Chapter X: Gothic Art in Normandy314 (6)

Triforium, =65=, =66=, 82, 99, 116, 125, 234, 251, 276, 353, 380, 430, 431,
437, 444, 486, 547, 552, 553.

Troubadours and trouvères, 245, 298, 345, 348, 357, 545.

Troyes (Aube), 419, 424, 519, 538;
Cathedral of, 98, 125, 203, 211, 213, 226, =230-235=, 281;
glass of, 98, 115;
Treaty of, 233;
St. Jean, 240;
St. Madeleine, =239=, 240, 244, 247;
St. Martin-ès-Vignes, 241;
St. Nicolas, 241;
St. Nizier, 235;
St. Urbain, =236-238=;
churches in the environs, 238, 239, 539.

Troyes, Crestien de, 245.

Tunis, 71, 157, 162.

Turpin, Archbishop (of Rheims), 194, 355.

Tympanums, 85, 137, 141, 288, 345, 361, 423, 438, 444.

U

Urbain II, Pope, 22, 29, 118, 194, 266, 270, 294, 305, 337, 338, 344, 348, 352, 360, 375, 376, 388, 393, 415, 416, 417.

Urbain IV, Pope, 232, 236, 238.

Urbain V, Pope, 259, 384, 386, 387, 408, 409, 415, 446.

V

Vallery-Radot, Robert, 428.

Valmont (Seine-Inférieure), ruins of, 518.

Valois princes, 309, 353, 452, 453, 454.
_See_ Charles V, Jean de Berry, Louis d'Anjou, Philippe-le-Hardi of Burgundy.

Van Eyck, 222, 404, 426.

Vauban (engineer), 423, 460, 552.

Vaughan, Cardinal, 426.

Vault, masonry, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 38, 43, 44, 48, 55, 58, 95, 100, 372,
413, 424, 440, 457, 575;
_bombé_ vaults, 84, 95, 124, 269, 285, 286, 300, 301, 303, 309, 310, 311,
314, 316, 320, 351, 357, 381, 432;
broken-rib vault, 58, 92;
octopartite vault, 120;
sexpartite vault, 81, 100, 127, 398, 481, 482, 486.

Vauvenargues, 403.

Vendôme (Loir-et-Cher), church of the Trinité, 59, 112, 113, 271, 272, 304,
305, 315, 511.

Vendôme, Geoffrey of (Abbot of the Trinité), 271, 272, 337, 415.

Venice, 96, 289.

Verdun (Meuse), 129, 281, 526.

Verlaine, Paul, 74.

Verneuil (Eure), 536.

Verona, 246, 338, 361, 437.

Verrières (Aube), 239.

Vézelay (Yonne), Abbey of the Madeleine, 10, 24, 31, 33, 121, 180, 288, 298, 319, 323, 371, 395, 401, 410, 415, 418, 419, 424, 429, =435-442=, 450;
its portico, 428, 439;
meeting place of crusades, 439, 440.

Vienne (Isère), Cathedral of, 256, 258, 261, 417.

Viffort (Aisne), 45.

Vignory (Haute-Marne), 241.

Villehardouin, 161, 231, 246.

Villeneuve l'Archevêque (Yonne), 239.

Villeneuve-lès-Avignon (Gard), 405, 408.

Villetertre (Oise), 45.

Villon, François, 222, 565.

Vincennes (Seine), 144.

Viollet-le-Duc, E. _See_ Bibliography.

Viterbo, 110, 465.

Vitry (Ille-et-Vilaine), 559.

Volpiano, William of, 4, 34, 266, 414, 422, 452, 457, 458, 473, 478, 482, 495, 502, 554.

Voltaire, 36, 150, 338, 453, 530, 536.

Voragine, Jacobus de, 9, 85, 97, 220, 400.

W

Wace, Robert, 545, 549.

Wells, Cathedral of, 516.

Westminster Abbey, 3, 154, 232, 293, 297, 299, 552.

Weyden, Roger van der, 426, 427.

William the Conqueror, 5, 10, 22, 51, 53, 101, 137, 164, 165, 274, 304, 482, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 494, 496, 502, 510, 511, 544, 545, 546, 549, 550, 552, 554, 580, 581.

William Longsword, Duke of Normandy, 482, 495, 510.

William Rufus, 271, 475.

Winchester, Cathedral of, 481, 482, 487.

Women in the Middle Ages, 13, 54, 72, 86, 96, 121, 122, 135, 138, 153, 154,
159, 166, 173, 174, 193, 209, 226, 232, 234, 238, 245, 253, 264, 279, 281,
293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 309, 315, 319, 324, 341, 344, 353, 385, 395,
396, 419, 427, 434, 440, 458, 463, 483, 484, 485, 490, 501, 508, 527-531, 536, 544, 549, 558, 567.

Worcester, Cathedral of, 487.

Wordsworth, 54, 65.

World War, devastation by the, 76, 77, 82, 123, 144, 145, 168, 196, =197-201=, 283, 329, 375, 384, 391, 405, 520, 526, 535, 559, 580, 581.

Y

Yolande of Aragon, Countess d'Anjou, 191, 221, 277, 280, 309, 328.

York, Cathedral of, 59, 242.

Ypres, 2, 110, 202.

Yves of Brittany, St., 386, 572, =573=, 574.

Z

Zamora, Cathedral of, 465.

Zola, Émile, 249, 362.

Zozimus, Pope, 399.

Bibliography

A

Abadie, Paul, 151, 290, 292, 355.

Abgrall, Abbé, 40, 556, 565, 568, 570.

Adams, Henry, 165, 170, 231, 299, 477, 499.

Agnel, Abbé A. d', 387.

Agos, D', 354.

Aigon, Abbé H., 389.

Albanès, Abbé, 400, 402.

Allard, Paul, 258, 331, 520.

Alline et Loisel, 504.

Annunzio, Gabriele d', 107, 121.

Antony, C. M., 364.

Arbellot, Abbé, 345.

Arnaud, F., 230.

Arnold, Matthew, 264, 265.

Assier, A., 234.

Auber, Abbé, 40, 316.

Aubert, Marcel, 39, 78, 84, 126, 461.

Aucouturièr, H., 266.

Aufauvre, Amédée, 231.

Auger, 148.

Avril, Adolph d', 194.

Ayroles, R. P., 521.

Ayzac, Félicie d', 55.

B

Balzac, Honoré de, 119, 247, 249, 312.

Barbat, L., 114.

Barbeau, Albert, 236.

Barraud, P. C., 50, 224.

Barrès, Maurice, 50, 389, 398, 435.

Barres, Chaillon des, 430.

Barron, L., 126, 247, 256, 350.

Barsaux, Chanoine, 224.

Barthélemy, E. M. de, 114, 241.

Bavard, Abbé, 426.

Bayet, Jean, 126.

Bayle, G., 406.

Bazin, H., 126, 188.

Bazin, J., 410.

Bazin, René, 259, 302, 415, 419, 580.

Beaurepaire, Ch. de, 38, 472, 484, 499, 507.

Bédier, Joseph, 135, 245, 344, 435, 501.

Bégule, Lucien, 39, 256, 261, 428, 461, 565.

Beissier, F., 397.

Belloc, Hilaire, 375, 548.

Benard, Pierre, 282.

Bérard, E., 90.

Berger, E., 133, 154.

Bernard, Abbé, 397.

Berret, P., 261.

Bertaud, Émile, 479, 555.

Berthelé, J., 39, 404.

Besnard, A., 50, 492.

Besnard, Ch. H., 288, 303, 499.

Beugnot, A., 152.

Biais, 290.

Bilson, John, 16, 30, 46, 47, 68, 276, 302, 303, 461, 476, 479, 480, 481, 484, 493, 494, 495, 496, 512, 554.

Biran, Maine de, 285.

Blanqueron, Edmond, 241.

Boinet, Amédée, 39, 126, 281, 282.

Boissonnot, Chanoine, 247.

Bondot, L., 428.

Bonnard, 133.

Bonnet, Émile, 39, 384.

Bontier, 231.

Borderie, A. de la, 557, 566, 573.

Born, Bertran de, 345, 348, 349.

Bosseboeuf, Abbé, 40, 249, 254, 280, 285, 293.

Bossuet, 121, 163, 167, 247, 452, 453.

Botrel, Théodor, 201.

