Chapter VI: Appendix

Pictorial representation of the bow-strokes.

The signs in general use indicating the down and up strokes, are these ┌─┐ ٧.

The first sign indicates the lower end of the bow, or nut (Ger. “Frosch”), the second, the upper part or point (“Spitze”).

Hermann Schroeder, in his edition of Kreutzer’s 42 Studies (dedicated to Joachim), has introduced a further development of these signs. They are not placed in their usual position, but sideways. Example:—

[Music]

The same in a simpler and more condensed style.

[Music: Bow Down stroke. Up stroke.]

Read from the left, the bowings in the first example are shown together with their notes, and the signs of up and down strokes are then to be found in their ordinary positions. The editor of the Studies has, however, given the preference to the employment of the second manner of writing these, on account of the simplified and easily produced representations of the bow, and also because of the compressed form of the bowing strokes given below it. The pictorial signs for the bowing are more particularly for use in such studies as exemplify different methods of playing, or such as have groups of repeated phrasings and bowings; in the remaining studies they are employed wherever the ordinary signs and terms do not suffice to show the relative extent of the distribution of the bow.

The mute.

The mute is a clamp with three notches, which, to obtain a muffled tone, is fastened on the bridge between the strings. Its use is indicated by “con sordino,” its removal by “senza sordino,” or by “with” and “without mute”. There are also mutes which are fastened to the violin in order to avoid this noisy fixing and unfixing, being brought into action by a slight push. These mutes are not made as a clasp, but consist of a small plate which presses against the bridge, and not upon it.

The simultaneous sounding of subordinate and combination tones.

Without entering into the province of musical acoustics, the well-known experiment only can be mentioned here demonstrating that mingled with the notes one plays, others are audible. It is with this object that a snuffbox or a key is laid on the upper table of the violin. If one plays double stops in slow tempo whilst one of these articles is thus placed, not only two notes, but three, four, or even more, may be heard. In order to obtain good and correct progressions in harmony, the double notes played must follow in suitable sequence. Generally, two intervals of the same kind should not follow each other.

In order to make the sympathetic tones more plainly audible, and at the same time to obviate the whizzing noise produced during the bowing by the article placed on the upper table, Hermann Schroeder has invented an apparatus called “Vibrator for the production of harmonic overtones, and for the reinforcement of the combination tones of stringed instruments” (Germ. R. Patent No. 40224).

The inventor says in his specification “Researches into the sympathetic tones of instruments of the violin species, and a theory deduced therefrom as to the movement of the bow upon the strings”, (Leipsic, C. W. Fritzsch) amongst other things the following:—In order to produce upon stringed instruments—more especially the violin,—the harmonic overtones of the notes played, as well as the combination tones, a weight (g) is brought over the upper table of the violin fastened to it, but allowed free play. This weight, when the instrument is being played, vibrates with the vibrations of the upper table, being kept in its place by the spring (h, f). That the weight, during its vibration, may be firmly kept in one fixed position, the holder (f) is fastened to the ribs of the violin. On the other hand the shifting, very elastic tail (h) above this holder, with its fastened end (h¹) over a peg (s), grips the vibrating weight (g) controlling its movements up and down upon the instrument.

With the spring (h) in position, one can then fix the screw and holder (f) over any part of the ribs, bringing the weight (g) into action upon various parts of the body of the violin. Yet its application will best succeed if brought upon the upper table, either in front of, or behind, the bridge, under the two strings G and D, because here the wood of the upper table is brought most into vibration, and also because the most serviceable tones of these strings—particularly the notes of the middle part of the scale—cause these subordinate and combination tones most clearly to be heard. The spring being quite flexible, may be bent to any shape, and in the circular form shown above helps the firm position of the weight with respect to the amount of pressure. The under, and somewhat concave, disk of the weight is covered with paper, which agreeably modifies the tone quality.

The use of the vibrator permits the production of curious and often striking effects, especially in light and flowing playing, as, perchance, in chorales, when three, four or more parts become audible in regular harmonic sequence. The tone of the violin is caused to resemble very much that of the harmonium, and nuances from the lightest _piano_ to at least _mezzo forte_ are obtainable.

Celebrated violin players of the 17ᵗʰ, 18ᵗʰ and 19ᵗʰ Centuries.

_Adelburg, August von_, born 1833, at Constantinople,
originally intended for the Diplomatic service, was a
distinguished violinist and composer. He was taught by
Mayseder. He died at Vienna, Oct. 20th 1873, after a
long period of mental aberration.

_Alard, Delphin_, born March 8th 1815, at Bayonne,
a noted virtuoso and teacher (amongst others, of
Sarasate); after Baillot’s death became professor at
Paris Conservatoire until his retirement in 1875. He
produced concertos, a violin school and studies. Died
Febr. 22nd, 1888. Paris.

_Arditi, Luigi_, born 1822 at Crescentino (Italy),
settled in London as conductor.

_Armingaud, Jules_, born 1824, Paris, renowned there as
a quartett player.

_Artot, Alex. Joseph Montagney_, born Feb. 5th 1815,
at Brussels, died July 20th 1845, at Ville d’Avray near
Paris. He studied at Paris Conservatoire under Kreutzer,
became member of several orchestras, then made extended
concert tours through Europe and America. He wrote a
violin concerto, string quartetts, &c.

_Auer, Leopold_, born May 28th 1845, at Vesprin,
Hungary. Pupil of Dont in Vienna, also of Joachim.
From 1863-1865 he was leader at Dusseldorf, then at
Hamburg, and from 1868 in a similar capacity with the
Imperial orchestra, St. Petersburg, and professor at the
Conservatoire there.

_Baillot, Pierre Marie François de Sales_, born Oct.
1st 1771, at Passy near Paris, pupil of Viotti. He
taught at the Paris Conservatoire, and wrote a great
violin method, studies, concertos and quartetts. He died
Sept. 15th 1842.

_Baltzar, Thomas_, born in the first half of the
17th century at Lübeck; was regarded in his time as a
phenomenal player; died in 1663.

_Barcewicz, Stanislaus_, born April 16th 1858, at
Warsaw, pupil of Laub in Moscow; mostly engaged in
concert tours.

_Bargheer, Karl Louis_, born Dec. 31st 1833, at
Bückeburg, pupil of Spohr, was from 1863-1876 Court
Capellmeister at Detmold, lived subsequently at Hamburg.
Died 1902.

_Barth, Richard_, born June 5th 1850, at
Gross-Wanzleben, Saxony; pupil of Beck at Magdeburg,
and of Joachim. Became a left-handed player, owing to
an accident to one of his fingers. Since 1882 leader at
Krefeld.

_Bazzini, Antonio_, born Nov. 24th 1818, at Brescia;
known also as a composer. He lives in Milan as teacher
of composition at the Conservatorio, and since 1880 as
its Director.

_Becker, Jean_, born 1836, at Mannheim; pupil of
Kettenus there and of Alard in Paris; was leader at
Mannheim and on resigning (1858) made concert tours.
At Florence he founded the Florentine Quartett, in
1866, with Masi, Chiostri and Hilpert (subsequently
Spitzer-Hegyesi), which was dissolved in 1870; he then
travelled with his children, professionally, and died in
1884.

_Benda, Franz_, born Nov. 25th 1709, at Alt-Benatky in
Bohemia, was at first a choir boy in the Nicolai Church,
Prague, then in the choir of the Dresden Kapelle. Later
he became a violinist (pupil of Konyczek and Graun),
entered the Berlin opera orchestra in 1732, and became
leader in 1771. He died at Potsdam, 1786. His brothers
George, Johann, and Joseph, and his sons Friedrich
Wilhelm Heinrich, and Karl Hermann Heinrich, also a son
of Joseph Benda’s (Ernst Friedrich Johann) were all
employed in the Royal orchestra, and, with the exception
of George and Ernst, were pupils of the elder Benda.

