Chapter VII: Front Matter (7)

THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF FEELINGS

BY JOHN A. H. KEITH

The object of this investigation was to ascertain the mutual influence of simultaneous stimuli that appealed to different senses with regard to the _intensity_ of their feeling values. The investigation covers combinations: (1) of colors and active touches, (2) of colors and passive touches, (3) of tones and active touches, (4) of tones and passive touches, (5) of colors and tones.

The basis of appreciation was a numerical scale[83] as follows:

1. Very disagreeable.
2. Disagreeable.
3. Slightly disagreeable.
4. Indifferent.
5. Slightly agreeable.
6. Agreeable.
7. Very agreeable.

The color series began with the one hundred thirty-six colors as put out by the Milton Bradley Co. This series consists of ninety pure spectrum colors, ten whites, blacks, and grays, and thirty-six broken spectrum colors. The colors were exposed at the back of a semicircular black-lined box for about two seconds. The subject was seated at a convenient distance, about three and a half feet, from the colors. In order to have a constant light, all experiments were conducted in a dark room with an electric light suspended over the subject's head. The whole series was used for ten times in order to get the range of judgments. Then twenty-eight colors, covering as fully as possible the range from 1 to 7, were selected for further experiment in combination.

At the same time a series of thirty-six touches, from velvet to sandpaper, was being employed as the colors were. From this number fourteen were finally selected.

Similarly, by using a reed box, with reeds ranging from 128 to 1024 vibrations per second and separated from each other by four vibrations, from a much larger series twenty-seven tone-combinations were finally selected.

Moreover, from time to time, each selected series was given alone; and on the basis of these readings, averaging from thirty to forty, the "standard" for each stimulus was made. Tables I to III give a brief description of the stimuli and also the "standards" for each of two subjects, F. and M.

TABLE I. COLORS

_No. of_ _Description._ _Standard_ _Standard_
_Color._ _for F._ _for M._

1 Violet Red. Tint no. 1 5.90 4.00
2 Red. Tint no. 1 6.00 6.00
3 Red 6.00 5.40
4 Orange Red 5.60 6.20
5 Red Orange 4.20 5.20
6 Yellow Orange. Tint no. 1 3.10 4.50
7 Yellow. Tint no. 1 2.30 5.20
8 Yellow. Shade no. 2 2.00 4.00
9 Green Yellow 2.80 5.60
10 Yellow Green 4.45 6.20
11 Green. Shade no. 1 5.70 4.40
12 Blue Green. Tint no. 1 3.40 6.00
13 Green Blue 5.00 3.50
14 Blue. Shade no. 1 5.40 2.10
15 Blue Violet 5.10 5.00
16 Violet. Tint no. 2 4.20 5.30
17 Violet. Shade no. 2 5.50 3.50
18 Red Violet 5.65 3.70
19 Black 4.00 4.00
20 Green Gray. no. 1 2.20 4.20
21 Green Gray. no. 2 2.00 4.00
22 A-Red. Light 3.70 3.70
23 A-Red. Dark 2.10 2.70
24 A-Orange. Dark 2.00 3.00
25 A-Yellow Orange. Light 3.10 4.30
26 A-Green Yellow. Dark 2.50 4.00
27 A-Blue Green. Medium 2.40 4.30
28 A-Violet. Medium 4.10 4.50

Totals 110.40 124.50
Average 3.94 4.44

In connection with this table it may be noted that the subjects agree regarding 2, 19, and 22, red tint no. 1, black, and A-red light; that M. estimates the colors higher than F. in seventeen cases; and that F. estimates 1, 3, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, higher than M. does. These individual differences are probably explicable on grounds of association; they are not, however, connected with the problem under consideration here, for we are concerned with the effect of combinations with other stimuli.

TABLE II. TOUCHES

The various articles were fastened to small pieces of wood and placed in small cardboard boxes. In active touch, the subjects were allowed to stroke the object gently twice, always with a contracting movement of the forefinger of the right hand. In passive touch, the operator stroked the subject's forefinger with the object, twice as before. The table explains itself.

_Standards._
_No. of_ _Active._ _Passive._
_Touch._ _Description._ _F._ _M._ _F._ _M._

1 Thick napped velvet 6.90 6.60 7.00 7.00
2 Thin stretched rubber, such as is
used on tambours 5.70 5.40 6.00 6.00
3 Glazed thin cardboard 5.80 5.50 5.50 6.00
4 White silk ribbon--always stroked
with the ribs 5.80 5.70 5.40 5.00
5 Soft, split, rough leather 5.50 5.50 5.00 6.00
6 Smooth polished cork 5.70 5.10 5.40 6.00
7 Glazed tin 5.00 4.50 6.00 6.00
8 Rough, tarred paper 4.30 4.60 4.00 5.00
9 Blue blotting paper 4.50 5.10 4.20 5.00
10 Sand paper no. 1, fine grained 2.20 3.50 2.00 4.00
11 Shot no. 3, set in paraffine 2.70 4.90 3.00 3.50
12 Sandpaper no. 2-1/2, coarse-grained 1.40 2.00 1.50 3.00
13 A coarse, rough, ridged cotton cloth,
always stroked across the ridges 4.00 2.40 4.70 3.50
14 A thin, closely woven white muslin 4.20 4.60 4.20 5.00

Totals 63.70 65.40 63.90 71.00
Average 4.55 4.67 4.56 5.14

TABLE III. TONES

The table of tone-combinations shows that some are simply repetitions of the same chord in a higher octave, as 1 and 9, 5 and 13, 15 and 14. The first sixteen are harmonious; so also the twenty-sixth; the others introduce beats and discords, some of which are agreeable, as 20 and 21, while others are disagreeable, as 19 and 27. Individual differences appear in this as in the previous series. The totals introduced into the tables simply go to show that in each series the total judgments are not widely diverse.