Bouet, G., 39, 106, 484, 491, 551, 552.

Bouilhet, Louis, 78.

Bouillart, Jacques, 148.

Bouillet, Abbé A., 145, 541.

Bourassé, Abbé J. J., 39, 247, 315.

Bourdaloue, 212.

Bourget, Paul, 339, 531.

Bourillon, F. W., 396.

Bournon, F., 254.

Bourrienne, V., 545.

Boutarie, E., 154.

Bouvier, Abbé, 39, 40, 90.

Bouxin, Abbé, 40, 99.

Bouzerand, 443.

Branche, D., 331.

Bréhier, Louis, 188, 331.

Brière, Gaston, 39, 54, 188.

Brin, 499.

Brizeux, A., 570.

Broche, Lucien, 39, 99.

Broglie, Em. de, 148.

Brown, Prof. Baldwin, 481.

Bruel, F. L., 114.

Brun, Armand de, 147.

Brunetière, F., 148.

Brutails, J. A., 39, 47, 288, 291, 350, 351, 355.

Bulteau, Abbé, 40, 170.

Bunodière, H. de la, 509.

Bushnell, A. J. de H., 55, 90, 170, 234, 242, 247, 266, 302, 316, 536.

C

Cagnat, R., 157.

Cagni et Mocquereau, 280.

Cahier et Martin, P. P., 213, 219, 262.

Calmette, A., 382, 410.

Canéto, Abbé, 384.

Calvert, 381.

Caumont, Arcisse de, 38, 226, 293, 410, 472, 484, 491, 520, 531, 545, 546, 554.

Cerf, Abbé, 40, 188.

Chabeuf, H., 426, 452.

Chaillan, Abbé, 384.

Chaillot, A., 406.

Chalandon, F., 479, 555.

Champeaux et Gauchery, 213, 341.

Chantelon, Dom, 399.

Charmasse, A. de, 423.

Chartraire, E., 90.

Chassepied, Ch., 570.

Chateaubriand, 70, 118, 410, 443, 562.

Chaucer, 372, 551.

Chaumont, Chanoine L., 414.

Chérest, A., 435, 445.

Cherge, De, 316.

Cherval, 170.

Chesterton, Cecil, 579, 580.

Chevalier, Ed., 250.

Chevalier, U., 152, 452, 521.

Chigougesnel, 545.

Chomton, Abbé, 40, 452.

Choyer, 285.

Clémat, Chanoine Joseph, 266.

Clément, Pierre, 222.

Cleuziou, H. de, 556.

Cloquet (A.) et Cassier (J.), 254.

Clouard, E., 341.

Coffinet, J. B., 230.

Cogny, G. de, 374.

Colonne, A. de, 202.

Congny, Gaston, 213, 449.

Cook, 507.

Cook, Sir Theodore Andreas, 213, 254, 499, 519, 534.

Corberon, 448.

Corbolin, 428.

Cordier, Léon le, 472.

Corroyer, Ed., 288, 294, 298, 359, 499.

Coulanges, Fustel de, 42.

Courajod, Louis, 38, 145, 247, 266, 452.

Courcel, V. C. de, 230.

Courteault, P., 350.

Courtépée, Claude, 410, 423, 428.

Cousin, Victor, 133, 211.

Coutan, Dr., 38, 494, 498, 512.

Cram, Ralph Adams, 91.

Crawford, F. Marion, 439.

Crégut, Abbé R., 341.

Cros-Meyreveille, 375.

Crosnier, Abbé, 39, 55, 90, 170, 435, 449.

Crozes, H., 390.

Cruppi, 151.

Cucherat, Abbé, 421.

Cunisset-Carnot, 452.

D

Dangibeaud, Ch., 287.

Dante, 9, 133, 137, 141, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 245, 253, 349, 357, 363, 441, 462, 465, 474.

Darcel, Alfred, 480.

Daudet, Alphonse, 259, 396.

Déchelette, Joseph, 423.

Dehaines, Mgr., 99, 226.

Delaborde, H. F., 245.

Deliguières, 210.

Delisle, Léopold, 378, 499, 520.

Demaison, Louis, 39, 114, 188, 199, 241.

Demimuid, 114.

Demogeon, 202.

Denais, J., 302, 311.

Dénifle, H., 490, 521.

Denis, Abbé, 492.

Depeyre, G., 266.

Desdevises du Dézert, 331, 381.

Desgardin, Gustave, 224.

Deshair, Léon, 453.

Deshoulières, F., 266, 313.

Deville, A., 507.

Deville, J. A., 492.

Devoncoux, Abbé, 423.

Didot, A. F., 90.

Didron, E. A., 39, 265, 513.

Diehl, Ch., 479, 555.

Dieudonné, A., 269.

Digonnet, Félix, 405.

Dion, A. de, 38, 114, 269, 461, 545, 551, 552.

Douais, Mgr. C., 364, 365, 375.

Dreux-Durandier, 316.

Drouet (H.) et Calmette (A.), 410.

Dubois, P., 224.

Dubouchet, 499.

Duchaisne, Mgr., 39, 395, 400, 401, 402, 424, 436.

Duchemin, 512.

Dufay, C. J., 265.

Duhamel, L., 405.

Dumaine, Abbé L. V., 542.

Durand, E., 335.

Durand, Georges, 39, 202, 203, 210.

Durandus, Guillaume, 19, 69, 214, 267, 359, 387, 400, 401.

E

Echivard, A., 268.

Édeline, Abbé, 491.

Ehrle, R. P., 405.

Engelhard, Ch., 531.

Engerand, Louis, 476, 545.

Enlart, Camille, 16, 18, 29, 30, 31, 38, 47, 49, 78, 81, 126, 201, 227, 228, 282, 287, 341, 342, 354, 435, 445, 447, 456, 461, 464, 465, 476, 479, 484, 507, 509, 514, 516, 555.

Escoffier, H., 152.

Esnault, G., 269.

Espinay, D', 306, 312.

F

Fabrège, A., 384.

Fage, René, 39, 345.

Faillon, 396.

Fallue, A., 507.

Fançon, Maurice, 335.

Farcy, Louis de, 39, 302, 303, 310.

Farcy, Paul de, 545.

Faure, H., 266.

Fédié, L., 375.

Fénelon, 36, 288.

Fichot, Ch., 230.

Fillon, Benj., 280, 316, 565.

Flandin, V., 435.

Fleury, Gabriel, 39, 84, 99, 119, 170, 268, 428, 551.

Florival (de) et Midoux, 99.

Focillon, Henri, 257.

Fonteray, H. de, 423.

Forel, Alexis, 288, 289, 316, 331, 343, 356, 391.

Formeville, H. de, 531.

Formigé, J., 165, 408.

Forts, Paul des, 50.

Fossa, F. de, 144.

Fossey, Abbé Jules, 40, 536.

Foucaud, L. de, 350, 509.

Fournier, Paul, 369.

Fowke, J. R., 548.

Fraipont, G., 331.

France, Anatole, 521.

François, S., 126.

Freeman, E. H., 412, 490.

Froissart, 210, 327, 347, 349, 368, 408, 455.

Fyot, Eugène, 452.

G

Galimard, J., 428.

Gally, 435.

Gandillon, A., 213.

Gard, R. Martin du, 480.

Gareau, 293.

Garry, Eugène, 219.

Gauchery, P., 213, 341.

Gautier, Léon, 133, 135, 162, 245, 356, 500, 501, 520, 542.

George, J., 291.

Germain, Alphonse, 384, 426, 452.

Germain, A., 384.

Gerville, C. de, 546, 551.

Gillet, H. L., 356.

Girard, Ch., 343.

Girardot, A. T., 213, 280.

Glanville, L. de, 492.

Gobillot, Abbé Ph., 331.

Godart-Faultrier, 302, 312.

Gomart, Ch., 282.

Gonse, Louis, 16, 39, 67, 247, 282, 332, 342, 345, 435, 452, 498, 515, 537.

Goodyear, Prof. W. H., 68, 276.

Gosset, Alphonse, 114, 188.

Gourmont, Remy de, 135.

Gout, Paul, 499, 502.

Graillot, H., 356, 375.

Grandmaison, Ch. de, 38, 247, 280.

Gratry, P., 79.

Graves, 224.

Green, Mrs. J. R., 269, 472.