_Bennewitz, Anton_, born March 26th 1833, at Privret,
Bohemia; pupil of the Prague Conservatorium. He was
leader at Salzburg and at Stuttgart; since 1866
professor in, and since 1882 Director of, the Prague
Conservatorium.

_Bériot, Charles de_, born Feb. 20th 1802, at Louvain,
the chief exponent of the Belgian school. He taught amongst
others Vieuxtemps and Prume. His works are well known,
chiefly his concertos and Thèmes variés. He resided in
Brussels, became blind in 1852, and died in April 1870.

_Besekirsky, Basil Basilewitzsch_, born 1835, at
Moscow; pupil of Leonard at Brussels. He appeared with
success in Germany, France, Spain, &c., as a virtuoso.

_Biber, Franz_, born 1638, at Wartenburg on the
Bohemian frontier, died 1698 at Salzburg, where he was
Capellmeister. He was raised to the nobility by the
Emperor Leopold 1st. A few sonatas composed by him are
to be found in David’s advanced school of violin playing.

_Blagrove, Henry Gamble_, born Oct. 1811, at
Nottingham. Taught by his father, he played in public at
the age of five, and on the opening of the Royal Academy
of Music, London, was one of the first pupils, studying
with F. Cramer. In 1833-1834 he studied under Spohr.
He was for 30 years one of the most prominent English
players, and died Dec. 15th 1872.

_Blankensee, Julius_, born April 9th 1858, at Wartburg
in Westphalia; pupil of Joachim. He was Kammervirtuos at
Sondershausen, and subsequently leader at Nuremburg.

_Böhm, Joseph_, born April 4th 1795, at Pesth, died
March 23rd 1876; pupil of Rode, and teacher of Joachim.
He was engaged chiefly in the Viennese Court orchestra,
and as teacher in the Vienna Conservatorium.

_Bohrer, Anton_, born 1783 (1791?) at Munich; pupil of
Rud. Kreutzer. He was leader at Berlin and Hanover, and
died in 1852.

_Bott, Jean Joseph_, born March 9th 1826, at Cassel,
died 1895, in America; pupil of Spohr. He was leader
at Cassel, and subsequently at Meiningen and Hanover
(Court-Capellmeister), where he was pensioned in 1878.
Since then he lived in Hamburg, New York, &c.

_Boucher, Alexandre Jean_, born 1770, Paris, died 1861.
He was a great charlatan in violin playing, yet was
received with much applause on his concert tours.

_Brassin, Gerhard_, born June 10th 1844, at Aix;
pupil of David. He was leader at Berne and Gothenburg,
then teacher in Stern’s Conservatorium, Berlin; from
1875-1880 conductor of the Breslau Musikverein; since
then living in St. Petersburg.

_Brodsky, Adolph_, born March 21st 1851, at Taganrog
(Russia); pupil of Jos. Hellmesberger at Vienna. He was
member of the Court opera orchestra, visited Russia as
virtuoso, then became teacher in Moscow Conservatoire,
afterwards at the Leipzig Conservatorium. In 1892 he
went to America, but in 1895 became principal of the
Manchester Royal College of Music.

_Burmester, Willy_, born at Hamburg, March 16th 1869,
studied under Joachim at the High School, Berlin, but
elected to make a special study by himself of Paganini
difficulties, in whose works he is probably unrivalled.
He appeared in London in 1895.

_Cambini, Giov. Giuseppe_, born 1746, at Livorno, died
1825, Paris, where he had settled in 1770.

_Campagnoli, Bartolomeo_, born Sept. 10th 1751, at
Cento near Bologna; pupil of Nardini. He was from 1797
leader at the Leipsic Gewandhaus concerts; subsequently
director at Neu-Strelitz, where he died Nov. 6th 1827.
Wrote a good method, and some studies.

_Cannabich, Christian_, born 1731, at Mannheim, died
1797, at Munich (or 1798 at Frankfort); was leader at
Mannheim, and in this capacity, as also in that of
teacher, was quite remarkable.

_Carrodus, John Tiplady_, born at Keighley, Yorkshire,
Jan. 20th 1836, died July 13th 1895, in London. He
studied with Molique in Stuttgart, was leader of some of
the chief English orchestras, and was also a fine solo
player.

_Coenen, Franz_, born Dec. 26th 1826, at Rotterdam.
Solo violinist to the late King of Holland; accomplished
solo and quartett player; living at Amsterdam.

_Collins, Isaac_, born 1797, died 1871, in London, was
a celebrated English performer. His son

_Collins, Viotti_, was also an excellent player.

_Colonne, Edouard_, born July 23rd 1838, at Bordeaux;
studied at the Paris Conservatoire under Girard and
Sauzay, but became a conductor, and is, as such, very
celebrated in Paris.

_Colyns, Jean Baptiste_, born Nov. 25th 1834, at
Brussels. He studied at the Conservatoire there, has
been since 1863 a teacher in that institution and since
1888 also at the Antwerp School of Music.

_Corelli, Arcangelo_, born 1653, at Fusignano near Imolo
(Bologna), was the founder of the Italian school, which in
its executive and creative aspects inaugurated a marked
epoch in the art of violin playing. Violin composition and
technique were brought by him into definite form, serving as
a sure foundation for later times. Like all the violinists
of that period, Corelli was also a composer, and in this
capacity stood prominently forward. His music has lasted to
our own day, the complete edition having been brought out
by Joachim and Chrysander, and separate sonatas arranged
for violin and piano by G. Jensen, and others. Living
chiefly in Rome, Corelli was held in extraordinary esteem as
violinist and composer, and a great number of pupils crowded
round him. His most celebrated pupils were Geminiani and
Locatelli. He died in 1713, after a tour to Naples.

_Clement, Franz_, born 1780, at Vienna, died there in
1842 was first Concertmeister at the theatre “An der
Wien”.

_Courvoisier, Carl_, born Nov. 12th 1846, at Basle;
lived in Dusseldorf and enjoyed much favour as teacher
and player. He went to England in 1885, and is now
living in Liverpool. Author of a violin school and
studies, also sundry articles on the technique of violin
playing.

_Cramer, Wilhelm_, born 1743 or 1745, at Mannheim, died
1799, in London, where he was leader at the Italian
Opera, and in various concert societies. He was regarded
in England as the first violinist of his time.

_Cröner, Ferdinand_, _Carl_ and _Johann_
(brothers), were all members of the Munich Court
orchestra between 1737 and 1786. In 1749 they were
raised to the rank of the nobility.

_Csillag, Hermann_, born 1852, at Bakony-Telek
(Hungary); pupil of Hellmesberger at Vienna, became
member of the Court opera orchestra there, and
subsequently leader at Baden-Baden, Dusseldorf,
Hamburg and Rotterdam. From 1887-1888 taught in the
Conservatorium at Helsingfors.

_Damrosch, Leopold_, born 1822, at Posen; pupil of
Hubert Ries, prepared for a medical career. He was from
1857 Capellmeister at Breslau, and since 1871 in New
York, where he died in 1885.

_Dancla, Jean Bapt. Chas_., born Dec. 19th 1818, at
Bagnères-de-Bigorre. He entered the Paris Conservatoire
at the age of 10; founded in Paris a fine quartett, with
his brothers Leopold and Arnaud as 2nd violin and ’Cello. He
has composed many melodious educational works, and enjoys
great repute as a teacher in the Paris Conservatoire.

_Dando, J. H. B._, born at Somers Town, 1806; pupil
of Mori; died May, 1894. He was one of the pioneers
of quartett playing in England, also for many years
prominent as leader of the best orchestras in London, in
his day.

_David, Ferd._, born Jan. 19th 1810, at Hamburg,
died July 18th 1873, at Klosters in Switzerland;
pupil of Spohr; leader in the Leipsic Gewandhaus and
theatre orchestras from 1836 until his death. He was
distinguished both as teacher and leader. As composer,
he produced many violin works,—Concertos, Variations,
Studies, and also a School, besides editing many
previously unpublished pieces by the old masters.