_No of_ _Standards._
_Tones._ _Description._ _F._ _M._

1 256, 320 4.25 3.25
2 256, 384 4.25 3.00
3 256, 320, 384 5.60 3.00
4 320, 384 4.30 3.50
5 256, 512 4.65 5.50
6 320, 512 4.10 5.00
7 384, 512 4.90 5.00
8 512, 640 5.40 5.30
9 512, 768 5.50 5.80
10 640, 768 4.40 5.00
11 640, 1024 4.25 3.40
12 768, 1024 4.80 5.50
13 512, 1024 5.60 5.80
14 512, 640, 768, 1024 6.30 5.90
15 256, 320, 384, 512 6.50 4.00
16 320, 512, 768 5.00 4.70
17 136, 144 2.00 2.50
18 156, 160 3.80 4.00
19 136, 140 2.70 3.50
20 440, 444 6.81 6.00
21 504, 508 6.70 6.40
22 148, 152, 156 1.70 2.50
23 172, 296, 452 3.00 2.50
24 180, 480, 768 3.40 2.50
25 232, 328, 492 3.20 2.50
26 256, 512, 768 5.00 5.50
27 256, 240, 384 2.00 1.70

Totals 120.11 113.25
Average 4.45 4.19

The following tables deal with the combined series.

Table IV shows that the appreciation of the colors was, in general, lowered slightly by the combinations with the tones; and, also, that the appreciation of the tones was lowered more than one point by the combinations with the colors. By referring to Tables I and III, M.'s average for the colors is 4.44 and for the tones 4.20.

TABLE IV. COLOR-TONE RESULTS. M.

_No. of times color was_ _Total No. of points_
_No. of_ _Not_ _color was_ _Net result_
_Color_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _Affected_ _Raised_+ _Lowered_- + -
1 3 15 9 3 15 12
2 0 22 5 0 23 23
3 0 27 0 0 32.2 32.2
4 0 27 0 0 20.4 20.4
5 0 27 0 0 8.2 8.2
6 23 4 0 12.5 2 10.5
7 14 13 0 11.2 2.6 8.6
8 6 5 16 6 5 1
9 16 11 0 6.4 6.6 .2
10 1 26 0 .8 20.2 19.4
11 0 27 0 0 36.8 36.8
12 0 23 4 0 23 23
13 2 25 0 1 18.5 17.5
14 9 18 0 8.1 9 .9
15 1 12 15 1 14 13
16 1 26 0 .7 16.8 16.1
17 7 20 0 6.5 12 5.5
18 13 14 0 4.9 10.8 5.9
19 0 0 27 0 0
20 1 26 0 .8 9.2 8.4
21 0 6 21 0 6 6
22 7 20 0 3.1 16 12.9
23 21 6 0 9.3 4.2 5.1
24 12 2 13 17 3 14
25 8 19 0 5 7.7 2.7
26 1 4 22 1 4 3
27 16 11 0 12 3.3 8.7
28 13 14 0 6 10 4

Totals 175 450 132 47.9 271.1

Grand Total (28 × 27) 756. Net lowered 223.2

Average lowering of each color judgment, 223.2/756 = .295
% of judgments of color lowered, 450/756 = 59+
% of judgments of color raised, 175/756 = 23+
% of judgments of color not affected, 132/756 = 17+

_No. of times tone was_ _Total No. of points_
_No. of_ _Not_ _tone was_ _Net result_
_Tone_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _Affected_ _Raised_+ _Lowered_- + -
1 0 28 0 0 29 29
2 4 9 15 4 9 5
3 2 22 4 2 28 26
4 7 21 0 4.5 17.5 13
5 0 28 0 0 32 32
6 0 24 4 0 35 35
7 0 22 6 0 32 32
8 4 24 0 2.8 11.2 8.4
9 3 25 0 .6 37 36.4
10 0 17 11 0 25 25
11 15 13 0 16 7.2 8.8
12 6 22 0 3 20 17
13 10 18 0 2 22.4 20.4
14 3 25 0 .3 37.5 37.2
15 0 27 1 0 55 55
16 4 24 0 1.2 38.8 37.6
17 2 26 0 1 22 21
18 0 27 1 0 66 66
19 0 28 0 0 56 56
20 1 19 8 1 23 22
21 6 22 0 3.6 13.8 10.2
22 0 28 0 0 37 37
23 1 27 0 .5 33.5 33
24 10 18 0 5 13 8
25 7 21 0 3.5 24.5 21
26 5 23 0 2.5 50.5 48
27 1 27 0 .3 18.9 18.6

Totals 91 615 50 8.8 749.8

Grand Total (27 × 28), 756. Net lowered 741

Average lowering of each tone judgment, .98+
% of judgments of tones lowered, 615/756 = 81+
% of judgments of tones raised, 91/756 = 12+
% of judgments of tones not affected, 50/756 = 6+

TABLE V. COLOR-TONE RESULTS. F.