Grignon, Louis, 114.

Guépin, Dom, 279.

Guéranger, Dom Prosper, 280, 281, 321.

Guérard, R. Louis, 405.

Guerlin, H., 242, 249.

Guigue, C., 256, 266.

Guilhermy, F. de, 126, 565.

Guirard, Jean, 364, 365, 384, 405.

Guizot, 36, 103, 296, 297, 536.

H

Hallays, André, 84, 405.

Halphen, L., 302.

Hanoteau, Gabriel, 400, 503, 521.

Hardy (G.) et Gandillon (A.), 213.

Hardy, Abbé V., 535.

Haskins, Ch. H., 477.

Hauréau, B., 133.

Havard, H., 39, 99, 144, 148, 149, 219, 250, 256, 310, 389, 423, 435, 452, 507, 509.

Healy, 411.

Heaton, Clement, 458.

Hefele, 257.

Hello, Ernest, 551.

Hennezel, H. d', 256.

Henry, Abbé V. B., 430.

_Histoire Littéraire de la France_, 41, 55, 84, 90, 99, 133, 150, 170, 258, 269, 293, 304, 343, 378, 391, 414, 430, 473, 494, 499, 531, 545.

Hubidos, H., 391.

Hucher, E., 268, 269.

Huillier, L., 433.

Humbert, A., 452.

Hurault, E., 242.

Hutton, W. H., 162.

Huysmans, J. K., 100, 128, 144, 170, 280, 284, 321, 415, 460.

Hymans, H., 203, 242.

J

Jeannin, Président, 423, 425.

Joanne, 39.

Johnson, Lionel, 165.

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 294, 431.

Join-Lambert, O., 165.

Joinville, Jean de, 41, 70, 111, 119, 120, 138, 140, 152-162, 190, 206, 219, 244, 245, 246, 312, 342, 399, 553.

Jossier, Abbé, 236, 237.

Joubert, J., 290.

Jouin, H., 302, 310.

Jourdain et Duval, 202.

Jourdanne, Gaston, 375.

Jubainville, d'Arbois de, 231, 461.

Juiffrey, Jules, 312, 426.

Julleville, Petit de, 135, 245, 521.

Jullian, C., 350.

K

Kersers, A. Buhot de, 38, 213.

Kleinclausz, A., 410, 426, 452.

Koechlin, Raymond, 39, 231, 361, 452.

L

Labande, L. H., 39, 391, 392, 397, 403, 405.

Lacordaire, J. B. H. D., 128, 450, 462.

La Croix, P. de, 40, 325.

Lafenestre, George, 484.

Laferrière (J.) et Musset (G.), 287.

Lafond, Jean, 507.

Lahondès, Jules de, 39, 356, 360, 375, 381.

Lahore, Abbé, 236.

La Martillière, 272.

Lamartine, Alphonse de, 445.

Lambin, Émile, 39, 84, 99, 106, 123, 126, 165, 188, 202, 445, 507, 517, 531.

Landrieux, Mgr., 188, 199.

Laran, Jean, 370.

Largent, R. P., 316.

Lassus, J. B. A., 126, 266, 282, 460.

Lasteyrie, Charles de, 345.

Lasteyrie, Comte Robert de, 16, 17, 30, 38, 39, 49, 68, 114, 170, 228, 229, 250, 287, 331, 356, 359, 391, 394, 476, 484.

Lasteyrie, Ferdinand de, 55.

Latouche, Robert, 269.

Lauer, Philippe, 153.

Laurière, J. de, 354.

La Tremblay, Dom Coutil de la, 279, 281.

Lavalley, G., 491.

Lavedan, P., 172, 345.

La Villemarqué, Hersant de, 557.

Lavisse, Ernest, 76.

Lebeuf, Abbé, 445.

Le Beuf, D., 498.

Leblant, E., 397.

Le Braz, Anatole, 556, 568

Lecestre, 414.

Lecocq, 282.

Le Conte, R., 554.

Lecureur, L. Th., 570.

Ledeuil, 443.

Ledru, Abbé A., 40, 268.

Lefèvre, L. E., 435.

Lefèvre-Pontalis, Eugène, 16, 30, 31, 37, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 78, 84, 99, 102, 106, 112, 121, 123, 126, 163, 170, 211, 237, 241, 268, 285, 291, 305, 323, 325, 340, 379, 421, 423, 443, 452, 479, 480, 482, 490, 491, 551, 553, 554, 557.

Leger, L., 203.

Legris, Abbé A., 498.

Leliène, Abbé, 545.

Lelong, E., 302.

Lemire, Ch., 521.

Lenoir, A., 148.

Lentheric, Ch., 378, 389.

Leo XIII, 130, 385, 422, 521.

Leport, A., 494.

Leroux, A., 345.

Leseur, F., 315.

Lestrade, Abbé, 356.

Levé, A., 548, 549.

Levillain, L., 55.

Lhuillier, Victor, 50.

Liard, L., 133.

Lignum, Lambin de, 279, 565.

Lincy, Le Roux de, 419, 494, 557.

Locquin, J., 266, 449.

Loisel, Abbé, 40, 504.

Lorière, Éd. de, 314.

Loriquet, Ch., 188.

Lorme, A. de, 556.

Lot, F., 480.

Loth, Abbé Julien, 480, 507.

Loti, Pierre, 199, 200, 561.

Lotte, Joseph, 499, 536.

Loutil, Abbé, 129.

Louvière, J. de, 397.

Lowell, James Russell, 100, 170.

Luce, Siméon, 490, 499, 521, 526, 557.

Luchaire, A., 162, 365.

Luzel, F. M., 557.

Luzuy, Abbé, 341.

M

Mabillon, Dom, 149, 418, 461.

Mâcon, E., 144.

Magne, Lucien, 293, 326.

Maistre, Joseph de, 222, 411.

Maître, Léon, 55, 257.

Mâle, Émile, 35, 39, 55, 85, 126, 144, 180, 182, 183, 207, 256, 262, 335, 341, 342, 343, 345, 347, 361, 424, 507, 541, 565, 570, 578.

Maleissye, C. de, 521.

Malifaud, G., 293.

Mallay, 343.

Mandet, 343.

Manteyer, Georges, 395, 397.

Mantz, Paul, 341, 343.

Marchand et Bourassé, 247.

Marche, Lecoy de la, 55, 133, 152, 302.

Marignan, A., 254, 356, 391.

Maritain, Jacques, 224.

Marlavagne, Bion de, 374.

Marsaux, Chanoine, 242.

Martin, Alexis, 126.

Martin, H., 250, 411, 490.

Martin, 39, 356, 397.

Maurin, Abbé E. F., 40, 403.

Mauvinière, H. de la, 290, 316.

Méloizes, Vicomte des, 213.

Mély, F. de, 145, 170.

Merimée, Prosper, 38, 285, 312, 321, 331, 341, 343, 370, 373, 383, 395.

Merlet, Lucien, 170.

Merlet, René, 39, 170, 171.

Meunier, Paul, 449.

Meyer, Alfred, 345.

Mézerai, 298, 519, 520.

Michel, André, 39, 228, 292, 345, 426, 431, 452, 507, 509, 516, 541.

Michel, Robert André, 405, 408.

Michel-Danzac, R., 288.

Migne, 414.

Mignon, A., 133.

Mistral, Frédéric, 356, 357, 384, 397, 400, 466, 504, 581.

Mocquereau, Dom, 280.

Molière, 36, 370.

Molinier, A., 152, 356, 362, 364.

Monod, Gabriel, 477, 520.

Monstrelet, 489.

Montaiglon, A. de, 67, 90, 563.

Montaigne, 350, 451.

Montalembert, Ch. de, 237, 256, 280, 411, 414, 476.

Montault, Mgr. Barbier de, 40, 224, 316.

Montegut, 423.

Montfort, J., 565.

Moore, Charles Herbert, 16, 22, 29.

Morand, 145.

Moreau-Nélaton, E., 106, 188.

Morel-Payen, 119, 230.

Mortet, Victor, 39, 126, 378.

Mortier, 364.

Mottay, Gautier du, 556.

Moulton, E., 445.

Müller, Abbé Eugène, 40, 84, 123.

Müntz, Eugène, 39, 312, 384, 387, 405.

Mure, De la, 343.

Musset, Alfred de, 16.