_De Ahna, Heinrich Karl Hermann_, born June 22nd
1835, at Vienna; pupil of Mayseder and Mildner, until
1851, when he relinquished music for a military
career, entering the Austrian army. In 1853 he became
Lieutenant, was in the war of 1859, but at its
conclusion resumed the violin. He made concert tours,
was engaged in 1862 in the Royal opera orchestra,
Berlin, and became first Concertmeister; he was second
violin in Joachim’s quartett. Died Nov. 1st 1892.

_Dengremont, Maurice_, born March 19th 1866, in Rio
de Janeiro; pupil of Leonard. During about ten years
he made many appearances in Germany, played in London,
at the Crystal Palace, with great success; and died in
Buenos Ayres, Nov. 1893.

_Dessau, Bernhard_, born March 1st 1861, in Hamburg;
studied at the Berlin High School, was leader at
Königsberg and Prague, now in Rotterdam and teacher in
the Conservatorium.

_Dittersdorf, Karl von_, born Nov. 2nd 1739, at Vienna,
died Oct. 31st 1799, was violinist in the Imperial
orchestra, and had much success in his tours. He was
subsequently Capellmeister, and composed a great deal:
operas, symphonies, quartetts, &c.

_Dont, Jacob_, born March 2nd 1815, at Vienna, died
there Nov. 18th 1888; pupil of his father. He was
member of the Imperial orchestra and teacher in the
Conservatorium; produced excellent studies.

_Dreyschock, Raimund_, born Aug. 20th 1824, at Zack
in Bohemia, died Feb. 6th 1869; was 2nd leader in
the Leipsic Gewandhaus orchestra, and teacher in the
Conservatorium.

_Dupont, Joseph_, born Aug. 21st 1821, Liège, died Feb.
13th 1861. Pupil of Prume in the Liège Conservatoire,
subsequently teacher in the same.

_Dupuis, Jacques_, born Oct. 21st 1830, at Liège;
taught there in the Conservatoire; died 1860.

_Dupuy, Jean Baptiste_, born 1775, at Courcelles near
Neuchâtel, died April 3rd 1822, at Stockholm; was leader
there, and also at Copenhagen. He composed concertos,
duets and operas.

_Durand, Frederic_, born at Warsaw in 1770, died in the
middle of the 19th century; pupil of Viotti, in Paris.
He made many concert tours; entered the French army in
1796, became adjutant to a General, but must have taken
his leave after several years, for he travelled again as
a virtuoso and became eventually violinist in Strasburg
theatre.

_Eberhardt, Gobi_, born March 29th 1852, at Hattersheim
near Frankfort; pupil of Dietz, Heermann and Wilhelmj.
He was leader at Berne and Bremen, paid successful
visits to Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy,
and since 1884 has been active in Hamburg as soloist,
professor and author. He has composed studies, violin
solos, piano pieces and songs.

_Eck, Joh. Friedrich_, born 1766, at Mannheim, date of
death not known; one of the best 18th century players;
lived in Munich and Paris. His brother

_Eck, Franz_, born 1774, at Mannheim, was Spohr’s
instructor, member of the Munich orchestra, and
violinist at the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg; he
died insane at Bamberg in 1809.

_Eichhorn, Ernst_ and _Eduard_ (brothers), born
April 30th 1822, and Oct. 17th 1823, respectively,
appeared as prodigies from 1829 to 1835. Both found
positions in the Coburg orchestra. Ernst died June 16th
1844.

_Ernst, Heinr. Wilh._, born 1814, at Brünn, died
Oct. 8th 1865, at Nice; pupil of Mayseder; was mostly
occupied in making concert tours, everywhere causing a
profound sensation. Composed, amongst other pieces, a
concerto pathétique, Elegy, “Otello” fantasia, and
Hungarian variations.

_Ferrari, Domenico_, born at the beginning of the 18th
century; pupil of Tartini. He passed in Vienna for a
great violinist, also exercising his profession in
Stuttgart and Paris. In 1780 he was murdered.

_Fiorillo, Federigo_, born 1753, at Brunswick, date of
death not known. His 36 violin Caprices are celebrated.

_Fischer, Johann_, born in the middle of the 17th
century, in Swabia, was one of the first German
violinists who made a reputation. He was, at the
beginning of the 18th century, Capellmeister at
Schwerin, and died in 1721 as Capellmeister to the
Margrave at Schwedt.

_Fleischhauer, F._, born July 24th 1834, at Weimar,
pupil of Joachim and Laub, since 1865 Court leader at
Meiningen.

_Fontaine, Antoine Nicolas Marie_, born 1785, at Paris;
pupil of Kreutzer; travelled much, and lived in Paris
since 1825.

_Fränzl, Ignaz_, born June 3rd 1736, at Mannheim,
died 1803; was leader in the Electoral orchestra; an
accomplished orchestral player. His son and pupil

_Fränzl, Ferdinand_, born May 24th 1770, at
Schwetzingen, died 1833, at Mannheim, was more
celebrated than his father.

_Ganz, Leopold_, born Nov. 28th 1810, at Mayence, died
June 15th 1869, at Berlin, was leader in the Berlin
Court orchestra.

_Gaviniés, Pierre_, born May 11th 1726 or 1728, at
Bordeaux, died Sept. 9th 1800, at Paris. He wrote
studies, notably “Les 24 matinées”. (His father,
François Gaviniés, was a violin maker, and was, in 1762,
dean of the Paris Violin Makers’ Guild. _Tr._)

_Geminiani, Francesco_, born towards the end of the
17th century, at Lucca, died Dec. 1762, at Dublin, was
one of Corelli’s most famous pupils. G. brought out
the earliest Italian violin method, which became in
great request, and by which the essential features of
Corelli’s style have been handed down to the present
day. The best of his violin sonatas have been published
in G. Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.

_Giardini, Felice_, born April 12th 1716, at Turin,
died Dec. 17th 1796, at Moscow. He toured, with
brilliant success, in Germany and England, became
orchestral conductor, and later theatre director, in
which capacity, however, he had no success.

_Gompertz, Richard_, born April 27th 1859, at Cologne;
pupil there of Königslow and Joachim; now professor in
the Royal College of Music, London.

_Graun, J. Gottlieb_, born at the commencement of the
18th century, died Oct. 27th 1771 (brother of Heinrich
Graun, the composer of “Der Tod Jesu”), was leader in
the Court orchestra, Berlin.

_Grünberg, Max_, born Dec. 5th 1850, at Berlin. He was
solo violinist at Meiningen under Bülow, leader and
teacher in the Sondershausen Conservatorium, then at
Prague, and now lives in Berlin, where he has founded a
Conservatorium; is a celebrated teacher.

_Habeneck, François Antoine_, born June 1st 1781, at
Mezieres, died Feb. 8th 1849, Paris; pupil of Baillot in
Paris. He was member of the orchestra, and subsequently
conductor, at the Grand Opéra, then became concert
conductor, in which capacity he introduced Beethoven’s
symphonies to the Parisians. Founder of the celebrated
Conservatoire concerts.

_Haddock, Edgar_, born in Leeds, 1862, taught by his
father; appeared in public at the age of six. Originator
of the Leeds Musical Evenings.

_Halir, Karl_, born Feb. 1st 1859, at Hohenelbe in
Bohemia; pupil of Prague Conservatorium and of Joachim.
He was soloist in Bilse’s orchestra, leader at Mannheim
and now at Weimar.

_Hänflein, Georg_, born March 17th 1848, at Breslau;
pupil of David and Joachim; leader at the Royal theatre,
Hanover.

_Hann, W. H._, born May 30th 1831; musician in ordinary
to the Queen. His five sons received their education
first as choir boys at the Chapel Royal, afterwards
all studying the violin or ’cello at the Royal Academy
of Music. Brahms’ Sestett for strings was performed in
London, 1888, entirely by this musical family.