_No. of times color was_ _No. of points color was_ _Net result_
_No. of_ _Not_
_Color_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _Affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 9 18 0 10 19.2 9.2
2 0 24 3 0 38 38
3 0 26 1 0 31 31
4 1 26 0 0.4 33.6 33.2
5 9 18 0 7.2 16.6 9.4
6 3 24 0 3.7 12.4 8.7
7 13 14 0 9.1 4.2 4.9
8 9 4 13 9 4 5
9 21 6 0 12.4 5.8 6.6
10 18 9 0 15.90 12 3.9
11 19 8 0 10.7 5.6 5.1
12 9 18 0 7.4 13.2 5.8
13 5 7 15 6 7 1
14 7 20 0 6.2 4 2.2
15 5 22 0 6.5 5.1 1.4
16 1 26 0 .8 17.2 16.4
17 2 25 0 1 13.5 12.5
18 3 24 0 1.35 18.6 17.25
19 0 3 24 0 3 3
20 18 9 0 14.4 2.8 11.6
21 9 0 18 9 0 9
22 5 22 0 4.5 26.2 21.7
23 2 25 0 1.8 5.5 3.7
24 5 7 15 6 7 1
25 1 26 0 .9 28.4 27.5
26 16 11 0 8 5.5 2.5
27 19 8 0 14.4 3.2 11.2
28 7 20 0 6.3 4 2.3

Totals 215 451 90 54.1 250.95
Grand Total 756 Net lowered 196.85

Average lowering of each color judgment, .26+
% of judgments of color lowered, 451/756 = 59.6+
% of judgments of color raised, 215/756 = 28+
% of judgments of color not affected, 90/756 = 11.9+

_No. of times tone was_ _No. of points tone was_ _Net result_
_No. of_ Not
_Tone_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _Affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_- + -
1 6 22 0 3 20.5 17.5
2 2 26 0 1.5 22.5 21
3 2 26 0 .8 24.6 23.8
4 2 26 0 1.4 16.8 15.4
5 4 24 0 1.4 27.6 26.2
6 3 25 0 6.7 26.5 19.8
7 4 24 0 1.4 40.6 39.2
8 1 27 0 .6 32.8 32.2
9 1 27 0 .5 34.5 34
10 8 20 0 5.8 25 19.2
11 3 25 0 2.25 33.25 31
12 4 24 0 .8 38.2 37.4
13 2 26 0 .8 23.6 22.8
14 2 26 0 1.4 25.8 24.4
15 1 27 0 .5 32.5 32
16 0 21 7 0 40 40
17 4 10 14 4 10 6
18 18 10 0 22.6 14 8.6
19 17 11 0 22.1 13.7 8.4
20 6 22 0 4.8 22.6 17.8
21 10 18 0 3 17.6 14.6
22 18 10 0 10.4 7 3.4
23 1 20 7 2 21 19
24 0 28 0 0 20.4 20.4
25 3 25 0 2.4 21 18.6
26 0 22 6 0 39 39
27 1 11 16 1 11 10

Totals 123 583 50 20.4 581.3
Grand Total 756 Net lowered, 560.9

Average lowering of each tone judgment, .742+
% of judgments of tones lowered, 583/756 = 77+
% of judgments of tones raised, 123/756 = 16+
% of judgments of tones not affected, 50/756 = 6+

Table VI. Tone-Active Touch Results. M.

_No. of times tone was_ _No. of points tone was_ _Net result_
_No. of_ _Not_
_Tone_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 14 0 0 31.5 0 31.5
2 14 0 0 29 0 29
3 14 0 0 30 0 30
4 14 0 0 32 0 32
5 9 5 0 9.5 4.5 5
6 14 0 0 25 0 25
7 14 0 0 22 0 22
8 14 0 0 22.8 0 22.8
9 14 0 0 16.8 0 16.8
10 14 0 0 25 0 25
11 14 0 0 46.8 0 46.8
12 14 0 0 21 0 21
13 14 0 0 13.8 0 13.8
14 13 1 0 13.4 .9 12.5
15 13 0 1 23 0 23
16 14 0 0 24.2 0 24.2
17 14 0 0 25 0 25
18 13 0 1 28 0 28
19 14 0 0 30 0 30
20 13 1 0 13 0 13
21 13 1 0 7.8 0 7.8
22 14 0 0 24 0 24
23 14 0 0 21 0 21
24 14 0 0 42 0 42
25 14 0 0 38 0 38
26 12 2 0 11 2 9
27 13 1 0 22.9 .6 22.3

Totals, 365 11 2 640.5
Grand Total, 378. Net raised, 640.5

Average raising of each tone judgment, 1.69+
% of judgments of tones lowered, 11/378 = .2+
% of judgments of tones raised, 365/378 = 97+
% of judgments of tones not affected, 2/378 = .5+