Musset (G.) et Laferrière (J.), 287.

Musset, Abbé E., 242.

Mylne, Rev. R. S., 545.

N

Narbonne, L., 317, 378.

Neale, Rev. John Mason, 19, 214, 317, 401, 414, 421, 451.

Newman, Cardinal, 123.

Nicolai, N. de, 421.

Nicquet, Honorat, 293.

Nodet, V., 265.

Norgate, Kate, 269, 302, 433, 472.

Normand, Ch., 149.

Noyes, Alfred, 282.

O

Oliphant, Mrs., 521.

Orderieus Vitalis, 472, 492, 537.

O'Reilly, E., 72, 194, 503, 506, 521, 523, 525, 527, 528.

O'Reilly, P. J., 350.

Orléans, Charles d', 67, 143, 315, 497, 516, 517, 527, 529, 534, 565.

Ouin-Lacroix, Abbé, 517.

Ozanam, Frédéric, 135, 259, 268, 508.

P

Pacary, P., 536.

Palustre, Bernard, 293, 452.

Palustre, Léon, 39, 67, 302, 342, 405, 515, 519, 541, 556, 563.

Paris, Gaston, 135, 152, 242, 245, 565.

Pascal, 331, 332.

Pasquier, Étienne, 521.

Pasteur, Louis, 428.

Paté, L., 423.

Pater, Walter, 170, 432, 578.

Pavie, Victor, 293.

Pécout, Abbé, 288.

Péguy, Ch., 72, 73, 168, 179, 197, 536, 545.

Peigné-Delacour, 80.

Pélissier, L. G., 400.

Penjon, A., 405, 414.

Pépin, J., 492.

Perier, Arsène, 426.

Perkins, Rev. T., 202, 507.

Perrault-Dabot, A., 410.

Petit, A., 345.

Petit, Ernest, 410, 428, 452.

Petit-Dutaillis, 247, 452.

Peyre, Roger, 361, 397.

Peyron, P., 569.

Philippe, André, 417, 445, 461.

Pigéon, Abbé E. A., 40, 551, 552.

Pignot, H., 114.

Pihan, Abbé L., 50, 224.

Pillion, Louise, 188, 224, 445, 507.

Pinier, Chanoine, 305.

Pissier, Abbé, 436.

Plancher, Dom, 410.

Plat, Abbé, 272.

Poli, Vicomte Oscar de, 499.

Pommeraye, Dom, 509.

Poquet, Abbé, 106, 107.

Porée, Chanoine, 40, 472, 473, 496, 513, 536.

Porée, Charles, 39, 90, 435, 445, 446, 452, 460.

Port, Célestin, 280, 285, 302, 312.

Porter, Arthur Kingsley, 16, 18, 28, 29, 44, 46, 69, 183, 225, 228, 254, 277, 361, 465, 476, 478, 479, 493, 517.

Pottier, Abbé, 361.

Poulaine, F., 521.

Poussin, Abbé, 114.

Pradel, F., 378.

Prentout, Henri, 267, 472, 477, 484, 545.

Prioux, S., 121.

Psiehari, Ernest, 168, 572, 574.

Purchon, W. S., 410.

Q

Quantin, Max, 443, 448.

Queyron, 126.

Quicherat, Jules, 38, 99, 148, 152, 282, 509, 521.

Quirielle, R. de, 266.

R

Racine, 36, 242.

Ramée, D., 78.

Ranquet, H. du, 39, 331, 340.

Rashdall, H., 133.

Raynouard, 316.

Reau, L., 203.

Rebatu, 397.

Reclus, O., 498.

Régnier, Louis, 16, 39, 47, 544.

Rémusat, Ch. de, 419, 473.

Renan, Ernest, 27, 258, 462, 572, 574.

Renaud, Edmond, 517.

Requin, Abbé, 266.

Revoil, 38, 356, 397.

Rey, E., 289.

Reymond, Marcel, 261, 343.

Rhein, André, 39, 291, 315, 316, 554, 563.

Riat, G., 126.

Richard, Alfred, 316.

Rigault, G., 219, 234.

Rivières, B. Ed., 370.

Rivoira, G. T., 28, 30, 414, 428, 452, 476, 496.

Robertson, J. C., 433.

Robida, A., 557.

Robuchon, J., 316.

Rochias, Abbé G., 340.

Rodière et Guyencourt, 202.

Rodin, Auguste, 114, 172, 189, 196, 215, 250, 272, 278, 390, 472, 575.

Roschach, 356.

Rossi, J. B. de, 397.

Rostan, L., 400.

Rostand, Edmond, 391, 559.

Rousse, Joseph, 563.

Roux, J. Ch., 261, 288, 389, 391, 397.

Royer, L., 399.

Rule, Martin, 373.

Rupin, Ernest, 39, 289, 345, 361.

Ruprich-Robert, V., 38, 472, 476, 484, 531, 542, 544.

Ruskin, John, 1, 3, 15, 208, 209, 556.

S

Sainsaulieu, Max, 188.

Sainte-Beuve, Ch. A., 158, 451, 453.

Saint-Germain, S. de, 50.

Saint-Paul, Anthyme, 16, 31, 32, 38, 39, 47, 49, 53, 54, 67, 68, 84, 126, 188, 227, 228, 276, 285, 288, 345, 354, 356, 481, 490, 516, 539.

Saladin, H., 157.

Salembier, 405.

Sanoner, G., 142, 435.

Santayana, George, 169, 170.

Sarcey, Mme. Yvonne, 102.

Sarrazin, A., 521, 531.

Saunier, Ch., 350.

Sauvage, Abbé, 480, 494.

Sauvageot, 213.

Saveron, 331.

Savory, Isabelle, 382.

Schmidt, Ch. E., 379.

Séché, Léon, 556.

Segange, L. du Broc du, 266.

Sepet, Marius, 61, 447, 521.

Serbat, Louis, 39, 254, 291, 345, 378, 417, 449, 531.

Sertillanges, R. P., 152.

Sery, Abbé, 449.

Shakespeare, 54, 159, 162.

Sharp, 291.

Sicotière, De la, 542.

Simpson, F. M., 16, 517.

Smith, Marion Couthouy, 506.

Soleil, Félix, 565.

Sommerard, E. du, 149.

Sorel, Albert, 472.

Souvestre, Émile, 560.

Spiers, R. Phené, 288, 291.

Stein, Henri, 39, 66, 126, 145, 165, 331.

Steyert, André, 256.

Suppligeon, 315.

T

Taine, Henri, 53, 108, 420.

Tarbé, P., 245.

Tardieu, Ambrose, 331.

Taylor, I., 165.

Taylor et Nodier, 202, 331, 370, 410, 443, 472, 556.

Tennyson, Alfred, 433.

Thierry, A., 23, 435, 472, 480.

Thiollier, Noël et Félix, 39, 342, 344.

Thomas, Chanoine, 452.

Thompson, Francis, 197.

Tillemont, Le Nain de, 152.

Tillet, Jules, 445, 446.

Topin, Marius, 389.

Tougard, Abbé A., 492.

Tournouër, H., 542.

Tranchant, Ch., 321.

Trichaud, J. M., 399.

Triger, Robert, 39, 268.

Troche, 145.

Truchis, Vicomte Pierre de, 423, 428.

U

Urseau, Chanoine, 293, 302.

V

Vacandard, E., 364, 419, 461.

Vachon, Marius, 90.

Vallery-Radot, Jean, 428, 545.

Vallery-Radot, Robert, 426, 428.

Valois, Noël, 133.

Vasselot, J. M. de, 39, 231, 361.

Vasseur, Ch., 531.

Vaudin-Bataille, E., 90.

Verlaine, Paul, 74.

Verlaque, 405.

Verneilh, Félix de, 38, 43, 55, 288.

Viatte, J., 147.

Vic et Vaissette, 356, 389.

Vidal, Pierre, 382.

Villat, Louis, 343.

Ville, Cirot de la, 350.

Villefosse, Héron de, 190.

Villehardouin, 161, 231, 246.

Villetard, Abbé, 428.

Villon, François, 222, 565.

Vimont, E., 331.

Viollet-le-Duc, E., 32, 35, 38, 50, 90, 100, 123, 126, 128, 139, 162, 236, 291, 333, 346, 352, 363, 378, 389, 440, 441, 445, 446, 450, 460, 498, 534, 552.

Virey, Jean, 39, 414.

Viriville, Vallet de, 222, 521.

Vitet, Victor, 78.

Vitry, Paul, 39, 54, 188, 231, 255, 265, 279, 280, 342, 361, 423, 452, 507, 515, 563, 565.

Vöge, Wilhelm, 394.

Vögué, Melchior de, 37.

Voltaire, 36, 150, 338, 453, 530, 536.

Voragine, Jacques de, 9, 85, 97, 220, 400.

W

Waern, C., 555.

Wailly, Natalis de, 152, 245.

Wallon, H., 152, 521.

Westlake, M. H. J., 536.

Wismes, De, 269, 302.

Woillez, Eugène, 31, 38, 50, 224.

Wordsworth, 54, 65.

THE END

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Ruskin, _The Seven Lamps of Architecture_.

[2] Ruskin, _Sesame and Lilies_.

[3] Louis Gonse, _L'art gothique_ (Paris, Quantin, 1891); Camille Enlart, _Manuel d'archéologie française_ (Paris, A. Picard et Fils, 1902), 2 vols., 8vo; _ibid._, _Monuments religieux de l'architecture romane et de la transition dans la région picarde_ (Paris, A. Picard et Fils, 1895), folio; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _L'architecture religieuse dans l'ancien diocèse de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe siècle_ (Paris, Plon, 1894-97), 2 vols., folio; Arthur Kingsley Porter, _Medieval Architecture, Its Origins and Development_ (New York and London, 1909), 2 vols.; C. H. Moore, _Development and Character of Gothic Architecture_ (New York, Macmillan, 1904); Anthyme Saint-Paul, "La transition," in _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1895-96, vols. 44, 45, and 1912-13, pp. 206, 263; R. de Lasteyrie, _L'architecture religieux en France à l'époque romane_ (Paris, 1912), chap. x; _ibid._, in _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1902, vol. 45, p. 213, his answer to Mr. Bilson, and Mr. Bilson's reply; Louis Régnier, "Les origines de l'architecture gothique," in _Mém. de la Soc. hist. et archéol. de Pontoise_, vol. 16; John Bilson, "The Beginnings of Gothic Architecture," in _Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects_, 3d series, 1898-99, vol. 6, pp. 289, 322, 345; p. 259 (answer to M. de Lasteyrie); vol. 9, p. 350; Mr. Bilson's papers were given in part in _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1901, vol. 44, pp. 369, 462; F. M. Simpson, _A History of Architectural Development_ (London, 1909).

[4] "Gothic architecture did not arise from a reaction against the principles of Romanesque: on the contrary, it is the natural development of those principles, the logical consequence of the germ idea of the Romanesque builders, which was to protect the naves of their churches by vaults of stone."--R. DE LASTEYRIE.

[5] Any raised balcony, or gallery, in a church is called a tribune. The term will be used here mainly for the deep gallery over side aisles. The making of tribunes was brought about by the custom, in early Christendom, of separating the ages and sexes; in primitive days the kiss of peace used to be given among the congregation.

[6] Transept, or across inclosure, from _trans_, across, and _sepire_, to inclose.

[7] Guillaume Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, translated as _The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments_ by Neale and Webb of the Camden Society (Leeds, T. W. Green, 1843).

[8] The barrel vault (a half cylinder) was known to the Egyptians and Assyrians. Rome used it extensively, also the groin vault (made of two intersecting half cylinders).

[9] "There are few things more interesting, more instructive, or more beautiful in human history than the spectacle of those early cowled builders struggling against all difficulties and disadvantages, and laying the foundations of a new art which was, in the stronger hands of their lay successors, to culminate in the marvels of Chartres and Amiens."--CHARLES HERBERT MOORE, _Development and Character of Gothic Architecture_ (New York, Macmillan, 1904).

[10] Let us run briefly over the French Romanesque schools to gain an idea of the monk builder's activities.

_Normandy_ displayed a powerful regional genius, and carried through her Romanesque churches with native thoroughness. Her school was formulated early. By 1040 Jumièges abbey church was begun, and within thirty years the two abbeys of Caen were building. Norman Romanesque used the alternate system of piers, a central lantern tower, cubic capitals, and a geometric sculpture. Their architects were inclined to be overcautious; up to the advent of Gothic they often covered the middle nave with a timber roof, though they vaulted the side aisles with stone.

_Burgundy's_ Romanesque school was bolder. Groin and barrel vaultings covered side aisles and central vessel; and the transverse arches which braced the vaulting were often pointed, since it was found that such an arch exerted less side thrust. Some of Burgundy's monastic churches were as lofty and spacious as the coming Gothic cathedrals. However, to obtain proper lighting by clearstory windows she sacrificed stability, and years later the Gothic builders had to add flying buttresses to prevent the collapse of the Romanesque churches. In this region where Gallo-Roman art had flourished, channeled pilasters were used. As was to be expected of the province where Cluny's arts and crafts were centered, Burgundy was a leader in monumental sculpture, and such portals as Avallon, Autun, and Vézelay attest her skill.

_Auvergne_ produced a distinctive Romanesque school. Her art sprang direct from the ancient Roman traditions in the province. More cautious than her neighbor Burgundy, she soon gave up trying to light her upper nave by clearstory windows, but obtained light indirectly from side aisles and from a central tower. A precocious use of the ambulatory and of apse chapels appeared in the region. The two most striking features of her churches were the octagonal central tower set on a barlong base, and the apse whose exterior walls were decorated by the volcanic polychrome stones of the district.

_Poitou's_ Romanesque school also developed early, and it, too, sacrificed spaciousness to solidity. The side aisles were made of almost equal height as the central vessel, and one roof covered all. The church interiors were often somber and cramped. The apse exterior was ornamented, and the boast of the region is its richly sculptured façades of which that of Notre-Dame-la-Grande at Poitiers is one of the best examples.

_Languedoc_ built Romanesque churches of the first rank, such as St. Sernin at Toulouse, but the school had no definite uniformity. Sometimes it combined with the Romanesque of Poitou, sometimes with that of Auvergne, or of Burgundy. Because of Cluny affiliations, the Midi school was strong in sculpture--witness Beaulieu, Cahors, Moissac, and Toulouse.

_Provence_ Romanesque covered a more limited area. Usually the churches were aisleless, with a simple apse. A flat stone roof was laid directly on the barrel vaulting, which had pointed transverse ribs like those of Burgundy. Provence also used the fluted pilasters of antiquity. The many remains of Gallo-Roman sculpture in the region served as models for the notable imaged portals at St. Gilles and Arles.

_The Franco-Picard_ school had scarcely developed when it was supplanted by the nascent Gothic art. Besides these regional schools, two unique experiments in vaulting were essayed, though neither spread far afield. At Tournus, in the abbey church of St. Philibert was built a series of barrel vaults (carried on lintels) placed side by side transversely over the central vessel. And in Aquitaine, in the region of Périgueux and Angoulême, spreading in a line, north and south, arose a number of churches, each bay of which was covered by a cupola. Both these experiments were but partial solutions. While mediæval archæology was obscure, the pointed arch was looked on as the _sine qua non_ of Gothic, and it was puzzling to find it in certain Romanesque churches, like those in Burgundy and Provence. The pointed arch was in use in Persia, in the VI century, and the Arabs early brought the form to Egypt, Sicily, and Spain. From the XI century it had appeared sporadically in Christian Europe. Such arches were not the first step in a new architecture, but were used either as a decorative feature or as an expedient to lessen the side thrust of a vault. From outside of France two schools of Romanesque art, the Lombard and the Rhenish, exerted considerable influences on their neighbor, but the forces paramount in each of the local French schools were the pre-Lombardic pre-Rhenish inheritances from Rome, blended with indigenous traditions.

[11] Rome had used some brick lines under the surface of certain of her groin vaults. They performed no separate function, but were embedded in the vaults' concrete. The true Gothic vault has the ribs independent of the infilling. In their elasticity is their strength.

[12] G. T. Rivoira, _Lombardic Architecture_ (London, Heinemann, 1910). Translated from _Le origini dell' architettura lombarda_ (Milano, 1908); Arthur Kingsley Porter, _Lombard Architecture_ (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1917), 3 vols. and Atlas; _ibid._, _The Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults_ (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1911).