_Hauser, Miska_, born 1822, at Pressburg, died Dec.
8th 1887, Vienna; pupil of Böhm and Mayseder in Vienna;
travelled nearly all over the world. A few of his
compositions are in vogue,—e. g., The Bird in the Tree,
and Lieder ohne Worte.

_Heckmann, Robert_, born Nov. 3rd 1848, at Mannheim,
died Nov. 29th 1891, Glasgow; pupil of Becker and David.
He was leader at the Euterpe, Leipsic, and at the town
theatre in Cologne; then travelled as quartett player,
winning universal recognition.

_Heermann, Hugo_, born March 3rd 1844, at Heilbronn;
pupil of de Bériot; was leader at Frankfort, and since
1878 principal violin teacher at Hoch’s Conservatorium.

_Hegar, Friedr._, born Oct. 11th 1841, at Basle, pupil
of David; Concertmeister with Bilse, and at Zurich; now
director of the Music School there.

_Hellmesberger, Georg_, born April 24th 1800, at
Vienna, died Aug. 16th 1873, pupil of Böhm; was
member of the Imperial orchestra and teacher in the
Conservatorium. His eldest son, Georg, born 1828, was
leader at Hanover, where he died in 1853. His younger
brother

_Hellmesberger, Joseph_, born Nov. 3rd 1829, lived
at Vienna as Director of the Conservatorium and
Court-Capellmeister. He became very noted as a quartett
player. His son Joseph, born 1855, was from 1878 solo
violinist in the Court orchestra; died Oct. 24th 1893.

_Hermann, Friedr._, born 1828, at Frankfort; studied at
the Leipsic Conservatorium; for many years professor in
the same, and also, up to 1876, first viola player in
the Gewandhaus concerts. He has written chamber music,
violin solos, &c., besides arranging many classical
works for various combinations of stringed instruments.

_Hess, Willy_, pupil of Joachim, was leader at
Frankfort and at Rotterdam; then settled in Manchester
as solo violinist in Sir Charles Hallé’s orchestra; in
1895 called to Cologne as leader in the Town Orchestra
and teacher at the Conservatorium.

_Hilf, Arno_, born March 14th 1858, student of the
Conservatorium, Leipsic, until his 17th year. He was
leader at Moscow, and in 1888 at Sondershausen; then
joined the Gewandhaus orchestra, Leipsic.

_Himmelsstoss, Richard_, born June 17th 1843, at
Sondershausen; pupil of Ulrich and Joachim; leader at
Breslau.

_Holländer, Gustav_, born Feb. 15th 1855, at
Leobschütz, Silesia; pupil of David and Joachim; was
leader and teacher in Cologne Conservatorium. Composer
of the “Spinnerlied”, and other pleasing violin pieces.

_Jacobsen, Heinr._, born Jan. 10th 1851, at
Hadersleben; pupil of David and Joachim. He was first
violinist in the Leipsic Gewandhaus orchestra, solo and
chamber music player to the Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg
at Ballenstedt, and since 1876 teacher at the Berlin
High School. Died 1901.

_Jacobson, Simon_, born Dec. 24th 1839, at Mitau; pupil
of David; leader at Bremen and New York; was afterwards
teacher at Cincinnati, and now lives at Chicago.

_Janitsch, Anton_, born 1753, in Switzerland, died
1812, as Capellmeister to Count Burg-Steinfurth; pupil
of Pugnani at Turin. He was leader at Trèves with
Prince Wallerstein-Öttingen, and conductor at the
theatre, Hanover.

_Jansa, Leopold_, born 1796, at Wildenschwert
in Bohemia, died Jan. 25th 1875, at Vienna. His
compositions formerly enjoyed much favour. He lived in
Brunswick, Vienna, and London.

_Japha, George_, born Aug. 27th 1835, at Königsberg,
died Feb. 25th 1892, Cologne; pupil of Singer, David and
Alard; leader and teacher in Cologne Conservatorium.

_Jensen, Gustav_, born Christmas Day, 1843, at
Königsberg; pupil of Laub and Joachim; died Nov. 26th,
1895, as professor at the Conservatorium, Cologne.
He wrote orchestral works, a violin sonata, chamber
music, &c., besides ably editing and arranging many
compositions of the old masters for violin and piano
(“Classische Violin Musik”, “Vortragsstudien”, &c.).

_Joachim, Joseph_, Prof., Dr., born June 28th 1831, at
Kitse near Pressburg; pupil of Böhm in Vienna. He was
leader at Leipsic, Weimar, and Hanover; subsequently
director of the High School, Berlin. He is the first
among living violinists, and has formed a large number
of prominent players.

_Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzeslaus_, born Feb. 21st 1801,
at Prague, died Dec. 3rd 1866, at Karlsruhe; conductor
of Prince Fürstenberg’s orchestra at Donaueschingen.
In addition to violin pieces, he wrote symphonies and
overtures.

_Kes, Willem_, born Feb. 16th 1856, at Dordrecht; pupil
of David and Joachim. He was leader at Amsterdam, and
Capellmeister at Dordrecht, and since 1883 conductor at
Amsterdam.

_Kiesewetter, Chr. Gottfried_, born Dec. 24th 1777,
at Ansbach, died Sept. 27th 1827, London; lived
successively in Amsterdam, Oldenburg, Hamburg, Hanover
and London.

_Kömpel, August_, born Aug. 18th 1831, at Brückenau; pupil
of Spohr, David and Joachim; leader at Weimar, retired
on a pension in 1884, died April 7th 1891, Weimar.

_Königslow, Otto von_, born Nov. 14th 1824, at Hamburg;
pupil of Pacius and Hafner, afterwards of David. From
1858-1881, he was leader at Cologne and teacher at the
Conservatorium, but resigned the former post on account
of a bad arm; received the title of Professor, and
removed to Bonn. Died 1898.

_Kopecky, Ottokar_, born April 28th 1850, at
Chotebor in Bohemia; pupil of Bennewitz in the Prague
Conservatorium. He was leader at the town theatre,
Brünn, at the Mozarteum, Salzburg, and in the
Sondershausen Court orchestra, where he received in 1881
the title of “Kammervirtuos”. He now lives in Hamburg as
soloist and teacher.

_Kotek, Joseph_, born Oct. 25th 1855, at
Kamenez-Podolsk in Russia, died Jan. 4th 1885, Davos;
pupil of Laub and Joachim; teacher at the Berlin High
School.

_Kreutzer, Rudolph_, born at Versailles, Nov. 16th
1766, died June 6th 1831, Geneva. He was a famous
virtuoso, professor in the Paris Conservatoire, and
composed much. His 42 Studies still remain at the head
of all studies, and have passed through many editions.
(Beethoven’s grandest violin sonata, Op. 47, is
dedicated to him, although it is said he never played
it. _Tr._)

_Kruse, J. S._, born March 23rd 1859, at Melbourne;
pupil of Joachim in Berlin, leader in the Philharmonic
there, and since 1892 at Bremen.

_Kudelski, Carl Matthias_, born Nov. 17th 1808, Berlin,
died Oct. 3rd 1877, Baden-Baden; pupil of Ed. Rietz and
Lafont; lived in Berlin, Russia, Hamburg and Baden-Baden.

_Lacroix_, born 1756, at Remberville, died 1812, as
music director at Lübeck.

_Lafont, Chas. Philippe_, born Dec. 1781, at Paris,
died Aug. 14th 1839; pupil of Kreutzer and Rode; he made
many concert tours, and composed much. Held appointments
in St. Petersburg and Paris.

_Lalo, Ed._, born 1823, at Lille, died April 22nd 1892,
Paris; student at the Conservatoire. He was quartett
player in Paris, and then busied himself chiefly in
composition.

_Lamotte, Franz_, born 1751, Vienna or in the
Netherlands, died 1781, in Holland. He was a great
virtuoso and sight-reader, but in consequence of his
looseness of conduct could make no position.

_Lamoureux, Chas._, born Sept. 28th 1834, at Bordeaux;
studied in the Paris Conservatoire, he was violinist
in various Parisian theatres, afterwards conductor,
and has rendered great service by introducing German
compositions into France.

_Laub, Ferd._, born Jan. 19th 1832, at Prague, died
March 17th 1875, at Gries near Botzen; pupil of Mildner
at Prague; was leader at Weimar, Berlin and Moscow. His
Polonaise for the violin is well known.

_Lauterbach, Joh. Chr._, born July 24th 1832, at
Culmbach; pupil of Fröhlich at Wurzburg, and de Bériot
at Brussels. He was leader at Munich, afterwards at
Dresden (pensioned 1889), and taught in the Dresden
Royal Conservatorium until 1877.

_Leclair_, born 1697, at Lyons, was murdered in Paris,
Oct. 22nd 1764; laboured chiefly as teacher and composer
for his instrument. His compositions have appeared
in various editions, some of his best sonatas in G.
Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.

_Leonard, Hubert_, born April 7th 1819, at Bellaire,
Belgium, died May 6th 1890, Paris; pupil of Habeneck in
Paris. He was for a long period a teacher in Brussels
Conservatoire, then resided in Paris. He produced a
violin school, besides studies.

_Lipinski, Carl Joseph_, born 1790, at Radzyn in
Poland, died Dec. 16th 1861, in Galicia. He travelled
much as a virtuoso, was from 1838-1859 leader in the
Royal orchestra, Dresden. His Military Concerto is the
best known among his writings.

_Locatelli, Pietro_, born 1693, at Bergamo, died 1764,
Amsterdam; pupil of Corelli; was regarded in his day
as a great virtuoso. He produced “L’Arte del Violino”,
concertos and sonatas.

_Lolli, Antonio_, born about 1730, Bergamo, died 1802,
Naples, was, next to Locatelli, the chief founder of
pure virtuosity, and owed his success to his technique
alone. Of his artistic development there is little to be
said.

_Lotto, Isidor_, born Dec. 22nd 1840, at Warsaw;
pupil of Massart in Paris. He was teacher in Strasburg
Conservatorium, then in that of his native town. His
“Fileuse” is well known.

_Lubin, Leon de St._, born July 8th 1805, at Turin,
died Feb. 18th 1850; pupil of Spohr; was leader at the
Königstädter theatre, Berlin.

_Marsick, Martin Pierre Joseph_, born March 9th 1849,
at Liège; pupil of Leonard, Massart and Joachim. He made
himself known through several concert tours in France,
England, Germany, &c., then settled in Paris since 1892
as violin professor at the Conservatoire.

_Massart, Joseph Lambert_, born July 19th 1811, at
Liège: died Feb. 13th 1892, Paris; pupil of Kreutzer.
Since 1843, he was teacher in Paris Conservatoire;
taught Wieniawski and Lotto.

_Matthäi, Heinr. Aug._, born Oct. 3rd 1781, Dresden,
died 1835, at Leipsic, where he was leader at the
Gewandhaus; pupil of Kreutzer.

_Maurer, Ludwig Wilh._, born Feb. 8th 1789, at Potsdam,
died Oct. 25th 1878, at St. Petersburg, where he had
lived since 1832, having been previously leader in
Hanover. His concerto for 4 violins is well known.

_Mayseder, Joseph_, born Oct. 26th 1789, at Vienna,
died there Nov. 21st 1863; pupil of Schuppanzigh; was
leader in the Imperial orchestra. He composed many
violin pieces, quartetts, &c.

_Mazas, Jacques Féréol_, born Sept. 23rd 1782, at
Bezières, died 1849; pupil of Baillot; was teacher in
Paris Conservatoire.

_Meerts, Lambert Joseph_, born 1802, Brussels, died
there May 12th 1863; pupil of Habeneck, Lafont and
Baillot; taught in the Brussels Conservatoire. He
published a violin school, and studies.

_Mestrino, Nicolo_, born 1748, at Naples, died 1790,
Paris, as leader of the orchestra at the Opéra Italien.
He began as a street player, underwent imprisonment
on account of some foolish prank, and during his
confinement advanced his technique.

_Meyer, Waldemar_, born Feb. 4th 1853, at Berlin; pupil
of Joachim, was from 1873-1881 first violinist in the
Court orchestra, Berlin, then went on tour. His brother
Felix is Royal Kammervirtuos, and an accomplished
violinist.

_Milanollo_, the sisters Therese and Maria, born
Aug. 28th 1827, and June 19th 1832, respectively, at
Savigliano near Turin. They were regarded as juvenile
prodigies during the years 1839-1846. The younger died
in 1848 in Paris, the elder retired into private life in
1857.

_Mildner, Moritz_, born 1813, at Turnitz, Bohemia, died
Dec. 4th 1865; was teacher in Prague Conservatorium, and
leader at the theatre.

_Molique, Wilhelm Bernhard_, born Oct. 7th 1802, at
Nuremberg, died May 10th 1869, at Cannstadt; pupil of
his father and of Spohr. He was leader at Munich and
Stuttgart, made many concert tours, and composed many
violin pieces, &c. (His 5th concerto has been frequently
played by Mr. Carrodus, and his oratorio “Abraham” was,
for a time, in favour. _Tr._)

_Mori, Nicolas_, born in London, 1793, died June 18th
1839; of Italian origin; he occupied, for nearly 30
years, a prominent position in England as a violinist.
He was also a music publisher.

_Möser, Carl_, born Jan. 24th 1774, at Berlin, died
there Jan. 27th 1851. He was employed at intervals
in the Berlin Court orchestra, being appointed Royal
Capellmeister in 1840. His son

_Möser, August_, born Dec. 20th 1825, Berlin, pupil of
his father and of de Bériot, lived for many years in
South America, and died on a concert tour there, 1859.

_Mozart, Leopold_, born Nov. 14th 1719, at Augsburg,
died May 28th 1787, at Salzburg, where he was
Vice-Capellmeister. Published one of the earliest violin
methods.

_Mühlmann, Ernst R._, born June 5th 1856, at
Klingenthal, Saxony; pupil of David and Röntgen at
Leipsic Conservatorium. In 1875 appointed soloist to the
Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg, at Ballenstedt; 1876-1878 at
the town theatre, Leipsic: until 1882, leader in Laub’s
orchestra at Hamburg; until 1884, leader in Neumann’s
Wagner Tour; since then, leader Hamburg town theatre.

_Müller, Carl Friedr._, born Nov. 11th 1797, at
Brunswick, died April 4th 1873; pupil of Möser at
Berlin. He was leader in the celebrated quartett formed
by the brothers Müller, and in the ducal orchestra.

_Nachèz, Tivadar_, born May 1st 1859, at Pesth; studied
at the Prague Conservatorium and under Joachim. He has
made many tours as virtuoso, but lives chiefly in London.

_Nardini, Pietro_, born 1722, at Fibiana, died 1793, at
Florence, pupil of Tartini. From 1753-1767 he was member
of the Würtemberg Court orchestra, Stuttgart; then solo
player at the Florentine Court. A few of his sonatas are
still performed.

_Naret-Koning, Joh. Jos. David_, born Feb. 25th 1838,
at Amsterdam; pupil of David, 1859-1870 leader at
Mannheim, then at Frankfort.

_Neruda, Wilma Maria Franziska_ (Lady Hallé), born
March 21st 1840, at Brünn; pupil of her father and of
Jansa; found her vocation in concert tours, now lives in
London. (Lady Hallé has been for many years associated
with the Monday Popular Concerts, and her excellent
example has undoubtedly given a great stimulus to the
study of the violin in England by ladies. _Tr._)

_Ole Bull_, born Feb. 5th 1810, at Bergen; a self
taught violinist, who made many concert tours, amongst
others three times to America. From a musical point of
view his compositions are unimportant, corresponding
to his playing, and only calculated for the production
of virtuoso effects. (Ole Bull died Aug. 17th 1880, in
Norway. His first appearance in London was in 1836.
_Tr._)

_Ondricek, Franz_, born 1863, at Prague; pupil of
Bennewitz and Massart; in 1882 visited Germany during
his concert tours. Played in London 1895.

_Paganini, Nicolo_, baptized Oct. 27th 1782, Genoa,
died May 27th 1840, Nice. The most talented and gifted
violinist that ever lived; in every respect an original,
a speciality. About his career the most romantic
stories of adventure were circulated, to which his
fantastic, almost ghostly, appearance gave rise. Of his
compositions, the concertos and 24 Caprices are best
known.

_Papini, Guido_, born at Camagiore near Florence, Aug.
1st 1847; pupil of Giorgetti. For several years he was
director of the Florentine Società del Quartetto; now
principal professor at the Royal Irish Academy. Writer
of a method and many effective pieces for his instrument.

_Petri, Henri Wilh._, born April 5th 1856, at
Leyst near Utrecht; pupil of Joachim; was leader at
Sondershausen, Hanover and Leipsic, then in the Dresden
Royal orchestra.

_Pichl, Wenselaus_, born 1741, at Bechin in Bohemia,
died 1805 (? 1804), at Vienna; pupil of Dittersdorf and
Nardini; lived in Vienna and Italy.

_Pisendel, Joh. Georg_, born Dec. 26th 1687, at
Carlsburg, died Nov. 25th 1755, at Dresden; pupil of
Torelli and Vivaldi. He was useful in promoting violin
playing at Dresden, where he was leader; in particular,
he obtained from the violins in the orchestra great
equality in playing.

_Pixis, Fried. Wilh._, born 1786, at Mannheim, died
1842, at Prague, where he taught in the Conservatorium.

_Pollitzer, Adolphe_, born at Buda-Pesth, in 1832;
studied under Böhm in Vienna Conservatorium. Was awarded
First Prize in 1846, and went on tour through Germany.
He settled in London in 1850, became principal violin at
Covent Garden, the Wagner and Gounod Concerts, and the
Albert Hall Choral Society. He has been for many years
principal violin teacher, and since 1890 co-director, of
the London Academy of Music. Died 1900.

_Pott, Aug._, born Nov. 7th 1806, at Nordheim, died
Aug. 27th 1883, at Gratz; pupil of Spohr; was Court
Capellmeister at Oldenburg until 1861, then lived at
Gratz.

_Prill, Carl_, born Oct. 22nd 1864, at Berlin; pupil
of Joachim. He was solo violinist under Bilse, leader
at Pawlowsk, then at Magdeburg; since 1891, in the
Gewandhaus orchestra, Leipsic.

_Prume, François_, born June 5th 1816, at Stavelot
(Belgium), died there July 14th 1849; pupil of Habeneck.
Was teacher in Liège Conservatoire, and travelled much.
Of his compositions, “Mélancolie” was formerly a great
favourite.

_Pugnani, Gaetano_, born 1727, died 1803, at Turin;
pupil of Tartini. He travelled a great deal, and was
from 1770 until his demise leader at the Turin Court
theatre. He trained Viotti, amongst others.

_Rab, Aug._, Vice-Concertmeister at the Leipsic theatre
and Gewandhaus orchestra; also leader at the Euterpe.

_Ralph, Francis_, born 1847, died Sept. 8th 1887;
educated at the R. A. M., London, where he became one of
the most valued teachers.

_Rappoldi, Eduard_, born Feb. 21st 1839, at Vienna;
pupil of Jansa and Böhm. He was leader at Rotterdam,
then Capellmeister at Lübeck, Stettin, and Prague, next
teacher at the Berlin High School; then leader in the
Court orchestra, Dresden, and since 1893 teacher at the
Conservatorium there. Died 1903.

_Rehfeldt, Fabian_, born Jan. 23rd 1842, Tuchel; leader
in the Royal orchestra, Berlin, since 1873; industrious
composer.

_Remenyi, Eduard_, born 1830, at Heves in Hungary;
studied at the Vienna Conservatorium. He interrupted his
artistic career in order to take part in the Hungarian
revolution and thus came to be an Adjutant of Görgey’s.
He then fled to America, living subsequently in Weimar,
London, St. Petersburg and Paris, also in South Africa,
returning to Europe in 1892. Died San Francisco, 1898.

_Ries, Hubert_, born April 1st 1802, at Bonn, died
Sept. 14th 1886, Berlin; pupil of Spohr; was leader in
the Royal orchestra, Berlin, and produced many works for
violin. His son

_Ries, Franz_, born 1846, Berlin; pupil of his father,
and of Massart (Paris) was engaged at the Italian Opera,
London, as violinist, but gave up performing in 1873 on
account of a nervous affection of the arm, and founded
a music business in Dresden. He composed many violin
pieces and songs.

_Ries, Louis_, brother of Franz, was born in Berlin
in 1830. He has occupied the post of 2nd violin at the
Monday Popular Concerts since 1857.

_Rietz, Eduard_, born 1801, in Berlin, died 1832,
brother of a former Dresden Capellmeister, Julius Rietz;
was member of the Royal orchestra, Berlin.

_Rode, Pierre_, born Feb. 26th 1774, at Bordeaux,
died there Nov. 25th 1830; pupil of Viotti; taught in
the Conservatoire, Paris, then became solo player in
St. Petersburg. His compositions and his violin school
enjoyed great favour.

_Romberg, Andreas_, born April 27th 1767, at Vechte,
died Nov. 10th 1821, as Court-Capellmeister at Gotha;
was previously member of the orchestras in Bonn and
Hamburg.

_Röntgen, Engelbert_, born Sept. 30th 1829, at
Deventer; pupil of David, and afterwards his successor
as leader in the Gewandhaus orchestra, Leipsic, in which
capacity he rendered great service (he had been a member
of the same orchestra for about half a century). Died
1897.

_Rosa, Carl_, born March 21st 1842, in Hamburg, was
leader there from 1863 to 1865; then made concert tours,
afterwards becoming opera impresario. He died in Paris,
1889.

_Sainton, Prosper Phil. Catherine_, born June 5th 1813
Toulouse, died Oct. 17th 1890, London; pupil of Habeneck
at the Paris Conservatoire. He made concert tours
throughout Europe, then was appointed teacher of his
instrument at the Toulouse school of music. He visited
London in 1844, settling there in 1845 as professor at
the Royal Academy of Music, a post which he held until
his death. He was also leader in the orchestras of
Covent Garden Theatre (1846-1871) and of Her Majesty’s
(1871-1880), &c. He wrote two violin concertos, besides
solos.

_Salomon, Joh. Peter_, born 1745, at Bonn, died 1815,
in London; made himself useful in producing Haydn’s
works; was leader in Berlin, then lived in London.

_Sarasate, Pablo Martin Meliton, y Navascues_, born
March 10th 1844, at Pampeluna in Spain; pupil of Alard
at Paris Conservatoire; gained world-wide celebrity
through his concert tours.

_Sauret, Emile_, born May 22nd 1852, at Dun-le-Roi
(Cher); pupil of de Bériot. He toured with much success,
settled in Berlin, but was subsequently called to London
to succeed M. Sainton as professor at the Royal Academy
of Music.

_Schnitzler, Isidor_, born June 2nd 1859, Rotterdam;
studied at Cologne Conservatorium, also under Wirth,
Wieniawski, and Joachim; toured successfully in
Roumania, Germany, America and Australia.

_Schradieck, Henry_, born April 29th 1846, at Hamburg;
pupil of Leonard and David. He was leader in Bremen
and Hamburg; then teacher in Moscow Conservatoire; in
a similar capacity at Leipsic (1874); from 1883 in
Cincinnati, but returned to Germany in June 1889.

_Schroeder, Hermann_, born July 28th 1842, at
Quedlinburg; was soloist with Bilse in 1866, then with
the Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg. He founded in 1870 a
music school at Berlin, is also teacher in the Royal
High School (Church music department), and received
the title of professor in 1888. Wrote a prize method,
studies, theoretical works, &c.

_Schubert, Franz_, born July 22nd 1808, in Dresden,
died there 1878; pupil of Rolla and Lafont; was leader
in the Dresden Court orchestra.

_Schuppanzigh, Ignaz_, born 1776, in Vienna, died there
1830; pupil of Wranitzky. He was the first to introduce
quartetts into public performances systematically, these
renderings being held in high regard.

_Seifriz, Max_, born Oct. 9th 1827, at Rottweil, died
Dec. 20th 1885, Stuttgart. He was Capellmeister in the
Hohenzollern-Hecking Court orchestra; lived since 1869
at Stuttgart, and was appointed Court-Capellmeister
there in 1871. Issued, jointly with Singer, a violin
method.

_Seitz, Fritz_, born June 12th 1848, at Günthersleben
near Gotha; pupil of Ulrich at Sondershausen, and of
Lauterbach in Dresden; was leader at Sondershausen, at
Magdeburg, and then at Dessau in the Court orchestra.

_Singer, Edmund_, born Oct. 14th 1831, at Totis in
Hungary; pupil of Böhm; was leader at Pesth, Weimar,
and subsequently Stuttgart; Professor also in the
Conservatorium there.

_Sivori, Ernesto Camillo_, born Oct. 25th 1815, at
Genoa; pupil of Paganini; travelled much as virtuoso,
and died in 1894.

_Skalitzky, Ernst_, born May 30th 1853, at Prague;
pupil of Mildner and Joachim. He was from 1873-1879
leader in the Park orchestra, Amsterdam, then in a
similar capacity at Bremen.

_Soldat, Marie_, born March 25th 1864, at Gratz; pupil
of Pott and of Joachim; made successful concert tours.

_Spohr, Louis_, born April 5th 1784, at Brunswick,
died Oct. 22nd 1859, at Cassel; pupil of Franz Eck. He
was leader at Gotha and Vienna; visited Italy, England
and France; became Court-Capellmeister at Cassel in
1822, receiving a pension in 1857. Spohr was equally
celebrated as a violinist and as a composer. His most
distinguished pupils were Leon de St. Lubin, Ries,
David, Bott, Kömpel, and Pott.

_Stamitz, Joh. Carl_, born 1719, at Deutschbrod in
Bohemia, died 1761, at Mannheim; is regarded as the
founder of the German school of violin playing. He was
leader at Mannheim. His son

_Stamitz, Carl_, born May 7th 1746, at Mannheim, died
1801, at Jena; was leader at Mannheim, finally music
director at Jena.

_Straus, Ludwig_, born March 28th 1835, Pressburg;
pupil of Hellmesberger and Böhm in Vienna; was leader at
Frankfort; settled in 1864 in London. Died 1899.

_Struss, Fritz_, born Nov. 28th 1847, at Hamburg, pupil
of Auer and Joachim; was Kammermusikus in Schwerin and
in Berlin, subsequently leader in the Royal orchestra.

_Tartini, Giuseppe_, born April 12th 1692, Pirano, died
Feb. 26th 1770, Padua, the greatest executant and most
prolific composer of his time. He wrote hundreds of
concertos and sonatas, of which the “Trillo del Diavolo”
is the most celebrated. His best sonatas are published
in G. Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.

_Telemann, Georg Philipp_, born March 14th 1681, at
Magdeburg, died June 25th 1767, at Hamburg; was leader
at Eisenach and subsequently Capellmeister there; then
conductor at Hamburg.

_Thomson, César_, born at Liège, March 18th 1857;
studied under Jacques Dupuis and Leonard. Having
acquired an exceptional technique, he has toured with
great success. He was leader of Bilse’s orchestra,
Berlin; since 1883, teacher at the Liege Conservatoire.

_Tua, Teresina_, born May 27th 1867, at Turin; pupil of
Massart in Paris; one of the most popular lady players
of the present time.

_Ulrich, Ed._, born April 12th 1815, at Leipsic, died
Nov. 26th 1874, at Stendal; pupil of Matthäi; was leader
at Magdeburg and Sondershausen.

_Unthan_, a violinist of the present day deserving
mention as a curiosity, in that having no arms he plays
with his toes.

_Veracini, Francesco Maria_, born 1684, died 1759; in
his time a noted player and composer; lived in Italy,
England, and Dresden; greatly influenced Tartini’s
development. Some of his sonatas are published in G.
Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.

_Vieuxtemps, Henri_, born Feb. 20th 1820, at Vienna,
died June 6th 1881, at Algiers; pupil of de Bériot. He
visited Germany, England, France and Russia; was named
virtuoso in chamber music to the Russian Court in 1846,
resided in St. Petersburg until 1852, then travelled and
visited America, living subsequently in Frankfort, Paris
and Brussels.

_Viotti, Giov. Battista_, born May 23rd 1753, at
Fontanelle, died March 13th 1824, in London; pupil of
Pugnani; after Corelli and Torelli, the greatest Italian
violinist of the last century. He made extended concert
tours, as teacher practising chiefly in Paris, where he
also conducted the Grand Opéra for a brief period.

_Walter, Benno_, born June 17th 1847, at Munich; leader
in the Court orchestra there, and teacher at the Music
School.

_Wasielewski, Joseph W. von_, born 1822, at
Gross-Leesen, near Dantzic. He was educated at the
Leipsic Conservatorium, where he entered the Gewandhaus
orchestra; then, after becoming leader at Dusseldorf,
and conductor at Bonn, settled at Sondershausen. He has
made himself known also as a writer on musical subjects,
through his biography of Schumann, “The violin and its
masters”, “The violoncello and its history”, &c. Died
1896.

_Weber, Miroslaw_, born Nov. 9th 1854, at Prague; was
member of the Sondershausen Court orchestra, leader and
opera conductor at Darmstadt, and afterwards in the like
capacity at Wiesbaden Court theatre.

_Wieniawski, Henry_, born July 10th 1835, at Lublin,
died April 2nd 1880, at Moscow; pupil of Massart. In
1860 he was entitled Imperial Russian Kammervirtuoso,
taught for five years in St. Petersburg Conservatoire,
travelled a few years in America, then succeeded to
Vieuxtemps’ duties at Brussels, went again on tour,
dying in Moscow of heart disease.

_Wilhelmj, Aug. Emil Dan. Ferd._, born Sept. 21st 1845,
at Usingen (Nassau); pupil of David; undertook his first
concert tour in 1865, in Switzerland. In the following
years he visited Holland, England, &c., afterwards
living near Wiesbaden, Blasewitz, and (1894) London.

_Wipplinger, Paul Carl_, born July 7th 1824, at Halle;
was leader at Aix, and since 1860 at Cassel.

_Wolff, Heinr._, born Jan. 1st 1813, at Frankfort;
since 1838 leader there. Was also a talented composer.

_Wolff, Johannes_, born May 1862, at the Hague; studied
with Wirth in Rotterdam, and Rappoldi in Dresden,
subsequently gaining the _premier prix_ in Paris;
made his début at one of M. Pasdeloup’s concerts; toured
through the continent and settled in London.

_Ysaye, Eugène_, born at Liège, in 1858; studied the
violin from the age of five, chiefly with his father.
He made the acquaintance of Wieniawski in 1873, and was
invited by him to Brussels. Toured successfully through
Europe, and is also in the front rank as teacher; lives
in Brussels.

_Zajic, Florian_, born May 4th 1853, at Unhoscht
(Bohemia); pupil of Mildner and Bennewitz in the
Conservatorium, Prague. In 1870 he became leader at
Augsburg, was from 1871-1881 in the Mannheim orchestra,
then, until 1880, principal violin teacher in the
Conservatorium of Strasburg. From 1889 he was first
teacher at Stern’s Conservatorium, Berlin. He has toured
with success in Germany, England, France, Austria and
Switzerland.

Some Violinists of the 20ᵗʰ Century.

_Hall, Marie_, born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1884, studied
with Mossel, Kruse & Sevčik; made a successful
_début_ in London, Feb. 16th, 1903.

_Hegedüs, Ferenez_, born at Buda-Pesth, 1881, studied
with Hubay; appeared in London, June 1901.

_Kocian, Jaroslav_, born in Bohemia, 1884, in 1896
became a pupil of Sevčik’s, visited London 1902, with
great success.

_Kreisler, Fritz_, born at Vienna, Feb. 2nd, 1875,
studied there, later with Massart in Paris, where
at the age of 12 he won the “Premier Prix” of the
Conservatoire. Introduced by Richter, he made a highly
successful appearance in London in 1902.

_Kubelik, Johann_, born July 5th, 1880, at Michle near
Prague, pupil of Sevčik, introduced to England by
Richter he became extremely popular as a Paganini player
of exceptional technique.

_Pecskai, Louis_, born July 20, 1880, at Buda-Pesth,
admitted to the Academy there by the Minister of Public
Instruction at the age of 7, visited London 1896.

_Rivarde, Serge Achille_, of French parentage, in
1879 shared with Ondricek the first prize of the Paris
Conservatoire. Appeared with success in London in 1894.

_Sevčik, Ottokar_, born 1852 in Bohemia, entered
the Prague Conservatorium, where he subsequently became
very famous as professor of the violin. Author of some
important studies.

_Zacharewitch, Michael_, born at Ostrow, Russia, in
1877; studied 5 years with Sevčik, appeared with
success in London in 1903.

Translator’s Appendix.

The Viola.

The terms “Viola”, “Tenor”, “Bratsche”, “Alto”, and “Quinte”, are all used in different countries to designate that member of the violin family which is tuned a fifth lower than the violin. In England it is commonly known as the Tenor, from the fact of its playing a part in the string quartet analogous to that of the tenor voice in relation to the other voices in part-singing. In Italy it was termed the “Viola di braccio” to distinguish it from the larger viols which rested on the ground or were supported by being placed between the performer’s knees. “Viola” or “Alto” the Italians now term it, the music written for it being in the alto clef (middle C on the 3ʳᵈ line):—

The German term “Bratsche” is simply a corruption of “Braccio”. “Quinte” is the name by which it is usually called in France, indicating that it is tuned a fifth lower than the violin.

The tuning is as follows:—

[Music: 1ˢᵗ 2ⁿᵈ 3ʳᵈ 4ᵗʰ

A string D string G string C string]

The G and C are both covered strings.

Occasional high passages necessitate the employment of the treble or “violin” clef. Although its three upper strings are identical in pitch with the three lowest of the violin, the quality is quite different, the viola being more reedy and penetrating. This is due to the disproportion between the deeper tuning of the instrument and its dimensions, which are only about one-seventh greater than those of the violin. Tenors were formerly made in several sizes. The ponderous instruments of Gaspar da Salo and other Italian makers are of greater interest to collectors than of practical utility, requiring arms of exceptional length to play them. The large sized Violas were known as the “Viola tenore”, and the ordinary sized instrument as the “Viola alto”, and the two had often separate parts assigned to them in the same composition, down to the time of Handel. Hence the survival of the two names Alto and Tenor, applied in our own day to the same instrument.

The rich and sympathetic quality of tone of the viola renders it eminently suited for the performance of Nocturnes, Elegies, and melodies of a pathetic or tragic character. Some beautiful compositions have been specially written for it, and it is to be regretted that these are so very seldom heard in public.

From the penetrating character of the tone, new violas are invariably harsher than new violins or violoncellos, but fortunately several good makers of the last century have left a number of instruments which have now become matured, and the demand being so much less than for violins, a good medium sized viola may often be obtained at about half the cost of a violin of the same quality.

Mr. Hermann Ritter of Heidelberg has in recent years endeavoured to revive the large tenor under the name of Ritter’s Viola Alta. Several of these instruments have been made, and they have been used with good effect at the Bayreuth Wagner Festivals.

Vidal’s measurements of a Stradivarius Viola dated 1723, are as follows:—

in.
Length of body (from base of button to tail pin) 16³/₁₆
Breadth (upper bouts) 7⁵/₁₆
” (lower ” ) 9¹⁵/₃₂
” (inner ” ) 5⁵/₃₂
Height of ribs (upper bouts) 1¹⁷/₃₂
” ” ” (lower ” ) 1⁹/₁₆

NB. For Guide through Viola Literature see page 179.

GUIDE THROUGH VIOLIN LITERATURE.

The Roman Figures (I, Ia, Ib, II, etc.) indicate the Steps to which the respective works belong.

Violin Methods.

=Courvoisier, C.= Violin School. (7600 a-c).

An elaborate method in three parts, with five supplementary
parts constituting a “School of Velocity” (7603 a-e), with
copious explanations given in English, German and French.

=David, F.= Violin School.

=Hofmann, R.= The First Instruction in Violin Playing,
complete (5668) or in 2 Bks. (5668 a, b). (Der erste
Unterricht im Violinspiel.) Op. 92.

The first elements are explained in a very thorough and
systematic manner. For young amateurs it has moreover
the advantage of engaging their interest by the frequent
use of well known melodies in the places of dry
meaningless figures.

=Kayser, H. E.= Popular Violin Tutor (Elementary).
Op. 65. (7606.)

A clear and systematic primer which leads the pupil on by
the aid of favourite melodies will be always attractive
for young beginners.

=Mazas.= Petite Méthode.

=Popular Instructor= in Violin Playing (2 Bks.).
(7623 a, b).

Simple and progressive, making much use of operatic airs
and national melodies.

=Ritter, E. W.= Practical School (10 Bks.). (7610 a-k).

The explanatory text is clear and to the point.

=Scholz, Richard.= School of Artistic Violin Playing.
A theoretical and practical Instruction Book, in all
matters relating to style, for moderately advanced
players. Op. 9. (5681).

Excellent work for style and phrasing. Clear and exhaustive
explanations of every chapter make the work particularly
useful, especially for those who have not the opportunity
for individual teaching.

=Schoen, M.= Practical Course of Instruction (12 Bks.).
(7611-22).

=Spohr, L.= Violin School.

This monumental work is of great utility to advanced
students, but is seldom used for beginners by
experienced teachers, the exercises being not
sufficiently graduated as to difficulty.

=Schröder, Prof. C.=
Catechism of Violin and Viola Playing.
3ʳᵈ Edition (9212).

Technical Exercises.

=Casorti.= Technique of the Bow.

=Courvoisier.= L’École de la Vélocité. (7603 a, b).
The School of Velocity.
Book 1, Systematic Finger Exercises.
Book 2, Studies of Scales and Chords in systematic order.

=Dancla.= Op. 74. École du Mécanisme.

=Kreuz, E.= Scales and Arpeggios (3 Bks.). (5664 a-c).

=Lütgen, H.= Scales and Exercises. (8663).

=Ritter.= Scale and Chord Exercises. (5676).

=Wohlfahrt, F.= Daily Exercises. (7624).

Studies.

Step I. First position only, and in easy keys.

=Böhmer, C.= 75 Exercises in Intonation, through all
keys. Op. 54. (E. Heim.) 2 Books. (5643 a, b).

An excellent work greatly facilitating the knowledge
of extreme keys. Book 2 belongs to the next step.

=Courvoisier, C.= The School of Velocity.
Book I. Systematic finger exercises. (7603 a).
Exercises in all possible fingerings of the first position.

Book II. Studies of Scales and chords in systematic order.
(7603 b).

Book III. Melodic Studies in Major Keys. (7603 c).

Books IV and V belong to following steps.

=Gradus ad Parnassum.= A Collection of Studies in
progressive order, selected, carefully revised,
fingered, and edited, with annotations and remarks by E.
Heim:—

Book I. First Position. 30 Elementary Studies in the most
practicable major keys. By Alard, Bach, Corelli, Dont,
Heim, Hermann, Hofmann, Kayser, Kreuz, Ritter, Spohr,
and Steffani. (5471).