_No. of times touch was_ _No. of points touch_
_No. of_ _Not_ _was_ _Net result_
_Touch_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 27 0 0 10.8 0 10.8
2 6 21 0 3.6 12.4 8.8
3 10 17 0 5.8 8.5 3.5
4 6 21 0 2.8 16.7 13.9
5 14 13 0 8 6.5 1.5
6 8 19 0 7.2 6.9 .3
7 16 11 0 11 6.5 4.5
8 22 5 0 13.8 3 10.8
9 7 20 0 6.3 5 1.3
10 26 1 0 23 .5 22.5
11 21 6 0 2.1 5.4 3.3
12 26 0 1 38 0 38
13 27 0 0 48.4 0 48.4
14 23 4 0 14.2 2.4 11.8

Totals 239 138 1 149.9 29.5
Grand Total, 378 Net raised, 120.4

Average raising of each active touch judgment, .31+
% of judgments of active touch lowered, 138/378 = 36+
% of judgments of active touch raised, 239/378 = 63+
% of judgments of active touch not affected, /378 = .2+

Under combination influences, the average is reduced to 4.14+ for colors, and 3.12 for tones.

The next Table, V, shows the color-tone results for F. as Table IV showed them for M. F.'s average for colors (Table I) alone was 4.35, and was reduced in combination with tones by .26, or to 4.19. So, also, F.'s average for tones alone (Table III), 4.33, was reduced by .74+ to 3.59. The averages in both cases show the same general tendency to a lowering of the appreciation in both series when the series are combined, but the tones are lowered more than the colors.

Table VI shows the effect of combining tones and active touches as reported by M.

The effect of this combination is clear and unmistakeable. The appreciation of the tones is raised 1.71+ points; and of the active touches, .31+ points. This result is the opposite of that shown in Table IV, where colors and tones were combined. There is this agreement, however, that the appreciation of the tones is changed more than that of the other stimuli. Relatively, the appreciation of the touches changes least.

Table VII shows the effects on F. of combining tones and active touches. The same general tendencies appear as in the case of M.; but the changes in appreciation are not so marked. This is not easy to explain, for F. estimated both the active touches and the tones higher when taken alone than did M.

Table VIII shows the effect on F. of combining tones and passive touches. The same general tendency to increased appreciation appears, but the tones are raised more and the touches raised less than in Table VII. This may be explained, perhaps, on the basis of increasing appreciation with increased participation.

Tables IX and X show the effect on M. and F., respectively, of combining colors and active touches. M. estimates both slightly higher, while F. estimates both slightly lower. This difference cannot be explained by the standards for each subject. From Tables I and III we get:

_Standards._

_Colors._ _Active Touches._

M. 4.44 4.24
F. 4.35 4.55

With M. the colors go up to 4.87
With F. the colors go down to 4.22
With M. the active touches go up to 4.41
With F. the active touches go down to 4.17

Table VII. Tone-Active Touch Results. F.

_No. of times tone was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No of points tone was_ _Net results_
_Tone_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_+ _Lowered_- + -
1 11 3 0 9.25 1.75 7.5
2 10 4 0 9.5 1 8.5
3 7 7 0 5.8 7.2 1.4
4 10 4 0 12 3.2 8.8
5 9 5 0 9.85 4.25 5.6
6 9 5 0 15.1 4.5 10.6
7 10 4 0 8 6.6 1.4
8 7 7 0 5.2 6.8 1.6
9 10 4 0 8 9 1
10 12 2 0 14.2 2.8 11.4
11 12 2 0 16 2.5 13.5
12 13 1 0 9.6 .8 8.8
13 13 1 0 12.2 .6 11.2
14 10 4 0 7 2.2 4.8
15 6 8 0 3 4 1
16 9 1 4 11 2 9
17 9 0 5 14 0 14
18 12 2 0 16.4 2.6 13.8
19 12 2 0 27.6 2.4 25.2
20 12 2 0 2.4 2.6 .2
21 14 0 0 4.2 0 4.2
22 14 0 0 17.2 0 17.2
23 4 5 5 6 5 1
24 0 14 0 0 9.6 9.6
25 7 5 2 5.6 6 .4
26 6 1 7 8 1 7
27 11 0 3 14 0 14

Totals, 259 93 26 197.5 15.2
Grand Total, 378 Net raised, 182.3

Averaging raising of each tone judgment, .48+
% of judgments of tones lowered, 93/378 = 24+
% of judgments of tones raised, 259/378 = 68+
% of judgments of tones not affected, 26/378 = 7-

_No of times touch was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points tone was_ _Net result_
_Touch_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_+ _Lowered_- + -
1 22 5 0 2.2 6.5 4.3
2 16 11 0 8.8 8.7 .1
3 20 7 0 7 5.6 1.4
4 19 8 0 5.8 11.4 5.6
5 18 9 0 14 7.5 6.5
6 16 11 0 6.8 9.7 2.9
7 13 5 9 13 5 8
8 13 14 0 13.1 12.2 .9
9 19 8 0 14.5 5 9.5
10 9 18 0 8.2 7.6 .6
11 22 5 0 8.6 3.5 5.1
12 15 12 0 15 4.8 10.2
13 22 1 4 35 1 34
14 20 7 0 26 1.4 24.6

Totals, 244 121 13 100.9 12.8
Grand Total, 378 Net raised, 88.1

Average raising of each active touch judgment, .23+
% of judgments of active touch lowered, 121/378 = 32+
% of judgments of active touch raised, 244/378 = 64+
% of judgments of active touch not affected, 13/378 = 3+

TABLE VIII. TONE-PASSIVE TOUCH RESULTS. F.

_No. of times tone was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points tone was_ _Net result_
Tone_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 13 1 0 17.75 .25 17.5
2 12 2 0 18 0 18
3 13 1 0 11.2 .6 10.6
4 14 0 0 14.8 0 14.8
5 11 3 0 6.65 1.95 4.7
6 9 5 0 12.1 1.50 10.6
7 13 1 0 6.3 .9 5.4
8 14 0 0 17.4 0 17.4
9 6 8 0 5 4 1
10 14 0 0 20.4 0 20.4
11 14 0 0 12.5 0 12.5
12 10 4 0 7 5.2 1.8
13 14 0 0 10.6 0 10.6
14 12 2 0 8.4 .6 7.8
15 8 6 0 4 3 1
16 1 2 11 1 2 1
17 4 0 10 4 0 4
18 5 9 0 7 8.2 1.2
19 9 5 0 2.7 4.5 1.8
20 13 1 0 2.6 .8 1.8
21 13 1 0 3.9 .7 3.2
22 13 1 0 8.9 .7 8.2
23 6 2 6 10 2 8
24 12 2 0 15.2 .8 14.4
25 11 3 0 15.8 .6 15.2
26 0 6 8 0 8 8
27 10 0 4 13 0 13

Totals, 274 65 39 221.9 12.0
Grand Total, 378 Net raised, 209.9

Average raising of each tone judgment, .55+
% of judgments of tones lowered, 65/378 = 17+
% of judgments of tones raised, 274/378 = 72+
% of judgments of tones not affected, 39/378 = 10+

_No. of times touch was_
_No. of _Not_ _No. of points touch was_ _Net result_
Touch_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 0 10 17 0 10 10
2 4 13 10 4 16 12
3 11 16 0 6.5 12 5.5
4 13 14 0 12.8 9.6 3.2
5 12 5 10 17 8 9
6 12 15 0 7.2 12 4.8
7 3 12 12 3 14 11
8 14 2 11 17 2 15
9 11 16 0 12.8 20.2 7.4
10 19 1 7 19 1 18
11 5 2 20 5 2 3
12 27 0 0 34.5 0 34.5
13 14 13 0 8.2 9.1 .9
14 17 10 0 25.6 2 23.6

Totals, 162 129 87 106.3 51.6
Grand Total, 378 Net raised, 54.7

Average raising of each passive touch judgment, .14+
% of judgments of passive touch lowered, 129/378 = 34
% of judgments of passive touch raised, 162/378 = 42
% of judgments of passive touch not affected, 87/378 = 23

TABLE IX. COLOR-ACTIVE TOUCH RESULTS. M.

_No. of times color was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points color was_ _Net result_
_Color_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -

1 5 1 8 5 1 4
2 0 7 7 0 7 7
3 3 11 0 1.8 4.4 2.6
4 3 11 0 2.4 4.2 1.8
5 3 11 0 2.4 2.2 .2
6 12 2 0 6 1 5
7 2 12 0 1.6 2.4 .8
8 12 0 2 12 0 12
9 13 1 0 14.2 .6 13.6
10 7 7 0 5.6 2.4 3.2
11 11 3 0 6.6 1.2 5.4
12 7 1 6 7 1 6
13 9 5 0 5.5 2.5 3
14 11 3 0 13.9 .3 13.6
15 11 0 3 12 0 12
16 10 4 0 8 1.2 6.8
17 12 2 0 16 1 15
18 14 0 0 24.8 0 24.8
19 0 0 14 0 0
20 9 5 0 7.2 1 6.2
21 1 0 13 1 0 1
22 14 0 0 5.2 0 5.2
23 14 0 0 10.2 0 10.2
24 8 0 6 14 0 14
25 9 5 0 6.3 1.5 4.8
26 4 1 9 4 1 3
27 11 3 0 4.3 .9 3.4
28 13 1 0 10.5 .5 10

Totals, 228 96 68 182.4 12.2
Grand Total, 392 Net raised, 170.2

Average raising of each color judgment, .43+
% of judgments of colors lowered, 96/392 = 24+
% of judgments of colors raised, 228/392 = 58+
% of judgments of colors not affected, 68/392 = 17+

_No. of times touch was_
_No. of _Not_ _No. of points touch was_ _Net Result_
Touch_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -

1 8 20 0 3.2 15 11.8
2 4 24 0 3.4 11.6 8.2
3 18 10 0 10 5 5
4 8 20 0 3.4 23 19.6
5 8 20 0 5 13 8
6 2 26 0 1.8 8.6 6.8
7 25 3 0 26.5 4.5 22
8 21 7 0 10.4 4.2 6.2
9 3 25 0 2.7 8.5 5.8
10 27 1 0 33.5 .5 33
11 23 5 0 3.3 4.5 1.2
12 22 0 6 41 0 41
13 26 2 0 42.6 .8 41.8
14 19 9 0 9.6 8.4 1.2

Totals 214 172 6 150.2 61.4
Grand Total, 392 raised, 88.8

Average raising of each active touch judgment, .22+
% of judgment of active touch, lowered, 172/392 = 43+
% of judgments of active touch raised, 214/392 = 54+
% of judgments of active touch not affected, 6/392 = 1.8+

TABLE X. COLOR-ACTIVE TOUCH RESULTS. F.

