

Footnote 281:

_Ibid._, p. 129.

Footnote 282:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1901, S. 4.

Footnote 283:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 209.

Footnote 284:

Since Nuttall’s first paper appeared a certain bactericidal action of
the aqueous humour has been observed. This fact should be taken into
consideration in the study of the question of the phagocytic origin of
the bactericidal substance of the body fluids. If this substance
really comes from the phagocytes, it should not be found in the
transparent aqueous humour that contains no, or almost no, leucocytes.
Now this fluid sometimes destroys a certain number of micro-organisms.
This apparent contradiction is explained by the fact that the
bactericidal action may be exercised by all kinds of fluids, such as
physiological salt solution, nutritive broths, etc. The bactericidal
property of the aqueous humour comes into this category. Its action
is, as a rule, much more feeble than the action of serums and
exudations and is not modified by heating to 55°–56° C. In certain
aqueous humours, a little cytase, or true bactericidal substance, may
come into play, for we find aqueous humours which coagulate and which,
when centrifugalised, show a small deposit of leucocytes. These
results have been obtained by Mme. Metchnikoff.

It must not be forgotten also that, even in the bactericidal action of
blood serums, a certain factor is the change of medium which the
micro-organisms experience with the plasmolytic phenomena which
follow. But it is not possible to ascribe to this factor the whole of
the bactericidal property of serums and exudations, as is done by
Baumgarten (_Arb. a. d. pathol.-anat. Inst. zu Tübingen_, 1899, Bd.
III, S. 1, and _Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1900, SS. 136, 162, 192), and
his pupils Jetter and Walz supported by A. Fischer (_Ztschr. f. Hyg._,
Leipzig, 1900, Bd. XXXV, S. 1). The idea of reducing the destruction
of bacteria in serums and exudations to the effect of osmotic pressure
has been recently elaborately analysed by v. Lingelsheim (_Ztschr. f.
Hyg._, Leipzig, 1901, Bd. XXXVII, S. 131). With great justness he
comes to the conclusion that “the existence in extravascular blood or
in serum, of bactericidal substances acting as soluble ferments can
now no longer be denied” (p. 167). In studying this question we must
not lose sight of the fact that these bactericidal substances
(alexines, complements, or cytases) give rise to the production in the
animal organism of antagonistic substances as described by us in the
5th Chapter.

Footnote 285:

_Verhandl. d. Congresses f. inn. Med._, Wiesbaden, 1892, S. 273.

Footnote 286:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1900, t. XIV, p. 257; 1901, t. XV,
p. 312.

Footnote 287:

_Berl. klin. Wchnschr._, 1900, SS. 453, 677.

Footnote 288:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1900, S. 790.

Footnote 289:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 303.

Footnote 290:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1899, Bd. XXXV, S. 199.

Footnote 291:

_Arch. f. Hyg._, München u. Leipzig, 1901, Bd. XL, S. 375.

Footnote 292:

_Ztschr. f. Biol._, München u. Berlin, 1900, Bd. XL, S. 117.

Footnote 293:

_Sitzungsb. d. naturforsch. Gesellsch. zu Marburg_, 1900.

Footnote 294:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 295.

Footnote 295:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1899, I^{te} Abt.,
Bd. XXVI, S. 344.

Footnote 296:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 289.

Footnote 297:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1896, t. X, p. 107.

Footnote 298:

_Arch. internat. de Pharmacodyn._, Gand et Paris, 1899, t. VI, p. 299;
_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 642.

Footnote 299:

_Compt. rend. Soc. de biol._, Paris, 1891, p. 464.

Footnote 300:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1894, Bd. XVI, S.
415.

Footnote 301:

Article “Immunität” in the 3rd edition of Eulenburg’s
_Real-Encyclopädie_, Wien, 1896.

Footnote 302:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1894, S. 120 (of Vereins-Beilage).

Footnote 303:

[_Journ. Exper. Med._, New York, 1896, Vol. I, p. 543.]

Footnote 304:

[_Journ. Path. and Bacteriol._, Edin. and London, 1896, Vol. III, p.
328; _Lancet_, London, 1899, Vol. II, p. 332; _Centralbl. f.
Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, Jena, 1899, I^{te} Abt., Bd. XXVI, S.
548.]

Footnote 305:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1901, Bd. XXXVI, S. 299.

Footnote 306:

_Arch. de zool. expér._, Paris, 1895, 3^e série, t. III, p. 591.

Footnote 307:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 314.

Footnote 308:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1890, Bd. VIII, S. 412.

Footnote 309:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1894, Bd. XVII, S. 355, and _Deutsche med.
Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1896, SS. 97, 119.

Footnote 310:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1900, Bd. XXXV, S. 1.

Footnote 311:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 433.

Footnote 312:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 462.

Footnote 313:

“Contribution à l’étude du sérum chez les animaux vaccinés,” _Ann.
Soc. d. sc. nat. et méd. de Bruxelles_, 1895, t. IV.

Footnote 314:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 308.

Footnote 315:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1894, Bd. XVI, S. 287.

Footnote 316:

_Deutsche med. Wchnschr._, Leipzig, 1896, S. 120.

Footnote 317:

_Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk._, I^{te} Abt., Jena, 1896,
Bd. XX, S. 761.

Footnote 318:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 767.

Footnote 319:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1896, t. X, p. 375.

Footnote 320:

_Ann. de. l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 199.

Footnote 321:

_Ann. Soc. d. sc. méd. et nat. de Bruxelles_, 1895, t. IV.

Footnote 322:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 894.

Footnote 323:

_München. med. Wchnschr._, 1896, SS. 277 and 310.

Footnote 324:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 273.

Footnote 325:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 288.

Footnote 326:

[_Trans. Seventh Internat. Congr. of Hyg. and Demogr._ London, 1892,
Vol. II. p. 179;] _Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1891, t. V, p.
465.

Footnote 327:

_Arch. russes de Pathol._, etc., St Pétersb., 1900, t. IX, p. 584;
Sawtchenko et Melkich, _Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV,
p. 503.

Footnote 328:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1896, Bd. XXI, S. 203.

Footnote 329:

_Ibid._ 1887, Bd. II, S. 110.

Footnote 330:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1892, t. VI, p. 755.

Footnote 331:

_Ztschr. f. Hyg._, Leipzig, 1901, Bd. XXXVII, S. 173.

Footnote 332:

_Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 209.

Footnote 333: