Chapter XXIX: Part II: Statutes not Limited to War. (See pp. 180–194 of text.) (2)

NEWSPAPERS, restraint in war, 10, 46–59, 90, 94 _ff._, 106–109, 110
_n._, 116;
effect of exclusion from mail, 107, 199, 234;
effect of publication of facts of sedition trials, 119, 222;
revolutionary press, 164, 195, 213, 222;
conspiracy to compel handling of distasteful newspaper, 110 _n._;
opposition to sedition bills, 198, 338.
See FOREIGN-LANGUAGE PRESS; _Milwaukee Leader_.

NEWTON, Attorney General of N. Y., 309, 334, 337, 355, 357, 361.

NON-PARTISAN LEAGUE, 77, 78, 81, 83, 85 _n._, 110–113, 162, 267, 369.

NORTH CAROLINA, discussion of federal free speech clause, 5 _n._

NOTICE, constructive, 103, 104.

_Nude and the Prudes_, 188.

NUISANCES, relation to freedom of speech, 52, 171, 205.

OATES, Titus, 357.

O’BRIAN, J. L., 40, 41, 44 _n._, 46 _n._, 70–77 _passim_, 107, 108,
112, 113, 231 _n._, 319 _n._

O’BRIEN, Judge, 343.

OBSCENITY, 10, 14, 15, 52, 170–172, 188, 214, 234, 311.

OFFICIALS. See UNITED STATES OFFICIALS.

O’HARE, Kate R., prosecution, 83, 162.

_Official Record of the Rebellion_, cited, 117 _n._

OPERA. See GERMAN OPERA.

OPPER, cartoonist, 52.

ORDER, social interest in, limits freedom of speech, 34, 170, 179,
284, 366, 368.

ORR, Samuel, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.

OTIS, James, 210, 299, 311.

OVERMAN, Senator, 181, 182;
Bill, 197;
Committee, 134, 135, 197.

PACIFISTS, 2, 26, 37, 46, 64, 68, 70, 73, 102 _ff._, 106, 224, 296,
317, 329;
expulsion from college, 110 _n._

PALESTINE, 108.

PALFREY, J. G., on Salem witches, 357 _n._

PALMER, A. Mitchell, U. S. Attorney General, enforcement of Espionage
Act after armistice, 115, 229, 302;
house bombed, 163, 197;
recommends federal sedition bill, 167, 195–198, 203, 207 _ff._, 335;
on federal conspiracy statute, 167–169;
does not fear revolution, 196, 251;
recommends and enforces state sedition laws, 195, 229, 249;
enforces deportation statute, 196, 229, 230, 241–252, 257, 274,
283, 293, 302;
controversy with Post, 250–252;
on spies, 270–272;
on independent labor unions, 273 _n._

PALMER, Joseph, 172.

PALMER, T. Fyshe, prosecution, 28.

PARDONS, in Espionage Act cases, 61, 62 _n._, 73;
impossible in deportation cases, 292.
See COMMUTATIONS; AMNESTY.

PARKER, Carleton, 162, 163.

PARLIAMENT. See GREAT BRITAIN.

PARNELL, C. S., 264.

PARTIES, in America, 267, 363.

PECK, Jared, 65 _n._

PENNSYLVANIA, constitution, free speech clause, 4 and _n._, 18, 24
_n._;
discussion of federal free speech clause, 19 _n._

_Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution_, 19 _n._, 23 _n._

PERSECUTION, Justice Holmes on, 155, 156.
See RELIGION.

PERSON, liberty of, 17;
searches of, 242 _n._, 301.
See ARRESTS.

PETITION, right of, 5, 7 _n._;
Baltzer case, 64, 65, 116.

_Philadelphia Tageblatt_, 94, 101.
See SCHAEFER.

PHILLIPS, prosecution, 13 _n._, 41 _n._, 79 _n._, 126.

PHILLIPS, Wendell, 209.

PIERCE, prosecution, 13 _n._, 94 and _n._, 101–106, 134, 135 _n._,
285 _n._

“PILLARS OF FIRE,” 184.

PINCKNEY, Charles, 3, 21 _n._

PITNEY, Justice, 101–104.

PLACE, Francis, 260, 271 _n._

PLATFORMS, party, not be taken too seriously, 267.

POLITICAL DISCUSSION, doctrine that it should be confined to the
legislature, 27, 28;
punishment of criticism of government, chapter I.;
forbidden to superintendent of schools, 11 _n._;
conventions prohibited, 11 _n._;
campaign expenses limited, 11 _n._;
in war, 48, 49, 62, 63.
See SEDITION.

POLITICAL TRIALS, 85 _n._, 94, 116, 132–137.
See SEDITION.