[13] E. Viollet-le-Duc, _Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle_ (Paris, 1875), 11 vols.; Anthyme Saint-Paul, _Viollet-le-Duc et son système archéologique_ (Tours, 1881). The masterly technical knowledge of M. Viollet-le-Duc did much to remove the stigma of caprice and extravagance which the neo-classic age had fixed on Gothic art. It is a pity that the pioneer who struck good blows for the rehabilitation of Gothic should have jeopardized the permanence of his work by giving free rein to his personal prejudices.

[14] E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, "Le plan d'une monographie _d'église et le vocabulaire archéologique_," in _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1910, p. 379. He has written on the same subject in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1906, vol. 70, p. 453, and 1907, vol. 71, pp. 136, 351, 535.

[15] Jules Quicherat, "La croisée d'ogives et son origine," in _Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire_ (1850), vol. 2, p. 497.

[16] Camille Enlart, _Origines françaises de l'architecture gothique en Italie_ (Paris, 1893); _ibid., Les origines de l'architecture gothique en Espagne et en Portugal_ (Paris, 1894); _ibid., Notes archéologiques sur les abbayes cisterciennes de Scandinavie_ (Paris, 1894); _ibid., Villard de Honnecourt et les Cisterciens_ (Paris, 1895); _ibid., L'art gothique et de la Renaissance en Chypre_ (Paris, Leroux, 1899), 2 vols.; Émile Bertaud, _L'art dans l'Italie méridionale_ (Paris, Fontemoing, 1904).

[17] Other publications of value to the student are the _Revue de l'art chrétien_, _Gazette des Beaux-Arts_, _Moyen-Âge_, _l'Archéologie_, _Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes_, _Revue archéologique_, and the Didron's _Annales archéologique_. There are H. Havard's _La France artistique et monumental_, Viollet-le-Duc's _Dictionnaire de l'architecture française_, Joanne's _Dictionnaire de la France_. The regional and local monographs will be given here with each school of Gothic and each cathedral as it is described.

[18] André Michel (Publiée sous la direction de), _Histoire de l'art depuis les premiers temps chrétiens_ (Paris, A. Colin, 1906), 10 vols.

[19] Émile Mâle, _L'art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France_ (Paris, Colin, 1908), 4to; _ibid., L'art religieux de la fin du moyen âge en France_ (Paris, Colin, 1910), 4to.

[20] "Il en est parmi nous qui préfèrent la victoire de leur parti à la victoire de la patrie. Écrire l'histoire de France était une façon de travailler pour un parti et de combattre un adversaire. Pour beaucoup de Français être patriote, c'est être ennemi de l'ancienne France. Cette sorte de patriotisme au lieu de nous unier contre l'étranger nous pousse tout droit à la guerre civile."--FUSTEL DE COULANGES.

[21] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, p. 39, on Bury (Oise), and p. 43, on Cambronne (Oise).

[22] Arthur Kingsley Porter, _The Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults_ (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1911).

[23] In each vault section of the ambulatory of St. Maclou, Pontoise, was inserted a fifth rib, which sprang from the keystone to the middle of each apse chapel's rear wall, and which consolidated both chapel and procession path. The diagonals do not curve, as do those of Morienval. St. Maclou was entirely finished in the XII century, but it was reconstructed radically in the XV century: the present façade is 1450-70. Again in the XVI century the church was partly rebuilt, so that the double-aisled nave of to-day appears a beautiful example of Renaissance art. It was at Pontoise that St. Louis, in 1244, took the vow to go crusading. (See, Lefèvre-Pontalis, _Monographie de l'église St. Maclou de Pontoise_.)

[24] Arthur Kingsley Porter, _Medieval Architecture_ (New York and London, 1909). In vol. 2, pp. 193-251, is a full list of monuments of the transition.

[25] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, p. 154, on Morienval; _ibid._, 1908, vol. 2, pp. 128, 476, on Morienval, E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, Brutails, and John Bilson; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _L'architecture religieuse dans l'ancien diocèse de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe siècle_ (Paris, Plon, 1894-97), 2 vols., folio. Also, his discussion on the vaults of Morienval in _Bulletin Monumental_, vol. 71, pp. 160, 335; 1908, vol. 72, p. 477; and in _Correspondance historique et archéologique_, 1897, pp. 193, 197; Anthyme Saint-Paul, "La transition," in _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1895, p. 13. Also, his studies of Morienval in _Mémoires de la Soc. archéol. de Pontoise_ ..., 1894, vol. 16; _Mémoires du Comité archéol. de Senlis_, 1892, vol. 7; _Correspondance historique et archéologique_, 1897, pp. 129, 161; John Bilson, on Morienval, in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1908, vol. 72, p. 498; and _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905; L. Régnier, in _Mémoires de la Soc. archéol. de Pontoise_ ..., 1895, p. 124.

[26] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, "St. Étienne, at Beauvais," pp. 15, 530; Viollet-le-Duc, _Dictionnaire_, vol. 3, pp. 254, 263; vol. 4, p. 289; vol. 7, p. 133; Stanislas de Saint-Germain, _Notice historique et descriptive de l'église St. Étienne de Beauvais_; Victor Lhuillier, _St. Étienne de Beauvais_; P. C. Barraud, "Les vitraux de St. Étienne de Beauvais," in _Soc. Académique d'archéologie, department de l'Oise_, vol. 2, p. 507; _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, p. 81, "St. Germer," L. Régnier; and p. 406, "St. Germer," A. Besnard; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, "L'église de St. Germer," in _l'Annuaire Normand_, 1903, p. 134; and _Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes_, 1885 and 1889; also _Bulletin Monumental_, 1886; A. Besnard, _L'église de St. Germer de Fly_ (Oise), (Paris, E. Lechavalier, 1913); Paul des Forts, "Une excursion en Beauvaisis," in _Bulletin de la Société d'émulation d'Abbeville_, 1903; Eugène Woillez, _Archéologie des monuments religieux de l'ancien Beauvoisis_.

[27] Maurice Barrès, _La grande pitié des églises de France_ (Paris, Émile-Paul, frères, 1914).

[28] Anthyme Saint-Paul, "Poissy et Morienval," in _Mémoires de la Société archéol. de Pontoise et du Vexin_, 1894, vol. 16; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _L'Architecture religieuse dans l'ancien diocèse de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe siècle_ (Paris, Plon, 1894), 2 vols., folio; F. de Verneilh, _Le premier des monuments gothic_ (Paris, 1864).

[29] Some naïve XVI-century lines are under the window of St. Louis' chapel:

"Saint Louis fut un enfant de Poissy,
Et baptisé en la présente église;
Les fonts en sont gardés encore ici,
Et honorés comme rélique exquise."

[30] "King John," Act II.

[31] Vitry et Brière, _L'église abbatiale de St. Denis et ses tombeaux_ (Paris, Longuet, 1908); _ibid., Documents de sculpture française_ (Paris, 1913); Anthyme Saint-Paul. "Suger. L'église de St. Denis, et St. Bernard," _Mémoire lu à la_ Sorbonne, inséré au _Bulletin archéologique_, et tiré à part, 1890; F. de Verneilh, _Le premier des monuments gothiques_ (Paris, 1864); Abbé Crosnier, "Vitrail de l'abbaye de St. Denis expliqué," in _Revue archéologique_, 1847, vol. 7, p. 377; Félicie d'Ayzac, _Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint Denis-en-France_ (Paris, 1861), 2 vols.; Ferdinand de Lasteyrie, _Histoire de la peinture sur verre_ (Paris, Didot, 1852), 2 vols.; Bushnell, _Storied Windows_ (New York, Macmillan, 1914); Émile Mâle, _L'art religieux de la fin du moyen âge en France_ (Paris, A. Colin, 1910); _ibid._, "La part de Suger dans la création de l'iconographie," in _Revue de l'art ancien et moderne_, 1914; L. Levillain, "L'église carolingienne de St. Denis," in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1907, vol. 71, p. 211; L. Levillain et L. Maitre, "Crypt de St. Denis," in _Congrès Archéologique_, 1903, p. 136; Suger, _OEuvres complètes_, éd. Lecoy de la Marche (Paris, Renouard, 1867); _Histoire littéraire de la France_. (Begun by the XVII-century Benedictines and continued by the Institute of France.) Vol. 12, p. 361, on Suger, published in 1764.