_No. of times color was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points color was_ _Net result_
_Color_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 13 1 0 8.3 .9 2.4
2 5 4 5 5 6 1
3 2 5 7 2 5 3
4 9 5 0 7.6 3 4.6
5 9 5 0 16.2 7 9.2
6 0 14 0 0 20.4 20.4
7 3 11 0 2.1 5.3 3.2
8 1 3 10 1 3 2.0
9 5 9 0 3 8.2 5.2
10 9 5 0 10.95 8.25 2.7
11 12 2 0 8.6 1.4 7.2
12 8 6 0 9.8 2.4 7.4
13 4 1 9 6 1 5
14 10 4 0 11 1.6 9.4
15 2 12 0 2.8 3.2 .4
16 2 12 0 1.6 7.4 5.8
17 8 6 0 5 4 1
18 11 3 0 9.85 3.95 5.9
19 0 0 14 0 0
20 1 13 0 .8 14.4 13.6
21 2 7 5 2 7 5
22 8 6 0 11.4 9.2 2.2
23 0 14 0 0 11.4 11.4
24 0 10 4 0 10 10
25 2 12 0 3.8 10.2 6.4
26 0 14 0 0 11 11
27 0 14 0 0 8.6 8.6
28 2 12 0 1.8 6.2 4.4

Totals, 129 209 54 57 111.4
Grand total, 392 Net lowered, 54.4

Averaging lowering of each color judgment, .13+
% of judgments of colors lowered, 209/392 = 53+
% of judgments of colors raised, 129/392 = 32+
% of judgments of colors not affected, 54/392 = 13+

_No. of times touch was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points touch was_ _Net result_
_Touch_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 11 17 0 1.1 28.3 27.2
2 14 14 0 11.2 13.8 2.6
3 19 9 0 9.8 7.2 2.6
4 11 17 0 2.2 25.6 23.4
5 13 15 0 12.5 16.5 4
6 12 16 0 4.6 12.2 7.6
7 15 0 13 23 0 23
8 2 26 0 .6 26.8 26.2
9 6 22 0 4 25 21
10 0 28 0 0 17.6 17.6
11 19 9 0 6.7 6.3 .4
12 3 25 0 3.8 10 6.2
13 2 26 0 2 32 30
14 8 20 0 6.4 19 12.6

Totals, 135 244 13 26.0 178.4
Grand Total, 392 Net lowered, 152.4

Average lowering of each active touch, .38+
% of judgments of active touch lowered, 244/392 = 62+
% of judgments of active touch raised, 135/392 = 34+
% of judgments of active touch not affected, 13/392 = 3+

TABLE XI. COLOR-PASSIVE TOUCH RESULTS. M.

_No. of times color was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points color was_ _Net Result_
_Color_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 9 1 4 10 1 9
2 7 2 5 7 2 5
3 7 7 0 4.2 2.8 1.4
4 6 8 0 4.8 1.6 3.2
5 9 5 0 11.2 1 10.2
6 14 0 0 21 0 21
7 13 1 0 14.4 .2 14.2
8 11 0 3 14 0 14
9 14 0 0 18.6 0 18.6
10 7 7 0 5.6 1.4 4.2
11 10 4 0 7 2.6 4.4
12 3 3 8 3 3
13 13 1 0 12.5 .5 12
14 14 0 0 25.6 25.6
15 2 0 12 2 0 2
16 10 4 0 11 1.2 9.8
17 13 1 0 16.5 .5 16
18 13 1 0 13.9 .7 13.2
19 0 0 14 0 0
20 13 0 1 12.4 0 12.4
21 7 0 7 7 0 7
22 13 1 0 11.9 .7 11.2
23 14 0 0 18.2 0 18.2
24 12 0 2 22 0 22
25 14 0 0 15.8 0 15.8
26 9 0 5 9 0 9
27 12 2 0 9.4 .6 8.8
28 10 4 0 6 2 4

Totals, 279 52 61 292.2
Grand total, 392 Net raised, 292.2

Average raising of each color judgment, .75-
% of judgments of colors lowered, 52/392 = 13+
% of judgments of colors raised, 279/392 = 71+
% of judgments of colors not affected, 61/392 = 15+

_No. of times touch was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points touch was_ _Net Result_
_Touch_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 0 3 25 0 3 3
2 5 13 10 5 16 11
3 5 10 13 5 12 7
4 8 3 17 9 3 6
5 6 2 20 6 3 3
6 5 11 12 5 12 7
7 1 19 8 1 27 26
8 12 0 16 12 0 12
9 22 0 6 23 0 23
10 21 0 7 22 0 22
11 28 0 0 24 0 24
12 16 0 12 19 0 19
13 22 6 0 32 3 29
14 20 0 8 22 0 22

Totals, 171 67 154 160 54
Grand total, 392 Net raised, 106

Average raising of each passive touch judgment, .27+
% of judgments of passive touch lowered, 67/392 = 17+
% of judgments of passive touch raised, 171/392 = 43+
% of judgments of passive touch not affected, 154/392 = 39+

TABLE XII. COLOR-PASSIVE TOUCH RESULTS. F.

_No. of times color was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points color was_ _Net Result_
_Color_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 14 0 0 12.4 0 12.4
2 7 2 5 7 2 5
3 1 1 12 1 1
4 9 5 0 3.6 3 .6
5 14 0 0 15.2 0 15.2
6 0 14 0 0 2.4 2.4
7 13 1 0 9.1 .3 8.8
8 7 0 7 9 0 9
9 11 3 0 5.2 2.4 2.8
10 11 3 0 12.05 4.35 7.7
11 13 1 0 14.9 .7 14.2
12 4 10 0 2.4 6 3.6
13 1 1 12 1 1
14 11 3 0 6.6 1.2 5.4
15 9 5 0 4.5 .5 4
16 5 9 0 4 3.8 .2
17 12 2 0 6 2 4
18 13 1 0 12.55 .65 11.9
19 0 0 14 0 0
20 11 3 0 8.8 .6 8.2
21 10 0 4 11 0 11
22 10 4 0 14 1.2 12.8
23 3 11 0 4.7 1.1 3.6
24 2 0 12 2 0 2
25 4 10 0 5.8 1 4.8
26 7 7 0 4.5 3.5 1
27 11 3 0 7.6 1.2 6.4
28 12 2 0 10.8 .2 10.6

Totals, 226 100 66 161.6 6
Grand total, 392 Net raised, 155.6

Average raising of each color judgment, .40-
% of judgments of colors lowered, 100/392 = 25+
% of judgments of colors raised, 226/392 = 57+
% of judgments of colors not affected, 66/392 = 16+

_No. of times touch was_
_No. of_ _Not_ _No. of points touch was_ _Net Result_
_Touch_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _affected_ _Raised_ + _Lowered_ - + -
1 0 8 20 0 8 8
2 3 14 11 3 15 12
3 23 5 0 14.5 2.5 12
4 17 11 0 11.2 4.4 6.8
5 21 1 6 27 1 26
6 16 12 0 9.6 5.8 3.8
7 4 10 14 4 10 6
8 13 7 8 14 7 7
9 17 11 0 18.6 3.2 15.4
10 15 1 12 15 1 14
11 0 1 27 0 1 1
12 28 0 0 21 0 21
13 21 7 0 18.3 7.9 10.4
14 24 4 0 31.2 1.8 29.4

Totals, 202 92 98 145.8 27
Grand total, 392 Net raised, 118.8

Average raising of each passive touch judgment, .30+
% of judgments of passive touch lowered, 92/392 = 23+
% of judgments of passive touch raised, 202/392 = 51+
% of judgments of passive touch not affected, 98/392 = 25+

Evidently no dynamic explanation of this difference is possible. It has been impossible to reveal the cause of this particular difference; in all other respects, however, the subjects agree in the general tendencies revealed.

There remain the combinations of colors and passive touches. These combinations are shown in Tables XI and XII.

In these tables the same general tendency to estimate both higher when colors and passive touches are combined appears. M. raises the colors more than F., and F. raises the touches more than M. This is perfectly regular, as the following table shows:

_Standards._ _Raised in Combination to_
_Colors._ _Passive Touches._ _Colors._ _Passive Touches._
M. 4.44 5.14 5.16 5.40
F. 4.53 4.56 4.75 4.85

The whole results are recapitulated for both M. and F. in Table XIII.

TABLE XIII. RECAPITULATION

_Average_ _% of judgments of_ (----) _Av. + or - influ._
F. _Standard_ _Raised_ _Lowered_ _Not affected_ _on each_ (----)
1 Colors 4.35 28 59.6 11.9 (Color) - .26+
Tones 4.33 16 77 6 (Tone) - .74+

2 Colors 4.35 32 53 13 (Colors) - .13+
A. Touches 4.55 34 62 3 (A. T.) - .38+

3 Colors 4.35 57 25 16 (Colors) + .40+
P. Touches 4.56 51 23 25 (P. T.) + .30+

4 Tones 4.33 68 24 7 (Tones) + .45+
A. Touches 4.55 64 32 3 (A. T.) + .23+

5 Tones 4.33 72 17 10 (Tones) + .52+
P. Touches 4.56 42 34 23 (P. T.) + .14+

M.
1 Colors 4.44 23 59 17 (Color) - .29+
Tones 4.20 12 81 6 (Tones) - 1.08

2 Colors 4.44 58 24 17 (Colors) + .43+
A. Touches 4.24 54 43 1.8+ (A. T.) + .17+

3 Colors 4.44 71 13 15 (Colors) + .72+
P. Touches 5.14 43 17 39 (P.T.) + .26

4 Tones 4.20 99 .2 .5 (Tones) + 1.71+
A. Touches 4.24 63 36 .2 (A. T.) + .31+

From this last table certain conclusions may be drawn.

(1) When Colors and Tones were combined, both were lowered in the appreciation of both subjects. The percentages show: (_a_) That about the same number of colors was lowered, 59.6% for F. and 59% for M. (_b_) That about the same average displacement of colors occurred, .26+ for F. and .29+ for M. (_c_) That about the same number of tones was lowered, 77% for F. and 81% for M. (_d_) That the tones were lowered more for M., -.74+ for F., and 1.08+ for M.

(2) When Colors and Active Touches were combined, for F. both are lowered; for M. both are raised. The colors are lowered only very slightly, .13 for F, while for M they are raised .43+; and conversely, the active touches are lowered .38+ for F, and raised only .17+ for M. Still, it appears clear that with F. there was an interference,--and both colors and active touches are lowered while the same combinations with M. are mutually reënforcing.