POLLARD, E. A., on confederate censorship, 117 _n._

POST, Louis F., Assistant Secretary of Labor, 233 _n._, 239 _n._,
243, 272 _n._, 291 and _n._, 292;
controversy with Palmer, 250–252.

POST-OFFICE, subject to First Amendment, 34, 108, 109, 218;
conclusiveness of administrative decisions, 45, 54, 106–109, 199,
233, 234;
powers under Espionage Act, 6, 12 _n._, 43, 45, 46–56, 106–109,
115, 229, 335;
in peace-time sedition bills, 197–199;
control of express and telegraph, 109 _n._;
no jury, 158, 199;
powers to exclude matter inciting to murder, etc., 214, 229;
opening mail, 241 _n._

POUND, Roscoe, on freedom of speech, 8 _n._;
on rights and interests, 35 _n._

PREIS, Engelbert, deportation, 256–261, 268.

PRESIDENT, 252;
powers under Alien Law of 1798, 29;
criticism of, punished under Sedition Act of 1798, 29, 204,
under Espionage Act, 129, 138;
protection of life, see UNITED STATES OFFICIALS;
threats against, 202, 207, 214, 215.
See JEFFERSON; LINCOLN; WILSON.

PRESIDENT’S MEDIATION COMMISSION, report of, 113 _n._, 163, 272 _n._,
292.

PRESS, freedom of, 5, 17, 18, 21.
See CENSORSHIP; SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.

PREVIOUS RESTRAINT, 8–32;
definition of freedom of speech, See SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.

_Price We Pay_, pamphlet, 101–106.
See PIERCE.

PRIMARIES, political, 11 _n._

PROBER, prosecution, 144.
See ABRAMS.

PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS. See SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.

_Procès de tendance_, 175 and _n._

PROFANITY, 170 _ff._

PROFITEERS, discussion of criminal, 50, 58, 59, 68, 95, 102, 103,
119, 225;
possible raids on, 308.

PRO-GERMANS, 2, 59 _n._, 64, 70 and _n._, 73, 94 _ff._, 107, 194,
224, 296.

PROHIBITION, 66 _n._, 114, 209.

PROPERTY, judicial protection, 106.

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS, effect of free speech clause on, 5;
in the war with Germany, 73–76;
under Sedition Act of 1798, 78;
in Abrams case, 126, 144, 145.

PROUDHON, 221.

_Public_, excluded from the mails, 107.

PUBLIC INFORMATION, COMMITTEE ON, 108, 132.

PULLING, _Defense of the Realm Manual_, 42 _n._

QUAKERS, 197, 277.

QUEBEC, address to people of, 17, 170.

RADICALS, freedom of speech for, 1, 2, 52;
duty of restraint, 187;
mob violence against, 44, 45, 46;
under Espionage Act, 77, 81 _ff._, 162;
on juries, 78–80;
attitude of judges toward, 81–84, 85 _n._;
in Abrams case, 120–160 _passim_;
prevalent after the War, 161, 162;
relation to the criminal law in peace, chapter IV., 161–228
_passim_;
see SEDITION and succeeding headings;
deportation of, 229–293;
exclusion from legislatures, 329, 332 _ff._

RAI, Lajpat, book on India excluded from mails, 108.

RAIDS, on Communists, 230, 241–254, 292, 293;
on I.W.W., 212, 242 _n._, 260, 274;
time of Wilkes, 296–299;
in war, 115, 229, 302;
by Lusk Committee, 302–310;
in Massachusetts, 310, 311.
See SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.

RAND SCHOOL, 204, 257 _n._, 308–310, 356, 361.

RANDOLPH, John, 23.

RAY, Judge, 13 _n._, 214.

READING, Lord, 325.

RECHT, Charles, 272 _n._, 275 _n._, 278 _n._

RED CROSS, criticism of, punished, 57;
refusal of contributions, punished, 109, 110.

RED FLAG LAWS, 180–187.

REFERENDUM, before war, discussion criminal, 57, 64, 65.

RELIGION, toleration, 2, 3, 172, 176, 177, 196, 197, 276, 277, 370;
Virginia statute, see VIRGINIA;
federal control prohibited, 5, 170;
Christianity called inconsistent with war, 6, 57, 61, 62;
religious meetings, 183, 184;
Catholic Association, in Ireland, 264.
See MORMONS.

REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT, right of, 17, 296.
See LEGISLATIVE EXCLUSIONS.

_Review_ (now, _Weekly Review_), on Abrams case, 152 _n._;
on Socialist assemblymen, 338;
on Lusk bills, 362 _n._

REVOLUTION, 97, 139–142, 164–169, 173–179, 199–201, 205–207, 212,
219, 257–262.
See SEDITION BILLS; PALMER; RUSSIA; AMERICAN and FRENCH REVOLUTION.

RHODE ISLAND, demands federal free speech clause, 4;
soul-liberty, 177, 276, 283;
Berger, 321;
property qualification, 372.

RHODES, J. F., 116 _n._, 117 _n._, 177 _n._, 290 _n._, 330 _n._

RIGHTS, and interests, 34–38, 366 _ff._

RIOTS, 164, 177, 178, 182–186, 203, 212.

ROBERTS, Brigham H., exclusion case, 345 _n._, 347 _n._, 350 _n._,
352 and _n._

ROBINS, Raymond, 132–137, 181 _n._

RODENBERG, Representative, on Berger case, 331.

ROCKEFELLER, John D., 146.

ROGERS, H. W., Judge, 54 _n._, 56 and _n._, 108 _n._, 278–280.

ROLLAND, Romain, 367.

ROMAN CATHOLICS, abuse of, 184;
legislation against, 264, 265, 281, 283.

ROOSEVELT, Theodore, 316, 325;
(the younger), 361.

ROOT, Elihu, 86, 355, 359.

ROOT, Erastus, 21 _n._

ROSANSKY, H., prosecution, 123, 127, 144, 147 _n._, 148.
See ABRAMS.

ROUSSEAU, J. J., 52.

ROXBURY RIOT, 182–186, 212.

RUGG, 186 _n._

RUSSELL, Bertrand, prosecution, 242 _n._, 59 and _n._, 295;
_Proposed Roads to Freedom_, 222, 223, 276, 284.

RUSSELL, Lord John, 227.

RUSSELL, G. W. E., 227 _n._

RUSSELL, Pastor, sect, prosecutions, 83 _n._, 101.

RUSSIA, 10, 290;
Russians in U. S., 82, 120–160 _passim_, 230, 235, 256;
Czarist policy toward discussion, 176, 178, 191, 211 and _n._, 269,
294 _n._;
effect of Russian Revolution in U. S., 26, 58, 81, 82, 86, 95,
120–160 _passim_, 162, 178, 196, 289, 293, 334, 360 _ff._, 371;
truth needed, 158;
Harvard library on Revolution, 221;
documents censored in U. S., 107, 221, 311;
German participation, 132 and _n._, 135, 147;
Soviet Government Bureau in N. Y., 287, 305–308;
American intervention, 94, 129–132;
criminality of opposition, 130, 137 _ff._, 160;
questionable effect of our deportations policy upon Russia, 286,
287.

_Russian-American Relations_, cited, 131 _n._

RUTHERFORD, Livingston, _John Peter Zenger_, 23 _n._

RYAN, J. M., Asst. U. S. Attorney, 126, 145.

SABOTAGE, 163;
Federal statute, 152 _n._, 163;
state statutes, 163, 274, 276;
advocacy of, 190–194;
deportations, 231 _n._, 272–275.

SALVATION ARMY, rioting against, 183 and _n._

SANFORD, Chancellor, 342, 354.

SCANDELLA, American deported from Venezuela, 288 _n._

SCHAEFER, _Tageblatt_ prosecution, 85, 87, 94–101, 106, 207, 216,
218, 265.

SCHENCK, prosecution, 9 _n._, 16 _n._, 88–93, 98, 99, 102, 155, 178,
179, 191, 192, 285.

SCHOFIELD, Henry, _Freedom of the Press in the United States_, 4
_n._, 8 _n._, 20 _n._, 21, 24 _n._, 30 and _n._, 31 _n._, 56.

SCHOOLS, political speeches by superintendent, 11 _n._;
freedom for teachers, 365–376.

SCHWARTZ, prosecution, 124, 125, 126, 146.
See ABRAMS.

SCIENCE, promoted by freedom of speech, 17, 31, 32, 170, 370, 374.

SCOTLAND, sedition trials in, 28.

SCOTT, Austin W., on atheism, 172 _n._

SCRUTTON, Lord Justice, 119.

SEARCHES AND SEIZURES, warrants authorized by Espionage Act, 43, 45,
302;
raids in the war, 115, 229, 302;
Russia, 176;
importance of warrants, 140, 159;
in deportation proceedings, 241 and _n._, 242 _n._, 244–247, 302;
at time of Wilkes, 295–298;
Supreme Court decisions on Fourth Amendment, 299–301;
consequences of illegality, 300–302;
when legal, 242 _n._, 301, 310 _n._;
Lusk Committee raids, 302–310;
N. Y. law, 303–310;
Massachusetts raids, 310, 311.

SEARS, Clara E., 172 _n._

SEAS, FREEDOM OF THE, 17.

_Seattle Union-Record_, raided, 115, 229, 302.

SEDITION, common law of, and free speech, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19–32, 170;
not federal common law crime;
British trials, 22, 23, 26–29, 118, 146 _n._, 157, 175, 296 _ff._;
colonial trials, 19, 22, 23;
societies to suppress, 71, 72, 357;
in war, see WAR, ESPIONAGE ACT;
punishment in peace, chapter IV., 161–228;
normal criminal law sufficient, 161–169;
criminal law of obscenity, breaches of peace, etc., distinguished,
169–173;
criminal law of violence distinguished, 173–180, 196;
suppression of agitation by law unwise, 219 _ff._;
distinguished from treason, 325–328.
See SPIES.

SEDITION ACT OF 1798, 1, 17, 25, 65 _n._, 109, 116, 157, 162, 194,
199, 208, 223, 229, 329, 345;
summary of text, 29, 30;
constitutionality, 20–22 and _nn._, 30, 200, 204;
comparison with Espionage Act, 56, 128;
juries, 78 and _n._;
judges, 80, 81.

SEDITION ACT OF 1918, 44.
See ESPIONAGE ACT.

SEDITION BILLS, FEDERAL, 81, 140, 194–228, 229, 230, 231;
summary, 194–199;
constitutionality, affirmative federal power, 199–201,
treason clause, 201–203,
first amendment, 203–207;
wisdom, 207–228, 268.

SEDITION STATUTES OF STATES, in war, 57, 74 _n._, 110–113, 163;
in peace, 163, 169, 173–194, 204, 212, 216, 224, 246;
red flag laws, 180–187;
anarchy syndicalism, and sedition, 187–194, 261, 265, 268;
constitutionality, 191–194;
recommended by Palmer, 195;
enforced by Palmer, 229, 249.

SELF-INCRIMINATION, rule against, 69, 303 and _n._, 307.

_Sentenced to Twenty Years Prison_, 145 _n._

SENTENCES, English and Scotch sedition trials, 28 and _n._, 87 _n._;
Defense of the Realm Act trials, 118 _n._;
India, 159 _n._;
Espionage Act trials, 58–62, 87 and _n._, 147, 148, 159, 160, 220;
long sentences as cruel and unusual punishment, 148 _n._

_September Morn_, suppression of, 175.

_Sermon on the Mount_, and war, 55, 119.

SERVICE-LETTER STATUTES, 3 _n._

SERVITUDE, involuntary, sometimes constitutional, 7, 35, 36.

SEWARD, W. F., arbitrary arrests, 116;
on intervention, 160 _n._

SEX, discussion, 171, 172.

SHAKESPEARE, William, 14, 55;
censored, 175, 214.

SHAW, Bernard, 32;
censored, 175, 283.

SHAW, Lord, 42 _n._

SHAY’S REBELLION, 164.

SHELLEY, 172.

SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST LAW, 53 _n._, 106.

SHIPLACOFF, A., prosecution, 125.

SHIPMAN, Clare, 190 _n._

SHIPS, discussion of sinking of, 57, 60;
parables of, 276, 286.

SHIPYARDS, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 58.

SIDIS, W., 186 _n._

SIMS, Admiral, 64.

SISSON, Edgar, Russian documents, 132 and _n._;
in Abrams case, 133.

SISTERS, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 103.

SLANDER, no previous restraint possible, 14;
not immune, 15.
See LIBEL.

SMITH, Alfred, Governor, 362 and _n._

SMITH, F. E. (now Lord Birkenhead), criticism of, excluded from
mails, 108.

SMITH, Jeremiah, on intent, 149 _n._, 150 _n._

SMITH AND WESSON CO., 153.

SMOOT, Reed, Senator, exclusion case, 347 _n._, 352, 353.

_Socialist Review_, 319 _n._, 331 _n._

SOCIALISTS, 2, 10, 27, 260;
need for judicial comprehension, 82–84, 86;
in the War, 81, 83, 162;
St. Louis Platform, 162, 315, 316, 334;
peace-time prosecutions, 188, 210, 216, 224;
secession of left-wing, 256, 262;
exclusion as a party from legislature, 306, 329–338, 355–364;
in schools, 365 _ff._;
in Germany, 262.
See DEBS; PIERCE; STOKES; SYRACUSE; BERGER; RAND SCHOOL; LIPMAN;
LEGISLATIVE EXCLUSION; COMMUNISTS.

SOCIETIES, to suppress sedition, 71, 72.

SOCRATES, 367, 370.

SOLICITATION, criminal, relation to freedom of speech, 25, 165, 166,
173, and to Espionage Act, 49, 51–53, 88, 89, 155;
to non-criminal interference with the government’s war activities,
53, 169;
in federal crimes, 166 and _n._, 201.

SOLOMON, Charles, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356, 357.

SOUTH CAROLINA, constitution, free speech clause, 4 _n._

SOVIET GOVERNMENT. See RUSSIA.

SPEECH, FREEDOM OF.
_Constitutions_:
guaranty in U. S. Constitution, 3–5, 18, 200,
demanded by states, 3, 4, 19, 156;
in Congressional debates, 3;
in state constitutions, 3 and _n._, 4 and _n._, 17, 18, 21 _n._,
30 _n._, 374;
exception of “abuse” implied if not expressed, 4 _n._;
clauses a guide to interpretation of constitutional statutes, 5,
6, 46, 48, 193, 194, 207;
and also invalidate statutes, 3, 4, 11 and _n._, 16, 111 _n._,
156, 192 _n._
_Meaning_: 1–39, 155–158, 366–372;
subject to limits, 2, 7;
necessarily extends to unpopular persons and causes, 3, 156, 157,
294, 366;
Blackstonian censorship view, 8–12, 19, 21–23, 31, 32, 38, 108,
199;
liberty and license view, 12–16, 210, 211, 368;
history of principle, 17–32;
inconsistent with common law of sedition, 14, 22–24, 170;
social and political function, 34–36;
conclusions on meaning, 34–39, 156 _ff._, 368 _ff._;
view of Judge Hand, 50, 51;
of Justice Holmes, 88, 155, 156;
an issue between two tests of criminality, danger _v._ bad
tendency, 24–31, 37–39, 49–52, 154–159, 173–180, 213–219, and
elsewhere;
not secured by juries, 24–28, see JURY TRIAL;
meaning not fixed in 1791, 14, 32, 35, 36;
does not exclude intemperate and foolish discussion, 48, 83, 114,
140 _n._, 173, 206, 219, 220;
applies to political research, 370, 371;
but not limited to political discussion, 156, 170;
does not depend on merits of existing government, 210;
suppression ineffectual, 118, 119, 219, 220, 226, 227.
_Procedural safeguards_: 39, 49, 66–69, 92, 93;
Fox’s Libel Act, etc., 24, 39, 69;
precise offense must be specified, 49, 92, 93;
objective test of criminality of words, 49–51, 54 _ff._, 216
_ff._;
exclusion of psychological questions and disputes of opinion, 52,
66–69, 73, 103–106;
judicial guidance of jury, 85, 86, 94–100;
evils of bad intention as test of guilt, 63–68, 86, see INTENTION;
culling sentences, 100, 102, 220;
right to counsel, 236 _ff._, 247 _ff._;
narrow range of administrative power in criminal law, 75.
See HUMAN MACHINERY.
_Relation to other branches of the law and concrete applications_:
libel, see same;
nuisance, 52, 171, 205;
breaches of the peace, 24, 25, 74 and _n._, 102 _n._, 110 _n._,
111, 171, 172, 205, 208;
war, 6, 7 and _n._, 25, 26, 32–38, 46–56, 63–66, 88–90, 96,
104–106, 176, 179, 369 _ff._;
obscenity, blasphemy, etc., 169–173, and see same;
peace-time sedition laws, 173–180, 191–194, 199–228;
deportations, 280–291;
legislative exclusion, 328–332, 362–364;
schools, 368–376.
See ATTEMPT; SOLICITATION; ESPIONAGE ACT; POST-OFFICE; ASSEMBLY.
Summary of recent events in U. S., 296, 336–339.

SPENCER, Herbert, 226, 276.

SPIES, German, 6, 70–72;
opponents of war as, 41, 42;
government spies and informers, 59, 71, 72, 227, 268–272, 302, 357.

SPIES, August, anarchist, 165, 205, 206.

_Spirit of ’76_, moving picture case, 10, 38 _n._, 43, 60, 61.

STAMP TAX, restraint of press by, 19 _n._, 32.

STANCHFIELD, J. B., on guilt by association, 360.

STANTON, E. M., arbitrary arrests, 116.

STAR CHAMBER, 32, 232, 238.

STAR-SPANGLED BANNER, alleged prosecutions for not standing up, 102
and _n._, 103.

STATE SEDITION LAWS, in war and peace. See SEDITION STATUTES OF
STATES.

STATE WAR CASES, miscellaneous, 110 _n._

STEAD, W. T., “The Maiden Tribute,” 171.

STEIMER, Molly, prosecution, 123, 126, 143 and _n._, 144, 145, 147
_n._, 148.
See ABRAMS.

STEPHEN, James Fitzjames, 13, 20 _n._, 23 _n._, 24, 26 _n._, 29 _n._,
56, 201 _n._, 263 _n._

STERLING BILL, 197, 207.

STEVENSON, J. A., 269 _n._

STEVENSON, R. L., on Braxfield, 146 _n._

STIRNER, 221.

STOKES, Rose Pastor, prosecution, 13 _n._, 28 _n._, 58, 59, 67, 87
_n._, 92, 118, 119, 225.

STONE, F. D., 19 _n._

STOREY, Moorfield, on intervention, 160 _n._

STORY, Joseph, 8 _n._, 341, 345 _n._

STREET MEETINGS. See ASSEMBLY.

STRIKES, 53, 164, 218, 220;
under Espionage Act of 1918, 74, 269, 273, 274;
coal strike, 82, 260;
advocacy of general strike, 122, 125, 139, 140, 149–153, 163, 188,
216, 257–261, 271.
See LABOR UNIONS.

STRONG, A. L., 115 _n._

SUBMARINE WARFARE, discussion of criminal, 57, 60.

SUGARMAN, prosecution, 88 _n._, 89, 90.

SUHR, and I.W.W., 163.

SUMNER, Charles, 210, 330.

SUMNER, William G., 97, 362.

SUNDAY, Rev. Wm., 260.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Espionage Act cases, 15, 16,
87–106, 116, 120–160 _passim_, 178, 191, 207, 285;
other free speech cases, 9, 12;
on conscription, 7, 35, 40, 57;
on postal power, 108;
protection of lives of judges, 197, 200, 206;
on power over aliens, 230 _ff._;
on anarchist exclusions, 275 _ff._;
on guilt by association, 265;
on searches and seizures, 299–301, 335;
on federal peace-time sedition bill, 207.

SWEDEN, free speech in, 286.

SWEET, Thaddeus C., N. Y. Speaker, 333–339, 357, 361 _ff._

SWEETHEARTS, discouragement of, in war criminal, 58, 103.

SWITZERLAND, free speech in, 286.

SYNDICALISM, statutes against, 163, 190–194, 197, 212, 265.

SYRACUSE SOCIALISTS, prosecution, 115.

TACITUS, quoted, 118 _n._

_Tageblatt, Philadelphia._ See SCHAEFER.

TANEY, Chief Justice, 34 _n._;
against lawlessness in war, 81 _n._

TARDE, 163.

TAXATION, 106, 233;
restraint of free speech by, 19 _n._, 32, 282;
discussion of war taxation suppressed, 57, 64, 65, 95, 107.

TELEGRAPH, censorship of, 109 _n._

TENDENCY, bad, as test of criminality of words, fatal to freedom of
speech, see SPEECH, FREEDOM OF;
social and economic tendency unsuitable for decision by judges and
juries, 49, 52, 68, 69, 104, 132–136, 158.

TEST OATH, restricted by U. S. Constitution, 3;
in R. I., 77;
in N. Y., 333, 342, 343, 354 _n._

TEST OATH ACT, 328, 330, 349–351, 353.

TEXAS, war sedition law, 111 _n._

THAW, H. K., trial, 136 _n._, 163.

THAYER, J. B., 6 _n._

THAYER, W. R., 203.

THEATER, shouting fire in, 16;
censorship of, 172, 175.

THIRD AMENDMENT, 33.

THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, 7, 35, 36.

THOMAS, A. V., 218 _n._

THREATS. See PRESIDENT.

TIBERIUS, Emperor, censorship, 118 _n._, 268.

TIGHE, Ambrose, on war powers, 33 _n._, 117 _n._

TILDSLEY, John L., 365 _ff._

TOBACCO, 209.

TOLEDO, 191.

TOLSTOY, 276, 279, 294 _n._

TORTS, outside free speech clauses, 14, 15.
See LIBEL.

TOWNLEY, prosecution, 78 _n._, 85 _n._, 111 and _n._

TRACHTENBERG, A., 257 _n._

TRADE UNIONS. See LABOR UNIONS.

TRADING WITH THE ENEMY ACT, 108 _n._, 195.

TRAINING CAMPS, limiting war-time discussion, 7, 57, 119;
sanitary conditions, 64.

TREASON, 97;
levying war, 166, 201, 265;
aid and comfort to enemies, 148 _n._, 202, 324–328;
in war with Germany, 41 and _n._, 50, 74, 91, 325 _n._;
against U. S., states cannot prosecute, 111;
effect of clause on federal sedition statutes, 201–203, 218;
Berger and relation of treason to Espionage Act, 325–328.

TREATIES, 36, 233;
with Germany, 1, 119;
secret, 36, 37 and _n._

TREVELYAN, G. O., 295, 312.

TROTSKY, Leon, 135, 144, 147, 311.

TRUMBULL, Lyman, Senator, on expulsion, 346, 347.

TRUTH, social interest in, 34–39, 155–160, 176, 368 _ff._;
importance in war, 36, 37, 46, 63, 65, 66, 96;
not concerned in mere advocacy of violence and lawlessness, 49, 50,
63, 173, 204;
not a defense under Espionage Act, except false statements clause,
56, 115;
relation to criminal law of obscenity, profanity, etc., 169–173.
See LIBEL.

TUCKER, St. George, 8 _n._

TUCKER, St. John, 101.

TUNNEY, T. J., Inspector, 123, 169 _n._, 181 and _n._, 182.

TURNER, John, anarchist excluded, 275–283 _passim_.

TYLER, Moses C., 276 _n._

UNDER-COVER INFORMANTS, 269–272.

UNITED STATES, inciting resistance to, opposing cause, see ESPIONAGE
ACT;
division of state and federal jurisdiction over crimes, 113 _ff._,
171;
political parties, see PARTIES;
absence of intellectual divergencies, 289, 363.

UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, absence of free speech clause and
ratification, 3, 4, 156;
affirmative power over speech and sedition, 3, 34 and _n._,
199–201;
abuse of, crime, 45, 114.
See various topics, e.g., SPEECH, FREEDOM OF; TREASON;
DEPORTATIONS; BILLS OF RIGHTS; also the various amendments by
number.

UNITED STATES COURTS, no common law crimes, 22.
See SUPREME COURT; DISTRICT COURTS; JUDGES; FEDERALIST JUDGES.

UNITED STATES OFFICIALS, protection of, from violence, 163–169,
196–207, 213–215, 251.
See PRESIDENT; PROSECUTING OFFICIALS; JUSTICE, DEPARTMENT OF.

UNITED STATES STATUTES, adequacy against utterances in war, 40–42,
46, 50;
against revolution and attacks on officials, 165–169, 194, 196;
accessories, 52 and _n._, 53, 166 _n._;
attempts and incitement, 166 and _n._;
judicial code, 269, 149 _n._;
Explosives Act, 169.

UNTERMEYER, Samuel, on Rand School, 309, 310.

VALLANDIGHAM, 97, 117 and _n._, 325, 330.

VANCE, W. R., on freedom of speech, 22 _n._, 76 _n._

VAN VALKENBURGH, Judge, 13 _n._, 28 _n._, 58, 59, 87, 225.

VEBLEN, Thorstein, book on Germany excluded from mails, 108.

VENEZUELA, deportation of American, 288 _n._

VERMONT, constitution, free speech clause, 4 _n._

VESSELS, merchant, sinking of, 57, 60.
See SHIPS.

VIOLENCE, draft riots, 40, 50;
mobs in war, 44–46;
law against, 165–169;
advocacy of, by radicals, chapters IV., V., _passim_;
by conservatives, 260, 261;
suppression of opinion by, 196, 197, 219, 260, 264.
See “FORCE AND VIOLENCE”; SOLICITATION; RIOTS.

VIRGINIA, demands federal free speech clause, 4;
constitution, free speech clause, 4;
religious toleration statute, 17, 18, 31, 66, 67, 170, 217;
Resolutions, 20 _n._, 211 _n._, 240 _n._

VOTERS’ LEAGUES, restrictions on, 11 _n._

WADE, Judge, 13 _n._, 62, 63, 64, 83.

WAITE, Chief Justice, 325 _n._

WALDMAN, Louis, N. Y. Socialist assemblyman, 333, 356.

WALDRON, C. H., prosecution, 61, 62.

WALLACE, D. H., prosecution, 13 _n._, 62.

WALLAS, Graham, 271 _n._, 294 _n._

WAR, extended scope to-day, 6, 7;
criticism of flogging in army, 27, 28, 68;
of general by troops, 50;
trial of civilians by military courts, 33 _n._, 42;
censorship on military news, 10, 98, 99;
Bills of Rights in, 32–34;
importance of the truth in, 36, 37, 46, 63–66, 114;
psychological effects, 225;
mob violence, 44–46;
causes of war not subject to judicial proof, 104–106;
state war cases, 110 _n._;
effect on legislative exclusion, 328–332;
on schools, 366 _ff._;
technical war, 113–119;
future wars and free speech, 46, 64, 113 _ff._;
federal war powers, 88, 200.
See SPEECH, FREEDOM OF, _Concrete applications_; CONSCRIPTION;
ESPIONAGE ACT; ARMY; NAVY; SEDITION STATUTES OF STATES;
ASSEMBLY; names of various wars.

WAR DEPARTMENT, _Report of Activities in Field of Industrial
Relations_, cited, 153 _n._

WAR OF 1812, opposition to, 64, 330 _n._

_War College Publications_, cited, 98, 99.

_War-time Prosecutions and Mob Violence_, cited, 45 _n._, 57 _n._, 74
_n._, 102 _n._, 110 _n._, 302 _n._

WARD, Judge, 54 _n._

WARRANTS, general, 296, 297, 299, 311.
See ARRESTS; SEARCHES AND SEIZURES; DEPORTATIONS.

WARREN, Charles, on treason, 325 _n._, 326 _n._, 327 _n._

WASHINGTON, prosecution for libel on the dead, 172;
red flag law, 181 _n._;
anarchy act, 188.

WASHINGTON, George, 147;
libel on, 172.

WATKINS, Gordon S., 256.

WEBSTER, Daniel, 330.

WEINBERGER, Harry, 126, 132, 133 _n._, 146.

WEST VIRGINIA, red flag law, 181;
sedition law, 190;
moving picture law, 203 _n._

WESTENHAVER, Judge, 91.

WESTERN FEDERATION OF MINERS, 267.

WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO., 109 _n._

WHARTON, Francis, quoted, 52, 73.

WHITE, E. D., Chief Justice, 12, 148 _n._

WHITE SLAVE TRAFFIC, discussion punished, 171.

WHITNEY, Anita, 190 _n._

WICKERSHAM, G. W., 133.

WIGMORE, J. H., _Evidence_, 85 _n._;
on Abrams case, 130 _n._, 141 _n._

WILCOX, E. H., _Russia’s Ruin_, 132.

WILKES, John, 23, 295;
searches and seizures, 295–298, 301;
exclusion from House of Commons, 250, 295, 296, 311–315, 321, 328,
329, 338, 343, 349, 355, 356.

WILLES, Justice, 9 _n._

WILLIAMS, A. R., called in Abrams case, 133.

WILLIAMS, Roger, 176, 227, 276, 277, 286, 321, 372.

WILLOUGHBY, W. W., 230 _n._, 233 _n._

_Willy and his Papa_, cartoons, 52.

WILSON, William B., Secretary of Labor, 243, 247, 248, 250, 252;
decisions on Communist Labor Party and Communist Party, 256–262,
268;
on I.W.W., 272, 273;
Martens case, 287, 288;
on deportation policy, 290, 291.

WILSON, Woodrow, President, on Sedition Act of 1798, 25;
ignorance of secret treaties, 37 _n._;
opposes court martial for pacifists, 62;
speeches as evidence in Espionage Act cases, 57, 103–106;
exercise of pardoning power, 60, 61, 62 _n._, 73, 87 _n._, 117;
war aims hindered by policy of suppression, 113, 119;
attacked in Abrams case, 120–122, 138;
Russian policy, 131, 132, 151;
message on Federal Sedition Bill, 211–213, 220;
threats to kill, 215;
responsibility for deportations, 249;
on economic nature of the War, 321;
free speech record, 336;
miscellaneous, 60, 225, 315, 363.

WITCHES, Salem, 356, 351.

WOLVERTON, Judge, 83.

WOMEN, discouragement of, in war, criminal, 57, 58, 103;
nationalization of, 154.

WOOD, Baron, 27, 28.

WOODS, Arthur, 177, 178 and _n._

WORDS, and acts, relation to freedom of speech, 49–51, 164–180;
criminal law of language, 169–173.

WORKS, John D., on federal judges, 84.

“WORK OR FIGHT” statute, constitutional, 7.

WURSTERBARTH, denaturalized, 109, 110 _n._

WURTS, John, on federal juries, 80 _n._

YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, criticism of, criminal, 57, 70;
refusal of contributions, punished, 109, 110.

YOUTH, social interest in training of, limits freedom of speech, 34,
170, 179, 180, 368, 374 _ff._

ZENGER, Peter, trial, 23 and _n._

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 84: “recommmends” replaced by “recommends”
99: “unbiassed” replaced by “unbiased”
126: “Revolutions” replaced by “Revolution”
166: “refererences” replaced by “references”
169: “protct” replaced by “protect”
193: “Bolshevisim” replaced by “Bolshevism”
220: “nor” replaced by “now”
220: “aganist” replaced by “against”
238: “write” replaced by “writ”
241: “admistrative” replaced by “administrative”
277: “trangressors” replaced by “transgressors”
407: “Heating” replaced by “Healing”
408: “Hal” replaced by “Hall”
409: “Mollen” replaced by “Moilen”
416: “prosesecuting” replaced by “prosecuting”.