[32] Marius Sepet, _Le Drapeau de la France_.

[33] Henri Stein, _Les architectes des cathédrales gothiques_ (Paris, H. Laurens, 1908); ibid., "Pierre de Montereau," in _Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de France_, 1900, vol. 61.

[34] A. de Montaiglon, "La famille des Juste en France," in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1876, vol. 42, pp. 76, 768. Details of the tombs of St. Denis are to be found in Palustre, _La Renaissance en France_ (1888); Gonse, _La Sculpture française depuis le XIVe siècle_ (1895); Vitry, _Michel Colombe et la sculpture française_ (1901); and in writings by A. Saint-Paul and Louis Courajod.

[35] R. de Lasteyrie, "La déviation de l'axe des églises est-elle symbolique?" in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1905, vol. 69, p. 422, also published separately; A. Saint-Paul, "Les irrégularités de plan des églises," in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1906, vol. 70, p. 129; John Bilson, "Deviation of Axis in Medieval Churches," in _Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects_, December 25, 1905; W. H. Goodyear, "Architectural Refinements in French Cathedrals," in _Architectural Record_, vols. 16, 17, 1904-05, and _Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects_, 3d series, 1907, vol. 15, p. 17.

[36] During three days in August, 1793, and again in October of the same year, the tombs at St. Denis were violated. Robespierre stood long studying the chivalrous head of Henry IV, then plucked some hairs from the king's white beard and put them in his portfolio; Henry IV had abjured Calvinism in this very church of St. Denis in 1593. The corpse of Louis XIV presented an air of serene majesty. When the coffin of Louis XV was opened the air was infected insupportably. On that same day in October, 1793, Marie Antoinette mounted the scaffold. Her remains and those of Louis XVI are to-day laid in the inner core of St. Denis' crypt.

[37] E. O'Reilly, _Les deux procès de condamnation_ ... _de Jeanne d'Arc_, vol. 2, p. 134, the eighth interrogation, March 17, 1431 (Paris, Plon, 1868), 2 vols.

[38] Charles Péguy, _OEuvres de_, "La tapisserie de Sainte-Geneviève et de Jeanne d'Arc," vol. 6 (Paris, édition de la Nouvelle Revue française, 1916-18).

[39] The following is a free rendering of Péguy's verses:

Since God but acts for pity of us here,
So Geneviève must see her France in shreds,
And Paris, her own godchild, swept by flames,
And ravaged by the most sinister hordes.

And hearts devoured by blackest base discords,
And even in their graves the dead pursued,
On gibbets many an innocent hung high
With tongue protruding, pecked by raven birds.

France all despair. Then saw she come the Sign,
A greater marvel never God had willed
In His Serenity and Grace and Force,
After nine hundred-twenty vigil years
Geneviève saw approach her ancient city
Her of Lorraine, emblem of God's pure pity--
Jeanne the Maid!--

Guarding her heart intact in dire adversity,
Masking beneath her visor her efficacity,
Living in deep mystery with sweet sagacity,
Dying in drear martyrdom with brave vivacity
Sweeping all an army to the feet of Prayer.

[40] Paul Verlaine, _Choix de Poésies_ (Paris, Charpentier, 1912).

[41] "The privileged land where the Seine, the Oise, and the Marne approach their waters gave France its laws and political unity, its literary language with its incomparable clarity, and its Gothic art."--ERNEST LAVISSE, _Histoire de France_.

[42] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, p. 131, "Compiègne."

[43] The people of the Valois country cried "Noël!" as Jeanne passed. And as she rode between the great Dunois and the archbishop of Rheims she exclaimed, with emotion: "Here is a good people! Happy would I be, when I come to die, to be laid here to rest." "Know you when you will die, Jeanne?" said the archbishop. "I know not. I am in the hands of God," she made answer. "I would it pleased God, my creator, that I could go back now to serve under my father and my mother, and to keep their sheep with my brothers, who would be right glad to see me home."--From the testimony of the Comte de Dunois, in 1455, Jeanne's companion-in-arms in 1429.

[44] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, p. 170; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _Histoire de la cathédrale de Noyon_, (1901); Vitet et Ramée, _Monographie de l'église Notre Dame de Noyon_ (Paris, 1845), 2 vols., 4to and folio; _Brière, Précis descriptive et historique de la cathédrale de Noyon_ (1899); Camille Enlart, _Hôtels de Villes et beffrois du nord de la France_ (Paris, H. Laurens, 1919); Marcel Aubert, _Noyon et ses environs_ (Paris, Longuet, 1919).

[45] Noyon was made a bishopric in the VI century, when St. Médard translated the see from St. Quentin, before the advance of the Huns and the Vandals. St. Médard gave the veil to Queen Radegund in the Merovingian cathedral of Noyon. Two Carolingian cathedrals stood in succession on the site: in the first, Charlemagne was consecrated king, 768, Noyon being his residence before Aix-la-Chapelle; in the second church, which rose after a Norman sacking, Hugues Capet was elected king shortly before 1000--the first monarch of the House of Capet, which was to rule over France during seven hundred years. Since the Revolution the sees of Noyon, Senlis, and Laon have been suppressed.

[46] The abbey church of Ourscamp is a ruin, but with the choir and ambulatory of the end of the XIII century partly standing. Where once were the piers of the nave have been planted two rows of poplars. Like Longpont and Royaumont, it was a Cistercian church that paid no heed to St. Bernard's strictures on lavish architecture. The former infirmary of the monastery, now used as a factory, is one of the most graceful civic halls of the age (c. 1240); Peigné-Delacour, _Histoire de l'abbaye de Notre Dame d'Ourscamp_ (1876), in 4to; _Congrés Archéologique_, 1905, p. 165, on Ourscamp.

[47] Camille Enlart, _De l'influence germanique dans les premiers monuments gothiques de la France_, 1902.

[48] Marcel Aubert, _Monographie de la cathédrale de Senlis_ (1907). He has also described Senlis in the collection, _Petites monographies_ (1910); _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, p. 89, E. Lefèvre-Pontalis; _passim_, 1877, vol. 44, "L'architecture dans le Valois," Anthyme Saint-Paul; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _À travers le Beauvaisis et le Valois_ (1907); Émile Lambin, "La Cathédrale de Senlis," in _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1898, vol. 47; Abbé Eugène Müller, _Senlis et ses environs_ (1897); André Hallays, _En flanant à travers la France_. _Autour de Paris_ (Paris, 1910); G. Fleury, _Études sur les portails imagés du XII siècle_ (Mamers, Fleury et Dangin, 1904); _Histoire littéraire de la France_ (Paris, 1835), vol. 18, p. 33, "Guérin, évêque de Senlis."

[49] Emile Lambin, _La Flore des grandes cathédrales_ (Paris, 1897).

[50] Émile Mâle, _L'art religieux en France au XIIIe siècle_ (Paris, A. Colin, 1908).

[51] Jacobus de Voragine, _The Golden Legend_. Translated into English by Caxton and reprinted by William Morris, Kelmscott Press, 1872, 3 vols. Translated also in Temple Classics. One of the best recent French editions is that of Théodor de Wyzewa (Paris, Perrie et Cie, 1909).

[52] The Church of the Victory, consecrated by the warrior-bishop in 1225, was ruined during the Hundred Years' War by the Duke of Bedford's troops, who day after day were pricked on by Jeanne d'Arc's army to a battle. In Flamboyant Gothic times the abbatial was rebuilt, but again it was wrecked in the XVIII century. Only a few late-Gothic bays now stand on the lawn before the country house of the Comte Boula de Coulomier. Bishop Guérin also consecrated the church of Chaalis abbey, where he was buried in 1228. Chaalis is now a picturesque ruin.

[53] E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, "Les clochers du XIIIe et du XVIe siècle dans le Beauvaisis et la Valois," in _Congrès Archéologique_, 1905, p. 592.