(3) When Colors and Passive Touches were combined, the appreciation of both was raised for both F. and M. The result shows: (_a_) That the percentages of colors and passive touches raised are practically the same for both F. and M. (_b_) That the color displacement is greater for M. than for F., being +.72+ for M. and only .40+ for F. (_c_) That there is only a slight difference in the displacement of the passive touches.

(4) When Tones and Active Touches were combined, the appreciation of both was raised for both F. and M. It appears (_a_) that the displacement for F. is very slight, .45+ and .23+, when compared with the displacement for M., 1.71+ and .31+. But, (_b_) that the displacement of tones is greater than that of the active touches for both F. and M. (_c_) That this same relatively great displacement of tones occurred in the opposite direction when colors and tones were combined.

(5) When Tones and Passive Touches were combined, the appreciation of both was raised for F,--the tones being raised more than the passive touches. This combination was not tried with M. for lack of time.

From time to time some special tests of these general tendencies were applied. From the results already set forth, one could predict that there was a strong probability that when the tone-series was combined with a constant touch-series, active or passive, the appreciation of the tones would be raised. This was tried by allowing the subject M. to rub his hand over the somewhat rough pillow of a tilting board. The results showed that the appreciation of twenty-five out of twenty-seven tones was raised. Other predictions were similarly verified.

Of course, any experiment of this nature is exposed to a great many chances of error. The subjects may be fatigued, or depressed generally. But the wide range of different readings taken is a reasonable assurance that the chances of error are minimized. And it is to be noted, also, that individual differences of appreciation do not vitiate the results. In getting the "standards" no less than 2000 judgments were given by each subject, while for the tables each subject gave no less than 4000 judgments. The curves made from these data show the effect of each separate combination by their variation from the standard. The tables and analyses and conclusions already introduced show, in general, that _our appreciation of each of several stimuli in combination is different from our appreciation of the same stimuli when taken separately_. The results show that this appreciation may be either raised or lowered; that is to say, our feeling of values is not constant for a given stimulus under all conditions.

From Table XIII I have found the average displacement of each series to be as follows:

Tones, .90.
Colors, .37.
A. Touches, .28.
P. Touches, .23.

This shows that passive touches are subject to the least displacement, while active touches, colors, and tones are respectively subject to a greater variation. The sight-touch world is more stable than the auditory world. With M. the tones go over a full point both below and above the standard.

This report does not treat of the particular effects of a qualitative nature that follow from the possible combinations of series of stimuli of different feeling values,--such as the effect of an agreeable touch upon a slightly disagreeable tone, or upon an indifferent color, and so on. All such effects can be traced by rearranging the data already collected, and this may be done in a subsequent paper which may enter also into the theoretical discussion of the whole problem.

FOOTNOTE:

[Footnote 83: Attention may be called to the fact that this paper arranges the conventional seven degrees of feelings in an order opposite to that of the other papers of this volume; it follows still the earlier traditions of our laboratory, while the more recent investigations call very disagreeable 7 and very agreeable 1; the indifference point remains the same.--EDITOR.]

THE COMBINATION OF FEELINGS

BY C. H. JOHNSTON

The problem at issue in the present investigation concerns the combination of feelings. On the basis of theories as different in many respects as those of Wundt, of Titchener, of Lipps, etc., the feeling-state is always a unity. The affective process for Wundt must be always "coextensive with consciousness." When he chooses to speak of a "mixed feeling," it never for him signifies a "mosaic in consciousness," but is always a new _Totalgefühl_, which "swamps consciousness as a whole."

Titchener also believes that with every affective experience an inevitable and pervasive "tilting" of the whole organism occurs. W. McDougall, in his recent Physiological Psychology, makes the general statement that always a "massive state of feeling results" when many sensations are simultaneously excited, and that in such case we cannot "introspectively distinguish the feeling-tone of each sensation."

We started to examine by experiment and by introspection which feeling-effect really results from a combination of various impressions with affective tone, and whether it is really impossible that various feelings coexist and remain distinguishable. In case they can coexist, the question arises: What mutual influences can be discovered?

For the main part of our study the simplest possible feelings were chosen, because here presumably the subjects will not be forced to grapple with complex personal psychoses, necessarily confusing from their very richness. It was thought that here they could be more nearly normal, naïve, less artificial, and able to a maximum to rid themselves of preconceived personal opinions and unaccountable associations. Here, with simplest stimulations, unsophisticated necessarily, the hope at any rate is that work with a good number of subjects of distinct emotional temperaments may bring to light certain fresh simple introspective facts, which may in their turn offer valuable considerations concerning the psychology of feeling.

Throughout the course of the experiment, except in the advanced stage when more complex states were under consideration, sounds, colors, odors, simple figures, and tactual surfaces were used. In the late stage of the investigation sentences and pictures more or less morally and æsthetically suggestive served to furnish for study the complex feeling-states.

The progress of the investigation divides itself naturally into the following four distinct parts.

I. From every experience of each individual the investigator sought to obtain from the subject's own introspection at the time as adequate a description as possible of the particular feeling provoked by the chosen stimulus. The feelings studied in this first period of the investigation are entirely those which heretofore have not been at all classified except in terms of the objects which call them forth.