[54] The corner stone of St. Frambourg was laid in 1177 by Louis VII. It is a sort of forerunner of the Sainte-Chapelle type of edifice, without aisles or transept. Its sober, pure lines show faultless constructive skill, and a grievous pity is its present abandonment. Behind the cathedral is the church of St. Pierre, built in six different epochs: the lower stories of the tower, XI century; the choir and transept, 1260; the piers of the nave and the north tower's top story, XV century; the rich façade, XVI century, a work of Pierre Chambiges; and the heavy, cold south tower, of the XVII century. In Senlis are St. Vincent's church with a choir built after 1136, a XII-century tower, contemporary of the cathedral, and a groin roof of the XVIII century. St. Aignan's belfry is of the end of the XI century, and served as model for the towers of St. Vincent and St. Pierre, just as all three of them contributed toward the inspiration of that sovereign thing of Senlis, the cathedral tower.

[55] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1907, p. 205, Charles Porée; E. Chartraire, _La cathédrale de Sens_ (Petites Monographies), (Paris, H. Laurens, 1920); E. Bérard, "La cathédrale de Sens," in _L'Architecture_, 1902; E. Vaudin-Bataille, _La cathédrale de Sens_ (Paris, 1899); Bouvier, _Histoire de l'église de l'ancien archdiocèse de Sens_ (Paris, 1906); A. de Montaiglon, _Antiquités de Sens_ (Paris, 1881); A. J. de H. Bushnell, _Storied Windows_ (New York, Macmillan, 1914); A. F. Didot, "Jean Cousin, peintre verrier," in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1873, vol. 39, p. 75; Marius Vachon, _Une famille parisienne d'architectes maistre-maçons: les Chambiges_; Crosnier, in _Congrès Archéologique_, 1847, "Iconographie des portails de Sens"; Viollet-le-Duc, _Dictionnaire_, vol. 9, pp. 222, 506; vol. 8, p. 74 (on the synodal hall); _Histoire littéraire de la France_, vol. 15, p. 324, "Michel de Corbeil, archévêque de Sens"; p. 524, "Guillaume de Champagne, cardinal, archevêque de Rheims" (Paris, 1820); vol. 17, p. 223, "Pierre de Corbeil" (Paris, 1832); vol. 18, p. 270, "Gautier de Cornut, archévêque de Sens" (Paris, 1835).

[56] Ralph Adams Cram, _Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh_ (Boston, Marshall Jones Company, 1919).

[57] At St.-Julien-du-Sault, fourteen miles from Sens, are over a dozen good XIII-century windows, and some four of the XVI century. St. Louis was a donor. In the window devoted to Ste. Geneviève are interesting XVI-century costumes.

[58] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1911, Lucien Broche, p. 158, the cathedral; p. 225, St. Martin's church; p. 239, the Templar's church; Chanoine A. Bouxin, _La cathédrale Notre Dame de Laon. Histoire et description_ (Laon, 1902); Jules Quicherat, "L'âge de la cathédrale de Laon" in _Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes_, 1874, vol. 35, p. 249; Lucien Broche, _Laon et ses environs_ (Caen, 1913); _ibid._, "L'évêche de Laon," in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1902, vol. 66; De Florival et Midoux, _Les vitraux de la cathédrale de Laon_ (Paris, Didron, 1882), folio; E. Fleury, _Antiquités et monuments du département de l'Aisne_, (1879), vol. 3, p. 153; Émile Lambin, _Les églises de l'Ile-de-France_ (Paris, 1906). His description of Laon is also in the _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1901-02, vols. 14, 15; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, "Les influences normandes au XIe et au XIIe siècle dans le nord de la France," in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1906, vol. 70; _Histoire littéraire de la France_, vol. 10, p. 171, "Anselm de Laon" (Paris, 1756); vol. 11, p. 243, "St. Norbert" (Paris, 1759); vol. 13, p. 511, "Gautier de Mortagne, évêque de Laon" (Paris 1814); H. Havard, éd _La France artistique et monumentale_, vol. 4, p. 81, Mgr. Dehaisnes, on Laon.

[59] For Coucy-le-Château (between Soissons and Laon) see M. Lefèvre-Pontalis' study (1909) in the _Petites Monographies_ series; or the _Congrès Archéologique_, 1911, p. 239. The XIII-century donjon was the most massive conception of the Middle Ages. Coucy's lord ruled a hundred towns and was one of the big figures in feudal France. His proud device read: "_Roi ne suis, ne prince, ne duc, ne comte aussi--Je suis le sire de Coucy_." The superb pile has been demolished in the World War. Madame Yvonne Sarcey visited Coucy in April, 1917. Of the imposing mediæval castle, hanging like a bourg to the flank of the hill, there remain two gaping porticos. "_C'est tout!... C'est tout!_" she lamented. "_Ce paysage adorable de l'Ile-de-France portera sa croix._" The Germans blew up the castle before their strategic retirement, in 1917.

[60] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1911, E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, p. 315, the cathedral; p. 337, St. Médard; p. 343, St. Léger; p. 348, St. Jean-des-Vignes; Étienne Moreau-Nélaton, "Soissons avant la guerre," in _Les cités ravagées_ (Collection, Images historiques), (Paris, H. Laurens, 1919); _ibid., Les églises de chez nous: Soissons_ (Paris, H. Laurens); Abbé Poquet, _Notice historique et archéologique de la cathédrale de Soissons_ (Soissons, 1848); Émile Lambin, "La cathédrale de Soissons" in _Revue de l'art chrétien_, 1898, vol. 47; Émile Mâle, _L'art allemand et l'art français du moyen âge_ (Paris, 1917); Bouet, "Excursion à Noyon, à Laon et à Soissons," in _Bulletin Monumental_, 1868, vol. 34, p. 430; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _L'architecture religieuse dans l'ancien diocèse de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe, siècle_ (Paris, Plon, 1894-98), 2 vols., folio.

[61] _Congrès Archéologique_, 1911, p. 410, Longpont abbatial; Abbé Poquet, _Monographie de l'abbaye de Longpont_ (1869). Longpont, where the bishops of Soissons were buried, was founded by Gerard de Chérisy, who had married Lady Agnes of Longpont. St. Bernard sent twelve Cistercian monks to start the new house in 1131. The splendid Gothic church, which departed from Cîteaux's rule of church simplicity, was consecrated in 1227 before the queen regent and Louis IX, by the bishop of Soissons, Jacques de Bazoches, who had just anointed Louis as king, at Rheims. Longpont was sacked by the Huguenots in 1567, and wrecked by the Revolution. The picturesque ruins were acquired by the de Montesquieu family in 1850.

[62] The monastery church of St. Jean-des-Vignes was in size a cathedral, and the maker of the great façade at Rheims, Bernard de Soissons, is said to have designed it. The cloisters, once the most sumptuous in the kingdom, were begun by an abbot who died in 1224, after he had built an aqueduct for the city which still is in use. St. Jean's big west rose had been, since 1870, an empty circle. Little more than its façade and western towers stood before 1914. Sacked by the Revolution, its real demolition was under the Empire, when to repair the cathedral the deserted monastery was sold for a paltry sum, and stone by stone removed. The congregation of good men in this abbey did parish work for many centuries. In such good repute with the citizens were they that, when the Revolution suppressed the house, Soissons' municipality protested, saying that the abbey had "always claimed with zeal its share of public duties." Taine in his _L'Ancien Régime_ quotes the protest: "In calamities this abbey opens its doors to the destitute citizens and feeds them. It alone has borne the expense of the citizens' meetings, preparatory to the election of deputies for the National Assembly. It now is lodging a company of soldiers. Always when there are sacrifices to be made it is on hand." However, the revolutionary authorities paid no heed to the citizens' desire to retain their historic house.

[63] For the churches of Notre Dame and St. Martins, at Étampes, see _Bulletin Monumental_, 1905, vol. 69, and _Annales de la Société hist. et archéol. du gatinais_, 1907, Lefèvre-Pontalis; also the _Congrès Archéologique_, 1901, p. 71. Notre Dame was begun about 1160. Its strongly Romanesque south portal is of the same type as Chartres' western doors. The crypt and piers of the nave are XI century, and the transept and choir were rebuilt about 1170 as early Gothic. The Romanesque tower is one of the best of its epoch; its base is approximately 1050; the next two stories about 1075; the fourth story, 1125; and the spire, 1130. The church is full of irregularities from rebuildings. St. Martin's church is XII and XIII century; its much discussed ambulatory of the Champagne type is about 1165. The number of supports for the vault was doubled in the outer wall, thus making the space to be covered a series of square compartments alternating with triangles.

[64] Auguste Rodin, _Les cathédrales de France_ (Paris, A. Colin, 1914), 4to.